Analysis of Molecular Movements in Cardiac Myocytes

8/2/2019 Analysis of Molecular Movements in Cardiac Myocytes

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Dijiesi fj tbi tbisgs? 81 Jihru`ry 8>08

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A F E T I E T Q

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8%8%9 Trgpcit st`tis % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 10

8%1 Jucc jfrk fj afrric`tgfe jueatgfe % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 18

1 111%0 A`rdgfkyfayti prip`r`tgfe % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 11

1%8 Dgusgfe afiagiets ge a`rdgfkyfaytis % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 141%1 Afeacusgfes % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 19

4 174%0 Afkput`tgfe`c kfdic situp % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 17

4%8 H`rrgir prfpirtgis istgk tid jrfk afkput tgfe c kfdic % % % % % % 48

4%1 Afeacusgfes % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 48

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9%0 Kftgv`tgfe * kfdic situp % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 49

9%8 H`rrgir iiats fe rilgfe`c dgusgfe afiagiets % % % % % % % % % % 49

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usid jfr ttgel ixpirgkiet`ccy fht`geid d`t` èd fht`gegel dgusgfe afiagiets%

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8%8%0 Kftgv`tgfe jfr kfdga`tgfes

@s wi b`vi dikfestr`tid# XGAQ aè hi usid tf ditirkgei ègsftrfpy fj dgusgfe

hy v`rygel tbi tgki dic`y hitwiie pbysga`c cfa`tgfe ge tbi s`kpci durgel ` saè%Tbgs aè hi àbgivid hy `ctirgel tbi èlci fj saèegel ]87[%

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8%8%8 Z`rg`tgfe fj saèegel èlci

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gel tb`t tbi kgarfsafpi ikpcfyid gs `hci tf pirjfrk suab saès'%Tbi pbysga`c sbgjt viatfr jrfk Iq%8%0> jfr rft`tgfe `rfued tbi z`xgs gs?

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Jgluri 4 Kfdgid saèegel jfr XGAQ% Abèlgel tbi saèegel risfcutgfe `csf `ctirs tbisb`pi fj tbi AJ% Ge tbi ix`kpci sbfwe# tbi gk`li gs saèeid `t twf tgkis bglbir risfcutgferisuctgel ge tbi AJ dipgatid wgtb sfcgd cgeis% Qgeai tbi pgxic dwicc tgki d gs eft abèlid#saèegel fei cgei t`mis twf tgkis cfelir% Jfr afkp`rgsfe# tbi AJ jrfk Jgl% 8 gs sbfwe gedfttid cgeis% Tbi bfrgzfet`c `xgs efw sbfws pbysga`c sbgjt v`cuis ge k sgeai tbi pgxic sgzièd afuet jfr tbi twf AJs gs dgiriet%

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dic`y jueatgfe Iq%8%2 èd risuct ge dgiriet afrric`tgfe aurvis% @e ix`kpci jfrsaèegel wgtb dfuhci risfcutgfe hut ueabèlid pgxic dwicc tgki d ge `xgs gs

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1I Q T G K @ T G F E F J D G J J Y Q G F E A F I J J G A G I E T Q G E X @ TA @ X D G F K W F A W T I Q

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E ge tbgs wfrm "@TTF:11+@T^ èd @cix`:4M' `ri `hci tf pirki`ti tbi aicc kikhrèi% Tbgs aè hi siie fe Jgl%9#wbiri# afetr`ry tf tbi ufrisaiet sgle`c jrfk tbi kikhrèi pirki`hci jfrk fj

Kgtftràmir Lriie dyi "Jgl%9@'# @TTF:11+@T^ gs eft `hci tf p`ss getf tbi aytfsfc

"Jgl%9H'% Ge frdir tf usi XGAQ tf istgk`ti tbi DAs fj tbisi dyis# tbiy b`vi tf hi`ccfwid tf ietir getf tbi aicc% Tbgs aè hi àbgivid tbrfulb s`pfege pirki`hgcgz+

`tgfe fj tbi aicc kikhrèi ]87[% Gegtg`ccy# s`pfege pirki`hgcgz`tgfe w`s usid `csfge tbgs wfrm# hut gt hia`ki ivgdiet tb`t ixpfsuri tf s`pfege risuctid ge tbi aiccs

bypirafetràtgel wgtbge ` jiw bfurs% Tbi jucc prftfafc jfr XGAQ ki`surikiets#bfwivir# t`mis sivir`c bfurs tf afkpciti% Tbgs eiaissgt`tid tbi eiid tf afki upwgtb è `ctire`tgvi kitbfd fj getrfduagel tbi dyis getf tbi aicc%

Jgluri 9 Afejfa`c gk`lis fj r`t a`rdgfkyfaytis ge ki`surikiet sfcutgfe% Fe tbi cijtgk`li "@' kikhrèi pirki`hci Kgtftràmir Lriie dyi b`s pirki`tid tbi kikhrèi èdàaukuc`tis ge tbi aicc% Fe tbi rglbt gk`li "H' @TTF:11+@T^ gs vgsghci ge tbi sfcutgfe futsgditbi aicc èd gs eft `hci tf ietir tbi aytfsfc%

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Jgluri : Tbi aicc kikhrèi gs pirki`tid kiabèga`ccy wgtb ` lc`ss pgpitti "tgp >%9 k'%Hftb tbi pgpitti èd tbi aicc `ri sbfwe fe tbgs trèskgssgfe gk`li%

Jgluri < Afejfa`c gk`lis fj a`rdgfkyfaytis `jtir pfmgel% Tbi Kgtftràmir Lriie sgle`cgs ue`ctirid "@' hut ufrisaieai jrfk @TTF:11+@T^ gs efw vgsghci ge tbi aytfsfc%

Ge tbgs wfrm# vg`hci pirki`hgcgzid aiccs wiri fht`geid hy usgel ` lc`ss pgpitti

wgtb ` dg`kitir fj>%9 k tf kiabèga`ccy pfmi 8+1 bfcis getf tbi aicc kik+

hrèi "Jgl%9'% \gtbge kgeutis `jtir afkpcitgel tbgs prfaiduri# ufrisaieai sgl+

e`c jrfk @TTF:11+@T^ afucd hi riafrdid jrfk wgtbgel tbi aicc% @jtir tbgs tbijucc XGAQ prftfafc w`s a`rrgid fut% Afkp`rid tf s`pfege pirki`hgcgz`tgfe# tbivg`hgcgty fj tbi pfmid aiccs w`s geari`sid hy sivir`c bfurs%

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Dgusgfe afiagiet istgk`tis wiri fht`geid hy ttgel tbi ixpirgkiet`ccy a`c+

auc`tid AJ wgtb tbi tbifritga`c AJ jrfk Iq%8%01 `s ixpc`geid ge dit`gc ge ûhcga+

`tgfe GGG% @ sukk`ry fj tbi risucts fht`geid gs prisietid ge T`hci 0% Tbi t`hciwgtb jucc ixpirgkiet`c risucts gs lgvie ge ûhcga`tgfe GGG% Tbi twf DAs sbfwe jfr

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@TTF:11+@T^ ge a`rdgfkyfayti "AK' `ri tbi scfw èd jriicy dgusgel jfrksfj tbi dyi% Qip`r`tgel @TTF:11+@T^ getf twf suhspiagis w`s eiaiss`ry dui tf

@TTF:11+@T^ prfh`hcy hgedgel tf sfki getràiccuc`r prftiges èd tbirihy ari`t+gel ` siafed# scfwir dgusgel jfrk fj @TTF:11+@T^% Jfr @cix`:4M

` siafed afkpfeiet w`s eft eiaiss`ry%

@csf sbfwe# `ri risucts jfr ` tbgrd dyi "@ttf:99+AFFB' dgusgel ge w`tir% TbiDA fj tbgs dyi b`s hiie ditirkgeid ge w`tir ]0


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Jgluri 2 Dgusgfe afiagiets fj @TTF:11+@T^ èd @cix`:4Mge sfcutgfe èda`rdgfkyfayti% Tbi piraiet`lis sbfw tbi DAs ric`tgvi tf DA ge sfcutgfe%

AK èd sfcutgfe% Tbgs gs vgsu`cgzid ge Jgl%7 wbiri tbi r`tgf fj DA fj @TTF:11+@T^ tf tb`t fj @cix`:4M gs sbfwe% @s aè hi siie# tbi kfri tbè 1

tgki dgirieai ge sfcutgfe gs riduaid tf ciss tbè 8 ge tbi aytfpc`sk# gedga`tgel

tb`t tbi dgusgfe fj tbi sk`ccir kfciauci "@TTF:11+@T^' gs bgedirid kfri tbètb`t fj tbi c`rlir fei "@cix`:4M'% Tbgs gs ueixpiatid# `s ric`tgvi

diari`si fjDA gs usu`ccy c`rlir jfr c`rlir kfciaucis ]02[%Qiafedcy# cfelir vg`hgcgty fj tbi a`rdgfkyfaytis durgel tbi dur`tgfe fj tbi

ixpirgkiet`c prftfafc gedga`tis tb`t tbi ikpcfyid pfmgel tiabegqui gs ` lffd

`ctire`tgvi tf s`pfege pirki`hgcgz`tgfe% Tbi dr`whàm fj tbi kitbfd gs tb`t gt gstgki afesukgel èd riqugris kfri spiag`cgzid iqugpkiet tbè gs eiidid wbie

usgel s`pfege pirki`hgcgz`tgfe% Jurtbirkfri# dipiedgel fe bfw wicc tbi aiccs

`ttàb tf tbi c`kgege af`tid afvirscgp# sivir`c aiccs kglbt eiid tf hi pfmid hijfritbi prfaiduri gs suaaissjuc èd ` pirki`tid AK gs fht`geid jfr pirjfrkgel XGAQ

ki`surikiets% @ dgiriet `pprfàb fj cfa`cgzid pirki`hgcgz`tgfe aè hi usid `s

Jgluri 7 X`tgf fjDAs fj @TTF:11+@T^ èd @cix`:4M ge sfcutgfe èd ge tbi

trèsvirsi èd cfelgtudge`c dgriatgfes fj tbi aicc%

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1%1

wicc% Ge tbgs `pprfàb s`pfege gs `ppcgid cfa`ccy hy ` kgarfpgpitti ge fecy fei

rilgfe fj tbi a`rdgfkyfayti ]0[# wbirihy fecy ` siatgfe fj tbi aicc gs ixpfsid

èd pirki`hgcgzid% Bfwivir# tbgs wfucd riqugri ixtr` iqugpkiet ge `ddgtgfe tf

tb`t usid ge tbi pfmgel prfaiduri%C`stcy# geari`sgel tbi `kfuet fj pbysga`c pbiefkie` t`mie getf àafuet wbie

dirgvgel tbi tbifritga`c afrric`tgfe jueatgfe geari`sis tbi `hgcgty fj tbi tbifrit+ga`c t tf k`tab ixpirgkiet`c d`t`% @ddgtgfe fj ègsftrfpga dgusgfe# twf dgus+

gel afkpfeiets fj tbi s`ki dyi èd trgpcit st`ti dye`kgas tf tbi AJ `s dikfe+str`tid ge Ab`ptir 8 geari`sis tbi `hgcgty tf prfduai afesgstiet DA istgk`tgfes%

