Stichwortverzeichnis

Gregory A. Campbell, Mark A. Spalding

Analyzing and Troubleshooting Single-Screw Extruders

ISBN (Buch): 978-3-446-41371-9

ISBN (E-Book): 978-3-446-43266-6

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http://www.hanser-fachbuch.de/978-3-446-41371-9

Author

AAbrantes 117, 141, 705, 706, 708, 712, 713Adams 97, 98, 99, 100, 102Agassant 255Agur 132, 173, 279, 281Alemanskin 336Allen 53, 255Alotaibi 118Altinkaynak 119, 121, 152, 195, 197, 200, 212, 213, 445,

447, 574, 587, 601, 695Anderson 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373Angel 374Anolick 662Arcer 24, 51, 68, 70, 101Armeniades 368Armstrong 76Avenas 255Avérous 25Avgousti 228

BBaba 200, 226Baer 32Baird 132, 146, 147, 149Baker 377, 663Balch 257Balke 495Bar 486Barlow 438, 440Barr 6, 199, 225, 255, 365, 366, 367, 400, 419, 536,

575, 626, 635, 639, 641, 643, 645Beagan 332Benkreira 333, 346, 347, 374, 523Berghaus 174Bernhardt 303Berry 101Biesenberger 662Bigio 337, 353, 498, 515, 662Billham 379Bird 76, 261Black 332, 333Blackson 486

Bohn 151Bokis 661, 671Bomma 338Booy 256Boussinesq 255, 744Boyd 353Bozzelli 238, 374Bremner 377Brittin 374, 523Brizzolara 662Brown 661, 671Broyer 92, 139, 142Bruin 257Bruker 257, 258Buchelli 661, 671Buck 649Bullwinkel 11, 132, 146, 147, 200, 201, 203, 205, 222,

250, 251, 252, 253, 259, 260, 263, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 304

Butler 119, 192, 484, 485

CCalidonio 495Call 661, 671Calland 634Camesasca 336Campbell 11, 13, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 117, 118, 132, 139,

140, 141, 146, 147, 149, 151, 171, 200, 201, 203, 204, 205, 222, 250, 251, 252, 253, 258, 259, 260, 263, 269, 270, 279, 287, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 304, 317, 318, 319, 338, 445, 657, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 712, 713

Canedo 374Carley 254, 255, 256, 272, 292, 388, 391, 481Carlson 11, 205, 222, 279, 317, 318, 319, 657Carnahan 28, 46Carreau 104, 255Çengel 150Ceraso 332Chang 257, 333Chella 334Chempath 338Chen 25, 144, 349, 498, 501

764 Author

Cheng 11, 205, 222, 250, 251, 252, 253, 259, 260, 263, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 304

Cheung 32Chiruvella 258Cho 119, 121, 212, 213, 333Christiano 176, 632Christie 408Chum 24, 32Chung 6, 119, 121, 199, 212, 213, 227, 235, 255, 353,

375, 377, 378, 388, 389, 400, 419, 536, 542, 572, 575, 592, 626, 635, 657, 663

Cieslinski 27Clap 257Clarke 379Clegg 377, 663Cleven 332Cohen 24, 51, 68, 70, 101, 119, 121, 124, 189, 194, 196,

227, 376, 533, 572, 695Collias 132Conant 16Conner 498, 515Connor 337Costa 661, 671Cox 94, 446, 451, 454, 541, 542Coyle 258Crabtree 119, 121, 152, 195, 197, 200, 212, 442, 445,

447, 574, 587, 601, 695Crawford 116Cross 104Cubberly 151Curtiss 76

DDai 363Darnell 115, 134, 137, 138, 140, 143, 151Darus 486David 365, 367Davis 174, 177, 178, 646Dealy 76, 93, 100, 101Degee 25deGroot 100Dekker 228Dennis 333Derezinski 112, 167, 442, 446, 454, 729Devellian 368de Waele 103Dey 662Dhib 53Donovan 199Dontula 11, 13, 139, 140, 141, 151, 205, 222, 258, 259,

263, 269, 270, 279, 304, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 712Dooley 11, 119, 124, 160, 164, 203, 257, 279, 351, 352,

447, 451, 461, 498, 515, 636, 637, 638, 640, 641Dray 355, 626, 649Dubois 25Duvdevani 194, 199, 203, 208, 446Dyer 257

EEccher 257Edmondson 446Edwards 333, 346, 347Effen 596Eirich 100Elbirli 200, 218, 226, 258Elemans 332, 376El-Kindi 377, 663Embirucu 661, 671Epacher 33, 51Erwin 337, 353Esseghir 257, 258, 365, 367

FFan 614, 634Fasano 371Felton 11, 205, 222, 250, 258, 259, 304Fenner 199, 256, 257, 388, 446, 451, 454, 541, 542,

