ANALYSIS OF DURIAN (Durio spp

By :Elisa Nur Halimah125040200111161

Supervised By :Dr. Ir. Damanhuri, MS.

THE ANALYSIS OF DURIAN (Durio spp.) RELATIONSHIP BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN BANYUWANGI, EAST JAVA

INTRODUCTION

What is durian? How about durian in Banyuwangi?

What have to do?

INTRODUCTION

Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Included in the family Bombacaceae which is known as tropical fruit from South east Asia, especially

Indonesia. Durian included climateric fruit, enclosed seed (Angiospermae) and seedlings usually with two seed leaves or

cotyledons.

What is durian?

INTRODUCTION

Banyuwangi has some kind of local durian, one of which is Banyuwangi red durian. Banyuwangi red durian is horticultural plant which is quite rare, endemic and exotic. In addition to the red durian, Banyuwangi also has durian with white and yellow flesh colour. The high diversity of durian Banyuwangi can be used as a

base asset in the plant breeding such as selection and crossbreeding.

How about durian in Banyuwangi?

INTRODUCTION

Supporting these activities, should be characterized to determine the relationship between the types of durian (Durio spp.). The closer relationship between the types of durian can improve crossbreeding succes in the breeding program.

Genetic relationship between genotypes in the durian population can be measured by the same number of characters with assumption is different characters between

the types of durian shows different genotype.

What have to do?

PURPOSES AND HYPOTHESES

Purposes

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diversity of Banyuwangi durian and knowing the

coefficient of genetic similarity and also relationship based on their morphology

characters.

PURPOSES AND HYPOTHESES

Hypotheses

There is difference in characteristic and genetic relationship between the types of

Banyuwangi durian.

LOCATION

Research Location

LOCATION

Research Location

KALIPURO SUBDISTRICT

• Sample 9 latitude/longitude: 8006’11.70” S and 114016’39.42” E, elevation : 1080 m above the sea level, rainfall : 7,08 mm3






KALIPURO SUBDISTRICT







LOCATION

Research Location

GIRI SUBDISTRICT


LOCATION

Research Location

GLAGAH SUBDISTRICT








LOCATION

Research Location

LICIN SUBDISTRICT




LOCATION

Research Location

SONGGON SUBDISTRICT

• Sample 1 latitude/longitude: 8015’55.98” S and 114013’59.16” E, elevation : 238 m above the sea level, and rainfall : 23,25 mm3

• Sample 2 latitude/longitude: 8015’55.98” S and 114013’59.16” E, elevation : 238 m above the sea level, and rainfall : 23,25 mm3






RESEARCH TIME

Research Time

Research conducted in November 2015 up to March 2016.

MATERIALS AND TOOLS

ToolsMaterialsCAMERA

SQUANT

DESCRIPTOR BOOK

QUESTIONNAIRE

STATIONARY

YELLOW DURIAN

RED DURIAN

WHITE DURIAN

METHODS, VARIABEL, AND ANALYSIS

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RESEARCH METHODS

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The method used is a exploration, it search about durian plants location in the 5 research subdistricts and interview is method of collecting data through structured question to each durian farmer, then all of the answers obtained is recorded, processed, and analyzed Identification is also conducted to directly observe durian trees using durian descriptors guide books from Bioversity International.

Identification using qualitative and quantitative descriptive methods. Identification on the vegetative and generative organs of plants, based on the morphology character is observed both qualitatively and quantitatively then elaborated descriptively.

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1

VARIABEL OBSERVATION

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• Growth descriptor (trunk surface, crown shape, tree growth habit, branching density)

• Leaf descriptor (leaf upper and lower surface colour, leaf attitude, leaf blade shape, leaf apex shape, leaf base shape, leaf blade margin, leaf texture, leaf upper and lower surface glossiness)

• Fruit descriptor (fruit shape, shape of fruit apex, shape of fruit base, fruit spine shape, fruit spine density, aril texture, flesh colour )

• Seed descriptor ( seed shape, seed coat colour, seed coat colour intensity)

1

Qualitative2

VARIABEL OBSERVATION

1

Quantitative

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3

Leaf blade length, fruit stalk length, and number of carpels per

fruit.

DATA ANALYSIS

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Qualitative and quantitative characters are transformed into binary data. Qualitative and quantitative data are assessed numerically that illustrates the differences.

Data from the observations that have been transformed, arranged into table form using Microsoft Excel, then analyzed the matrix similarity with SIMQUAL procedure (Similarity for qualitative data) and continued analysis of grouping using SAHN (Sequential Agglomerative Hierarchycal Nested Cluster Analysis) procedure in NTSYS program version 2.02

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4

GENERAL CONDITION OF DURIAN HABITAT

KALIPURO

Village Planting Areas Topography Type of Durio Discovered

KelirYard Flat 1 red durioYard Flat 1 yellow durioField Flat 1 red durio

GombengsariYard Flat 1 yellow durio Yard Flat 1 white durio

Telemong

Yard Flat 1 red durio Yard Flat 1 red durio Field Flat 1 white durioYard Flat 1 white durioYard Flat 1 red durio