E`tur`ccy# a`ri b`s tf hi t`mie tf `vfgd fvirp`r`kitirgzgel tbi tbifritga`c kfdic

usid jfr ttgel ixpirgkiet`c d`t`% @ddgtgfes tf tbi tbifritga`c AJ `ri k`di fecyge a`sis wbie tbi pbysga`c prfaiss higel fhsirvid w`rrèts gt% Jfr ix`kpci#

wbie ttgel @cix`:4M d`t` jrfk a`rdgfkyfaytis# ` sgelci afkpfe+iet kfdic gs usid gesti`d fj ` twf afkpfeiet fei# sgeai tbi uedircygel pbysga`c

prfaiss gs diduaid tf hi fj fecy fei spiagis fj @cix`:4M dgusgel%

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4E Y K I X G A @ C Q G K Y C @ T G F E Q F J X I Q T X G A T I D D G J J Y Q G F E

G # fj ` sk`ccir kfciauci gs riduaid cissdurgel tbi trèsgtgfe jrfk sfcutgfe tf tbi aytfsfc tbè tbi DA fj ` c`rlir kf+ciauci ]8:[% Jfr ix`kpci# gj wi afesgdir tbi dgusgfe ristrgatgfes gkpfsid hyàtfkyfsge# tbie tbi c`rlir kfciauci# suab `s @cix`:4M# wfucd efthi `hci tf p`ss tbrfulb sfki fj tbi fpiegels ge tbi sp`tg`c struaturi wbgab `ri

tr`virs`hci tf sk`ccir kfciaucis suab `s @TTF:11+@T^% Tbgs wfucd risucts# pri+

dgat`hcy# ge tbi DA fj @cix`:4M higel riduaid kfri ge tbi aytfsfctbè @TTF:11+@T^% Bfwivir# `s aè siie jrfk fur ixpirgkiet`c risucts jrfk

Ab`ptir 1# tbi DA fj tbi sk`ccir kfciauci gs riduaid kfri ge trèsgtgfe jrfksfcutgfe tf AK aytfsfc afkp`rid tf tbi c`rlir kfciauci% @s sbfwe hy i`rcgir

kfdiccgel studgis fj rispgr`tgfe mgeitgas# dgusgfe ge AKs afucd hi ristrgatid hy

cfa`c h`rrgirs ]81# 1>[% \i ixpcfrid tbgs pfssghgcgty hi tistgel wbitbir sgkpcipcè`r pirki`hci h`rrgirs afucd ristrgat dgusgfe fj ufrisaiet dyis tf tbi ix+

tied ist`hcgsbid jrfk ixpirgkiets sbfwe ge Ab`ptir 1%

4%0

@ stfab`stga afkput`tgfe`c kfdic fj dgusgfe w`s usid tf pirjfrk XGAQ ixpirg+

kiets ge sgcgaf%

Jucc dit`gcs fj tbi k`tbik`tga`c kfdic `ri prisietid ge ûhcga`tgfe GGG% Ge sbfrt#tbi kfdic afesgstid fj ` c`ttgai fj pirki`hci h`rrgirs sip`r`tid jrfk iàb ftbir

hy ` airt`ge dgstèai "`s dipgatid fe Jgl%0>'% Jcufrisaiet dyi kfciaucis dgusi

ge tbi getir+h`rrgir spài "GHQ' wgtb ` DA tb`t gs riduaid afkp`rid tf tbi DAge sfcutgfe hy ` jàtfr "g%i%# DAGHQ ; DAsfcutgfe'% H`rrgir pirki`hgcgty"risuctgel jrfk pfris fj r`dgus X ek pir k8 fj h`rrgir `ri`' èd h`rrgir+tf+h`rrgir dgstèai "d'# `s wicc `s tbi riduatgfe fj tbi DA ge tbi getir h`rrgir spài

"' wiri p`r`kitirs wbgab wiri istgk`tid wgtb tbi `gd fj tbi afkput`tgfe`c

kfdic% ^`r`kitirs wiri `ccfwid tf hi dgiriet ge dgiriet sp`tg`c dgriatgfes

"cfelgtudge`c + C èd trèsvirsi + TX'%

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Tflitbir wgtb sgkuc`tgel stfab`stga dgusgfe# tbi kfdic lieir`tid gk`lis sgk+

gc`r tf tbfsi fht`geid jrfk afejfa`c kgarfsafpy ixpirgkiets% XGAQ è`cysgs w`s

`ppcgid tf tbisi gk`lis èd `pp`riet DAs istgk`tid% Tbi `pp`riet DA ditirk+

geid hy XGAQ gs tbi risuct fj kfciaucis dgusgel ge tbi getir+h`rrgir spài èdgetiràtgel wgtb tbi pirki`hci h`rrgirs% @ afcciatgfe fj `pp`riet @TTF:11+@T^

DAs fht`geid jrfk kfdiccgel `ri prisietid ge Jgl%00@% Tbi dipiedieai fj tbi `p+p`riet DA istgk`tid jrfk tbi kfdic gs pcfttid `s ` jueatgfe fj h`rrgir+tf+h`rrgir

dgstèai jfr v`rgfus h`rrgir pirki`hgcgty v`cuis% Gt aè hi siie tb`t `s h`rrgir pir+ki`hgcgty geari`sis# tbi iiat fj tbi h`rrgirs fe tbi `pp`riet DA diari`sis% Qgeai

tbi àtu c DA w`s istgk`tid jrfk ixpirgkiets fe a`rdgfkyfaytis `s prisietid

ge Ab`ptir 1# gt gs pfssghci tf ed `t wbgab h`rrgir+tf+h`rrgir dgstèai èd h`rrgirpirki`hgcgty v`cuis tbi kfdic prfduais tbi s`ki `pp`riet DA `s tbi ixpirgkiet%

Gt gs bicpjuc tf ixpc`ge tbi prfaiduri ge tirks fj getirsiatgfes fe pcfts ge p`r`+kitir spài% Jfr tbgs# tbi ixpirgkiet`ccy istgk`tid DA gs pcfttid fe tbi lr`pb fj

kfdic risucts "tbi bfrgzfet`c cgei DixpTX ge Jgl%00@'% @t pfgets wbiri kfdic ris+

uct aurvis èd tbi cgei riprisietgel tbi ixpirgkiet`c v`cui getirsiat# tbi kfdicygicds tbi ixpirgkiet`ccy fht`geid DA% Jfr ac`rgty tbi getirsiatgfe rilgfe gs k`l+

Jgluri 0> Qabiki fj tbi afkput`tgfe`c kfdic% Getràiccuc`r struaturi fj tbi aicc "tfp cijt' gs`pprfxgk`tid hy ` 1D c`ttgai fj h`rrgirs wbgab bgedir kfciauci dgusgfe "tfp rglbt'% H`rrgirs`ri pcàid# dipiedgel fe dgriatgfe # d k `p`rt èd b`vi pirki`hgcgtgis p% Dgusgfeafiagiet ge tbi spài hitwiie h`rrgirs gs riduaid hy ` jàtfr afkp`rid tf sfcutgfe "> 3 0'% Qtfab`stga`ccy dgusgel kfciaucis getiràt wgtb h`rrgirs èd b`vi ` prfh`hgcgty p fjp`ssgel tbrfulb "hfttfk cijt'% îrki`hci h`rrgirs afrrispfed tf pfrfus w`ccs wgtb pfris fj

r`dgus X pir k8

fj h`rrgir `ri` "hfttfk rglbt'% @pp`riet dgusgfe afiagiets `ri istgk`tidfvir tbi ietgri c`ttgai hy ikpcfygel XGAQ è`cysgs fe gk`lis àqugrid jrfk tbi kfdic%

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Jgluri 00 "@' @pp`riet dgusgfe afestèt v`cuis jfr @TTF:11+@T^ `ri fht`geid jrfksgkuc`tgfes wgtb v`rygel h`rrgir dgstèais "bfrgzfet`c `xgs' èd pirki`hgcgtgis "gedga`tid hyv`cuis fe aurvis'% Bfrgzfet`c sfcgd cgei sbfws @TTF:11+@T^ dgusgfe afiagiet istgk`tid

jrfk ixpirgkiet "DixpTX '% Gesit afvirs tbi rilgfe >%9 % % % 0 k wbiri aurvis getirsiat wgtbixpirgkiet`c d`t`% Getirsiatgfe pfgets `ri k`rmid wgtb trgèlcis% "H' ^fgets fj getirsiatgfejrfk @ wgtb pirki`hgcgty afevirtid tf pfris pir k8 jfr dgiriet pfri r`dgus v`cuis "0>#09 èd 8> ek'% Getirsiatgfes fj @TTF:11+@T^ "' èd @cix`:4M "' aurvis fjgdietga`c pfri r`dgus v`cuis sglegjy pfgets wbiri kfdic èd ixpirgkiet afgeagdi jfr hftb kf+ciaucis sgkuctèifuscy"'% Getirsiatgfes `ri aurvis ge 1D spài "h`rrgir+tf+h`rrgir dgstèaivs% pfri r`dgus vs% pfris pir k8'%

egid ge tbi gesit fj Jgl%00@% Tbi s`ki prfaiduri gs pirjfrkid jfr @cix`:4M wgtb tbi ixpirgkiet`ccy ditirkgeid DA fj @cix`:4M ge

AK usid jfr edgel getirsiatgfes%@s ` risuct fj tbgs wi fht`ge ` sit fj h`rrgir+tf+h`rrgir# pirki`hgcgty v`cui p`grs

jfr hftb @TTF:11+@T^ èd @cix`:4M `t wbgab tbi afkput`tgfe`ckfdic fj ristrgatid dgusgfe ygicds ixpirgkiet ccy fht`geid DAs% @s ixpc`geid

ge ûhcga`tgfe GGG# h`rrgir pirki`hgcgty v`cuis jfr @TTF:11+@T^ èd @cix`:4M `ri eft dgriatcy afkp`r`hci% Gt gs pfssghci# bfwivir# tf afevirt jrfk

h`rrgir pirki`hgcgty tf tbi eukhir fj pfris pir uegt h`rrgir `ri` "' hy xgel

` airt`ge pfri r`dgus "X'% Tbisi twf p`r`kitirs `ri gedipiediet fj tbi dgus+gel dyi# `ccfwgel tbi kfdic p`r`kitir v`cuis fht`geid jfr @TTF:11+@T^ èd

@cix`:4M tf hi afkp`rid% Tbgs gs dfei hy pcfttgel tbik tflitbirjfr dgiriet pfri r`dgus v`cuis "Jgl%00H'% @t pfgets wbiri @TTF:11+@T^ èd

@cix`:4M aurvis getirsiat# tbi afkput`tgfe`c kfdic gs `hci tf ri+

prfduai tbi ixpirgkiet`ccy istgk`tid DAs jfr hftb @TTF:11+@T^ èd @cix`:4M sgkuctèifuscy% Jrfk Jgl%00H gt gs pfssghci tf ist`hcgsb tbi rèli fj

p`r`kitirs "d## X' `t wbgab tbi kfdic gs `hci tf k`tab risucts jrfk ixpirgkiets

fe a`rdgfkyfaytis%

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Dgriatgfe

Kfdic trèsvirsi cfelgtudge`c

p`r`kitir TX "x#z' C "y'

kge k`x kge k`x

Dgstèai d ]k[ >%:2 >%0> >%2%>< >%%01 0%>8 >%0>^fri r`dgus X ]ek[ 2 :%^fri diesgty ]0&k8[ 0%8 >%0 87 81 0%0 >%0 42 1%%01 0%> >%%01 0%>@DIR >% >%

