Analysis of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean marine protected areas

7/28/2019 Analysis of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean marine protected areas

1/112

The socio-economic overview andanalyses of new income generation

activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Empowered lives.

Resilient nations.


2/112


3/112

The socio-economic overviewand analyses of

new income generation activities at

Turkish Aegean MPAs

Project: Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal

Protected Areas of Turkey

2011

Prepared by:

Ekin Keskin, Esra Baak, Uur Yolak, Lee Thomas, Camille Bann


4/112ii The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

2011 Ministry of Environment and Urbanization

General Directorate of Natural Assets Protection (GDNAP)Alparslan Trke Cad. 31. Sok. No.10 06510 Betepe/Yenimahalle/AnkaraTel: +90 312 222 12 34 Fax: +90 312 222 26 61 www.ozelcevre.gov.tr

www.dka.gov.tr / www.mpa.gov.tr

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Birlik Mahallesi 415. Cadde No. 11 06610 ankaya/Ankara

Tel: +90 312 454 1100 Fax: +90 312 496 1463 www.undp.org.tr

Empowered Lives. Resilient Nations.

This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-protpurposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of thesource is made. GDNAP or UNDP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses thispublication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale of for any other commercialpurpose whatsoever without permission in writing from GDNAP or UNDP.

For bibliographic purposes this text may be referred as: Keskin, E., Baak, E., Yolak, U., Thomas, L., Bann,Camille (2011). The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean

MPAs. Interim Feasibility report on new income generation activities for each MCPAs. Project PIMS 3697: TheStrengthening the System of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey. Technical Report Series 1: 112 pp.

This publication is prepared within the framework of large scale Strengthening the system of Marineand Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey Project which is funded by the Global Environment Fund (GEF)and executed by the General Directorate of Natural Assets Protection of the Turkish Ministry of Envi-

ronment and Urbanization and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), in partnershipwith the Turkish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock and the General Directorate for NatureConservation and National Parks (GDNCNP) of the Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs.

Technical Report Series: 1

Authors: Ekin Keskin, Esra Baak, Uur Yolak, Lee Thomas, Camille BannCover and Layout Design: Evren alayan

This document should not be considered as an ofcial Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, GEFand United Nations document.


5/112iiiStrengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Acknowledgements

The authors of the Study wish to thank the Turkish Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areasand UNDP for the organisation of the visits to Project areas. They also wish to address their gratitudeto the local representatives of Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas and of the General

Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks for their guidance during the

eld studies.The authors also wish to thank all the interviewees and contributors (listed in Appendix I) from differ-ent local and national level institutions, businesses and civil sectors, whose opinions, suggestions andmaterials have helped to shape this Study.


6/112


7/112vStrengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements iii

Acronyms iv

Ynetici zeti x

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Main Sectors Analyzed in the Report 2

1.2 Methodology 3

1.3 Report Structure 4

INSTITUTIONAL OVERVIEW: STAKEHOLDERS 5

2.1 Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas (EPASA) 5

2.2 The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) 6

2.3 General Directorate of Forestry 72.4 General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP) 8

2.5 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) 8

2.6 Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MoCT) 8

2.7 Turkish Coast Guard Command 9

2.8 Chamber of Maritime Trade 10

2.9 Development Agencies 10

INFORMATION ABOUT THE SIX AREAS 11

3.1 FETHYE - GCEK SEPA 123.2 KYCEZ - DALYAN SEPA 18

3.3 DATA-BOZBURUN SEPA 21

3.4 G K O V A SEPA 29

3.5 FOA SEPA 31

3.6 AYVALIK ISLANDS NATURE PARK 35

FINDINGS 38

4.1 FETHYE - GCEK SEPA 40

4.1.1 Agriculture 40

4.1.2 Fishing 43

4.1.3 Tourism 43

4.1.4 EPASA Activities 44

4.1.5 Possible New Income Generating Activities 45

4.2 KYCEZ - DALYAN SEPA 47


4.2.2 Fishing 51


8/112vi The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

4.2.3 Tourism 52



4.3 DATA-BOZBURUN SEPA 54


4.3.2 Fishing 584.3.3 Tourism 58



4.4 G K O V A SEPA 60


4.4.2 Fishing 60

4.4.3 Tourism 60

4.4.4 EPASA Activities 624.4.5 Possible New Income Generating Activities 62

4.5 FOA SEPA 64


4.5.2 Fishing 65

4.5.3 Tourism 66



4.6 AYVALIK ISLANDS NATURE PARK 69


4.6.2 Fishing 69

4.6.3 Tourism 70

4.6.4 Current Activities 71


4.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 72

CONCLUSION 73

REFERENCES 76

APPENDIX I 78

APPENDIX II 84

APPENDIX III 85

APPENDIX IV 89


9/112viiStrengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

List of MapsMap 1. Project implementation sites 11

Map 2. Boundaries of Fethiye-Gcek SEPA (source: EPASA) 12

Map 3. Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA boundaries(source: EPASA) 18

Map 4. The peninsulas of Readiye and Bozburun makes up the Data SEPA (souce: EPASA) 21

Map 5. Gkova SEPA boundaries(source: EPASA) 29

Map 6. Location of Foa SEPA (Source: EPASA) 31

Map 7. Ayvalk Islands Nature Park boundaries(Source: GDNCNP) 35

List of BoxesBox 1. Forest Village Relations ORKY 7

Box 2. Blue Chip Card System in Gcek 44

Box 3. Alternative holiday examples in Fethiye Huzur Vadisi (yoga holidays): 45Box 4. Silkworm raising in Kyceiz Dalyan SEPA 50

Box 5. Fisheries in Kyceiz Lagoon system 51

Box 6. Data Organic Almonds in Data-Bozburun SEPA 57

Box 7. Snd Agricultural Cooperative in Data-Bozburun SEPA 57

Box 8. Gkova Windsports 61

Box 9. Club Med Foa French Holiday Village 66

Box 10. pmadam (Ayvalk) 71


10/112viii The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

List of TablesTable 1. Fethiye Gcek SEPA Regional Population (2009) 14

Table 2. Fethiye Gcek SEPA Population Distribution According to Years (1970-2009) 14

Table 3. Education Information in Fethiye 2009 15

Table 4. Fethiye - Gcek Socio-Economic Structure Summary 16

Table 5. Fethiye - Gcek SEPA Municipality Residential Socio-Economic Structure Summary 17

Table 6. Socio Economic Indicators 19

Table 7. Data - Bozburun SEPA Regional Population (2009) 23

Table 8. Data - Bozburun SEPA Population Distribution According to Years 24

Table 9. Education Information in Data, 2009 25

Table 10. Data Socio-Economic Structure Summary in Data - Bozburun SEPA 26

Table 11. Bozburun Socio-Economic Structure Summary in Data - Bozburun SEPA 27

Table 12. Socio-Economic Structure Summary in Marmaris Villages in Data - Bozburun SEPA 28

Table 13. Foa SEPA Population 33Table 14. Education Information Foa 34

Table 15. Fethiye Field Crops Production (1991 - 2009) 40

Table 16. Harvested Area in Fethiye (1991-2009) 40

Table 17. Greenhouse Areas and Production in Fethiye -2009 41

Table 18. Fethiye Number of Fruit Trees 41

Table 19. Fruit Production and Tree Numbers in Fethiye (1991-2009) 42

Table 20. Fethiye Vegetable Production (1991 - 2009) 42

Table 21. Animal Husbandry in Fethiye (1991-2009) 43Table 22. Number of Tourists for Mula 43

Table 23. Rent incomes of Fethiye Gcek SEPA 44

Table 24. Distribution of Products in Kyceiz and Ortaca Area 47

Table 25. Fruit Production in Kyceiz and Ortaca 48

Table 26. Field Crop Production in Kyceiz and Ortaca 49

Table 27. Honey Production in Kyceiz and Ortaca 49

Table 28. Animal Numbers in Kyceiz and Ortaca 50

Table 29. Milk Production in Kyceiz and Ortaca 50

Table 30. Rent incomes of Kyceiz Dalyan SEPA 53Table 31. Harvested Area in Data (1991-2009) 54

Table 32. Field Crops in Marmaris (1991-2009) 54

Table 33. Fruit Production and Tree Numbers in Data (1991-2009) 55

Table 34. Fruit Production and Tree Numbers in Marmaris (1991-2009) 55

Table 35. Animal Husbandry in Data (1991-2009) 56

Table 36. Animal Husbandry in Marmaris (1991-2009) 56

Table 37. Number of Tourists for Mula 2009 58


11/112ixStrengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Table 38. Rent incomes from Data-Bozburun SEPA 59

Table 39. Rent incomes of Gkova SEPA 62

Table 40. Foa Agricultural Land 64

Table 41. Beekeeping in Foa 64

Table 42. Animal Husbandry in Foa 65

Table 43. Fish Types in Foa 65Table 44. Bed Capacity in Foa 67

Table 45. Tourist Numbers, Nights, Lentgth of Stay, Occupancy Rates (2001-2007) Foa 67

List of PhotosPhoto 1. Gcek nlice Beach Site Rental 43

Photo 2. Kayaky Carpets 44

Photo 3. Women working on laurel in Toparlar Village 47Photo 4. Boat Tours in Dalyan 52