666Ferry 77, 102Finlayson 11, 254, 255, 256, 267, 304, 306Fogarty D. 680Fogarty J. 680Fogler 408Fontan 53Fox 100, 101Franjione 661, 671Frankland 161, 596, 650, 651Franzkoch 176, 177, 178Fraser 258Frencham 28, 46Fritz 25Fujiki 377, 663Fujiyoshi 26Fukase 200, 203Furches 374

GGailus 353Galaktionov 368, 369, 370Gale 329, 332, 365Gao 235Garcia-Meitin 486Germano 248Geyer 626Ghosh 333Giles 192, 419, 442Gilette 132, 146, 147Gilmor 495Gleissle 96Gogos 69, 102, 103, 124, 228, 294, 302, 365, 367, 482,

578Golding 661Gore 255, 256, 297Gottgetreu 200, 226

Author 765

Gould 408, 465, 468Gramann 174, 177, 178Gratch 100Gregory 355Griffith 256, 257Grob 495Grout 368Grünschloß 175, 178Guerra 485Guerrieri 661, 671Guo 388Gupta 119, 121, 152, 195, 197, 200, 212, 213, 445, 447,

574, 587, 601, 695

HHalasz 199Hall 119Halley 25Halmos 199, 204, 221Hamielec 53Han 349, 356, 629Hanhart 388Hara 116Harrah 175Harris 26Hassager 76Hasson 257Hattori 26Headley 492Heaney 379Hemsley 486, 487Heniche 371Hennessey 119Hiemenz 42Hiltner 32Himmelblau 442Hindmarch 365Hinton 140, 151, 158, 172, 578, 705, 708Ho 33Hoang 53Hoenig 28, 46Hoffmann 578Hogan 119, 121, 212, 213, 639, 643, 645Hong 119, 121, 212, 213Hook 646Hovis 479, 499Hrymak 373Hsieh 33Hsu 626Huck 377, 663Hudak 649Hughes 110, 116, 117, 160, 171, 365, 366, 367, 578, 651,

705Hunt 259, 298Hunter 333Hyun 11, 110, 112, 113, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 131,

139, 140, 142, 150, 151, 152, 154, 158, 160, 164, 171, 172, 189, 194, 196, 203, 225, 227, 231, 237, 257, 279, 330,

351, 352, 376, 392, 447, 451, 461, 466, 467, 498, 515, 533, 541, 542, 543, 545, 548, 572, 574, 578, 595, 598, 636, 637, 638, 640, 641, 695, 705, 706, 708, 710

IIliuta 26Ingen Housz 174, 176, 177, 200, 203Ingen-Housz 365, 367Isayev 3, 462, 514Isherwood 541, 542Ito 26, 101

JJacobsen 25Jaluria 257, 258Janssen 334Jenkins 119, 231, 237, 545, 695Jepson 124, 254, 313, 314, 595Jerome 25Jia 178Jin 178, 235, 236Johnson 33, 368Jons 492Jung 314Juvinall 421

KKacir 230Kamal 3, 462, 514Kang 373Karlbauer 356, 393Karwe 257Kaufman 336Keum 314, 446Khariwala 32Kim 119, 121, 124, 212, 213, 314, 333, 336, 626, 639,

643, 645, 658Kirkland 6, 536, 635Kirkpatrick 119, 120, 131, 150, 152, 231, 542, 695Kislansky 661, 671Klein 8, 14, 131, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 143, 151, 194,

196, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208, 211, 212, 214, 218, 222, 226, 227, 234, 235, 254, 256, 257, 286, 287, 303, 306, 356, 375, 376, 446, 541, 542, 551, 572, 575, 596, 712, 722, 724, 725, 726, 727, 730, 750

Klenk 194Kodjie 485Koppi 332Koyama 362, 363Kramer 124, 437, 440, 546Kreith 151Krohnke 33, 51Kruder 388, 614, 633, 634Kuhman 645, 646Kumari 26

766 Author

Kunio 200, 203Kurata 69Kwade 116

LLacher 218, 625Ladin 126Lafuente 53Landel 77, 102Larachi 26Larson 76, 645, 646Laurence 248, 295Lawrence 626, 649LeBlanc 408Leder 34Lee 228, 349, 356, 629Lepore 651LeRoy 354, 355Liauw 53Lightfoot 261Lin 257Lindt 200, 203, 218, 226, 258, 333, 498, 501Ling 337Liu 3, 25, 462, 514, 596Liu R. 235, 236Liu T. 235, 236Lobo 124Lodge 42Loshaek 100Lounsbury 419