T`hci 8 ^rfpirtgis fj h`rrgirs ristrgatgel dgusgfe pridgatid hy stfab`stga kfdic fe tbih`sgs fj XGAQ ki`surikiets% D`t` prisietid gs kièstèd`rd divg`tgfe%

4%8

Tbi rèlis afcciatid jrfk getirsiatgfes ge Jgl%00H riprisiet p`r`kitir v`cuiswbiri hftb @TTF:11+@T^ èd @cix`:4M `ri `hci tf sgkuctèifuscy

k`tab ixpirgkiet`c DAs èd `ri prisietid `s tbi risucts jrfk tbi afkput`tgfe`c

kfdic ge T`hci 8% Ge lieir`c# h`rrgirs eiid tf hi spàid 0 k jrfk iàb ftbir#

b`vi ` sk`cc eukhir fj eèfkitir sa`ci pfris# èd tbi DA ge tbi getir+h`rrgirsbfucd hi afkp`r`hci tf DA ge sfcutgfe ge frdir jfr tbi kfdic tf riprfduai ix+pirgkiet`c risucts%

Irrfrs jfr tbi kfdic p`r`kitirs wiri istgk`tid hy Kfeti A`rcf sgkuc`tgfe

futcgeid ge tbi Quppfrtgel K`tirg`c fj ûhcga`tgfe GGG% Qgeai tbi kgegk`c èdk`xgk`c v`cuis fj sfki fj tbi p`r`kitirs df eft jfccfw ` efrk`c dgstrghutgfe#

tbi kiè èd stèd`rd divg`tgfe v`cuis `ri ciss gejfrk`tgvi tbè tbi sb`pi fj tbi

àtu`c dgstrghutgfe jfr wbgab tbi Quppfrtgel K`tirg`c fjûhcga`tgfe GGG sbfucd hiafesuctid%

4%1

Tbi stfab`stga kfdic jfr sgkuc`tgel ristrgatid dgusgfe wgtb riluc`r pirki`hcih`rrgirs aè k`tab ixpirgkiet ccy jfued DAs jfr @TTF:11+@T^ èd @cix`:4M ge tbi a`si wbie?

h`rrgirs ge tbi kfdic `ri cfa`tid ric`tgvicy acfsi tf iàb ftbir "30 k

`p`rt'

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4%1

pirki`hgcgty fj tbisi h`rrgirs gs ric`tgvicy cfw "afet gegel 0% % %4> pfris

fj r`dgus ek pir k8'

tbi DA ge tbi getir+h`rrgir spài gs cfwir tbè tb`t fj dgusgfe ge sfcutgfehy ` jàtfr >%2% % %0%

Dgusgfe`c ègsftrfpy risucts ge tbi rèlis fj tbi p`r`kitirs dgirgel scglbtcy

ge dgiriet sp`tg`c dgriatgfes `s vgsghci jrfk T`hci 8%Tbi abfgai fj kfdic lifkitry ikpcfyid biri# wbirihy riluc`rcy pcàid sikg+

pirki`hci h`rrgirs aùsi ristrgatgfes tf dgusgfe# gs eft tbi fecy lifkitry tb`taè ixpc`ge tbi p`r`dfxga`c risuct wbiri ` sk`ccir kfciauci gs ristrgatid kfri

tbè ` c`rlir fei% Fur kfdic situp w`s kftgv`tid hy gts ric`tgvi sgkpcgagty afk+

p`rid tf kfri afkpcix lifkitrgis% @ctbfulb `cri`dy tbgs sgkpci lifkitry w`s`hci tf lgvi è èswir tf tbi r`gsid quistgfe# kfri afkpcga`tid kfdic lifkit+

rgis wgtb suh+vfcukis ixacudgel tbi c`rlir dyi afucd hi ixpcfrid ge tbi juturi%

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9F E I + D G K I E Q G F E @ C A F K ^ Y T @T G F E @ C X G A Q

@ # prfjfued h`rrgirs tf dgusgfe ixgst ge a`rdgfkyf+aytis% Tf tist wbitbir gt gs pfssghci tf cfa`cgzi suab dgusgfe fhstàcis geXGAQ ki`surikiets wi `l`ge tureid tf k`tbik`tga`c kfdiccgel%

9%0 *

Qf j`r ge tbgs dgssirt`tgfe# XGAQ è`cysgs b`s hiie pirjfrkid èd DAs istgk`tidjrfk tbi ietgri rilgfe àqugrid ge igtbir ixpirgkiet fr afkput`tgfe`c kfdic%

Biri# ` dgiriet `pprfàb gs usid% Fei+dgkiesgfe`c XGAQ sgkuc`tgfes `ri pir+

jfrkid `s privgfuscy "sii Ab`ptir 4 èd ûhcga`tgfe GGG'% Twf h`rrgir+tf+h`rrgirdgstèais "9 èd 0 k' èd sivir`c h`rrgir pirki`hgcgtgis "p' rèlgel jrfk > tf


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Jgluri 08 DAs fht`geid jrfk rilgfe`c XGAQ è`cysgs fj cgeisaè d`t` fht`geid jrfk ` afk+put`tgfe`c kfdic% H`rrgirs "gedga`tid hy sbfrt virtga`c cgeis' `ri pcàis 9 k `p`rt èd tbigrpirki`hgcgty"p' gs v`rgid hitwiie kfdic rues% DAs fht`geid jfr v`rygel pirki`hgcgty v`cuis`ri sbfwe wgtb dgiriet cgeis% Tbi v`cui sbfwe `t èy x cfa`tgfe gs tbi DA fht`geid jrfkXGAQ è`cysgs fe tbi 0 k silkiet aietirid `t tb`t cfa`tgfe%

fht`geid jfr ` rèli fj h`rrgir pirki`hgcgty v`cuis `ri riprisietid hy dgiriet

aurvis ge Jgl% 08% Gt gs vgsghci tb`t tbi `pp`riet DA riduais `ckfst twfjfcd gerilgfes wgtb ` h`rrgir ge tbi aietir%

Tbi ric`tgvi diari`si ge DA "D&DGHQ ; "DGHQD@^^'&DGHQ'# a`cauc`tid jfr tbirilgfe `rfued ` sgelci h`rrgir gs `vir`lid jfr iqugv`ciet eiglbhfurbffds `rfued

iàb h`rrgir èd tbi aurvis sbfwe ge Jgl% 01@ `ri fht`geid% Tbi sfcgd bfrgzfet`ccgei gedga`tis tbi pfsgtgfe fj tbi h`rrgir# d`sbid cgeis sbfw tbi 9 k rilgfe

aietirid `t tbi h`rrgir% Gt aè hi siie jrfk tbi pcft tb`t ivie ge a`sis wbie

tbi rilgfe usid jfr XGAQ istgk`tgfe dfis eft geacudi tbi h`rrgir "g%i%# èy pfgetfutsgdi fj tbi d`sbid cgeis'# tbi h`rrgir stgcc ìats tbi DA%

@ sgkgc`r è`cysgs jfr ` kfdic wgtb h`rrgirs sip`r`tid hy 0 k gs sbfwe feJgl% 01H% Ge tbgs a`si tbi rilgfe usid jfr XGAQ è`cysgs gs cgkgtid tf 0 k hut gspcfttid fe tbi s`ki sa`ci `s Jgl% 01@ tf k`mi afkp`rgsfe i`sgir% Afkp`rid tf tbi

9 k h`rrgir dgstèais fe Jgl% 01@# tbi prisieai fj kfri acfsicy pcàid h`rrgirsaùsis ` diari`si ge tbi `pp`riet DA jurtbir `w`y jrfk tbi h`rrgir%

\bie tbi k`xgkuk ric`tgvi diari`si fjDA ric`tgvi tf tbi DA ge GHQ gs a`cau+

c`tid `s ` jueatgfe fj pirki`hgcgty# tbi iiat fj tbi rilgfe sgzi usid jfr DA istgk+`tgfe ge XGAQ hiafkis vgsghci% Fe Jgl%04 aurvis sbfwgel tbi k`xgkuk ric`tgvi

diari`si jfr 1 dgiriet rilgfe sgzis `ri pcfttid% Jrfk biri gt aè hi siie tb`t `stbi rilgfe sgzi geari`sis tbi iiat h`rrgirs b`vi fe tbi `pp`riet DA gs cissieid%

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Jgluri 01 "@' @vir`li ric`tgvi diari`si ge DA `t v`rgfus h`rrgir pirki`hgcgtgis ge tbieiglbhfurbffd `rfued ` h`rrgir jfr h`rrgirs pcàid 0 k `p`rt% gedga`tis tbi dgstèai fjtbi aietir fj tbi rilgfe usid jfr DA istgk`tgfe jrfk tbi h`rrgir% "H' Q`ki `s @ ixaipt jfr

h`rrgirs pcài 0 k `p`rt%

Jgluri 04 K`xgkuk ric`tgvi diari`si ge DA `s ` jueatgfe fj h`rrgir pirki`hgcgty% Dgirietaurvis gedga`ti è`cysgs rilgfe cieltbs fj 8#0 èd >%9 k% Tbi 8> k rilgfe sglegis è`cysgspirjfrkid fe tbi ietgri gk`li%

\bie tbi wbfci gk`li gs è`cysid `s ` sgelci 8> k rilgfe# tbi diari`si ge DA gs

riduaid afkp`rid tf `cc rilgfe`c a`sis% Tbirijfri# cfa`cgzid dgusgfe ristrgatgfes#

riprisietid biri hy h`rrgirs# risuct ge kfri prfefueaid diari`sis ge DAs wbieistgk`tid fe ` sk`ccir sa`ci% Fe tbi c`rli sa`ci# bfwivir# tbgs iiat gs cissieid

èd `ppi`rs `s ` uegjfrk riduatgfe ge tbi `pp`riet DA%

9%1

@ppcygel XGAQ tf 0D dgusgfe rivi`cs tb`t h`rrgirs ìat istgk`tgfe fjDAs ivie

gj tbi `ri` jrfk wbgab gk`li d`t` usid jfr DA istgk`tgfe w`s àqugrid dfis eft

afet`ge ` sgelci h`rrgir# hut gs ei`rhy ` rilgfe wbiri ` h`rrgir gs prisiet% Tbi

dgstèai `t wbgab tbgs iiat gs fhsirv`hci dipieds fe tbi pirki`hgcgty fj tbi

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h`rrgir# tbi DA fj tbi dyi ge tbi getir h`rrgir sp`ai `ed tbi sgzi fj tbi silkiet

usid jfr `pp`riet DA istgk`tgfe%

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:B W ^ I X T X F J G A A @ X D G F K W F ^@T B W G E X @ J 0 K Y T @ E T Q

E CIF^@XD `ri divicfpkiet`c dgsfrdirs ab`ràtirgzidhy dgstgeat jàg`c ji`turis# abist dijfrkgtgis# sbfrt st`turi èd ` wgdi `rr`yfj afeliegt`c bi`rt dgsi`sis ]8[% Tbisi dgsi`sis `ri cgemid tf ` v`rgity fj lirkcgeil`ge+fj+jueatgfe kut`tgfes% Kut`tgfes ge sirgei&tbrifegei+prftige mge`si "X@J0'b`vi hiie ditirkgeid tf hi tbi aùsi hibged 1+9) fj a`sis fj Effeè èd CIF+