Photo 5. Women cracking almonds in Data 57

Photo 6. Products of Snd Agricultural Cooperative 57

Photo 7. Different Types of Fishes from Akyaka Fishing Products Cooperative 60

Photo 8. View of nar Beach (Site Rental) 62

Photo 9. Persion monument in Foa 66

Photo 10. Beach in Foa 67

Photo 11. Fishing boats in Ayvalk harbour 69

Photo 12. Handmade Products of pmadam 71


12/112x The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Ynetici zeti

Trkiyenin Korunan Alanlar Sisteminin Glen-dirilmesi: Deniz ve Ky Koruma Alanlarnn Sr-

drlebilirliinin Kolaylatrlmas

Projesinin 3ana hede bulunmaktadr:

Mevcut Deniz ve Ky Koruma Alanlarnndaha etkin ynetimi ve yeni Deniz ve KyKoruma Alanlarnn kurulmasnn ncelik-lendirilmesi iin sorumlu kurumlarn ihtiyaduyduu kurumsal yap ve kapasite glen-dirilmesi

Deniz ve Ky Koruma Alanlar iin nansalplanlama ve ynetim sistemleri gelitirilmesi

ve uygulanmas ile etkin i planlamas, yeter-li gelir retimi ve etkin ynetim maliyetininsalanmas

Deniz ve Ky Koruma Alanlarnn ok amalkullanm alanlarnda, ekonomik faaliyetlerinynetimi ve dzenlenmesi iin kurumlar araskoordinasyon mekanizmasnn uygulamayakonmas

Yukardaki hedeer nda, bu rapor 6 uygula-ma alannda gelir getirici faaliyetler konusunda

yaplm bir n almadan olumaktadr. ProjeUygulama Alanlaryledir:

1. Fethiye-Gcek K Blgesi

2. Kyceiz-Dalyan K Blgesi

3. Data-Bozburun K Blgesi

4. Gkova K Blgesi

5. Foa K Blgesi

6. Ayvalk Adalar Tabiat Park

Bu almann banda yerel uzmanlar tarafn-dan masa ba aratrmas ve alanlarla ilgili birn bilgi taramas yaplmtr. Bir sonraki aamasaha almalar ile devam etmi ve sonrasndatoplanan bilgiler sentezlenerek bu n rapor orta-ya kmtr. Bu rapor 5 blmden olumaktadr.Birinci blm giri ksmdr. kinci blmde sz-konusu alanlarda gnlk aktivitelerde sz sahibipaydalar hakkndadr. nc blmde alanlar-la ilgili tantc n bilgi sunulmaktadr. Drdncblm yaplan literatur taramas ve grmeler

sonucunda elde edilen bilgileri her alan iin 3ana balk altnda incelemekte; tarm, balklk

ve turizm alanlarnda hlihazrdaki gelir getiricifaaliyetler hakknda bilgi sunmaktadr. Bu blmKKB iin halihazrda gelir getiren faaliyetlersunulmakta ve gelir getirici faaliyetler ierisindepotansiyeli olan ve srdrlebilir olarak seilenneriler hem KKB hem de dier balklar altn-da verilmektedir. Son blmde raporun bulgularzetlenmekte ve dikkat edilmesi gereken noktalardeerlendirilmektedir.

Yaplan saha almalar kapsamnda; PazarAratrma Uzman 11-25 Austos 2010 tarihle-rinde Mula iline bal 4 alanda ve Yerel FinansUzman ile beraber (Data, Gkova ve Gcekde)grme ve gzlemlerde bulunmutur. 13-17 Ey-ll 2010 tarihlerinde ise Yerel evre Ekonomisive Ynetimi Uzman ile birlikte Foa ve AyvalkAdalar Tabiat Parknda grme ve gzlemlergerekletirilmitir. 6 alanda yaplan toplam g-rme says 132dir. Grmelerde; blgelerdeyeralan hlihazrdaki gelir getirici faaliyetlerin

yansra potansiyel yerli rn sat, eko-turizmve dal turizmi gibi yeni ekonomik faaliyetlerdensalanabilecek gelir artrc faaliyetler konusundayerel paydalardan bilgi derlenmesi amalanm-tr. Yerel paydalar kamu sektrnn temsilcileri(tarm, turizm mdrlkleri, vb.), zel sektr (i-letmeler), sivil toplum rgtleri, kooperatier veky muhtarlareklinde zetlenebilir (Ek Ide de-tayl liste verilmektedir). Ksaca, ad geen alan-larda temel gelir getirici faaliyetler ana balk

altnda incelenmitir; tarm, balklk ve turizm.Bu n raporda gelir getirici faaliyetlerin yansraky kaynaklarnn srdrlebilir bir ekilde kul-lanlmasn salamak iin pek ok konu ele aln-mtr (rnein balklk alanndaki skntlar okyoun bir ekilde gndeme gelmitir). Yaplanalma sonucunda aadaki ana konular ve zor-luklar ortaya kmtr:

1. Farkl paydalar arasnda daha iyi bir yatay vedikey koordinasyonun salanmas gerektii


13/112xiStrengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

2. Denizcilik faaliyetleri: Balklk asndan ar-tan kirlilik ile beraber dier tehdit ve zorluk-lar (rnein azalan kaynaklar)

3. Kentleme (g) ve turizm geliimi karsndaartan baskyla baedebilme; (rnein tarmsalretim ile yerel kltrel rnlerde azal ve

retimde bulunanlarn azalmas)4. Kltrel ve tarihi miras alanlarnn korunma-

snn nemi

5. Az gelimi altyap sistemlerinin pek okalanda evresel ve sosyal bir tehdit olutur-mas (karasal atklar, atk sular, sanayi dahil)

Sonu olarak, tm blgelerde grlen kiilertarafndan gelir getirici faaliyetler konusunda okdeiik neriler teklif edilmitir. Geleneksel de-

niz ve gne turizminin eitlendirilmesi gerek-tii ynnde ok fazla gr alnm ve bu yn-de dal alanlarnn artrlmasndan, ekoturizmingelitirilmesi; trekking (yry) gzergahlarnnbelirlenmesi, tarihi ve kltrel yerler hakkndabilgi edinilmesi, ku gzlemleri yaplmas, agro-turizmin gelitirilmesi; rnein geleneksel yemek

piirme ya da tarm yntemleri, ya da yerel el sa-natlarnn nasl yapldn grmek gsterilebilir.Farkl paydalar ile yaplan grmeler sonucun-da blgelerin Agroturizm ve Ekoturizm asndanzengin olduu belirlenmi ve ana zibilite rapo-runda bunlarn daha detayl bir ekilde analiz

edilebilecei dnlmektedir. Bu turizm eitli-liinin hem tarmsal katk hem de evre bilincininsalanmas anlamnda alanlarda srdrlebilirYeni Gelir Getirici Faaliyetler sunabilecei n-grlmektedir. Ancak, bunun baarl olabilmesiiin aadan yukarya yaklamn (rnein ifti-lerin katklarnn salanmas) ve kurumlar aras i-birlii ok nemlidir. Son olarak, raporda KKBiin de yeni gn birlik alanlarnn yaplmas veyeni iskele ile amandra ihtiyalar belirtilmekteve kurum iin dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlara

(kapasite eksiklii vb.) dikkat ekilmektedir. Buraporun akabinde, yerel uzmanlar birlikte 6 projealan iin srdrlebilir ve evre dostu olan or-tak veya bireysel ekonomik faaliyetlerin bir liste-sini (aktivite 2.4.8) hazrlayacaklar ve ne kankonular zibilite raporunda detayl bir ekilde elealnacaktr.


14/112


15/1121Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

INTRODUCTION

W ithin the marine areas bordering Turkeyslengthy coastline is found an abundant,highly diverse and globally signicant biodiver-sity endowment (UNDP, 2009). However, Tur-keys marine areas face major threats includinghabitat degradation associated with changes in

coastal human populations and distributions, andassociated sea/coast use pressures. Protected ar-eas have a potentially signicant, yet largely un-realized role to play in eliminating these threats tomarine area biodiversity in Turkey (ibid).

In 2009, United Nations Development Programme(UNDP) and the Turkish Environmental Protec-tion Agency for Special Areas (EPASA), in col-laboration with the Ministry of Agriculture andRural Affairs (MARA) and the General Director-ate for Nature Conservation and National Parks(GDNCNP), have launched the Strengtheningthe Protected Areas Network in Turkey: Catalyz-ing Sustainability of Marine and Coastal Protect-ed Areas Project in order to address the abovementioned issues. The long-term solution formarine biodiversity conservation in Turkeys ter-ritorial sea is seen as a recongured Marine andCoastal Protected Areas (MCPA) network de-signed to protect biodiversity while optimizing itsecological service functions through effective andsustainable adaptive management. An importantaspect of this optimization is sustainable nancialmechanisms, including income generation possi-bilities, to cover the costs of management.

Income generating activities in MCPAs are impor-tant not only for local economic development butalso because the way they are used and managedhave signicant impacts on productive and valu-able ecosystems. It is worth underlining that ma-rine and coastal ecosystems are among the mostproductive in the world and that important socio-economic ows are obtained from these systems(UNEP, 2006). This study is part of the above-described larger project and its main goal is toidentify sustainable income generating activitiesalong the Western coast of Turkey, at 6 pilot ar-eas of the project. These areas are Fethiye-Gcek,Kyceiz-Dalyan, Data-Bozburun, Gkova, Foaand Ayvalk Islands Nature Park.

The report focuses on income generating activitiesthat introduce alternative livelihoods and/or add


16/1122 The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

value to existing activities. Overall, these activitiesare analyzed under three main headings; tourism,agriculture, and shing. Furthermore, the reporthighlights revenue generating potential for EPA-SA and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.