MMack 374Macosko 76, 80, 84, 92, 97Maddock 110, 193, 194, 199, 355, 418, 419, 453Mager 408Maillefer 218, 223, 361, 625, 663Mallouk 254, 255, 256, 272, 292, 297Maloney 671, 672Malvern 261, 293, 294, 295, 304Manas-Zloczower 329, 336, 365Maraschin 661Marshall 446Marshek 421Matsuoka 257McClelland 119McCullough 124, 125, 390, 409, 567, 599, 605McKelvey 254, 255, 256, 272, 292, 297, 303, 388McManus 53McNally 332, 379Meijer 174, 176, 177, 200, 203, 334, 368, 369, 370,

371, 372, 373Meister 98Menges 176, 177, 178, 194Merz 94Metzner 287Miaw 257

Middleman 83, 255, 297, 302, 303Mihara 377, 663Miller 133Moffat 346Mohr 254, 255, 256, 257, 297Mokhtarian 337Mol 115, 134, 137, 138, 140, 143, 151Molnar 199Mondcai 199Moore 124, 332Morgan 479, 499Morrison 76, 81, 83, 688, 690Mount 119, 121, 192, 227, 419, 442, 572, 592Moysey 141, 143, 144, 145, 146Murakami 125Murphy 332, 379Myers 365, 366, 367, 421, 427, 639, 641, 643, 645,

652

NNagarajan 118Naguib 126Naumovitz 237, 545Nazrisdoust 279, 657Nelb 119, 518, 695Nichols 388, 634Nomura 200, 203Norden 365, 367Noriega 174, 177, 178

OOber 24, 51, 68, 70, 101Ogando 537Oka 125Okamoto 26Osswald 174, 177, 178Ostwald 103Ottino 334

PPan 178Paquet 24Park C. B. 126Park S. 126Parnaby 112Patal 314Patterson 119, 180, 181, 518, 695Paul 116, 333Pavlicek 442, 447Pearson 199, 204, 221, 257Peiffer 178Penlidis 53Penumadu 117, 140, 141, 151, 171, 705, 706, 708, 712, 713Perdikoulias 442, 492, 634Pessoa 661, 671Peters 365, 367, 368, 369, 370

Author 767

Phal 479Pham 447, 467, 548, 595Pinto 256Pittman 255Platt 411Platzer 661Plumley 640Pocius 332Potente 178, 179, 194, 277, 388, 389, 596Powell 377, 378, 657, 663Powers 119, 131, 154, 158, 225, 237, 330, 365, 367,

466, 541, 545, 574, 737Prausnitz 671, 672Prentice 112Prettyman 645, 646Psarreas 53Puhalla 421Pukhanszky 33, 51

QQiu 112

RRabinowitsch 84Rahim 118Ramanathan 492, 661, 671Ramesh 102Raphael 368Rashid 255Rasmussen 102Reber 175Redwine 100Reeder 371Rehg 492Reski 388Reuschle 486Robinson 287Rodriguez 24, 26, 27, 28, 37, 42, 51, 53, 59, 68, 69,

70, 78, 79, 83, 97, 101Rokudai 377, 663Rom-Roginski 495Ronaghan 176Rotem 257Rowell 11, 254, 255, 256, 267, 304, 306Rubens 24Rudin 377, 663

SSalamon 332, 365, 367Sandall 314Sastrohartono 257Sato 125Saucier 76, 93Savargaonkar 485Saxton 254Scheirs 485

Schellenberg 34Schlafi 133Schneider 115, 116, 138, 140, 142, 143, 150Schöppner 179, 353Schreiber 377, 663Schrenk 492Schultz 437, 440Schulze 116Schwank 332, 379Schwedes 116Scorah 53Sebastian 228, 578, 662Semmekrot 365Sergent 255Sernas 257, 258Serrano 365, 367Shales 333, 346, 347Shanker 492Shapiro 199, 204, 221Sheth 614, 634Shinnar 257Shinya 200, 203Shishido 101Sickles 133Sikora 175Singh 371, 372, 373Skochdopole 674Slusarz 632Small 118Smith 26, 112, 133, 391, 465, 468, 479, 481, 499, 546,

614, 634, 649, 662Somers 203, 351, 352, 365, 367, 636, 637, 638, 640,

641, 651Spalding 11, 110, 112, 113, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124,

125, 131, 139, 140, 142, 150, 151, 152, 154, 158, 160, 164, 171, 172, 180, 181, 189, 194, 195, 196, 197, 200, 203, 204, 205, 212, 213, 222, 225, 227, 231, 257, 279, 287, 317, 318, 319, 330, 336, 351, 352, 365, 366, 367, 376, 390, 391, 392, 409, 442, 445, 447, 451, 461, 465, 466, 468, 498, 504, 515, 518, 533, 541, 542, 543, 567, 572, 574, 578, 587, 598, 599, 601, 605, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 643, 645, 646, 651, 657, 695, 705, 706, 708, 710