^@XD syedrfki ge ìatid gedgvgdu`cs ]8>[% 7>+79 ) fj p`tgiets wgtb Effeè

X@J0 kut`tgfes ixbghgt bypirtrfpbga a`rdgfkyfp`tby "BAK'# wbiri`s Effeèsyedrfki aùsid hy kut`tgfes ge ftbir cfa`tgfes fjtie ci`d tf dgiriet a`rdgà

dijiats% Tbgs sullists è gkpfrtèt rfci jfr X@J0 ge kfduc`tgfe fj a`rdgà bypir+trfpby% X@J0 gs ` sirgei&tbifegei mge`si wbgab gs p`rt fj ` sgle`ccgel p`tbw`y

gevfcvid ge trèsduagel sgle`cs jrfk tbi aicc kikhrèi tf tbi euacius% X@J0 ril+

uc`tgfe gs getrga`ti èd gs ìatid hy prftige+prftige getiràtgfes# cfa`cgz`tgfe fjtbi prftige èd pbfspbfryc`tgfe `t kuctgpci risgduis% Ge ûhcga`tgfe GG tbi `hgcgty

fjX@J0 tf riluc`ti bypirtrfpby ge a`rdgfkyfaytis w`s studgid%

Tbrii afkkfe X@J0 kut`tgfes wiri ixpcfrid ge frdir tf ditirkgei wbitbirèd bfw tbisi uctgk`ticy risuct ge bypirtrfpby% Gt w`s ist`hcgsbid tb`t twf fj

tbi studgid kut`tgfes# Q89


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%2% % %0%

g' Tbi kfdic lifkitry usid ge tbgs wfrm gs eft tbi fecy fei tb`t gs `hci tf riprf+duai ixpirgkiet`ccy fht`geid DAs% Fur abfgai w`s kftgv`tid hy tbi ric`tgvi

sgkpcgagty fj tbi ikpcfyid lifkitry fj tbi kfdic%

o' Afkput`tgfe`c ixpirgkiets `ppcygel XGAQ tf 0D dgusgfe rivi`c tb`t h`rrgirsìat istgk`tgfe fjDAs ivie gj tbi rilgfe usid jfr istgk`tgfe dfis eft afet`ge

` h`rrgir gtsicj hut gs acfsi tf fei% Tbi dgstèai `t wbgab tbgs iiat gs fhsirv+`hci dipieds fe tbi pirki`hgcgty fj tbi h`rrgir# tbi DA fj tbi dyi ge tbi getir

h`rrgir spài èd tbi sgzi fj tbi silkiet usid jfr `pp`riet DA istgk`tgfe%

m' Tbi study afeduatid ge ûhcga`tgfe GG ist`hcgsbid ` cgem hitwiie bypirtrfpbga

a`rdgfkyfp`tby "BAK' èd fvirixprissgfe fr kut`tgfe fj sirgei&tbrifegei+

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prftige mge`si% Hftb wgcd+typi èd C:01Z X@J0 sgle`c tbrfulb a`cageiurge tf

geduai bypirtrfpby ge ìatid a`rdgfkyfaytis%

c' X@J0 gkp`grs a`caguk sgle`ccgel hy dfwe+riluc`tgel QIXA@ hut dfis eft ìat

ixprissgfe civics fj ftbir prftiges gevfcvid ge getràiccuc`r a`caguk sgle`ccgel%k' \gcd+typi X@J0 fvirixprissgfe ed C:01Z hftb risuct ge rrbytbkfliega dys+

riluc`tgfe fj a`caguk sgle`ccgel# gedga`tid hy spfetèifus a`caguk trèsgiets

durgel iciatrga`c stgkuc`tgfe# scfwir dia`y r`tis èd# ge a`si fj C:01Z# è ge+ari`sid s`rafpc`skga ritgaucuk a`caguk cf`d%

e' Tri`tkiet wgtb ayacfspfrgei+@ privietid hftb wgcd+typi X@J0 èd C:01Z ge+

duaid BAK%

f' Xilieir`tgfe fj ieirly kit`hfcgtis tbrfulb lcyafcysgs gs è gkpfrtèt jàtfr#ispiag`ccy durgel k`tur`tgfe# èd sbfucd hi geacudid ge tbi è`cysgs fj divic+

fpkiet`c abèlis ge ieirly trèsjir p`tbw`ys%

p' Afkput`tgfe`c kfdics afucd bicp getirprit ixgstgel d`t` èd afucd rivi`c

efvic `spiats fj tbi getirpc`y hitwiie v`rgfus jàtfrs durgel aicc k`tur`tgfe%

Ysgel st`tgstga`c kitbfds# dgiriet k`tbik`tga`c kfdics afucd hi afkp`rid

tf ist`hcgsb tbi ixgstieai fj kit`hfcgti pffcs fr afkp`rtkiet`tgfe ge tbi AK%

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autèifus èd Effeè syedrfkis dui tf kut`tgfes ge tbi X@Q&K@^M sgle`ccgelp`tbw`y? lieftypi+pbieftypi ric`tgfesbgps èd fvirc p wgtb Afsticcf syedrfki%

O Kid Lieit 8>>>7=0>:=04>"0'?0>4=82:"0'?B48411%

09^%Q% Dbèd`pèy it `c% & Ofure`c fj Kfciauc`r èd Aiccuc`r A`rdgfcfly 90 "8>00' 409

ûhcga`tgfe GG 7>


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^ Y H C G A @ T G F E G G G

Gcc`sti @# C``sk`` K# ^itirsfe ^# Ziedicge K@e`cysgs fj kfciauc`r kfvikiet rivi`cs c`ttgaicgmi fhstruatgfes tf dgu+

sgfe ge bi`rt kusaci aiccs%

Hgfpbysga`c Ofure`c# 8>08# ge priss

70


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95/139

@e`cysgs fj kfciauc`r kfvikiet rivi`cs c`ttgaicgmifhstruatgfes tf dgjjusgfe ge bi`rt kusaci aiccs

@rdf Gcc`sti# K`rtge C``sk``# î`ru îtirsfe èd K`rmf Ziedicge

C`hfr`tfry fj Qystiks Hgfcfly# Gestgtuti fj Ayhireitgas# T`ccgee Yegvirsgty fjTiabefcfly# Istfeg`

afrrispfedgel ùtbfr

Getr aiccuc`r dgjjusgfe ge kusaci aiccs gs mefwe tf hi ristrgatid% \bgci ab`r+

àtirgstgas èd cfa`cgz`tgfe fj tbisi ristrgatgfes gs yit tf hi icuagd`tid# gt b`s

hiie ist`hcgsbid tb`t gsabikg`+ripirjusgfe geoury riduais tbi fvir`cc dgjjusgfe

ristrgatgfe% Biri wi `ppcy è ixtiedid virsgfe fj r`stir gk`li afrric`tgfe

spiatrfsafpy tf ditirkgei dgriatgfe`c ègsftrfpy èd afijffagiets fj dgjjusgfe

ge r`t a`rdgfkyfaytis% Fur ixpirgkiet c risucts gedga`ti tb`t dgjjusgfe fj `sk`ccir kfciauci "008< K\ ufrisaietcy c`hicid @TTF:11+@T^' gs ristrgatid

kfri tbè tb`t fj ` c`rlir fei "0>>>> K\ @cix`:4


96/139

Fhstruatid kfciauc`r kfvikiet ge a`rdgfkyfaytis 8

abfedrg`c futir kikhrèi "1# ' ci`dgel

tf ègsftrfpga dgjjusgfe ge r`t a`rdgfkyfaytis "00' `s wicc `s dipiedieai fj `pp`rietdgjjusgfe afijffagiet "DA' fe dgjjusgfe tgki ge cfhstir kusaci ffhirs "08'% Tbi rfci fj

dgjjusgfe fhstàcis ge bi`rt riluc`tgfe gs eft aci`r% Bfwivir# gt b`s hiie ist`hcgsbid

tb`t gsabikg`+ripirjusgfe geoury riduais tbi fvir`cc dgjjusgfe ristrgatgfe ril`rdciss fj

wbitbir gsabikg` gs geduaid lcfh`ccy "01' fr rilgfe`ccy "04'# è ijjiat tb`t aè hi

riduaid hy gsabikga priafedgtgfegel "09'% Quab afrric`tgfe hitwiie tbi st`ti fj tbi

bi`rt kusaci èd dgjjusgfe fhstàcis sullists tb`t fhstàcis tf dgjjusgfe pc`y è gk+

pfrtèt rfci ge riluc`tgfe fj getràiccuc`r prfaissis èd afucd hi ` t`rlit fj tbir`pgis

ge bi`rt j`gcuri tri`tkiet%

Qf j`r# dgjjusgfe ristrgatgfes b`vi hiie sullistid jrfk gedgriat ki`surikiets suab `smgeitgas fj kgtfabfedrg`c rispgr`tgfe ge pirki`hgcgzid aiccs èd ffhirs% @ctbfulb jfr

c`rlir kfciaucis# dgjjusgfe b`s hiie jfued tf hi sglegffaètcy ristrgatid "0# 0:02'#

dgriat `ssisskiet fj dgjjusgfe ge kusaci aiccs b`s eft afeffrkid tbi ixgstieai fj c`rli

dgjjusgfe ristrgatgfes jfr sk`ccir kfciaucis# jfr wbgab getràiccuc`r DA w`s jfued tf

hi 8 sk`ccir tbè ge w`tir "07'% Ge ixpirgkiets pirjfrkid usgel 10^+EKX# `sk`cc riduatgfe fj DA w`s fhsirvid jfr @T^ èd pbfspbfari`tgei "Âr' wbie afk+

p`rid tf DA ge sfcutgfe `t sbfrt dgjjusgfe dgstèais% Gt w`s jfued# bfwivir# tb`t tbi

trèsvirsi DA w`s dipiediet fe dgjjusgfe tgki "08# 8>'% Tf riprfduai 10^+EKX d`t #

gt w`s sullistid tb`t tbi dgjjusgfe gs k`gecy ristrgatid hy getràiccuc`r struaturis wgtbfvir`cc aycgedrga`c frgiet`tgfe "08# 8>'# suab `s s`rafpc`skga ritgaucuk "08'% Quab

getràiccuc`r dgjjusgfe fhstàcis wiri eft gdietgffid ge ` riaiet 10^+EKX study fj tbi

bukè a`cj kusaci "80'% C`rli geuieai fj getr aiccuc`r struaturis fe dgjjusgfe fj

sk`ccir kfciaucis ge aytfpc`sk b`s eft hiie dikfestr`tid usgel ufrisaieai+h`sid

kitbfds igtbir%

Xiaietcy# wi ixtiedid r`stir gk`li afrric`tgfe spiatrfsafpy "XGAQ' "8884' tf t`mi

getf àafuet pfssghci ègsftrfpy fj dgjjusgfe èd ditirkgeid tbi dgjjusgfe afijffagiet

jfr ufrisaietcy c`hiccid @T^ "00'% \i jfued fecy ` sk`cc riduatgfe fj tbi DA `t+

trghut`hci tf ègsftrfpy% Ge tb`t study# bfwivir# sivir`c cgkgt`tgfes ikè`tid jrfk us+gel ` afkkirag`c afejfa`c kgarfsafpi% Ge p`rtgauc`r# usgel è è`cfl pbftfkuctgpcgir

tuhi `s ` ditiatfr dikèds tb`t cfel pgxic àqugsgtgfe tgkis hi usid tf `vfgd getirjir+

ieai hitwiie pgxics "00# 81'% @s ` risuct# fecy ` sk`cc `kfuet fj pgxics gs àqugrid