1.1 Main Sectors Analyzed in the Report

Tourism is currently one of the leading economicsectors in the study areas and has the potentialto contribute further to income generating activi-ties. Just as coastal tourism is one of the fastestgrowing sectors of global tourism (UNEP, 2006),in Turkey, starting from 1980s, it has seen an ex-plosion. The majority of these touristic activitieshas concentrated on the Mediterranean and Ae-gean coastal areas (Ministry of Culture and Tour-

ism, 2007). In 2009, among countries hosting mostforeign visitors, Turkey ranked as the 7th with 25,5million tourists; and the tourism-based revenuesamounted to 21,3 million USD (World TourismOrganisation, 2009).

Blessed with unique natural and cultural attrac-tions, all the study areas are well placed to be-come a leader of tourism in their respective areas.To date, the tourism industry has been relyingprimarily on natural features (coastal beaches,

scenary, favorable weather conditions etc) as themajor attraction, with most tourists visiting theareas for their summer holidays. Boat excursionsoperate in all six study areas with most of the tourcompanies offering similar daily outing options.

Marinas are also an important outlet for tour-ism related activities. According to Fethiye SocioEconomic Report, serious investments have beenmade to the marinas in Turkey in recent years(Fethiye Socio-Economic Report, 2010). Yatch

tourism demand has increasingly moved fromWestern Mediterreanean to Eastern Mediterrea-nean basin due to the relative unpolluted coast-lines found in this region as well as the saturationwith the well-known French, Italian and Spanishrivieras (Tandoan, 2000). As such, Turkish coastsconstitute important destinations for yatch andsailing tourism.

Another marine-based tourism activity of sig-nicance in the study areas is diving. The main

diving centers in Turkey concentrate on the Medi-terranean, in Marmaris, Fethiye, ldeniz andAyvalk, all of which are within the projects pilotareas. The underwater scenery is varied with tun-nels, caverns and rocky pinnacles providing div-ers with plenty to explore.

Recently, the need to diversify away from the sunand beach focused tourism which tends to leantowards unsustainability with distorted urbandevelopments, environmental pollution and pres-sure on natural habitats and to develop other at-tractions has been recognized by both the publicand private sectors (Ministry of Tourism, 2007).The view that there is a need for a niche or alter-native activities to mass tourism was conrmedthrough the eld work. The coastal areas in all sixareass have untapped potential to attract a widerspectrum of tourism related activities such as na-ture-based outings/sports both on land and sea,agriculture-based farm visits, and culture/arche-ology-based visits.

Agriculture contributes signicantly to the econ-omy in the six coastal areas and also plays animportant role in supplementing household in-comes. Agriculture is among the driving forces ofTurkeys economy with nearly 25% of the coun-trys labour market depending on agriculture inrural areas (European Commission, 2010). In theAegean region alone, agriculture contributes to28% of incomes (GEKA, 2010). Furthermore, tra-ditional agricultural practices that are still main-tained in Turkish landscape contribute to tourismdevelopment as there is an increasing demand inrural tourism opportunities. The Southern Ae-gean Development Agency (GEKA) also identi-es increased demand for organic agriculture andeco-tourism, among Mula provinces primaryopportunities. The Aegean coast has a long his-tory of traditional agriculture associated with thecultivation of pine nuts, olives, herbs, citrus andother fruits, and bees for honey. All the study ar-eas have a history of cultivating olives for oil pro-duction. There may be potential for value-addedagricultural outputs produced using organicfarming methods, or specialty foods packaged asgourmet or artisanal foods.

Fishing is the third leading economic sector in thestudy areas. In South Marmara region alone, sh



products make up the third largest exported goodsafter manufacturing and mining (GEKA, 2010).Likewise in Mula, where four of the MCPAs arelocated, the export of aquatic and animal prod-ucts marks a volume of about 50 million USD ac-cording to 2009 data (ibid). Foa is estimated to

provide 20% of the

sh circulated in the Aegeanregion (IZKA, 2009). In Ayvalk, 25.000 sh hasbeen collected in the rst nine months of 2010 andthe sh export out of Ayvalk in 2010 amountedto $4.835.236 (Ayvalk Directorate of Agriculture,2010).

In the six study areas shing is still done on asmall-scale by local shermen. Small-scale sher-ies provide food and drive the economies of theselocal communities. But the traditional shingpractices seem unable to compete with big trawl-ers that put increasing amounts of pressure on theresource base. Even though trawlers sh outsidethe legally dened marine protected zones, theirimpact on the food chain locally and regionally isnot yet well-understood.

This report is relevant to a wide range of stake-holders, including decision-makers, private in-vestors, local authorities and the funding agencieswith an interest in sustainable income generatingactivities in coastal areas.

The limitations of data and subsequent ability toanalyse the situation in detail should be acknowl-edged. While the document does not pretend tobe a comprehensive treatment of the subject, itprovides a broad assessment of the current sta-tus of the areas and identies issues and needsthat will be a starting point for the sustainabledevelopment of the activities in question. Nei-ther a feasibility study nor a business plan hadbeen conducted previously or developed for any

of the potential income-generating activities pro-posed. Although there are some studies that arebeing conducted (in progress), they are not yetnished. It has not been possible for the projectteam to assess the project site business plans in thedevelopment of this report, but this will be donewhen they are nished. In this study, a numberof activities are identied rather than a detailedassessment of one or two specic activities. As anoutcome of this report, a more specic list of activ-ities for each project area will be prepared. In the

nal feasibility report, more concrete opportuni-ties and risks will be identied, and opportunitieswill be sought to pilot recommended activities inorder to inform future strategy and possible repli-cation in other areas.

1.2 Methodology

This Interim Feasibility Study on income genera-tion opportunities at selected marine and coastalprotected areas (MCPA) was prepared over theperiod August 2010 December 2010. The studycomprised of the following main steps:

1- Review of existing laws and policies:

The local experts conducted a review of the exist-

ing regulations concerning EPASAs institutionalincome generation means, especially in terms ofthe authoritys policy on site rentals at coastalzones. Furthermore, EPASAs strategic plans andaction plans were analyzed in order to perceivethe revenue expansion possibilities.

2- Literature review:

The local experts researched and reviewed avail-able primary and secondary sources of informa-

tion. These included socio-economic reports ofEPASA, zmir and Mula Development Agencies,scientic articles, conference proceedings and oth-er documents concerning the projects pilot areas.

3- Solicitation of the opinions of a wide range ofstakeholders:

Interim Feasibility Study was designed and under-taken by literature review and eld work. Using is-sues and questions identied during the initial lit-erature review, the local experts made eld visits toall six areas to understand the perspectives of localauthorities, representatives of public and privatesectors, hotel and other business owners, tour oper-ators, and to visit some of the villages in the regions.

In-depth face to face interviews were conductedwith key stakeholders representing various postsin government, tourism and other relevant sectorsin the project sites. Through open-ended questionsprepared in advance for each stakeholder group,



a total of 132 interviews were conducted in all sixareas between August 2010 and October 2010 (intotal 19 days). Fethiye-Gcek, Kyceiz-Dalyan,Data-Bozburun, Gkova are located in Mulaprovince. In Mula, all four areas were coveredand 88 interviews were conducted and this was

followed by 25 interviews in Ayval

k Nature Is-lands and lastly 19 interviews in Foa. Details ofeach interview are provided in Appendix I.

Interviews provided a practical insight into the typeof activities that are being undertaken by the lo-cal stakeholders and their day to day experiences.Through the interviews, it was possible to record thefactors and challenges/opportunities that may con-tribute to the success or failure of such initiatives.

The report was nally drafted in a collaborative

manner, with all experts contributing to specic sec-tions. As an outcome of this interim report, a list ofsustainable and environmental friendly economicactivities for each project area will be prepared bothfor increasing the revenues of EPASA and of theconcerned local communities (Activity 2.4.8)1. Thenal report will also have a matrix of relevant stake-holders (public, private, etc.) for selected activities.

1Activity 2.4.8:Local experts prepare a list of sustainable and environmental friendly joint or individual economic activities with the local stakehold-ers at the meeting to be organized for the dissemination of the feasibility

1.3 Report Structure

This report is organised into ve chapters. ChapterOne provides introductory information. ChapterTwo presents an overview of the stakeholders thatcurrently take part in or have a say in the activitiesand operations in the areas. Chapter Three gives

a general overview of the areas - their locationand main socio-economic and ecological charac-teristics. Chapter Four focuses on the ndings ofthe interviews conducted in the areas and on keycomponents of the activities related to agriculture,shing and tourism. The nal chapter concludeswith an overview of the ndings and highlightsthe important points for income generating activi-ties to be successfully implemented in the areas.



T he current income generating activities onTurkeys marine and coastal stretch spreadacross many sectors including a number of gov-ernmental institutions which by the nature oftheir responsibilities have important roles to per-form. The public sector plays an important role in

creating an enabling environment for the sustain-able development in the study areas. The informa-tion provided in this section is based on the eldinterviews and the internet pages of governmentorganizations (provided in the references) and theother stakeholders.

Institutional responsibility for the establishmentand management of MCPAs lies with four agen-cies: (i) the Authority for the Protection of SpecialAreas (EPASA); (ii) the Fisheries Department,

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; (iii) theGeneral Directorate for Nature Conservation andNational Parks (GDNCNP); and, (iv) the Ministryfor Culture and Tourism (UNDP 2009).

In addition to the governmental institutions, thereare many other agencies or institutions whosework is relevant2. These supporting agencies needto work together in a coordinated manner to en-sure that tourism-agriculture and other develop-ment strategies are implemented properly. This

section provides succinct information about someof the stakeholders in the areas. It is not a compre-hensive list due to the diverse characteristics andlarge eld of activities in the areas. This is alsovalid also for the villages in the areas.