Squires 14, 257Stangland 119, 124Staples 118Starr 257Steward 133, 546, 632Stewart 261St. John 338St. Louis 545Stolp 257Stoughton 479, 499Stowe 132, 146, 147Strand 11, 139, 257, 279, 447, 451, 498, 515Street 193Strub 256Sugden 578Sulzer Chemtech 370, 371

768 Author

Sumner 365, 367Svabik 634Swain 336Sweeney 11, 13, 205, 222, 250, 258, 259, 263, 269,

270, 279, 304Swogger 28, 32, 46Szeri 231

TTadmor 8, 14, 69, 102, 103, 124, 131, 134, 135, 138, 139,

140, 142, 143, 151, 194, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208, 211, 212, 218, 222, 226, 230, 235, 254, 256, 257, 286, 287, 294, 302, 303, 306, 329, 356, 375, 446, 482, 541, 575, 712, 722, 724, 725, 726, 727, 730, 750

Takahashi 257, 362, 363Takatani 26Tang 11, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 228, 229, 445Tanguy 371Tanifuji 362te-Riele 11, 205, 222, 250, 251, 252, 253, 259, 260,

263, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 304Thiel 356, 393Thompson 118, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 542, 632Tobin 408Todd 124, 125, 314, 365, 367, 391, 481, 578, 658Trumbull 336, 545Tsumashima 69Tucker 314Tung 248, 295Tusim 119Tzoganakis 53, 126, 492

UUhl 446Umeya 116

VValentinotti 257Valsamis 374Van Prooyen 377van Wunnik 332, 376Van Zuilichem 257Verbraak 200Vieira de Melo 661, 671Vlachopoulos 53, 132, 173, 279, 281, 419, 614, 634

WWagner 119, 131, 175, 192, 330, 419, 442, 466, 578Wakeman 33Walia 379Walker 24, 132Walsh 126, 391Wang 11, 13, 32, 139, 140, 151, 178, 200, 201, 203, 205,

222, 250, 251, 252, 253, 258, 259, 260, 263, 269, 270, 279, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 304, 336, 365

Weeks 255Welsh 674Werling 377, 378, 657, 663Wheeler 287, 349, 356, 546, 629, 632Whissler 287White 314, 333, 446, 658Williams 77, 102, 388Womer 133, 175, 431, 546, 634, 649, 651Wong 235, 236Wood-Adams 100, 101Woods 332Wortberg 175, 495

XXie 25Xue 178

YYamamuro 117, 140, 141, 151, 171, 705, 706, 708, 712, 713Yamashita 363Yang 662Yao 362, 363Youngson 119, 518, 695Yu 25, 365, 367

ZZafar 578Zamodits 257Zawisza 119, 518, 695Zhang 337Zhu 53, 144, 235, 236, 349Zitzenbacher 356, 393Zoller 126, 391Zweifel 133

Subject

Aabrasive 466Abrasive purge 494abrupt reduction 512absorbed water 53abstracted 52a cast film 507active center 43, 45addition polymerization 40addition reactions 43agglomerated 500agglomerates 334, 374air bubbles 530air-cooled zone 546alignment 421, 422alkyd resin 41alternating current 436alternative hypotheses 411, 413amorphous 35, 39amortized 466amperage 435analyzing gels 484anecdotal information 413angular velocity 91, 297, 300antioxidants 47, 51, 52, 494apparent shear rate 83atactic 34average channel width 10average shear rate 274average shear viscosity 274axial length 10, 446axial pressure 196, 198, 504, 659axial pressure profile 216axial screw temperature 454

BBagley correction 81, 82baker’s fold 336, 368barrel 1, 421, 445barrel axis 422barrel cooling 552barrel diameter 8

barrel flange 575barrel heaters 1barrel length 177, 351barrel rotation 254, 297, 300, 301, 307, 318barrel support 422, 423, 424barrel temperatures 403, 415, 442, 443, 452, 611barrel temperature setting 409barrel wall 223, 452, 611barrel zone temperatures 611Barr Fluxion ring mixer 365barrier 221barrier design 626barrier flight 219, 223, 224, 509, 625barrier-flighted 352barrier-flighted screws 507barrier melting 190, 218, 415, 507barrier screw 218, 223, 225, 520, 521, 629barrier section 224, 511, 512barrier section melting model 226Barr-II 630Barr-III 630baseline extrusion process 389bed thickness 222belt sander 458best solution 408Bingham plastic 65black carbonized 518black char 47black color streaks 525black degraded resin 527black specks 53, 493, 518, 631black streaks 516, 520, 523, 525blending 330blister mixers 333, 353, 359, 360, 577, 667, 669blockage 415, 566, 572blocked screens 478blowing agent 332, 364blow molding 510, 619boiling point increase 61bottlenecks 591boxy 250break 425breaker plate 478, 482breakup 194, 573