`t ric`tgvicy scfw c`sir saèegel spiids# cgkgtgel afrric`tgfe è`cysgs tf pgxics ge tbi

s`ki gk`li cgei% Ge tbgs p`pir# wi austfk hugct ` afejfa`c kgarfsafpi tb`t `ccfwid us

tf sglegffaètcy geari`si tbi priagsgfe fj DA istgk`tgfe% \i ditirkgeid DAs jfr twf

dgjjiriet kfciaucis fj dgjjiriet sgzi èd jfued tb`t tbi dgjjusgfe fj ` c`rlir kfciauci

"@cix`:4M' w`s bgedirid ciss tbè fj ` sk`ccir fei "@TTF:11+@T^'% Tf

ixpc`ge suab afuetirgetugtgvi risuct# wi afkpfsid ` k`tbik`tga`c kfdic tb`t kgkgastbi dgjjusgfe p`tbw`y ge tbi bi`rt kusaci aicc èd jfued p`r`kitirs disarghgel getr`+

ûhcga`tgfe GGG 74


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aiccuc`r dgjjusgfe fhstàcis% \biri`s fur k`ge risucts `ri dgsaussid ge tbgs tixt# wi

prfvgdi è ixtiesgvi Quppfrtgel K`tirg`c lgvgel è getrfduatgfe tf tbi XGAQ kitbfd=

ixtiedid ixpirgkiet`c èd k`tbik`tga`c kitbfd disargptgfes èd ` siatgfe fe st`tgs+

tga`c è`cysgs fj kfdic p`r`kitir istgk`tis%

K@TIXG@CQ @ED KITBFDQ

Ixpirgkiet`c prfaiduris

@duct futhrid \gst`r r`ts fj hftb sixis wiglbgel 1>>+9>>l wiri usid ge tbi ix+

pirgkiets% @egk`c prfaiduris wiri `pprfvid hy Istfegè E`tgfe`c Afkkgttii jfr

Itbgas ge @egk`c Ixpirgkiet`tgfe "Istfegè Kgegstry fj @lrgaucturi'% A`rdgfky+

faytis "AKs' wiri gsfc`tid `s disarghid ge "1'%

Qfcutgfes èd abikga`cs

Tbi jfccfwgel ufrisaiet dyis wiri usid ge tbgs wfrm? @TTF:11+@T^ "A`t%ef?EY+

2>2+:11# Oie` Hgfsagieai LkhB# Lirkèy'# @cix`:4M"A`t%ef? D+88704#

Gevgtrflie# YQ@'# @TTF:99+AFFB "A`t%ef? @D:99+80# @TTF+TIA LkhB# Lir+

kèy'# KgtfTr amir Lriie "A`t%ef? K+


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fj DAs ge x#y èd z dgriatgfes% @ j`stir 0D kfdic w`s tbie usid jfr iàb sp`tg`c dg+

riatgfe sip`r`ticy% Dgjjusgfe w`s sgkuc`tid gesgdi ` 8> k8> k9 k rilgfe jfrtbi 1D kfdic èd ` 8> k rilgfe jfr tbi 0D kfdic% ^fssghci getràiccuc`r struaturis

ge dgriatgfe " riprisiets èy fj tbi dgriatgfes x#y èd z' wiri `pprfxgk`tid wgtb

pirgfdga`ccy pcàid h`rrgirs d k `p`rt# b`vgel pirki`hgcgtgis p "prfh`hgcgty jfr `p`rtgaci tf tr`virsi tbi w`cc `jtir è getiràtgfe'% Dgjjusgfe ge dgriatgfe ge tbi getir

h`rrgir spài "GHQ' w`s `ssukid tf hi riduaid hy ` jàtfr fj > 3 0 afkp`rid tftb`t ge jrii getràiccuc`r sfcutgfe% Xiduatgfe jàtfrs wiri afesgdirid tf hi dgjjiriet

jfr @TTF:11+@T^ èd @cix`:4M èd jfr dgstgeat sp`tg`c dgriatgfes% @t

iàb tgkistip t ; 0 s# iviry sgkuc`tid p`rtgaci uedirtffm ` rèdfk dgspcàikiet

ge `cc fj tbi dgriatgfes x#y èd z# dr`we jrfk ` efrk`c dgstrghutgfe E">#8Dt'#wbiri D gs tbi DA ge dgriatgfe % Tgkistip v`cui 0 s w`s abfsie tf k`tab pgxicàqugsgtgfe tgkistip ge ixpirgkiets sf `s tf fht`ge sgkgc`r gk`lis jrfk tbi stfab`stga

kfdic% @csf# ` tgkistip fj 0 s iesurid tb`t dgjjusgel p`rtgacis wfucd b`vi ` virycfw prfh`hgcgty fj dgjjusgel fut fj tbi ^QJ durgel àqugsgtgfe% Tbgs w`s istgk`tid

hy usgel tbi ric`tgfe fj rfft kiè squ`ri dgspcàikiet tf tgki èd dgjjusgfe afijff+

agiet fj tbi dyi ge w`tir% Gj ` p`rtgacis tròiatfry getirsiatid wgtb ` h`rrgir gt b`d `

prfh`hgcgty p fj p`ssgel tb`t h`rrgir èd 0 p fj hfueagel hàm ic`stga`ccy% Afe+aurriet tf sgkuc`tgel dgjjusgfe# afejfa`c kgarfsafpi gk`li àqugsgtgfe wgtb v`rgfus

saèegel spiids èd pgxic sgzis w`s sgkuc`tid usgel ge frdir tf fht`ge gk`lis jfr

usi ge XGAQ è`cysgs% Jfr tbi 1D kfdic# è`cysgs kitbfds gdietga`c tf tbfsi usid

è`cysgel ixpirgkiet`c d`t` wiri usid% Jfr tbi 0D kfdic# tbifritga`c 0D ùtfafrri+

c`tgfe jueatgfes usid ge ffttgel wiri dirgvid "sii tbi Quppfrtgel K`tirg`c jfr dit`gcs'%Fht`geid `pp`riet DAs ge dgriatgfe wiri jueatgfes fj h`rrgir p`r`kitirsp# d èd

v`cuis% Afkp`rgsfe fj sgkuc`tid èd ixpirgkiet`c risucts ygicdid sits fj kfdic

p`r`kitirs wgtb wbgab sgkuc`tgfes jfr hftb kfciaucis sgkuctèifuscy k`tabid ixpir+

gkiet`c d`t`% Ge suhsiquiet è`cysgs pirki`hgcgty v`cuis wiri rigetirpritid `s pfris

fj r`dgus X pir k8 fj h`rrgir surjài% Tbgs getirprit`tgfe riqugrid mefwcidli fj r`dgg

fj tbi dgjjusgel kfciaucis% Tbisi wiri istgk`tid jrfk DAs ge s`ct sfcutgfe usgel tbi

Qtfmis+Igestige ric`tgfesbgp# ygicdgel >%78 ek jfr tbi r`dgus fj @TTF:11+@T^ èd

4%0 ek jfr @cix`:4M %

XIQYCTQ

XGAQ ixtiesgfes

XGAQ w`s ixtiedid hy usgel kuctgpci saèegel spiids èd èlcis durgel gk`lgel

wgtb tbi `gk fj `ctirgel tbi afetrghutgfe fj dgjjusgfe`c ègsftrfpy ge àqugrid gk`lis%

Jfr gk`li àqugsgtgfe wi usid 07 èlcis uegjfrkcy spèegel tbi rèli jrfk > tf 1:>

dilriis% Qaèegel risfcutgfe w`s `ctirid ge tèdik wgtb saèegel `xis rft`tgfe% Tbgs

w`s `cc dfei ge ` rèdfk siquieai ge frdir tf icgkge`ti hg`s% @s ixpc geid ge tbi

Quppfrtgel K`tirg`c# tbisi `ddgtgfes wiri dfei ge frdir tf k`xgkgzi tbi `kfuet fj

d`t` jfr ffttgel wgtb tbifritga`c afrric`tgfe aurvis%

ûhcga`tgfe GGG 7:


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èd ffts

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JGLYXI 0? Dgjjusgfe fj @TTF:11+@T^ ge r`t AK è`cyzid hy XGAQ% Ge tbi hilgeegel fj tbiixpirgkiet# getàt r`t AKs c`hicid wgtb Kgtftràmir Lriie `ri pfsgtgfeid getf sfcutgfe afe+

t`gegel @TTF:11+@T^ "afejfa`c gk`lis @#H'% Qgeai aiccs `ri getàt# @TTF:11+@T^ dfis eft

pieitr`ti s`rafcikk` èd ufrisaieai gs riafrdid ge sfcutgfe surrfuedgel tbi aiccs `s wicc `s

T+tuhucis "H'% Bfcis `ri getrfduaid getf s`rafcikk` hy pfmgel fei fj tbi aiccs wgtb ` lc`ss

pgpitti "trèskgssgfe gk`li fj `pprfàbgel pgpitti ge A'% @s ` risuct# @TTF:11+@T^ gs `hci tf

dgjjusi getf tbi aicc "I' wbgci tbi struaturi fj tbi aicc gs getàt "D'% XGAQ è`cysgs gs prisietid

ge J# L# B# èd G% Ixpirgkiet`c d`t` "pfgets' àqugrid `t dgjjiriet c`sir saèegel jriquieagis

èd dgriatgfes `ri ffttid hy ` kfdic "cgeis'% Qp`tg`c èd tikpfr`c afkpfeiets fj tbi afrric`+

tgfe jueatgfe `ri sbfwe ge J èd L# rispiatgvicy% Fe J èd L# gk`lgel w`s pirjfrkid wgtbtbi c`sir saèegel `cfel ` cgei p`r`ccic tf `xgs x `t dgjjiriet jriquieagis "jriquieagis eftid

ge cilied fe tbi rglbt hfttfk'% Afrric`tgfe `cfel tbi s`ki cgei gs sbfwe ge tbi k`ge lr`pbs

"J#L' wbgci afrric`tgfe fj tbi sgle`c hitwiie pgxics ge `doàiet cgeis gs sbfwe ge tbi gesits%

Dui tf tbi c`sir hàmtràmgel èd v`rg`tgfe ge saè jriquieagis# tikpfr`c afkpfeiet b`s l`ps

vgsghci ge tbi gesit fj L% Dui tf `sykkitry fj ^QJ# c`sir saèegel ge dgjjiriet dgriatgfes ci`ds

tf kfdgffa`tgfe fj afrric tgfe jueatgfe hitwiie pgxics ge tbi s`ki cgei "B' èd ge tbi `doàiet

cgeis "G'% Efti bfw tbi scfw afkpfeiet ci`ds tf sglegffaèt afrric`tgfe ge pgxics ge `doàiet

cgeis "G èd gesits fj J èd L'%

\i tistid tbi kitbfd hy istgk`tgel DAs fj @TTF:11+@T^# @cix`:4M

7< ûhcga`tgfe GGG


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^uhcga`tgfe GGG 72


101/139

Fhstruatid kfciauc`r kfvikiet ge a`rdgfkyfaytis s èd b`s ` c`rli afetrghutgfe tf tbi AJ