Bulu Sari Yard Flat 1 white durio


GIRI


Grogol Field Flat 1 white durio


GLAGAH


Paspan Field Flat 1 yellow durio

Kenja Field Flat 1 white durio

Kemiren Yard Flat 1 red durio

Kampung AnyarYard, near stream Slope 1 yellow durio

Tamansuruh Yard Flat 1 white durio

OlehsariPaddy, near stream Flat 1 red durio

Field Flat 1 white durio


LICIN


Banjar

Field Flat 1 yellow durio

Yard Flat 1 yellow durio

Licin




SONGGON

Village Planting Areas Topography

Type of Durio Discovered

Balak Field, near stream Flat 1 yellow durio, 1 white durio, dan 2 red durio

Songgon Yard, near stream Flat 1 yellow durio

Bayu Forest with stand of coffe, vanilla, and mangosteen Flat 1 red durio dan 1

white durio

CULTIVATION TECHNICAL

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3 4


PROPAGATION METHODS

Most of the farmers were in Kalipuro, Songgon, Licin, and

Giri used seeds in their propagation methods. It was different from Glagah farmer whom used grafting technique

in propagation methods (about 85,71%) and the other

also used seeds (about 14,29%) in durian

propagation

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3 4


IRRIGATION

All farmers were in Kalipuro, Licin, and Giri used rainfed irrigation to irrigate durian

plants, whereas Songgon and Glagah farmers, about 20%,

combined with pump irrigation. Pump irrigation

was only done when drought, it utilized river as water

sources (some durian habitats were near the stream)

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3 4


FERTILIZATION

All of the farmers were in Licin, Glagah, and Giri used

goat manure to supplay durian nutrition, whereas

farmers were in Kalipuro and Songgon used manure and urea for their durian plants

(about 27,27% in the Kalipuro and 14,29% in the Songgon). In the Kalipuro Subdistrict, giving urea was intended to

coffe plant, yet durian plants also given because of near

with coffe plant

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PLANTING LOCATION

In the Kalipuro subdistrict, durian plant is planted as much as 54,55% in the yard and 45,45% in the small land (< 5 ha). In the Songgon subdistrict, durian plant is planted as much as

14,29% in the yard and 85,71% in the small land (< 5 ha). In the Glagah

subdistrict, durian plant is planted as much as 42,86% in the yard and

57,14% in the small land (< 5 ha). In the Licin subdistrict, durian plant is planted as much as 75% in the yard

and 25% in the small land (< 5 ha). In the Giri subdistrict, durian plant is

planted as much as 100% in the small land (< 5 ha) (research only done in 1

farmer).

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3

MORPHOLOGY CHARACTERS OF WHITE DURIAN

MORPHOLOGY CHARACTERS OF RED DURIAN

MORPHOLOGY CHARACTERS OF YELLOW DURIAN

PARTICULAR MARKER

Based on 28 characters observed in each of white, red, and yellow durian, only flesh colour character that can be created as particular marker or differentiator between the three types of durian. Other characters, also had by three types of durian so between of red, white, and yellow durian hardly distinguished, especially in the vegetative phase.

THE COLOUR DIFFERENCE OF FLESH

Flesh colour characters in Banyuwangi durians divided into three groups which are red, white, and yellow colour. Flesh colours of red durians divided into three groups, which are blocking red, reddish orange, and pink-orange. Flesh colours of yellow durians divided into three groups, which are yellow, lemon yellow, and yellowish orange whereas flesh colour of white durians, only have one colour is creamy white.

RED DURIAN COLOURS

BLOCKING RED

REDDISH ORANGE

PINK-ORANGE

YELLOW DURIAN COLOURS

YELLOW LEMONYELLOW YELLOWISH ORANGE

WHITE DURIAN COLOURS

CREAMY WHITE

CLUSTER ANALYSIS

CLUSTER ANALYSIS

Range coefficients of cluster analysis on Banyuwangi durian, located between 0,79-0,86. Cahyarini, Yunus, and Purwanto (2004) reported relationship between plants had a similarity coefficient range ≥0,6 relatively close, whereas similarity coefficient range <0,6 farthest.

CLUSTER ANALYSIS

The closest relationship there between white durian of Songgon (2 P.S) with white durian of Kalipuro

(28 P.K) and also between white durian of Glagah (14 P.G) with

yellow durian of Glagah (20 K.G) on the coefficient 0.86

CLUSTER ANALYSIS

The farthest relationship there between yellow durian of Licin (23

K.L) with twenty-nine other durians on the coefficient 0,79.

This is because 23 K.L sample has a elliptical crown shape

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN YELLOW-YELLOW DURIAN

0,835

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WHITE-WHITE DURIAN

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RED-RED DURIAN

0,8350,805

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RED-WHITE DURIAN

0,805

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RED-YELLOW DURIAN

0,835

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WHITE-YELLOW DURIAN

CONCLUSION

• Grouping of durian types in Banyuwangi based on flesh colours, besides white, yellow, and red durian have many similarity morphology so hardly distinguished as vegetative phase

• The closest relationship there between white durian of Songgon (2 P.S) with white durian of Kalipuro (28 P.K) and also between white durian of Glagah (14 P.G) with yellow durian of Glagah (20 K.G) on the coefficient 0.86. The farthest relationship there between yellow durian of Licin (23 K.L) with twenty-nine other durians on the coefficient 0,79.

• Relationship in every durian types shows the farthest relationship to closest, respectively : 1) yellow-yellow durians; 2) red-red durians; 3) white-white durians. Relationship transtypes of durian shows the farthest relationship to closest, respectively: 1) red-yellow durians; 2) yellow-white durians; 3) red-white durians

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ANALYSIS OF DURIAN (Durio spp