770 Subject

bulk density 110, 111, 239, 410bulk temperature 409burned out 432

Ccalibration 432Campbell-Dontula model 143capillary rheometer 80, 687carbonaceous deposit 631carbon specks 501case study 411casing temperatures 544Cavity Transfer Mixer 365ceiling temperature 49, 50change in rate 227channel curvature 256channel depth 8, 223chaotic mixing 336, 338, 339, 341, 344Charles Ross & Son Company 372Chemineer Incorporated 370chrome plated 483chromium 44circulation channel 681clean 431clearance 357, 361, 419coefficients of friction 119, 445, 562cold screw 425cold start 425colligative 61Colmonoy 456color masterbatches 374, 478, 500, 523, 524color streaks 354, 501comonomer 39compaction 110, 112, 195complex viscosity 93component cost 465composition 333compounder 604compounding line 610, 661compression rate 191, 192, 399, 410, 414, 440, 441,

520, 531, 577compression ratio 191, 192, 399, 404, 414, 440, 520,

531, 573, 577concentrate 374, 500concentration 337concentration peaks 343concrete floor 422condensation 53condensation reactions 40conduction pathway 238cone 91cone and plate rheometer 691contamination defects 477, 498, 501, 513, 521continuous screen changers 479continuum statics based models 141control 532control algorithms 554control volume 314, 316, 317

conventional melting 226conventional screw 349conveying rate 164, 165convey solids 560cool 552cooling coils 675cooling extruder 591cooling level 553cooling water 552, 586cooling water flow 544core 251core drag flow 258core rotation 253correction factor Fc 393correction factors 273, 290corrosive 466cost effective 471cotton fiber 490crack 236, 420crammer feeder 615creep 74critical molecular weight 62, 63, 98critical temperature 593cross-channel flow 264cross-channel velocity 262, 265crosslinked 32, 46, 48crosslinked gels 487, 493, 495, 496cross section 351curvature 497curved channels 256cycle time 533

Ddata acquisition 558data acquisition system 417, 544, 554, 565, 570,

584decompression section 577decrease the rate 190deep channel 278, 320deeper channel 438deep screw 301defect 408, 529degradation process 48degradation products 46, 52, 237, 356, 358, 362,

466, 491, 495, 497, 512, 514, 518, 521, 527, 529degree of crystallinity 38dehydrohalogenate 50depolymerize 50design 454, 629design defect 512deterministic chaos 338devolatilization 364, 662die swell 72dilatant 65direct compounding 379direct current 436discharge 350discharge pressure increases 151

Subject 771

discharge pressures 154, 164, 227, 252, 274, 376, 387, 402, 409, 467, 595, 606, 608

discharge temperature 227, 297, 302, 317, 318, 319, 375, 401, 409, 442, 445, 451, 542, 593, 597, 598, 608, 609, 614, 628, 648

discharge tip 459dispersed 339dispersive 177, 331, 598dispersive mixer 334, 359, 377dispersive mixing 333, 360dissipation energy 36, 58, 67, 205, 211, 212, 222, 297,

300, 304, 305, 306, 307, 621, 676distributive melt mixing 645distributive mixing 178, 333, 362DM2 high-performance screw 235, 524, 633, 645,

646, 647double bond 51Double Wave screws 614, 622, 633downstream equipment 422drag flow 11, 254, 255drag force 600dried properly 514drier 500drive shank 459drying air 499DSB-II 632DSB-III 632dual-cavity screen 479dust 477dust seal 429, 430dye 343dynamic friction 561, 600dynamic mixers 364

EEagle mixing tip 646elastic 73elastic deformation 63, 64electrical component 409electronic filters 433elongate 348elongation 347elongational flow 334elongation rate 333encapsulate 231energy balance 207, 316, 439energy dissipation 66, 248, 256, 301, 302, 303, 304,

315, 354, 611, 616energy equation 257, 277energy flux 511Energy Transfer screws 235, 633engineering design approach 389enhanced mixing 639entrained air 195, 514, 533entrained gas 191entrained solid 387entrapment 477entropy 336

entropy of mixing 335entry 536equipment failures 477ET (Energy Transfer) screws 401, 518, 536, 622, 626,

635, 636, 638, 639, 640, 678Eulerian 259Eulerian reference frame 304excessive wear 511existing experimental data 392exit 536experience 392experimental plan 415exponentially 340extended startup times 470extended wear 575extrudate 477, 602extrudate temperature 320, 417, 623extruder 339extruder diameter 388extrusion trial 554