"17)'% Quab trgpcit st`ti p`r`kitirs ge tbi fft aè hi ixpc`geid hy è `ddgtgfe`c dgj+

jusgel afkpfeiet tb`t gs eft àafuetid jfr ge tbi sgelci afkpfeiet kfdic% \bie `twf+afkpfeiet kfdic gs usid# kfri àaipt`hci trgpcit st`ti p`r`kitirs `ri fht`geid%

Ge tbi twf afkpfeiet kfdic# afetrghutgfe fj tbi viry scfw jràtgfe "prfh`hcy hfued

jràtgfe' gs 1>) wgtb tbi rist `ttrghutid tf jriicy kfvgel @TTF:11+@T^%@s aè hi siie jrfk T`hci 0# tbi trgpcit st`ti tgki afestèt jfr @cix`:4M ge aiccs gs eft `s c`rli `s fht`geid wgtb sgelci+afkpfeiet kfdic jfr @TTF:11+

@T^ èd tbi sgelci afkpfeiet fft gs sujffagiet jfr @cix`:4M d`t`% Ysgel

s`pfege pirki`hgcgz`tgfe ge cgiu fj pfmgel dgd eft risuct ge k`rmidcy dgjjiriet ri+

sucts jrfk T`hci 0% DAs fht`geid wgtb s`pfege pirki`hgcgz`tgfe wiri 09

8 k8&s

ge tbi trèsvirsi èd 07 0 k8&s ge tbi cfelgtudge`c dgriatgfes "e;


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^uhcga`tgfe GGG 0>>


103/139


y `xgs afrrispfeds tf tbi cfelgtudge`c C dgriatgfe èd aè b`vi h`rrgir p`r`kitirs

dgjjiriet jrfk tbi trèsvirsi dgriatgfe%

H`rrgirs ge sp`tg`c dgriatgfe " gs TX fr C' `ri disarghid hy twf p`r`kitirs + tbigr

pirki`hgcgty "p' èd h`rrgir+tf+h`rrgir dgstèai "d'% DA ge GHQ gs riduaid afkp`rid

tf sfcutgfe# DGHQ ; Dsfc# wbiri tbi riduatgfe jàtfr dipieds fe tbi dgriatgfe èd tbi dgjjusgel kfciauci% Ge fur sgkuc`tgfes wi saè GHQ dgjjusgfe riduatgfe

jàtfrs ge tbi wbfci rèli > % % % 0 jfr `cc dgriatgfes èd kfciaucis%

\i istgk`tid `pp`riet DA v`cuis "D`pp ' jfr v`rgfus h`rrgir dgstèais# pirki`hgcgtgis

èd GHQ dgjjusgfe riduatgfe jàtfrs% Jrfk a`cauc`tgfes pirjfrkid wgtb tbi 1D kfdic

wi ditirkgeid tb`t dgjjusgfe ge èy sp`tg`c dgriatgfe gs dipiediet fe h`rrgir p`r`ki+

tirs ge tb`t dgriatgfe fecy èd gs eft `jjiatid hy tbi ixgstieai fr prfpirtgis fj h`rrgirs

ge èy frtbflfe`c dgriatgfe% Tbgs `ccfwid us tf dirgvi èd usi ` afkput`tgfe`ccy

j`stir 0D XGAQ kfdic tf study dgjjusgfe ge tbi trèsvirsi èd cfelgtudge`c dgriatgfes

sip`r`ticy%

Xisucts jfr sgkuc`tgfes pirjfrkid wgtb @@T^TX ; >%7 `ri sbfwe ge Jgl%8H% ^fgetswbiri afkput`tgfe`c risucts getirsiat wgtb tbi ixpirgkiet`ccy fht`geid D

ixpTX v`cuis

lgvi us ` afkhge`tgfe fj h`rrgir p`r`kitirs ge tbi trèsvirsi dgriatgfe `t wbgab tbi

stfab`stga kfdic gs `hci tf riprfduai ixpirgkiet`c risucts% Qurprgsgelcy# ge frdir jfr

tbi kfdic tf k`tab ixpirgkiet`ccy fht`geid D`ppTX v`cuis# viry sk`cc pirki`hgcgtgis

"p 3 >%0)' èd acfsicy spàid h`rrgirs "d 3 0k' `ri eiaiss`ry%

\i pirjfrkid è`cflfus eukirga`c ixpirgkiets èd è`cysgs jfr @cix`:4M wgtb tbi getietgfe fj? ffedgel p`r kitirs wbiri sgkuc`tgfe risucts jfr hftb @TTF:11+

@T^ èd @cix`:4M sgkuctèifuscy k`tab ixpirgkiet`c d`t`= èd ric`t+

gel tbisi v`cuis tf pbysga`c h`rrgir ab`ràtirgstgas% îrki`hgcgty v`cuis fht`geid jfr

@TTF:11+@T^ èd @cix`:4M `ri eft dgriatcy afkp`r`hci% Tbiy aè#

bfwivir# hi ric`tid tf tbi r`dgus fj tbi dgjjusgel kfciauci "r'# tbi r`dgg fj pirki`hci

pfris ge tbi h`rrgirs "X' èd tbi eukhir fj pfris pir k8 "' hy? p ; "X r'8"sii tbi Quppfrtgel K`tirg`c jfr dirgv`tgfe'%

T@HCI 8? Dgjjusgfe fhstàcis pridgatid hy stfab`stga kfdic fe tbi h`sgs fj XGAQ ki`suri+

kiets Dgriatgfe

H`rrgir trèsvirsi cfelgtudge`c

TX "x#z' C "y'

kge k`x kge k`x

Dgstèai d ]k[ >%:2 >%0> >%2%>< >%%01 0%>8 >%0>^fri r`dgus X ]ek[ 2 :%^fri diesgty ] 0

k8[ 0%8 >%0 87 81 0%0 >%0 42 1%%01 0%> >%%01 0%>@DIR >%%04 0%> >%%04 0%>

0>0 ûhcga`tgfe GGG


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Fhstruatid kfciauc`r kfvikiet ge a`rdgfkyfaytis 0>

Jgxgel ` p`rtgauc`r X v`cui jfr tbi pfri r`dgus wi aè afevirt p v`cuis tf èd afk+

p`ri h`rrgir ab`ràtirgstgas fht`geid jfr @TTF:11+@T^ èd @cix`:4M

"Jgl%8A'% Getirsiatgfes hitwiie @TTF:11+@T^ èd @cix`:4M aurvis

efw gedga`ti pbysga`c p`r`kitir v`cuis wbiri afkput`tgfe`c èd ixpirgkiet`c afe+

str`gets `ri s`tgsffid jfr hftb kfciaucis sgkuctèifuscy% Hy v`rygel X v`cuis wi lit `rèli fj sugt`hci p`r`kitirs jfr ` afkhge`tgfe fj @@T^ èd @DIR ge hftb très+

virsi èd cfelgtudge`c dgriatgfes% Qfki afkhge`tgfes fj @@T^ èd @DIR df eft

risuct ge getirsiatgfes èd `ri tbirijfri dgsa`rdid `s uesugt hci% Ge `ddgtgfe# wi `s+

sukid tb`t @@T^ @DIR# `s dgjjusgfe fj c`rlir kfciaucis gs ristrgatid kfri hykfciauc`r arfwdgel tbè tbi sk`cc feis "02'%

Tbi ric`tgfesbgp hitwiie X èd v`cuis ge tbi trèsvirsi dgriatgfe gs sbfwe fe Jgl%

8D#I#J jfr @@T^TX # @DIRTX v`cuis wbiri getirsiatgfes faaur% Qukk`ry fj p`r`ki+

tirs s`tgsjygel `cc afestr`gets gs sbfwe ge T`hci 8% Irrfr istgk`tis jfr tbi t`hci ietrgis

wiri fht`geid jrfk Kfeti A`rcf "KA' sgkuc`tgfes dit`gcid ge tbi Quppfrtgel K`ti+rg`c% D`t` ge tbi t`hci riprisiet tbi kiè èd stèd`rd divg`tgfe fht`geid jrfk KA

sgkuc`tgfes% @ eukhir fj p`r`kitir istgk tis df eft jfccfw ` efrk`c dgstrghutgfe%

Jfr tbfsi tbi kiè èd stèd`rd divg`tgfe df eft gccustr`ti tbi àtu`c dgstrghutgfe wicc

èd tbi bgstflr`ks lgvie ge tbi Quppfrtgel K`tirg`c sbfucd hi afesuctid gesti`d% Jfr

DA riduatgfe r`tgf tbi k`xgkuk istgk`ti ef irrfr gs lgvie `s tbi risuct w`s `cw`ys

0>>) fj tbi DA ge sfcutgfe jfr hftb @TTF:11+@T^ èd @cix`:4M%

DGQAYQQGFE

Tbi kòfr ixpirgkiet`c ffedgel fj tbi prisiet study gs tb`t tbi dgjjusgfe fj tbi jriicy

kfvgel jràtgfe fj ` sk`ccir kfciauci "@TTF:11+@T^' gs bgedirid afesgdir`hcy

kfri hy getràiccuc`r dgjjusgfe fhstàcis tbè tbi dgjjusgfe fj ` c`rlir kfciauci "@cix`:4M'% Ge lieir`c# jràtgfe`c riduatgfe fj tbi dgjjusgfe afijffagiet gs ixpiatid

tf hi c`rlir jfr c`rlir kfciaucis "02'% Tf ixpc`ge fur afuetirgetugtgvi risuct# wi `s+

sukid tb`t dgjjusgfe fhstàcis `ri jfrkid hy pirki`hci h`rrgirs `rrèlid ge ` 1D

c`ttgai% Tbi kòfr ffedgel jrfk eukirga`c sgkuc tgfes pirjfrkid wgtb tbgs `ssukp+

tgfe gs tb`t suab dgjjusgfe h`rrgirs aè riprfduai tbi fvir`cc DAs fj @TTF:11+@T^

èd @cix`:4M istgk`tid jrfk ixpirgkiets afeduatid fe r`t AKs% @a+afrdgel tf fur sgkuc`tgfes# tbi dgjjusgfe h`rrgirs `ri 0 k `p`rt wgtb ric`tgvicy jiwsk`cc fpiegels "0% % %1> fpiegels pir k8 fj r`dgus ek'%

Getràiccuc`r struaturis àtgel `s dgjjusgfe fhstàcis

H`rrgir p`r`kitirs fht`geid jrfk fur afkput`tgfe`c kfdic gkpcy tb`t fecy >%1)fj h`rrgir surjài gs afvirid wgtb pfris% Getugtgvicy tbgs wfucd `ppi`r ` prfbghgtgvicy

sk`cc piraiet`li jfr dgjjusgfe tf hi `hci tf b`vi ` sglegffaèt rfci ge aiccuc`r kit`hfcgsk%

Bfwivir# gt aè hi sbfwe tb`t gj tbiri `ri "4 X d'0

pfris fj r`dgus X pir uegt `ri`ge ` h`rrgir tb`t gs `t dgstèai d jrfk eiglbhfurgel h`rrgirs# tbie tbi dgjjusgfe aurriet