Five of the 6 pilot areas, Fethiye-Gcek, Kyceiz-Dalyan, Data-Bozburun, Gkova and Foa arespecial areas under EPASA. Only Ayvalk and itsislands have a different conservation status, thatof a Nature Park.

2.1 Environmental Protection Agency forSpecial Areas (EPASA)

EPASA is part of the Ministry of Environmentand Forestry (MoEF) and is headquartered in An-kara. Based on The Convention for Protectingthe Mediterranean Against Pollution, signed in

2 For details on the major categories of stakeholders and their involve-ment please refer to Table 4, p. 16 UNDP Project Document. http://www.undp.org.tr/Gozlem2.aspx?WebSayfaNo=2193

INSTITUTIONAL

OVERVIEW:STAKEHOLDERS



Barcelona in 1976, The Authority was temporarilyestablished on 12 June 1988 by the Decree of Cabi-net of Ministers (number of decision: 88-13019).EPASA was ofcially established on November13, 1989 by the Decree Having the Force of Law(decision number: 383, published in Ofcial Ga-

zette no: 20341) pursuant to related protocol andto the article 9 of the Turkish Law of Environ-ment no: 2872. This Decree granted the Cabinetof Ministers the power to determine and declareSpecial Environmental Protection Areas (SEPAs),and make the necessary regulations at sites whichpossess ecological value and which are threatenedby environmental pollution and corruption; andalso taking on measures needed to pass on areasof natural beauty to further generations. Accord-ing to this Law, The Cabinet of Ministers also has

the force to de

ne the principles for the preserva-tion of these sites and decide which ministry willconduct the plans and projects within the areas.

With Decree No: 383 the authorities and the tasksfor protecting environmental values of the areas,for taking all measures to solve the present envi-ronmental problems, for dening the principlesfor the preservation and usage of these areas, fordeveloping the municipal construction plans ofall scales within the area and also for approvingthese plans are given to EPASA.

EPASA, which had been linked to the Prime Min-isters ofce from the very outset, was linked tothe Ministry of Environment which was estab-lished on 21 August 1991 by the Decree Havingthe Force of Law ( number of decision 444/KHK).EPASA was linked to the Ministry of Environ-ment and Forestry after these two Ministries weremerged on May 1, 2003 (Law no: 4856). Environ-mental Protection Agency for Special Areas hasbeen carrying its operations as a public institution

and has a special budget.

The aim of EPASA is to:

Protect areas of natural beauty, historical andcultural sources, biological diversity and, liv-ing and non-living entities both underwaterand above-water;

Pass these values onto future generations;

Promote sustianble regional development;and. make society aware of environmentalvalues.

The objectives of EPASA are to:

Set the balance between protection and us-

age; Protect the limited and fruitful agricultural

sites and qualied forest sites;

Prevent underground and above ground wa-ter pollution;

Protect wetland sites against extinction;

Make the regions be used in an organizedway;

Improve the environmental infrastructure of

the settlements in the regions; and Support economic sectors such as agriculture,

tourism and shery so that they do not harmthe natural balance.

An important difference between SEPAs and oth-er protected areas is that management authoritywithin SEPAs is shared with many of the nationaland sub-national authorities that have responsi-bilities within the coastal zone (UNDP 2009).

2.2 The Ministry of Environment and For-estry (MoEF)

The Ministry of Environment and the Ministryof Forestry have merged under the Ministry ofEnvironment and Forestry (MoEF) with the Lawon Establishment and Duties of Ministry of Envi-ronment and Forestry No. 4856 (Ofcial Gazette2003). The main responsibilities of the MoEF areas follows:

Protecting and improving environment, Using and protecting land and natural re-

sources with the most appropriate and ef-cient way in urban and rural areas,

Protecting and developing the ora and faunaand natural heritage of the country,

Protecting every type of environmental pro-tection,


21/112



2.4 General Directorate of Nature Conser-vation and National Parks (GDNCNP)

General Directorate of Nature Conservation andNational Parks (GDNCNP) is responsible for theselection, designation, planning, conservation,and management of national parks, nature parks,natural monuments, and nature reserve areasunder the provisions of the National Parks LawNo. 2863. The GDNCNP manages each protectedarea through the regulations of its long term de-velopment plan (management plan) through anetwork of Park Directorates. The Directorate isalso responsible for the conservation of game andwildlife species within their natural habitats bymaking necessary decisions on hunting controlthroughout the country.

The rst national park in Turkey was establishedin 1958. Since then 39 national parks have beenestablished. Some of these parks were initiallyestablished for archaeological and historical pur-poses but are at the same time rich habitats wherebiological diversity is being protected. Amongthe projects 6 pilot areas, Ayvalk Islands NaturePark is the only site that is not under EPASAs ju-ristiction but rather the GDNCPNPs. In order todetermine the activities in the park, a Long TermDevelopment Plan (see Appendix II) has beendeveloped according to Law No. 2873, which en-tered into force on 12.02.2004 for Ayvalk MCPA.

Unlike other governmental institutions, theGDNCPNP can appoint eld guides in the parks.The selection of the eld guides, their training, theregulations concerning their works proceduresand principles are laid out by law (Ofcial Ga-zette, 2010).

2.5 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(MARA)

The Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and RuralAffairs is the main authority responsible for ag-ricultural production systems, from its regulationto practice.

The Departments of MARA consist of the following:

General Directorate of Agricultural Enterpris-es (TIGEM);

General Directorate of Agricultural Produc-tion and Development (TGEM);

General Directorate of Protection and Control(KKGM);

General Directorate of Organisation and Sup-port (TEDGEM);

General Directorate of Agricultural Research-es (TAGEM);

Provincial Directorates of Agriculture (in 81provinces in Turkey).

With ve general directorates and 81 provincialagricultural directorates and related directoratesin each city, MARA directs agricultural produc-tion in Turkey. For example, TIGEM was estab-lished to provide the basic services and support

for agriculture and agricultural industries. It isexpected to carry out these activities followingmarket-oriented principles and make a prot. Itspecialises in the provision of agricultural train-ing and education to cooperative members. Theroutine programme of TEDGEM includes the or-ganisation of cooperative activities and services,training of women in agriculture, and the im-provement of the relationship between research-ers, extension specialists and farmers. Althoughagricultural extension services are provided

mostly by state organisations, the effectiveness ofthe state extension services has been impaired be-cause of limited budget, low staff motivation anda reduction in the number of extension specialistswithin MARA.

MARA has an important role in sheries. TheDirectorate of Protection and Control is respon-sible for the formulation of policies, developmentand management of the sheries sector. This in-cludes improving resource management and con-

trol, promoting ef

cient resource utilization andcollecting and managing information relevant tosheries resources.

2.6 Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MoCT)

The roles and responsibilities given to the Min-istry of Culture and Tourism are quite vast anddiverse, including policy work, monitoring andevaluation, human resources development, licens-ing, tourism attraction development and impact



assessments. This is formulated under Law No:2634 which comprises provisions governing thetourism sector, including denitions of culturaland tourism preservation and development re-gions, tourism areas and tourism centres andmeans of establishment and development of such

regions, areas and centres and of encouragement,regulation and inspection of tourism investmentsand facilities.

There are also Tourism and Infrastructure Unionsthat are being established in all the areas. These arepublished in the Ofcial Gazette dated 03.01.2008and numbered 26745 2007 / 13030 dated 5355 bythe Council of Ministers of Local Government As-sociations Act No. 4. For example, one of theseis named MARTAB (Marmaris Turizm AlanAltyap Hizmet Birlii- Marmaris Tourism AreaInfrastructure Service Union) which covers thearea not only in Marmaris but also from Gkovato Bozburun. MARTAB covers Marmaris, Armu-talan, meler, Beldibi, Gkova, Akyaka, Turun,Bozburun municipalities as well as 15 villages.One of the aims of this union is to cooperate innational and international projects to designatethe tourism policies and long term projects forsustainable tourism beside the domestic and in-ternational promotional activities. MARTAB actsas an public entity within its designated area oflaw, works together with local administrators,bureaucrats and representatives of the tourismsector to ensure realistic and permanent solutionsto problems. MARTAB, providing these serviceswill get its sanctioning power from Association ofLocal Authority Law No. 5355, revenues with theguarantee of same law along with contributionfees coming from the Special Provincial Adminis-tration which is a natural member of the Associa-tion Assembly, Municipalities, Village Headmens,certied touristic facilities, and the touristic facili-ties and businesses which are not members of theAssociation but within the borders of its area.Thecontribution fees are collected from all businessesin the region, local authorities and Special Provin-cial Administration with the reasons mentionedin the specied law.

Besides the above Ministries, there are other col-laborating agencies, listed below.

2.7 Turkish Coast Guard Command

The mission of the Turkish Coast Guard Com-mand is to enforce national and international lawsand to ensure the safety of life and property with-in its area of maritime jurisdiction.

As a law enforcing armed force, the Turkish CoastCommand is responsible to the Ministry of InternalAffairs in terms of assigned duties and operationsalong the Turkish coastline, internal waters such asthe Marmara Sea, stanbul and anakkale Straits,seaports, bays, territorial waters, exclusive economiczones and all maritime areas that are under Turk-ish sovereignty and control in accordance with thenational and international laws. Primary duties as-signed by the Law (No: 2692) to the Coast GuardCommand, as a law enforcement agency which has

responsibility and authority over the sea, are as fol-lows:

- to protect and provide the security in mari-time jurisdiction areas of Turkey,

- to provide the safety of life and property atsea.