Ffacing materials 419failed 432failure 596Fc correction factor 289, 292FDM 257, 277, 280, 281feed casing 133, 420, 421, 562, 574, 575, 578, 580feed channel depth 533feed hopper 132feed section 439, 560, 561, 586, 612feedstock pellets 238FEM 257, 277field-weakened 436film interface 347fines 330finite difference 257, 657, 666finite element 258fit-checked 425five-zone melting model 200fixed boundary problem 262flange diameter 583flash evaporate 552flight clearance 375, 581, 598flight radii 321, 496, 497, 498, 499, 517flight starts 8flight undercuts 416flight wear 596flight width 8flood-fed 18flow channels 457flow rate 297flow surging 214, 227, 507, 541, 543, 554, 564, 575,

583, 586fluid element 348fluid flows 250flute 356foaming temperature 674

772 Subject

foreign contamination 488foreign material 477Four-channel Energy Transfer 679four films 210four melt films 204, 221, 721four polymer films 209fragments 234, 350, 354, 357, 363, 572, 592frame indifference 262free helix 250, 251, 259free helix extruder 338, 344free radicals 44, 51freezing point depression 61frequency 437full 3-D equation 393Fusion screws 235, 633, 649

Ggalling 596gas bubble 483Gaussian 60gearboxes 421, 435, 436gear mixer 354, 360, 364, 622, 667gear pump 548, 557, 584gel analysis 485gels 484, 489, 508, 600gel showers 501gel type 478generalized Newtonian method 281, 282, 286, 288general purpose screw 153geometry 454glass barrel 250glass transition temperature 33, 36, 98glassy polymers 37gloss 377, 378gradients 355gravimetric blending 467gray parts 516grinding lathe 458grooved bore extruders 133, 174, 179, 632grooved bore liner 176grooved feed section 178

Hhalo surface defects 515handheld thermocouple measurement 417hard facing 419, 420, 456, 596haze 377, 378heat capacity 123heat conduction 454heat flux 148, 154, 584heat flux sensors 148heat of mixing 335heat soak 425heat transfer 314, 315heat transfer coefficient 124, 313helical 339helical channel 248, 259

helical coordinates 10helix 250, 251, 253, 259helix angle 9helix-driven flow 253helix rotation 253higher compression 535higher modulus 415high-performance 627high-performance cooling screw 678high-performance design 400high-performance screw 235, 349, 519, 528, 568high-pressure event 428high-pressure separator 661high-quality 525high-rate profile 400high scrap rate 520high temperature 586holes 510homogenizing 331, 335, 353, 367, 602homogenous polymers 37hot-stage microscope 484Huggins function 70humidity level 499hydraulic back pressure 464hydrolysis 53hypothesis 411, 413Hyun-Spalding model 142

Iimpact properties 61Improper drying 499improper labeling 477incompletely melted polymer 530incumbent resin 413induced stresses 236inefficiencies 440inert gas 496inertial terms 262initiators 44injectate temperature 463injection-molding 412, 462, 513, 516, 517, 525, 536inlet pressure 549, 584in-line production 332in-plant regrind 466inside diameter 419instantaneous rate 464, 543intensification factor 464interfacial surface area 337, 348, 368intrinsic viscosity 67IR temperature 417isocyanate 41, 42isotactic 34

KKelvin solid 74Kenics mixer 368KMX mixer 371

Subject 773

knob mixer 354, 363Kraemer function 70

Llabor 465laboratory frame 268Lagrangian frame 11, 259land widths 321large flight clearance 421large radii 520large-radii screw 164larger flight clearance 580lead length 8, 321, 438, 607, 609leakage flow 306leathery 529ledge 575levels of gloss 515light scattering 62liquid additives 364liquid injection 360local high temperature 521local pressure 217log normal distribution 98loss modulus 93low compression ratio 517lowest cost provider 465low-pressure separator 661, 671, 672low viscosities 374lubricating oil 419, 429

MMaddock melting mechanism 199, 200Maddock mixer 333, 509, 632Maddock solidification 110Maddock solidification experiments 193, 216, 217,

351, 418, 453magnetic collection 482Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation 70mass rate 206masterbatches 374, 375, 523material degradation 541mathematical models 200maximum torque 425, 426Maxwell fluid 75measurement noise 548measuring instruments 416melt-conveying channels 221melt density 125, 126melted mass 156melt-fed extruders 279, 657melt film 348, 628melt film interface 348melt film thickness 214melt filtration 478melt flow index 94melt infiltration 217, 234melting 189, 351, 352

melting abilities 639melting capacity 592, 628melting flux 121, 189, 196, 347, 601melting mechanism 193, 230melting-mixing 374, 644melting process 199, 200, 237, 346, 347, 351, 627melting rate 121, 212, 227, 442, 721melting section 499, 542, 547melt pool 216, 217melt pump 467melt temperature 318, 319mesh 479Metal fragments 420, 482metallocene 44metering section 219, 259, 320, 415, 438, 439,