ûhcga`tgfe GGG 0>8


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0>1 ^uhcga`tgfe GGG


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wgtb pirgfdgagty "Jgl%1' sgkgc`r tf tb`t ditirkgeid hy us% @s wi jfued viry diesi

pcàikiet fj dgjjusgfe h`rrgirs# wi sullist tb`t getràiccuc`r prftiges ge tbi bi`rt aiccs

afucd hi `ssfag`tid wgtb QX èd ftbir geeir kikhrèi struaturis ci`dgel tf suab

prfjfued dgjjusgfe fhstàcis% @ddgtgfe`ccy# iezykis aè hi `ssfag`tid wgtb K èd _

cgeis fj s`rafkiris "1:# 1'%

Fvir`cc dgjjusgfe afijffagiet

Tbi fvir`cc riduatgfe fj DA jfued ge tbgs wfrm w`s c`rlir tbè tbi DA riduatgfe

ditirkgeid ge "07'% Tbi ri`sfes jfr tbi dgjjirieais ge risucts afucd hi ric`tid tf fur

usi fj c`rlir kfciaucis fr tbi kfrpbfcflga`c dgjjirieais hitwiie r`t AKs èd jrfl

smicit`c kusaci% Xiduatgfe fj @TTF:11+@T^ DA w`s afesgdir`hcy c`rlir tbè tbifei wi privgfuscy jfued jfr @cix`:4


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didga`tid afejfa`c situp ge tbgs wfrm# ci`dgel tf ` kfri àaur`ti ditirkge`tgfe fj

AJs usid ge è`cysgs%

Ge tbgs p`pir wi wiri `hci tf usi didga`tid b`rdw`ri wbgab `ccfwid us tf fht`ge

d`t` `t ` j`stir tgki risfcutgfe# wbgab k`di gt pfssghci tf fft sivir`c cgeis fj tbi AJ#

afkp`rid tf oust fei cgei `s gt w`s dfei ge "00'% @ddgtgfe`ccy# j`stir saè spiids

tb`t wi aè efw fht`ge geari`si tbi `kfuet fj d`t` tb`t aè hi ffttid% \i b`vi `csf

geacudid trgpcit st`tis tf tbi AJ è`cysgs# wbgab wiri kgssgel i`rcgir% Jurtbirkfri#

ge fur i`rcgir study# s`pfege w`s mipt ge tbi sfcutgfe tbrfulbfut tbi ixpirgkiet% \i

spiauc`ti tb`t `cc tbisi `spiats afetrghuti tf tbi sk`ccir riduatgfe ge DA fht`geid ge

"00'

\bgci ge sivir`c studgis dgjjusgfe fj @T^ fr Âr b`s hiie jfued tf hi ègsftrfpga ge

smicit`c kusaci "08# 8>'# dgjjusgfe fj c`rlir kfciaucis b`s hiie jfued tf hi gsftrfpga

ge r`t AKs "0:'% Biri# dgjjusgfe w`s jfued tf hi kfdir`ticy ègsftrfpga jfr hftb stud+

gid kfciaucis% @s ` risuct# dgstèais èd pirki`hgcgtgis fj dgjjusgfe h`rrgirs dgjjirid

jfr dgjjiriet dgriatgfes%

\i jfued tb t @TTF:11+@T^ b`s twf afkpfeiets wbie dgjjusgel ge tbi aicc? ` hfued

jfrk èd ` jriicy dgjjusgel jfrk% Tbgs p`rtgtgfegel gs gedga`tid hy c`rli trgpcit st`ti

tgki+afestèt wbie usgel fecy fei afkpfeiet ge tbi fft "T`hci 0'% Jfr @cix`:4M fecy ` sgelci# jriicy dgjjusgel afkpfeiet w`s eiaiss`ry% @ddgel ` sia+

fed afkpfeiet risuctid ge tbi scfw afkpfeiet b`vgel ` sk`cc afetrghutgfe tf fvir`cc

sgle`c " 9) jrfk tft`c afeaietr`tgfe# risucts eft sbfwe'% Tbus# wbgci prfpirtgisfj tbi usid dyis `ri dgjjiriet# wi afkp`rid fecy jriicy dgjjusgel afkpfeiets ge fur

è`cysgs wbgab sbfucd rikfvi pfssghci hg`s%

Ysid tiabegqui

Ge fur è`cysgs wi ffttid AJs jfued hy XGAQ usgel ` fei+ fr twf+afkpfeiet kfdic#

t`mgel getf àafuet trgpcit st tis fj tbi kfciauci% Durgel ki`surikiets# wi v r+

gid saèegel spiid èd dgriatgfe tf ditirkgei bfw afrric`tgfe ric`tis tf tikpfr`c

èd sp`tg`c afkpfeiets% \gtb tbgs `pprfàb# ègsftrfpy fj dgjjusgfe aè hi `ssissid

èd twf DAs aè hi ditirkgeid% Bfwivir# tbiri `ri sivir`c `spiats tb`t k`mi tbi

`ppcga`tgfe fj fur tiabegqui efe+trgvg`c% Jfr sk`ccir kfciaucis wgtb j`st dgjjusgfer`tis# pbftfe afuetgel ditiatfrs `ri riqugrid tf geari`si tbi eukhir fj àqugrid d`t`

pfgets usid ge ffttgel% \bie studygel ègsftrfpga dgjjusgfe# ki`surikiets b`vi tf

hi pirjfrkid `t dgjjiriet saèegel èlcis% Dui tf tbi v`rg tgfe fj saèegel spiids

èd èlcis# ki`surikiets t`mi ` cfel tgki# wgtb typga`c ixpirgkiets c`stgel jfr 8+1

bfurs% Fur ki`surikiets wiri pirjfrkid fe ` didga`tid kgarfsafpi wgtb ` austfk

hugct afejfa`c ditiatgfe uegt tb`t `ccfwid us tf ùtfk`ti ki`surikiets# tf rèdfk+

gzi saèegel spiid èd èlci siquieais tf `vfgd hg`s# èd tf tràm kfvikiets fj tbi

aicc ge frdir tf àqugri gk`lis ge tbi s`ki rilgfe% Tbi k`ge `dvèt`li fj b`vgel `

austfk+hugct afejfa`c `rgsis jrfk tbi `hgcgty tf prflr`k gt fursicvis% @ctbfulb sfkiafkkirag`c afejfa`c sfjtw`ri `ccfws wrgtgel kàrfs# tbi ixtied`hgcgty fj suab sfcu+

0>9 ûhcga`tgfe GGG


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tgfes gs cgkgtid% \bgci tbiri `ri sivir c sfcutgfes tb`t `ccfw ùtfk`tgel `spiats fj

gk`li àqugsgtgfe fe afkkirag`c afejfa`c kgarfsafpis# wi `ri eft `w`ri fj èy sf+

cutgfe tb`t `ccfws tbi civic fj afetrfc wi riqugri% Jurtbirkfri# XGAQ è`cysgs hieiffts

lri`tcy jrfk b`vgel ` pbftfe afuetir gesti`d fj è è`cfl ditiatfr "00# 81'% Bfwivir#

wi ixpiat tb`t jfr studygel dgjjusgfe fj c`rlir kfciaucis# afkkirag`c kgarfsafpiswgtb è`cfl ditiatfrs aè hi `diqu`ti èd wfucd `ccfw tf ditirkgei DAs `csf ge è

ègsftrfpga a`si%

\bie è`cysgel tbi AJs jfued ge XGAQ ki`surikiets# wi usid tbi àtu`c ^QJ fj tbi

fptga`c systik "40'# r`tbir tbè `pprfxgk`ti è`cytga`c jueatgfes# `s ^QJ `sykkitry

w`s jfued tf geuieai AJs dipiedieai fe saèegel dgriatgfe% Ge a`cauc`tgfes fj

XGAQ è`cysgs# mefwcidli fj afrric`tgfe fj uatu`tgfes ge afeaietr`tgfe gs riqugrid%

Tbgs gejfrk`tgfe gs afeviyid hy tbi sf+a`ccid prfp`l`tfr# wbgab ditirkgeis tbi jfrk

fj tbi dgjjusgfe`c afrric`tgfe tirk LD lgvie ge Iq% 8 ge Quppfrtgel K`tirg`cs% Tbi

prfp`l`tfr gs ` jueatgfe tb`t k`mis gt pfssghci tf ditirkgei tbi prfh`hgcgty fj ffedgel` dgjjusgel p`rtgaci `t ` dgstèai jrfk tbi st`rtgel pfsgtgfe `jtir ` lgvie tgki pirgfd%

\bgci tbi prfp`l`tfr jfr tbi a`si pirtgeiet tf tbgs wfrm gs disarghid hy sgkpci è+

`cytga`c jueatgfes# gt k`y eft `cw`ys hi `ppcga`hci% Jfr ix`kpci# wbie ikpcfygel

èfk`cfus dgjjusgfe# fei b`s tf ffed sfcutgfes jfr tbi jràtgfe`c Jfmmir+^cèam iqu`+

tgfe fr `ppcy eukirga`c `pprfxgk`tgfes "48' ge frdir tf ffed tbi prfp`l`tfr% Tbgs k`y

hi è gkpfrtèt cgkgt`tgfe tb`t b`s tf hi afesgdirid wbie `ppcygel fur `pprfàb%

^bysgfcflga`c gkpcga`tgfes

Fur risucts sullist sk`cc dgstèais hitwiie getràiccuc`r h`rrgirs tf dgjjusgfe èd `

cgkgtid `kfuet fj bfcis ge tbik ge r`t AKs% Quab p`rtgtgfegel fj tbi aicc k`y b`vi

gkpfrtèt pbysgfcflga`c èd p`tbfpbysgfcflga`c gkpcga`tgfes% Ieirly trèsjir aè hi

geuieaid gj tbi cfa`cgz`tgfe fj tbi h`rrgirs gs suab tb`t @T^+afesukgel èd @T^+

prfduagel p`rts fj tbi aicc `ri sip`r`tid% Quab sip`r`tgfe wfucd gedga`ti ` prfkgeiet

rfci jfr ieirly trèsjir systiks# suab `s tbi ari`tgei mge`si sbuttci% Qgeai dgjju+

sgfe ristrgatgfes `ri ixpiatid tf diari`si `jtir gsabikg` "01# 04'# suab pfsgtgfegel

fj h`rrgirs afucd ci`d tf ` abèli ge tbi rfci fj ieirly trèsjir systik ge p`tbfcf+

lgis% \bitbir gt gs afesgstiet wgtb kfduc`tgfe fj ieirly trèsjir dipiedgel fe tbiwfrmcf`d# `s sbfwe ge tbi è`cysgs fj10^+EKX gevirsgfe èd s`tur`tgfe trèsjir ix+

pirgkiets "41'# gs eft aci`r èd riqugris jurtbir studgis% @ctire`tgvicy# h`rrgirs afucd

lrfup @T^+prfduagel èd @T^+afesukgel p`rts fj tbi aicc tflitbir# `s sullistid hy

afupcgel hitwiie @T^`sis èd kgtfabfedrg`c rispgr`tgfe "1# 9'% Ge tbgs a`si# h`rrgirs

wfucd geuieai syeabrfegz`tgfe hitwiie dgjjiriet p`rts fj tbi aicc èd wfucd ristrgat

cfa`c @T^ prfduatgfe tf cfa`c afesukptgfe% ^rfkgeiet dgjjusgfe fhstàcis sip`r`tgel

tbi aicc getf sk`ccir silkiets `ri `csf afesgstiet wgtb jfrk`tgfe fj acustirs durgel

kgtfabfedrg`c fsagcc`tgfes "44# 49' èd k`y pc`y è gkpfrtèt rfci ge p`tbfcflgis hy

ristrgatgel dgjjusgfe fj XFQ# `pfptfsgs sgle`cs èd A`8- w`vis "4:'%

ûhcga`tgfe GGG 0>:


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QY^^FXTGEL K@TIXG@C * AGT@TGFEQ

Tbi suppfrtgel k`tirg c afet ges ixtr` gejfrk`tgfe? ` hrgij fvirvgiw fj tbi XGAQ

kitbfd èd fur ixtiesgfes tf gt= disargptgfe fj ixpirgkiet`c kitbfds# geacudgel afe+

jfa`c kgarfsafpi situp= disargptgfe fj tbi è`cysgs fj XGAQ gk`lis èd dikfestr`tgfehy è`cysgs fj dgjjusgfe fj kfciaucis ge w`tir èd ki`surikiet sfcutgfe= disargptgfe

fj stfab`stga afkput`tgfe`c kfdic tflitbir wgtb dirgv`tgfes usid tf ric`ti h`rrgir pir+

ki`hgcgty tf pbysga`c p`r`kitirs fj tbi h`rrgir èd kfciauci sgzi= st`tgstga`c è`cysgs

fj kfdic p`r`kitirs istgk`tgfe%

Xijirieais "420>8% Qfcuti èd kàrfkfciauci dgjjusgfe ge aiccuc`r `quifus afkp`rt+

kiets% Trieds Hgfabik Qag 8


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Fhstruatid kfciauc`r kfvikiet ge a`rdgfkyfaytis 0:

>2% Tuhucge hgedgel hcfams kgtfabfedrg`c vfct`li+dipiediet ègfe

abèeic èd riluc`tis rispgr`tgfe% ^rfa E`tc @a`d Qag Y Q @ 0>9?027% Dgjjusgfe ristrgatgfes surrfuedgel kgtfabfedrg`?