- to take necessary measures for untetheredmines, explosives and suspicious materialidentied in the sea and on the coast and re-

port them to the authorities concerned.- to observe and inspect the operating condi-

tions of the aids-to-navigation and report thedeciencies observed to the authorities con-cerned,

- to disarm the refugees entering into our terri-torial waters and deliver them to the authori-ties concerned.

- to prevent all kinds of smuggling carried outby way of the sea.

- to prevent the actions of the vessels and seacraft in violation of the laws on radio hygiene,passport, anchoring, mooring, shing, divingand hoisting the ag.

- to inspect the shing of aquatic products,

- to conduct inspections in order to prevent themarine pollution.

- to prevent the smuggling of antiquities byconducting inspections on diving activities.



- to perform search and rescue missions withinthe search and rescue area of Turkey, in con-formity with the International Search andRescue Convention and National Search andRescue Regulations.

- to inspect the yacht tourism,

- to participate in the operations conducted forhomeland security under the command of theNaval Forces, when necessary.

2.8 Chamber of Maritime Trade

Turkish Chamber of Maritime Trade is an impor-tant professional institution of the Turkish mari-time sector established with a view to improvingthe maritime business for the public benet in

compliance with the national transportation andmaritime policies as well as to meeting the mutualneeds and ensuring the further development ofthis line of business.

The most important aim of the Turkish Chamber ofMaritime Trade is to try to develop shipping in accor-dance with the national transportation and shippingpolicy and the public interest. Moreover, to promotethe interests and provide the common requirementsof its members, to arrange the development of the

profession, to guide and facilitate the professionalactivities, to establish common rules and to informthe authorities on shipping matters and to keep thediscipline, morals and solidarity of the shippingprofession are the other major concerns.

The major activities of Turkish Chamber of Mari-time Trade are to establish rules and practices asregards shipping, to undertake research and col-lect information on shipping, to ensure that seatrade is developing in accordance with the nation-

al policy of transportation, to supply informationto foreign organizations on the possibilities andtariffs of the Turkish ports, to become members ofand to follow activities of the international organi-zations concerned with shipping and to performother functions stated in the law.

Among the members of the Turkish Chamber ofMaritime Trade are; shipowners, ship operators,shipping agents, ship sale and purchase brokers,forwarders, stevedores, tally rms, classicationsocieties, marine insurance companies, under-writers, marine surveyors and experts, auxiliary

services such as salvage, rescue, pilotage, dredg-ing and yachting and also ship chandlers and sup-pliers, port, marina operators, ship-yacht buildersand shipyards, ship-yacht equipment and repairservices, maritime training companies, sand ex-tractors and shermen.

2.9 Development Agencies

In recent years, development agencies, tied to thenational State Development Agency, have started

operating in different regions and provinces ofTurkey. Objectives of the Agencies can be listedas the improvement of the cooperation amongpublic sector, private sector and NGOs; ensur-ing effective usage of resources; stimulating localpotential; fostering regional development and en-suring its sustainability; and decreasing the inter-regional development disparities. For example,zmir Development Agency (ZKA) has been es-tablished by the Cabinet decision published in theOfcial Gazette no.26220 dated 6th of June 2006

in accordance with the Law on the Establishment,Coordination and Tasks of the DevelopmentAgencies no.5449 dated 25th of January 2006.

Fethiye-Gcek, Kyceiz-Dalyan, Data-Bozburun,Gkova are under Mula province which belongsto Southern Aegean Development Agency. ForMula, the provinces strengths, weaknesses, op-portunities and threats (SWOT) analysis was pre-pared by Southern Aegean Development Agency(GEKA) in Mula in August, 2010. (This is provid-

ed in Appendix III-1) Ayval

k is under SouthernMarmara Development Agency. These agenciesare comparatively new to zmir DevelopmentAgency (for Foa) which is one of the rst agenciesin Turkey (IZKA also prepared SWOT Analysis fordifferent sector in Foa-Appendix III-2).



INFORMATION

ABOUTTHE SIX AREAS

T his chapter provides a brief overview of theprojects pilot areas highlighting the ecologi-cal features and conservation priorities at eachsite as well as the current socio-economic base-line. Unless otherwise indicated with references,the general information pertaining to these areas

has been taken from EPASA and MoFEs internetsites. It should be noted again that Ayvalk IslandsNature Park is the only area that is not under EP-ASAs control. Map 1 below shows the location ofthe project sites.

1. Fethiye-Gcek

2. Kyceiz-Dalyan3. Data-Bozburun

4. Gkova

5. Foa

6. Ayvalk Islands

Map 1. Project implementation sites

1

2

3

4

5

6



3.1 FETHYE - GCEK SEPA

Historical and Archeological background

It is assumed that Fethiye was rst founded in the16th century B.C. Fethiye, captured by Periklesin 362 B.C., was then conquered by Alexander in130 B.C., and was annexed by Byzantine Empirein 130 B.C. and in 395 A.D. it stayed in Byzantine

Empire.After Malazgirt War it was annexed to theSeljuk Empire. It was seized by Kemenos in the 1stCrusade, by Mentee Bey in 1286 and in 1390 byYldrm Beyazt.

There are ruins belonging to Hellenistic and Ro-man Ages in the coastal parts of the town. The an-cient wall ruins of Ancient Telmessus Theatre andAlgerian Mosque belonging to Ottoman Periodare among the signicant historical pieces.

Map 2. Boundaries of Fethiye-Gcek SEPA (source: EPASA)

Province MulaPopulation 80.393

Area 816,02 km2

Conservation Status

Determined and declared SEPA by the Decreeof Cabinet of Ministers number 88/13019 on12.06.1988.

LocationFethiye-Gcek SEPA consists of Mula, Fethiyetown and 6 sub-districts and 6 villages. Fethiye-Gcek SEPA is located on the borders of the Medi-terranean approximately 120 km away from thesoutheast part of Mula city. It is situated in theoutskirts of Mendos Mountain, in the east coastof the inlet. Fethiye town, which is in the West ofTeke Peninsula, is surrounded by Kyceiz Townin the northwest, Denizli and Burdur in the Northand Antalya in the East.



Geographic Features

The South coast of the area is coveredwith steep mountains that rise abrupt-ly. The mass lling the Een Basin andsubsidence extending to the land afterFethiye Bay and also covering Fethiye

town is named as Babada and stretchesalong the coastline covered with forests.The intense tectonic movements throughthe end of the 3rd tectonic movementstage and in the 4th tectonic stage led tothe occurrence of subsidence and eleva-tions, and new bays and headlands. As aresult of subsidence the valleys formedby watercourses were lled with seawater and they turned into intermedi-ary and tributary valleys, bays and in-

lets extending greatly into the land.

In the region, there are bays and inletsalong the coastline. The best examplefor this is Gcek Bay. l Deniz Lagoon(Blue Lagoon) in Belceiz Village hasa tranquil landscape. Some of the baysthat are worth seeing are Turun PnarBay, Kalemya Bay, Samanlk and Bon-cuklu Bays. All of the islands, small andbig, extending to the West and North-

west of Fethiye Inlet are called OnikiAdalar (Twelve Islands). The majorones are; valye (Chevalier) Island,Tersane (Shipyard) Island, Kzl (Red)Island, Katranc Island, Delikli Islands,Kzlanada, Hac Halil Island, Yassca Is-land and Domuz (Pig) Island.

Climate

The region has a typical Mediterranean

Climate. The main characteristics of theclimate in the region are hot and drysummers and mild winters. The aver-age temperatures in the region, which isin the hottest climate zone for Turkey,are rather high. The Mediterranean typeclimate characteristics can be experi-enced until 600-meter altitude. The av-erage temperature is around 30C. Dueto the geographical position of the area(mountains extending vertically to the

sea), the interiors receive more rainfallthan the coasts. Humidity is lower thanother coast towns.

Ecological Features

The ora of the region consists of shrubson the coast and conifer forests in thehigh lands. These forests are Black Pine(Pinus nigra), Red Pine (Pinus bruita)and Cedar(Cedrus sp.) forests. There arebrushes, olive groves, oak groves andcitrus on the coasts. Moreover, Orien-tal Sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) isone of the endemic species growing instreams, deltas and in the places wherebase water level is high. Sweetgum oil,

obtained from oriental sweetgum trees,is used in cosmetic and pharmacologicindustry. Important shrub tree speciesin the region are oaks, wild olives, wildpears, sandal, P. Latifolia, Pistachio ter-ebinthus, carob, laurel, Chasteberry,Sweet Broom, China Berry, Arceuthosdrupacea, willow, acacia, sumac, Caryo-phyllaceae. Oriental plane, poplar andalder are abundant along the streamsand watercourses.

Important herbs of the region are catkins,thistles, efek, reed canary grass, Commoncouch grass, purple nut sedge, lambsquarters, wild oat, pennyroyal, sage,Orchis coriophora, badibi, sea urchin,Atractylis gummifera, and burdock.

Out of the 5 sea turtle species represent-ed in the Mediterranean basin, 3 species(Caretta caretta, Chelonia mydas, Dermo-

chelys coriacea) are identied in the wa-ters of Turkey. One of the nestling andreproduction areas for Caretta caretta,and Chelonia mydas species, which areprotected under Bern Convention andCITES, is Fethiye Beach.