532micrometer 416milling lathe 461milling process 457misalignment 421, 422mitigating gels 493mixer 354, 356, 439mixing 190, 321, 330, 338, 346, 347, 351, 352, 353,

367mixing device 355mixing flight 354, 355, 356, 361, 509mixing quality 376mixing section 458Moffat eddies 321, 346, 497molecular branching 97molecular weight 57, 58, 67, 97, 98molecular weight distribution 46, 57, 58, 97, 98molten resin 547momentum balance 277motor controls 429motor current 409, 415, 431, 432, 435, 576motor power 592motors 436moving boundary 260moving boundary problem 262

Nnegative pressure gradient 602new barrel 521new screw design 416Newtonian viscosity 58, 62, 82nitrogen inerting 496, 673non-Newtonian shear rheology 293nonorthogonal coordinate transformation 248nonreturn valve 365, 462, 521number average 58, 60numerically 343numerical method 288numerical simulation 657numerical solutions 257

774 Subject

Ooff-specification 407one-dimensional melting 228, 232, 234operations downstream 543oscillate 584oscillating depth 680oscillation mode 92osmotic pressure 61Ostwald viscometer 68overall stretching 338oversized in diameter 578overspeeding 437oxidation 47, 52, 53Oxidized gels 486Oxygen exclusion 496

Ppaired flutes 355parison temperature 620partially filled 503, 518, 555particles 340payback time 619pellet 146pelletization 657pendant groups 31periodic undercut 680peroxide 52, 53phase shift 93physical description 199pigment 331, 374pineapple mixer 354pin mixer 354, 362, 598plant and equipment 465plasticate 320plasticating extruders 507plasticating screw 536plastication rate 463plate rheometer 91plating 459plug flow 145polyacetal 53polyamides 41, 42polycarbonate 53polydispersity index 62polyester 41, 53polyethers 42polymer fragments 480polymer viscosity 213polyolefin 484polyolefin-type gels 480polyurea 41polyurethane 41, 53poor housekeeping 477poorly aligned barrel 425potential energy barrier 36power 435, 439, 440power factor 438, 440

power law index 293pressure 14, 97, 567pressure change 215, 482pressure discharge control unit 146pressure-driven flow 272pressure drop 481pressure flow 11, 12, 254, 255, 287, 410, 439, 464pressure flow velocity 267pressure fluctuation 444pressure generation 319pressure gradient 14, 216, 286, 320, 387, 504, 599,

604, 609pressure oscillation 566pressure profile 198, 215, 547pressure rating 433pressure sensors 427, 432, 557pressure swing 555pressure transducers 546pressure variation 558pressurization extruder 658primary extruder 675process data 390, 554, 584processing aids 662process stability 444process temperatures 542, 544production efficiency 466production rates 465productivity improvement 623product quality 466product variation 543propagation 44, 45proper equipment 464pseudoplastic 65pseudoplasticity 92pump ratio 441, 593purging 493, 661, 673pushing flight 223

Qquality control 478quality of the mixing 349

Rradial bearing 422radicals 52random flow surging 556rate 319, 409rate increase 389, 617rate-limited 468, 591, 597, 614rate surge 567reaction chemistry 40recirculation flow 92reclaim pelletizing 617Recommended Dimensional Guideline for Single

Screws 496, 501recrystallize 508rectangular channel 254

Subject 775

recycle stream 114, 477reduced bulk density 399reduced rates 554reduce the cycle time 647redundant pressure sensors 429reference frame 261refurbishment 410, 460regrind 238relaxation time 72, 74relay 432reorganizing solid bed 203reorientation 334, 344, 353reorienting 362residence time 250, 321, 346, 499resin changes 389resin consumption 553resin cost 465, 541resin degradation 192resin deposits 533resin temperature 672resistive temperature devices 447restricted bond angles 335retrofit 362reversible reactions 53Reynolds bearing 231Rheopexy 65root causes 411, 413, 543, 567Ross mixer 368rotating screw 297rotation 259rotational flow 12, 122, 272, 287, 410, 439, 464, 568rotational flow rate 282, 287, 502, 604, 620routine maintenance 419rubbing in 150rupture disk 427, 428

Ssafety factor 404scale-down 389scale-up 389scaling rules 387, 388scrap rates 541screen packs 478screw 1, 425, 431, 445, 449, 452, 454, 562screw channels 416, 518screw design 595screw manufacturer 456screw modification 460screw root 450, 454screw rotation 238, 253, 259, 265, 270, 297, 300,

