Analysis of Austrian Cultural Landscapes

8/10/2019 Analysis of Austrian Cultural Landscapes

1/46

A N A L Y S I S O FA U S T R I A N C U L T U R A L L A N D S C A P E S

MAPPING GUIDE

Johannes PETERSEIL

Thomas WRBKA


2/46

Impressum

This field guide was developed within the projects SINUS Structural Indicators for

Sustainable Land Use and OER7 Landscape Development Model for theBohemian Region.

It was published for internal use only and was developed and created by

Dr.Thomas WRBKA and Mag. .Johannes Peterseil

(Univ.Wien- Institute for Ecology and Nature Conservation

Dep. for Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology,

Althanstrae 14, A-1091 Vienna)With the help of following experts:

Dr.F.M.Grnweis

Dr.Mag.K.Reiter

Mag.R.Vierlinger

C.Ott

H.Pfeiler

M.SchneidergruberE.Szerencsits

B.Thurner

Alle Rechte befinden sich bei den Autoren und MitarbeiterInnen sowie beim

Auftraggeber, dem Bundesministerium fr Wissenschaft, Verkehr und Kunst. Eine

wissenschaftliche Verwendung darf auerhalb der genannten Forschungsprojekte

des BMWVK-Leitschwerpunktes Kulturlandschaftsforschung nur mit

ausdrcklicher Erlaubnis der Autoren erfolgen. Eine kommerzielle Nutzung, etwa imRahmen von Auftragsarbeiten fr Dritte, ist erst nach Abschlu der

Forschungsarbeiten (ca.1998) und unter Beachtung des Urheberrechts mglich.

Auflagenzahl (engl. version.): 25

Erscheinungsort: Vienna

Erscheinungsdatum: 23.08.2001


3/46

A N A L Y S I S O FA U S T R I A N C U L T U R A L L A N D S C A P E S

MAPPING GUIDEVOLUMNE I

Guidelines

and

Forms


4/46

F IELD GUIDE A NALYSIS OF AUSTRIAN CULTURAL LANDSCAPES 1

[email protected]

Field GuideMAPPING AND ANALYSING

AUSTRIAN CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

1 Introduction

The results of this mapping project are the base for the description of Cultural Landscape

Types. Based on this cultural landscape types regionalized ## statements ## (Aussagen)

could be made.

The subdivision of the landscape is based on the analysis of landscape plots (##

Landschaftsausschnitten ##) in terms of structure, landscape inventory (## Ausstattung ##)

and ecological quality of landscape elements. The results of the mapping of these landscapeplots are analysed and then are extrapolated to the total landscape, based on the ideas of

stratified random sampling design.

The levels of landscape perception and analysis in terms of this project are the following:

1.LEVEL OF NATURAL AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE TYPES this is the level on which the total

landscape is subdivided into homogenous parts by the stratified random sampling procedure

on the base of several data sets (geology, terrain model and analysis of satellite images andareal photographs).

Based on the data and findings of the analysis at the end of the mapping period a new and

more detailed map of cultural landscape types for the study area can be derivied.

2. LEVEL OF THE LANDSCAPE PLOTS the landscape plots of 1x1 km are the base units for the

mapping and analysis procedure.

On this level the attributes of matrix, networks and patches of the landscape are assigned to

the landscape elements of a landscape plots. This landscape plots can be exactly allocatedby referring to the coordinates.

3. LEVEL OF THE LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS landscape elements are the smallest distinctable

spatial and functional units of the landscape mosaic, that can be distinguished on a 1 : 5.000

scale on a b/w areal photograph. Functional homogenous landscape elements sometimes

can exist of different spatial distinguishable partial units, the so called partial landscape

elements.

We can distinguish between the functional homogenous unit, the so called MAIN LANDSCAPE

ELEMENT (MLE) and the spatial homogenous unit, the so called PARTIAL LANDSCAPE ELEMENT


5/46

2 F IELD GUIDE A NALYSIS OF A USTRIAN C ULTURAL LANDSCAPES

[email protected]

(PLE). A main landscape element can exist of one or several partial landscape elements,

which can be differentiated by different land use (land use types) but are connected to a

functional unit, i.e. a corridor. The connection of the different parts of a main landscape

elements is more than the sum of parts. They create a new quality.

On this level the attributes of function, structure and history of the landscape elements are

assigned to the landscape elements.

4. LEVEL OF THE VEGETATION (VEGETATION TYPES) the partial landscape elements are

described or further differentiated by vegetation samples. But there is no difference in the

land use within a spatial homogenous partial landscape element. According to slightly

different site conditions (light, nutrients, disturbance, ) on a fine scale it is possible to get

different species combination within a homogenous land use.

The analysis of Level I are carried out before the mapping period to get the base units for the

outdoor mapping and after the mapping period to get a new and surface covering map of

cultural landscape types and their ecological values.

Data for the Level II. to IV. are gathered during the outdoor mapping period. They are the

base for further analysis.


6/46


[email protected]

2 Basic Outlines for Outdoor Mapping

In this short chapter a short overview about the method of the outdoor mapping should be

given. A more detailed description of the different items is given in the following chapters of

the manual.