Socio-Economic Baseline

Based on 2009 census, the relevant dis-tricts and villages that fall within the



Table 1. Fethiye Gcek SEPA Regional Population (2009)

TOTAL MAN WOMAN

Fethiye Merkez 72.003 36.225 35.778amky 3.940 2.027 1.913

iftlik 2.620 1.358 1.262

Gcek 4.039 2.118 1.921

Karaulha 12.794 6.452 6.342

ldeniz 4.532 2.383 2.149

Gkeovack 380 191 189

nlice 830 431 399

Karg 1.501 726 775

Kayaky 680 351 329

Keiler 193 99 94

Yanklar 1.791 891 900

TOTAL 105.303 53.252 52.051

Source: Fethiye Gcek zel evre Koruma Blgesi Sosyo-Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kltrel Deerler Aratrmas, 2010

Table 2. Fethiye Gcek SEPA Population Distribution According to Years (1970-2009)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2000 2007 2008 2009

Fethiye Merkez 10.627 12.700 14.294 21.442 25.783 50.689 66.271 68.285 72.003

amky 422 864 1.102 1.785 2.169 2.980 3.891 3.977 3.940

iftlik ** ** ** ** 1.022 2.005 2.217 2.720 2.620

Gcek 1.862 2.120 2.103 2.166 2.914 4.005 3.625 4.021 4.039

Karaulha 3.317 4.123 4.477 5.291 5.656 8.574 13.063 13.114 12.794

ldeniz 962* 1033* 956* 1241* 2527* 5.600 2.974 4.707 4.532

Gkeovack 445 382 360 375 334 356 334 377 380

nlice 474 565 614 718 737 695 815 840 830

Karg 871 962 1.272 1.587 1.110 1.163 1.431 1.426 1.501

Kayaky 536 529 531 521 584 1.524 641 682 680

Keiler 168 182 201 189 205 204 157 154 193

Yanklar 985 1.143 1.200 1.240 1.470 2.598 1.792 1.806 1.791TOTAL 19.707 23.570 26.154 35.314 41.984 80.393 97.211 102.109 105.303

Source: Fethiye Gcek zel evre Koruma Blgesi Sosyo Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kltrel Deerler Aratrmas,2010

Fethiye-Gcek SEPA have a total popu-lation of 102.109 people of which 51% is

men and 49% women (Turkish StatisticalInstitute -TSI, 2010). (See Table 1 and 2)

23 % of the total population of Mulalive in Fethiye. According to 2009 Popu-lation Census, city population increasedto %39,4 in 2009 from %37,6 in 2008.On the other hand village population

decreased to %60,6 compared to %62,4in 2008. (Fethiye Socio Economic Report,2010). Education information in Fethiyeis given in Table 3.



Table 3. Education Information in Fethiye 2009

Ages

Sexes

Illiterate

Literate

without

schooling

Grad.

Elementery

School

Grad.(1-8

grades)

Grad.Middle

School

Grad.High

School

Grad.

University

Grad.Masters

Grad.

Doctorate

6-13Man 3 11.683 232 38 11.956

Woman 2 10.945 305 40 11.292

14-17Man 14 475 5.266 33 89 5.877

Woman 15 364 4.964 79 91 5.513

18-21Man 24 80 1.580 1.937 83 245 3.949

Woman 37 139 1.782 2.241 164 361 4.724

22-24Man 23 51 534 845 1.288 321 1 778 3.841

Woman 48 72 1.193 688 1.233 434 1 267 3.936

25-29Man 45 75 2.582 509 618 1.887 741 25 979 7.461

Woman 96 105 3.642 275 334 1.544 824 46 429 7.295

30-34Man 56 81 3.861 123 554 1.666 901 23 3 619 7.887

Woman 109 94 4.474 57 278 1.323 811 30 2 322 7.500

35-39Man 72 79 4.928 48 598 1.227 801 27 7 368 8.155

Woman 213 129 5.091 36 353 866 627 24 6 287 7.632

40-44Man 53 59 4.647 31 578 920 738 32 11 242 7.311

Woman 343 126 4.437 16 340 682 526 15 1 277 6.763

45-49Man 68 58 4.170 11 504 1.028 688 17 6 314 6.864

Woman 410 224 4.098 3 238 685 424 12 3 335 6.432

50-54Man 67 58 3.206 3 296 632 669 13 3 323 5.270

Woman 442 242 3.108 2 149 423 352 11 1 307 5.037

55-59Man 62 81 2.557 2 247 378 532 13 9 258 4.139

Woman 535 258 2.550 111 204 207 4 2 277 4.148

60-64Man 80 90 2.166 1 174 201 345 4 5 221 3.287

Woman 650 322 1.899 73 128 123 5 193 3.393

65 +Man 648 688 4.685 192 250 278 12 4 354 7.111

Woman 3.449 993 3.053 92 118 65 1 4 512 8.287

Total 7.564 27.571 66.881 16.779 5.729 20.973 10.654 316 67 8.526 165.060

Source: Fethiye - Gcek zel evre Koruma Blgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kltrel Deerler Aratrmas, 2010



Literacy rate is 95,5% for the district with, 66,881

of the residents having graduated from primaryschool, 9.526 from highschool and 6,7 % fromuniversity ((Fethiye Socio Economic Report,2010). According to the same study, 8.400 peoplewere employed in Fethiye in 2000. (6% in agri-culture, 30% small-scale industries such as food,machinery, construction, energy sectors and

64% in commerce, tourism, communication etc.

sectors.)

In a recent study conducted for EPASA, informa-tion about population, residence numbers, publicbuildings, infrastructure and income sources areprovided as Socio Economic Structures given inTables 4 and 5.

Table 4. Fethiye - Gcek Socio-Economic Structure Summary

Village

Place 2009Population Residences Public Buildings Infrastructure Income Sources

Gkeovack 380 120 Mukhtar, Mosque, Houseof Health, TransportedEducation

There ise drinking waternetwork. No sewer

Limited AgriculturalActivity (Olive-Bee),Wage Labor, Tourism

nlice 830 290 Mukhtar Primary School(1-8 Year), Mosque


Tourism Labour, PartialAgriculture

Karg 1501 400 Mukhtar, Mosque, PrimarySchool Building


Greenhouse and Citrus,Tourism-pensions

Yanklar 1791 962 Mukhtar, a mosque,school, health center

There ise drinking waternetwork (not enough in

summer). No sewer

Farming-Green housing,tourism, fish production

Kayaky 680 250 Mukhtar, Health House There ise drinking waternetwork. No sewer

Tourism, PartialAgriculture

Keiler 193 120 Mosque, TransportedEducation


Tourism, Agriculture




Table 5. Fethiye - Gcek SEPA Municipality Residential Socio-Economic Structure Summary

Town

-Belde

Place 2009Population

Residences Public Buildings Infrastructure IncomeSources

FethiyeMerkez

72.003 20572 Office of the governor and themayor-related public institutions,public institutions under the Ministryof Home Affairs, other ministriesand autonomous public institutions,offices, courthouse

Drinking water and sewagesystem available. Portis available as well aswastewater treatmentsystem

Tourism,Agriculture,Commerce,Construction,Service Industry,Shipping

ldeniz 4532 1300 Municipality, 1 primary school, 1health center, 4 Mosques

Sewer is lacking, WaterNetwork is lacking

Tourism

Karaulha 12794 3973 Municipality, the vegetable market,6 Primary School, 2 High School,Vocational High School, 6 Mosques,Health Center

No sewage, drinking waternetwork is available

Agriculture,Greenhouse

amky 3940 1500 Municipal, School, 5 Mosques,Health Unit

No sewage, drinking waternetwork is available

Greenhouse

iftlik 2620 1120 Primary School, 2 Mosques,Municipality, Health Unit

No sewage, drinking waternetwork is regenerated

Agriculture,Tourism

Gcek 4039 2200 Municipality, 2 Mosques, HealthCenter, the Gendarmerie, PrimarySchool, High School

Sewage, drinking waternetwork is available

Tourism




3.2 KYCEZ - DALYAN SEPA

Historical and Archeological background

Current Mula is the area which was called Cariain the ancient period. Starting from the 8th centuryB.C. Caria was dominated by Hellenistic, Lyd-ian, Persian, Egyptian, Syrian, Bergamo and Byz-

antine civilizations respectively. It was added toMentee Principality in 1425 and to the OttomanEmpire in 1535.

Map 3. Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA boundaries(source: EPASA)


Area 461,46 km2

Conservation Status


Location

Kyceiz-Dalyan SEPA consists of Kyceiztown, 4 sub-districts and 13 villages annexed to itin Mula province. Kyceiz is 75 km away fromMula town center.



Table 6. Socio Economic Indicators

KYCEZ ORTACA

Population 29 196 35 670

Urbanization rate (%) 25,77 47,44

Population Growth Rate (%o) 12,22 19,71Population Density 18 121

Population Density Ratio (%) 52,82 43,15

Average Household Size 3,81 3,51

Agriculture Sector Employees Ratio (%) 71,80 54,21

Industry Sector Employees Ratio (%) 3,16 5,04

Services Sector Employees Ratio (%) 25,04 40,75

Unemployment rate (%) 3,05 7,37

Ratio of literates (%) 89,65 92,01

Infant Mortality Rate (%) 39,58 36,12

Per Capita Income (YTL) 92 997 109 628

Share of Tax Revenues(%) 0,01414 0,02410

Share of Agricultural Production (%) 0,11266 0,15998

Source: Kyceiz Dalyan SEPA Management Plan Final Report 2007

Geographic features

The area is composed of terrestrialstructures of various qualities aroundKyceiz Subsidence Lake. The lake issurrounded with plains in the northeastand southeast and hilly areas in otherparts. The area between the KyceizLake and the sea is covered with 4 smalllakes and numerous canals. The coastlineconsists of a 4.5 km-long coast arrow. Inthe south of the Kyceiz Lake there is afault line stretching along a northwest-southeast direction. Along the fault arevarious thermal water springs calledSultaniye, avu (Rza avu) and GelGirme (Kokar Girme).