318, 723screw rotation analysis 11screw rotation theory 258Screw Simulator 119, 600screw speed 401, 409, 451, 533, 549screw surfaces 561screw temperature 452, 453, 560screw wear 419, 596

seals 360secondary extruder 332, 674, 675secondary mixers 331, 353second flight 218selection of equipment 470semicrystalline 39sensitivity analysis 393service life 468shallow channel 301, 438shaping process 591shear rate 82, 83, 84, 362, 375shear refinement 377, 663shear strength 426shear stress 46, 82, 93, 120, 334, 357, 378shear-thinning 82, 287, 318shear viscosity 524sheave ratio 435short barrel 659silver spots 529simple rotational flow 387simulation 396, 401, 402simulation process 391single-flighted screw 526sinusoidal 91sled device 416sleeve rings 365slide valve 673sliding interface 119slip agents 662slipping 671SMX static mixer 371software controls 427solid bed 112, 144, 205, 217, 225, 229, 231, 234, 235,

348, 450, 572, 573, 628, 723solid bed breakup 234, 235, 349, 351, 542solid bed interfaces 210solid bed reorganizes 210solid fragments 353, 355, 603, 626solidification experiment 196, 199solids 350, 359solids blocking 551solids channel 219, 221, 223solids conveying 132, 134, 143, 462, 542, 560, 563,

576, 581, 600, 603solids conveying device 146, 158, 162solids conveying models 139, 705solids conveying rates 161solids-conveying zone 499, 544solids forwarding angle 136, 138solution viscosity 67specification of equipment 471specific energy 396, 439, 440specific rate 225, 320, 321, 443, 502, 532, 616, 644specific rotational flow rate 529SPI guideline 423spiral channel 429spiral dam mixers 333, 353, 354, 361, 362, 526, 530,

534, 535, 536, 572, 573splay 412, 500, 513, 516

776 Subject

splay problem 536spontaneous mixing 335stability 443stabilization 47stabilizer 52stabilizers 53, 662stable operation 559stagnant regions 223, 491, 495, 512, 527stainless steel 456standing waves 92starve-fed 604, 660static mixer 367, 368, 372, 467statistical analysis 413steady-state temperature 449step reactions 40stereo structure 34storage modulus 93strain 74strain hardening 433strain rate 64Stratablend 650stream stripping 665stress 64, 74, 91, 362, 600stress refinement 377stretching 336, 337, 339, 340stretching rate 333stretch performance 507striations 336, 347, 348, 363stripping agent 364, 593, 662superposition principle 78supersaturated 671surface defects 414surface flaws 585surface temperatures 561, 564syndiotactic 34

Ttarget rate 387technical solution 411temperature 97, 98, 297, 300, 301, 303, 306, 308,

315, 354, 445temperature calculation 314temperature control 542, 544, 553temperature gradient 154, 332temperature increase 259, 314temperature sensor 148, 567temperature zones 442tensile strength 61, 426termination 44, 45thermal conductivity 124thermal expansion 423, 424thermal gradients 332, 333, 353, 363, 367, 446, 514,

675, 676thermocouples 432thixotropy 65three-dimensional numerical method 282thrust 157time-dependent 72

tools 416torque 91, 157, 435, 436, 592, 614torque balance 138total mass flow 15tracer particle 144, 145trailing flight 145transfer line 491, 567transformed frame 267, 268transformed velocity solutions 267transient process data 549, 570transition section 206, 218, 439, 441, 517, 612, 721, 723transverse barrier 224transverse flow 256trap 354, 364trial-and-error design 387troubleshooting 408, 543troubleshooting a process 546troubleshooting problems 15Turbo-Screws 680turbulence 335Twente mixing ring 365twin-screw extruders 1

UUbbelohde viscometer 68ultracentrifugation 62undercut clearance 357uniform mixing 337Unimix screw 652unit operations 665unmelts 533unmixed gel 508unstable process 548, 559, 571, 585, 615unwrapped 248

Vvalue analysis 466Variable Barrier Energy Transfer screws (VBET) 633,

641vectorial velocities 209velocity profiles 256vent diverter 595, 617vent flow 593, 619vinyl polymerization 40viscoelastic 72viscoelasticity 58viscoelastic model 75viscoelastic properties 73visco seal 430, 669, 670viscosity 57, 64, 335, 375viscosity average molecular weight 71viscosity ratio 374viscous 73visualization 250voids 510Voigt solid 74volumetric flow rate 271

Subject 777

Wwater cooling 546wave screws 235wear 422, 575weight average molecular weight 58welded material 461whirling process 457wiper flight 356wiping 681

wire diameter 479wire shielding 434worn feed casing 583worn screw 598wrong resin 478

ZZiegler-Natta catalyst 44zone screw temperatures 545