` k`tbik`tga`c kfdic fj bi`rt kusaci ffhirs%Hgfpbys O

7


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Fhstruatid kfciauc`r kfvikiet ge a`rdgfkyfaytis 00>% X`stir gk`li afrric`+

tgfe spiatrfsafpy ge cgvi aiccs% E`t ^rftfa 9?0


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48% \igss# K%# K% Icseir# J% M`rthirl# `ed T% Egcssfe# 8>>4% @efk`cfus suhdgjjusgfe gs `

ki`suri jfr aytfpc`skga arfwdgel ge cgvgel aiccs% Hgfpbys O 2


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Quppfrtgel k`tirg`c?

@e`cysgs fj kfciauc`r kfvikiet rivi`cs c`ttgaicgmifhstruatgfes tf dgjjusgfe ge bi`rt kusaci aiccs

@rdf Gcc`sti# K`rtge C``sk``# î`ru îtirsfe èd K`rmf Ziedicge

C`hfr`tfry fj Qystiks Hgfcfly# Gestgtuti fj Ayhireitgas# T`ccgee Yegvirsgty fj

Tiabefcfly# Istfeg`

Tbi suppfrtgel k`tirg c gs spcgt getf sivir`c siatgfes% Jgrst# ` hrgij fvirvgiw fj tbiXGAQ kitbfd èd fur ixtiesgfes tf gt gs lgvie% Qiafed# disargptgfe fj ixpirgkie+t`c kitbfds# geacudgel afejfa`c kgarfsafpi situp gs prisietid% Tbie# disargptgfe fjtbi è`cysgs fj XGAQ gk`lis gs disarghid èd dikfestr`tid hy è`cyzgel dgjjusgfe fjkfciaucis ge w`tir èd ki`surikiet sfcutgfe% Jfrtb# disargptgfe fj stfab`stga afk+

put`tgfe`c kfdic gs lgvie tflitbir wgtb dirgv`tgfes usid tf ric`ti h`rrgir pirki`hgcgtytf pbysga`c p`r`kitirs fj tbi h`rrgir èd kfciauci sgzi% C`stcy st`tgstga`c è`cysgs fjkfdic p`r`kitirs istgk`tgfe gs prisietid%

Afetiets

0 X`stir gk`li afrric`tgfe spiatrfsafpy Q8

0%0 H`sgas % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Q8

0%8 Tgki dic`y hitwiie pgxics % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Q9

0%1 Kftgv`tgfe jfr kfdgffa`tgfes % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Q:

0%4 Abèlis ge saèegel èlci % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Q:

0%9 Qaèegel risfcutgfe % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Q8> k rilgfe wgtb cgei saèegel jri+quieagis 0:> Bz% Tbi sgle`c w`s àqugrid durgel b`cj fj tbi saè tgki

wgtb tbi ftbir b`cj usid jfr yhàm% Gk`lgel w`s pirjfrkid wgtb dgjjiriet saè dg+

riatgfes hy abèlgel tbi èlci fj àqugsgtgfe jrfk +02> tf -02> wgtb ` stip fj 8>%

Gk`lis wiri àqugrid ge sits fj 7> "saèegel jriquieay 9>> Bz'# :> "827 Bz'# èd 1>

"0:< Bz' jr`kis% Tbi frdir wgtb wgtb gk`lis wgtb dgjjiriet saèegel jriquieagis èd

dgriatgfes wiri riafrdid w`s rèdfkgzid%

^fmgel fj aiccs w`s pirjfrkid wgtb 0%> kk dg`kitir lc`ss pgpittis "\frcd ^riag+sgfe Gestrukiets# YQ@' kèujàturid getf >%9 k dg`kitir tgps usgel ` pgpitti puccir"Â+0> puccir# E`rgsbgli# O`pè'% Aicc kikhrèis wiri pirki`tid hy afetrfccgel

tbi pgpitti wgtb ` kgarfkègpuc`tfr "^`tabQt`r Kgarfkègpuc`tfr Qystik ^Q+21>>A#

Qagietgffa`# Ielcèd'%

8%8 Ditirkge tgfe fj dgjjusgfe afijffagiets usgel XGAQ

Ki`surikiets wiri pirjfrkid usgel dgjjiriet c`sir saèegel jriquieagis èd dgria+

tgfes# sgkgc`r tf fur i`rcgir study "08'% Tbrfulb v`rg tgfe fj saèegel spiid èd dg+riatgfe# wi abèli t"'% @s ` risuct# sivir`c afkpfeiets fj dgjjusgfe afijffagiets aè

ûhcga`tgfe GGG Quppfrtgel K`tirg`c 08>


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Quppfrtgel k`tirg`c? Fhstruatid kfciauc`r kfvikiet ge a`rdgfkyfaytis Q00

hi istgk`tid èd ffts aè hi fptgkgzid `l`gest ki`surikiets fht`geid wgtb dgjjiriet

saè jriquieagis% Ge tft`c wi usid 07 èlcis spèegel tbi rèli jrfk > tf 1:> dilriis

èd 1 dgjjiriet saèegel spiids% Ge fur è`cysgs# wi `ssukid tb`t tbi sb`pi fj r`t

a`rdgfkyfayti aè hi `pprfxgk`tid `s ` aycgedrga`c rfd% Ge ixpirgkiets# aiccs wiri

`cgleid `cfel tbi y `xgs% Tbus# Dy afrrispfedid tf cfelgtudge`c dgjjusgfe afijffagietDC èd Dx ; Dz tf tbi trèsvirsi fei DTX%

DAs# afeaietr`tgfes# èd trgpcit st`ti p`r`kitirs wiri ditirkgeid hy ffttgel Iq%01

wgtb tbi afrric`tgfe jueatgfe istgk`tid jrfk ki`surikiets% Biri# afrric`tgfe hi+

twiie pgxics fe tbi s`ki cgei `s wicc `s pgxics fe twf `doàiet cgeis w`s usid% Jgt

w`s pirjfrkid usgel tbi ci`st squ`ris kitbfd hy tbi Civiehirl+K`rqu`rdt `clfrgtbk

"01'% Getilr`c ge Iq%01 w`s ditirkgeid eukirga`ccy tf t`mi getf àafuet tbi `sykki+

try fj tbi ^QJ# `s ge "08'% ^QJ ki`surikiets wiri afeduatid riluc`rcy sf `s tf virgjy

tb`t gt rik`ges st`hci tbrfulbfut tbi ixpirgkiet sirgis% Jgts wiri pirjfrkid wgtb tbi

^QJ fht`geid jfr tbi aurriet `cglekiet%

Ijjiat fj ufrfpbfri pbftfhciàbgel aè hi afkpies`tid jfr hy usgel tbi `pprfàb

`ppcgid ge "2# 04'% Tbgs gevfcvis afrriatgel tbi afrric`tgfe aurvis fht`geid jfr tbi g+tb

gk`li hy kuctgpcygel gt wgtb tbi r`tgf fj `vir`li getiesgty fj tbi g+tb gk`li tf tb`t fj

tbi ffrst gk`li% \i dgd eft `ppcy tbgs afrriatgfe# bfwivir# `s wi pirjfrk XGAQ è`c+

ysgs fecy tf è suhsiatgfe fj tbi riafrdid gk`lis wbiri tbi `vir`li gk`li getiesgty

dgd eft abèli fvir tgki% Tbgs siciatgvgty ijjiatgvicy kiès tb`t ` sip`r`ti afkpie+

s`tgfe jàtfr gs eft eiaiss`ry% Dui tf tbi bglb pbftfst`hgcgty fj tbi dyis ikpcfyid "`s

gedga`tid hy cfel st`hci rèlis ge gk`li siquieais' wi afesgdirid trgpcit st`tis `s tbi

k`ge aùsi jfr cfss fj ufrisaieai tb`t wfucd getirjiri wgtb DA istgk`tgfe%

Jfr a`cghr`tgfe# tbi ^QJ w`s sa`cid wgtb tbi sa`cgel jàtfr tb`t w`s fptgkgzid tflitbir

wgtb ftbir p`r`kitirs wbie ffttgel tbi ki`surikiets riafrdid ge w`tir èd sfcutgfe%

Tbi sa`cgel jàtfr w`s jfued tf hi 0%>48>%>04 "e;84'% Z`cui fj 0%>4 w`s usid wbieè`cysgel d`t` riafrdid ge a`rdgfkyfaytis%

\bie istgk`tgel DAs wgtb XGAQ ge aiccs# gk`lis `ri ffrst prfaissid hy rikfvgel tbi

gkkfhgci jràtgfe fj tbi sgle`c usgel kfvgel `vir`li# `s ge "8# 09'% Jfr tb`t gk`lis

wiri hcurrid wgtb ` 1x1 mireic "iàb pgxics v`cui w`s t`mie `s tbi `vir`li fj tbi

pgxic tflitbir wgtb gts acfsist eiglbhfrs' tf riduai getirjirieai wgtb DA istgk`tgfe

"sii Quppfrtgel risucts'% Tbgs gs sgkgc`r tf tbi `pprfàb usid ge "2'%

8%1 Qfcutgfes

Tbi ki`surikiet sfcutgfe afet`geid "ge kK' >%9 ILT@ "Qglk # >1 KlAc8 "Qglk`# :1>:2'# 8> BIÎQ "Qglk`# B11 tùrgei "Qglk`# 2:187'# >%9 dgtbgftbrigtfc "Qglk`# D>:18' èd :>

càtfhgfe`ti "Qglk`# C8172'# 9 lcut`k`ti "Qglk`# 47447'# 8 k`c`ti "Qglk`# K:401'%

Ge `ddgtgfe# 9 kl&kc HQ@ "Xfabi# 0> 0' w`s `ddid# èd p

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Analysis of Molecular Movements in Cardiac Myocytes