The dominant vegetation in KyceizSpecial Environmental Protection Areaconsists of red pine and sweet gum for-ests, bushes and brush woods belongingto shrubs and frigana family; further-more, the areas around the Kyceiz Lake

are covered with grassy plants growing

in wet and barren areas. Sand dune veg-etation is dominant on the coast.

Ecological features

The coastal sandunes are one of themost important reproduction areas forMediterranean sea turtles (Caretta caret-ta). The turtles use ztuzu Beach as areproduction area, and are protected asthey are a highly threatened species fac-

ing extinction. The surroundings of thelake, canals and forests provide repro-duction and sheltering places for otheranimals as well.

Various bird species such as Coot,Stark, White-breasted Kingsher, Spar-row, Reed Warbler, The gull-billed tern,Short-toed Eagle, Bee Eater, Sea Gull,Glossy Ibis, and Little Egret use the areafor wintering and incubation.



Dalyan and Kyceiz, which are completely vul-

nerable, are of great natural, historical and eco-logical value. Dalyan is also a settlement wheretourism investments are high. The Kyceiz Lake,rivers, Dalyan Canal, Dalyan mouth and the seaare vulnerable in terms of pollution.

The expansion of Kyceiz and Dalyan settle-ments in their development area, the intensestructuring in these areas and especially softtourism, traditional production, boarder housekeeping, farm tourism, the recreational use of the

Kyceiz Lake, the improvement of spa tourism,protection of citrus protection are taken into con-sideration and planning decisions have been de-veloped supporting these issues. An ideal projectmodel has been developed in order to protect thesea turtles and their reproduction area in Dalyan

mouth /ztuzu location. Because the sea and the

sand in the area are also intensely used by people,the project has suggested that the area be used bypeople in day time and by turtles at night. The ar-eas out of the settlements, namely natural areas,sweet gum forests, reed areas on the banks of thelake and sand dunes, are under protection.

Socio-economic Baseline

Based on 2009 census, the relevant districts andvillages that fall within the Kyceiz-DalyanSEPA have a total population of 31.465 peoplewhich is equally distributed between women andmen (TSI, 2010). Unemployment rate is 4,3%. Lit-eracy rate is 98% for the town and villages. SocioEconomic Indicators are provided in Table 6 forKyceiz and Ortaca Towns.



3.3 DATA-BOZBURUN SEPA

Laryma Not enough information is availableabout when and by whom the Kocaman Hisar,known as Bozukkale, was built. The area has beendeclared as an archaeological site.

Bybassium is situated in the interiors of Turgutlusettlement.

Patakis: This area includes Kzlada at the inlet ofBozburun Bay and the surroundings where churchruins are strewn. The area has been declared as anarchaeological site.

Soronda: Tymnos and Soronda archaeologicalsites consist of two adjacent sites surroundingSt location.

Cnidos; Cnidos, which was one of the six Dor cit-

ies of the Ancient Ages was situated on Data Pen-insula. Ancient Knidos was founded in the envi-rons of Data town in 7th century B.C., and it wasmoved to Terki in the mid-4th century B.C. Thereason why it was moved might have been thehighly developed sea commerce in that era. Espe-cially wine, vinegar and olive oil were exportedthen. Another reason was that the harsh winds im-peded the ships coming from the south to cruisearound the headland. According to historian andgeographer Strabon, rst, the city walls were builtand then the streets and houses were constructed

Map 4. The peninsulas of Readiye and Bozburun makes up the Data SEPA (souce: EPASA)


Area 1.441,39 km2

Conservation Status


LocationData-Bozburun SEPA consists of 2 sub-districtsand 17 towns with Data and Marmaris coun-ties in Mula. Data is located in the Southwestof Mula, between Gkova Bay in the North andHisarn Bay in the South as a 70km extension tothe west, to Aegean and Mediterranean Seas.

Historical and Archeological Background

The peninsula is protected in terms of its archaeo-logical, urban, natural and historical aspects that re-ect the social, economic, and architectural featuresof their time and that are the products of variouscivilizations from past to the present. These aspectsare scattered all over the peninsula as highlightedbelow.

Amos is in Bahealt, in the South of Turun. Thearea is strewn with ruins of ancient theatres andhas been declared as an archaeological site.



based on grid plan (Hippodamos plan)by terracing; temples, theatres and otherofcial buildings were included in theplan. Cnidos was an arts, medicine andculture center in the Ancient times. Eu-doksos of Cnidos (409-355 B.C.) was notonly a mathematician, physicist, geogra-pher, philosopher and astronomer, butalso a law maker. Its assumed that thelaws he set for the city play an effectiverole in transition to democracy

Geographic features

Data-Bozburun Peninsulas generallypossess rather steep slopes and the landis stony, in bad condition and under

erosion risk. Approximately, the 95%of the 47.698 hectare-land is stony. Thearea that can be used efciently for ag-riculture is not more than 10.000 hect-ares. The total forest area in the region is110.359 hectares.

Ecological features

Sand Dunes: The Gebekum sand dunearea, located in the southern part of Data

Peninsula, constitutes of an area of spe-cial quality on account of its ora.Maedi-cago marina, Eryngium maritmum, Euphor-bia paralias, Pancratium maritmum and

Alkanna tinctoria are the dominant spe-cies in Gebekum. Apart from Gebekum,the sand dune areas in Kzlba, Eksera,Hisarn ubucak, nbk, KarabkHeadland, Perilikk, Haytbk, Me-sudiye, Hisarn Kocakr and Stareas possess similar characteristics and

are of similar quality.Forest Land: Forest vegetation consists ofonly areas where red pine(Pinus Buritia)is common and dominant. Uncorruptedred pine forests are of great signicance interms of quality. Arbutus andrachne (San-dal tree) in the North-west also composeuncorrupted woods. In Deirmen Bk,Cupressus sempervirens (cypress) are com-mon all over the rocky valley steeps. Thisspecies patches in Snd Village and Boz-

burun Peninsula and between meler andBakrky.

Data Palm (Phoenix theophrasti) growson valley oors. This species, whichhas limited expansion, expand in thesteeps of Eksera Stream in the North and

around Azganak Hill, Karacahapiba,Yarmcaba Hill, Kovalca Hill,Tanman Hill, Lindasba Hill, andAndzcl Hill in the southern coastalarea. Sweetgum tree (Liquidambar orien-talis), which is endemic in the region, isseen in seasonal stream beds and in thevalley interiors.

As a result, Gebekum area, red pinewoods, sandal tree expansion areas, cy-

press groves (Cupressus sempervirens),sweetgum tree areas and Data palmtrees are of great signicance when theplant species are taken into consider-ation.

Marine Environment: Except for landand sea based pollution, Data-Bozbu-run Marine Environment is not underthe direct pressure of intense peninsulabased water pollution owing to the in-ternational position of the Mediterra-nean Sea. The situation on the peninsuladoes not require waste water collectionand renement system completion forthe time being. The reason why the ma-rine environment is unpolluted is thatthe region is not densely populated andthe peninsula is not under intense pres-sure from tourism.

When Data-Bozburun ecosystems areexamined in terms of rarity and when

Gebekum Sand Dune, Eksera Streamand the Southern Part, Kocada, Emecikand Hisarn are examined in terms ofthe species, the examples of rare spe-cies are as follows: sand dune plant spe-cies such as Maedicago marina, Eryngiummaritmum, Euphorbia paralias; plant spe-cies such as cypress (Cupressus semper-virens), red pine (Pinus buritia) and san-dal tree(Arbutus andrachne), Data palm(Phoenix theophrasti) and sweetgum tree



(Liquidambar orientalis). As for bird species, black

falcon (Falco elenoroae), blue falcon (F. Peregi-nus), small kestrel (F. Naumanni), Bonellis Eagle(Hieraetus fasciatus), island gull (Larus audoinii )and Common Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis des-marestii); as for mammal species, Mediterraneanmonk seal (Monachus monachus) wild goat(Capraaegagrus) and otter (Lutra lutra); as for reptiles,Testudo graceae.

The environment has mainly preserved its naturalconditions apart from the rural and urban settle-

ments in Data-Bozburun, agricultural areas andthe present transportation network, sea transpor-tation. This results from the fact that until recentlythe transportation in Data-Bozburun highwayhas been operated on a winding road of insuf-cient width.

Data-Bozburun is on the migration route of spe-cies such as Hirunda rustica (barn swallow), H.Daurica (redrumped swallow), Merops apiaster(The European bee eater), Apus apus (Common

Swift) and Apus melba (Alpine Swift). The penin-sula is of great signicance in this sense. The im-portant bird species in the area are Falco elenoroae(black falcon- KD), F. Pereginus (blue falcon-KD),F. Naumanni (small kestrel-KD), Hieraetus fasciatus(Bonellis Eagle-KD), Larus audoinii (island gull-KD) and Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii (Com-mon Shag-KD). Monachus monachus (Mediterra-nean Seal-HD) expand around Data Peninsula.Capra aegagrus (wild goat-HD) in Kocada has theexpansion on the west end in Turkey. Lutra lutra

(Otter-HD) expands in Hisarn. Liquidambar ori-entalis (Sweetgum tree), being relic-endemic andPhoenix theophrasti (Data palm), having limitedexpansion are of special signicance.

Because of the peninsula characteristics, there areobvious differences between the northern and thesouthern parts of Data-Bozburun. In the region167 terrestrial spineless species, 110 sh species,4 species with two lives, 27 reptile species, 123bird species and 45 mammal species are identied.

Socio-economic baseline

According to the population census in 2009, therelevant districts and villages that fall within theData-Bozburun SEPA have a total population of26.507 people of which 49% is women and 51% ismen. The total population of Data town cener is10.034 (TSI, 2010). (See Tables 7 and 8) :

Table 7. Data - Bozburun SEPA Regional Population(2009)

TOTAL MAN WOMAN

Data Data Merkez 9.958 5.194 4.764

Cumal 719 370 349

Emecik 866 428 438

Hzrah 482 238 244

Kara 786 398 388

Kzlan 1.039 526 513

Mesudiye 564 277 287Snd 365 192 173

Yaka 577 283 294

Yaz 545 271 274

Bozburun Bozburun Merkez 2.121 1.101 1.020

Bayr 716 378 338

Selimiye 1.026 522 504

St 1.750 873 877

Talca 526 281 245

Turgut 627 335 292

Marmaris Hisarn 2.129 1.109 1.020

Orhaniye 1.058 572 486

Osmaniye 470 236 234

TOTAL 26.324 13.584 12.740

Source: Data - Bozburun zel evre Koruma Blgesi Sosyo - Eko-

nomik, Tarihi ve Kltrel Deerler Aratrmas, 2010



Table 8. Data - Bozburun SEPA Population Distribution According to Years1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2000 2007 2008 2009

Data Data Merkez 1.481 2.118 2.465 2.788 5.022 8.108 8.839 10.034 9.958

Cumal 620 455 654 659 689 712 750 764 719

Emecik 425 355 595 874 1028 915 884 890 866

Hzrah 469 395 467 453 487 473 489 470 482

Kara 458 538 645 671 760 795 804 780 786

Kzlan 697 726 802 832 780 849 1.009 990 1.039

Mesudiye 581 564 530 580 517 572 547 558 564Snd 349 364 394 373 364 347 378 377 365

Yaka 444 370 418 470 511 577 559 581 577

Yaz 570 427 562 576 583 566 577 564 545

Bozburun Bozburun Merkez 1.026 1.111 1.219 1.353 2.357 1.909 2.273 2.170 2.121

Bayr 570 612 657 650 563 798 709 732 716

Selimiye 522 610 649 715 765 1.029 955 999 1.026

St 1.204 1.324 1.316 1.512 1.570 2.383 1.720 1.746 1.750

Talca 696 663 668 643 631 483 519 531 526

Turgut 382 431 476 421 695 601 616 642 627

Marmaris Hisarn 664 779 893 985 1213 3.027 2191 2.131 2.129

Orhaniye 503 592 618 733 746 1.006 1.017 1.071 1.058

Osmaniye 494 462 466 531 647 624 465 477 470

TOTAL 12.155 12.896 14.494 15819 19928 25774 25.301 26.507 26.324

Source: Data - Bozburun zel evre Koruma Blgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kltrel Deerler Aratrmas, 2010



Education information in Data is given in Table 9.

Table 9. Education Information in Data, 2009

Ages

Sexes

Illiterate

Literatewithout

schooling

Grad.

Elementery

School

Grad.(1-8

grades)

Grad.Middle

School

Grad.High

School

Grad.University

Grad.Masters

Grad.Doctorate

Unknown

TOTAL

6-13 MAN 610 1 3 614

WOMAN 518 2 1 521

14-17 MAN 1 25 232 3 261

WOMAN 1 16 215 5 237

18-21 MAN 1 6 85 147 1 12 252

WOMAN 5 10 53 118 4 10 200

22-24 MAN 1 1 8 30 89 17 25 171

WOMAN 3 2 25 23 93 22 7 175

25-29 MAN 2 4 81 27 33 131 62 6 54 400

WOMAN 7 13 99 21 30 114 76 2 30 392

30-34 MAN 3 114 1 27 140 74 5 18 382WOMAN 10 8 172 3 25 129 62 6 20 435

35-39 MAN 1 6 170 2 48 153 96 2 19 497

WOMAN 8 9 181 2 25 107 61 3 1 20 417

40-44 MAN 1 3 171 2 37 93 59 3 1 32 402

WOMAN 6 5 144 1 30 96 43 1 15 341

45-49 MAN 1 3 147 1 32 98 58 2 37 379

WOMAN 10 4 129 21 89 53 3 1 29 339

50-54 MAN 2 3 100 44 95 67 4 1 36 352

WOMAN 10 3 100 21 68 59 2 24 287

55-59 MAN 3 1 76 27 61 76 3 1 26 274

WOMAN 8 5 99 26 44 53 1 1 32 269

60-64 MAN 6 91 18 44 72 4 2 25 262

WOMAN 12 4 101 18 39 41 36 251

65 + MAN 16 9 207 33 77 95 5 3 62 507

WOMAN 75 25 235 33 47 39 2 54 510

TOTAL 187 1.299 2.450 701 528 2.072 1.190 54 11 635 9.127




Table 10. Data Socio-Economic Structure Summary in Data - Bozburun SEPA

Data

andVillages

Place 2009Population*

Residences** Public Buildings** Infrastructure** Income Sources**

DataMerkez

9958 3100 Office of the governor and theassociated departments ofJustice, Municipal, Hospital,Primary and secondaryeducation, vocational highschool, gendarmerie, police,Port and Customs, Post Office

There are drinking watersystem, sewage system, butthese are not enough, thereis waste water treatment

Tourism, Yachting,Agriculture (almond-olive-vegetable),fisheries, bee-keeping

Cumal 719 320 Mukhtar, a mosque,gendarmerie, Health House,

Primary School (1-8)

No Sewer, Septic is present,there is drinking water

network, No purification

Agriculture (Olive-Almond), Bazaar sales

Emecik 866 300 Mukhtar, a mosque,gendarmerie, Health House,Primary School (1-3)Transported Education

No Sewer, Septic is present,there is drinking waternetwork, No purification

Agriculture (almond-olive-vegetable),Tourism, AnimalHusbandry

Hzrah 482 250 Mukhtar, a mosque,Transported Education

No Sewer, Septic there,there is drinking waternetwork, although it isbased treatment system isnot active

Apiculture, Agriculture(almond-olive), NaturalPlant, Tourism, AnimalHusbandry

Karaky 786 286 Mukhtar, mosque , Primary

School (1-3) TransportedEducation

No Sewer, Septic is present,

there is drinking waternetwork, No purification

Agriculture (almond-

olive-vegetable),Fisheries, Beekeeping,Natural Plant

Kzlan 1.039 400 Mukhtar, a mosque,Elementary (1-8)Health House is not active.


Agriculture (Olive-Almond), Bazaar sales

Mesudiye 564 220 Mukhtar, a mosque, HealthHouse,Transported Education


Apiculture,Greenhouse, Tourism

Snd 365 140 Mukhtar, a mosque,Transported Education

No Sewer, Septic is present,there is drinking water

network, No purification

Apiculture, Agriculture(almond-olive),

Tourism ServicesSector

Yaka 577 250 Mukhtar, mosque , PrimarySchool (1-3), Health House,Transported Education


Agriculture (almond-olive), Beekeeping,Tourism, AnimalHusbandry, Fisheries

Yaz 545 250 Mukhtar, a mosque,Transported Education


Almond, Olive andOlive Oil Production,Fishing




Table 11. Bozburun Socio-Economic Structure Summary in Data - Bozburun SEPA

BozburunBeldesiveKyleri


Residences** Public Buildings** Infrastructure** Income Sources**

BozburunBelde Merkezi

2.121 850 Municipal, Health CareCenter, the Gendarmerie, apost office, primary school- Secondary Schools, Port

Authority and Customs

There are drinkingwater network, nosewerage network,septic is present WasteWater Treatment doesnot exist

Yacht - Boatmanufacture,tourism,agriculture(Almond - Olive)Bee-keeping

Bayr 716 230 Mosque, House of Health,Primary school (1-8),Mukhtar

No Sewer, Septicis present, there isdrinking water network,No purification

Apiculture,Greenhouse,Tourism

Selimiye 1.026 510 no building for Mukhtar, amosque,Transported Education


Apiculture,Tourism

St 1.750 1.000 Mukhtar, Health House, amosque, primary school(1-8), Post Office


Fishing, tours,tourism, bee-keeping

Talca 526 170 Mukhtar, a mosque isactive, Health House andschool is closedTransported Education


Fisheries,Livestock,Beekeeping

Turgut 627 185 Mukhtar, Mosque, PrimarySchool (1-3) TransportedEducation


Beekeeping,Tourism,Tours


The economy of the peninsula is based on the ser-vice sector. Tourism enhances also the other sectorsin the region including trade, transportation, con-struction, small scale industry. The trade mainlyfocuses on merchandise such as daily consumptionproducts, construction materials, furniture or ca-tering and souvenirs that serve the tourism sector.

In a recent study conducted for EPASA, informa-tion about population, residence numbers, publicbuildings, infrastructure and income sources areprovided as Socio Economic Structures for Data,Bozburun and Marmaris Villages are given in Ta-bles 10, 11 and 12.



Table 12. Socio-Economic Structure Summary in Marmaris Villages in Data - Bozburun SEPA

Ky(Marmaris)


Residences** Public Buildings** Infrastructure** IncomeSources**

Hisarn 2.129 1700 Mukhtar, Health House,3 Elementary School

No Sewer, Septic is present,there is drinking water network,No purification

Beekeeping,Tourism,Fisheries

Orhaniye 1.058 400 Mukhtar, Health House,Elementary School


Beekeeping,Tourism

Osmaniye 470 158 3 Mousques, Nobuilding for mukhtar,health house andschool.


Beekeeping,Tourism

Source: Data - Bozburun zel e

Documents

Analysis of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean marine protected areas