2.1 Forms

For the documentation for the data different forms are available:

? Form A level of the landscape plots

? Form B level of the landscape elements

? Form C corresponding landscape elements

2.1.1 Form A level of the landscape plots

For each landscape plot a form with the essential information about the landscape plot have

to be recorded. This basic information about the landscape plot are:

? Internal number of the landscape plot ? Name of the landscape plot

? Project ? Short description of the landscape plot

? Date of recording and mapping ? Author

? Attributes of the matrix of the landscape

? Attributes of the networks of the landscape

? Description of the historical land use

2.1.2 Form B level of landscape elements

For each landscape element in the landscape plot following attributes have to be recorded on

the appropriate form. This are

On the level of Main Landscape Elements (MLE)

? Internal number of the landscape plot ? number of the main landscape element

? Date of recording and mapping ? Author

? Short description of the MLE

? Total width of MLE ? Total number of PLE in MLE

? Structural type of MLE


7/46


[email protected]

? preliminary cultural landscape type

within the preliminary cultural landscape type in the landscape plot

? Affiliation of the landscape element to a matrix

? Affiliation of the landscape element to a network

? Corresponding MLE

On the level of Partial Landscape Elements (PLE) (within the MLE)

? Internal number of PLE-Type

? Total number of PLE of this PLE-Type within the MLE

? Surface portion (%) of the PLE-Type in the MLE

? Average width (m) ? Short description of the PLE

? Morphographical attributes (see later) ? Land use attributes (see later)

? Landscape ecological attributes including landscape element origin types

? Corridor attributes of landscape elements with corridor function

2.1.3 Form C Corresponding Landscape Elements

Landscape elements which are found with similar attributes several times in the landscape

plot can be recorded as Corresponding Landscape Elements, that means their attribute

values are the same as the master Main Landscape Element (MLE) they are assigned. The

appropriate database entries are generated automatically within the database application

JOKL.

Following attributes have to recorded for each corresponding landscape element:

? internal number of the landscape element (must be a unique number within the

landscape plot)

? Land use type (according the list) ? Notes

? Difference to the master Main Landscape Element and the changes in attributevalues which have to be made manually by the author (i.e. slope, )

2.2 Numbering the Landscape Elements

2.2.1 Level of the Main Landscape Elements (MLE)

Each MLE gets a unique number within the landscape plot, that means that adjacentlandscape element with the same land use and landscape element origin attribute values


8/46


[email protected]

have to get different numbers. So we can respond to every single MLE by its unique

landscape element number. Usually the number starts with 1 in each landscape plot. The

maximum number then is the total count of MLE within the landscape plot.

Also every MLE which is created by the Corresponding Landscape Element procedure with

JOKL have to get a unique landscape element number within the landscape plot.

2.2.2 Level of Partial Landscape Elements (PLE)

The PLEs of a MLE which have the same attribute values are summarised to so called PLE-

types. For this PLE-types the total count of PLE that are summarised by this PLE-type and

the surface portion of the PLE-type within the MLE are recorded.

The numbering of PLE-types within the MLE is sequentially starting with 1. The first PLE-type

with the number 1 is the most dominant, frequent or important PLE within the MLE, i.e. the

road within a roadside corridor landscape element.

Example: Roadside corridor consisting of road, road slopes and road ditches along the road.

By smaller approach roads dissected road slopes are summarised to one PLE-type road

slope for which the attributes are recorded. The road as the most dominant and important

partial landscape element within the MLE gets the PLE-Type-Number 1.

2.3 Graphical representation (field map)

2.3.1 Level of the landscape plots

PRELIMINARY CULTURAL LANDSCAPE TYPES Within the landscape plot the different

preliminary cultural landscape types have to be delineated by the author. According to the

geomorphological and the land use situation homogenous parts with similar and repeatingspatial geomorphologic and land use patterns are summarised to so called PRELIMINARY

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE TYPESand delineated.

This Preliminary Cultural Landscape Types are the base for the matrix, network and

historical land use attributes. They also act as comparison for the results of the analysis of

the landscape structure.

MATRIX the delineation, description and attribution of the matrix within a landscape plot iscarried out for each Preliminary Cultural Landscape Type within the specific landscape plot.


9/46


[email protected]

The appropriate landscape elements are assigned to the matrix. The result is a map with the

matrix elements.

NETWORK the delineation, description and attribution of the networks within a landscape

plot are carried out for each Preliminary Cultural Landscape Type within the specific

landscape plot. The appropriate landscape elements are assigned to the network. The result

is a map with network elements.

HISTORICAL LAND USE within each Preliminary Cultural Landscape Type of the landscape

plot the historical land use of the matrix have to be recorded. In addition to that the historical

land use situation should be described in short within the description of the landscape plot.

The historical land use is recorded as a non formalised text with less than 120 characters.

2.3.2 Level of the landscape elements

Main Landscape Elements (MLE)

Every MLE have to be delineated on the field map based on a 1 : 5.000 b/w areal photograph

either as shape, line or point. To each MLE-feature on the field map the MLE-number have to

assigned.

The delineation has to be done on a transparent film with water resistant pens. Base of the

field map is a 1 : 5.000 areal photograph or a copy that is zoomed to that scale.

Partial Landscape Elements (PLE)

PLE arent delineated on the field map. They are recorded on the appropriate forms. The

surface coverage within the MLE have to be recorded. This is a very important information.

2.4 Digital Data

Database JOKL-LSD

The recorded data are feeded into the Landscape Structure Database by the database

application JOKL-LSD. The appropriate forms are present for the data input.

GIS ArcView and Arc/Info

The field maps are digitised by the authors of the outdoor mapping with the programs

ArcView or Arc/Info. Digital maps of the landscape plots are generated.


10/46


[email protected]

3 Field Guide Landscape Plots

Underlined words (i.e. TEST) refer to attribute inscriptions on the forms. Words in rectangular

brackets (i.e. [RAI]) refer to values, which can be set for the appropriate attribute.

With the key word STATUSo b l i g a t o r y or o p t i o n a l attributes are marked.

3.1 Form A Landscape Plot

Fig.2-0 Form Landscape Plot

MAP AREANR internal number of the landscape plot Status: obligatory

Number code of the landscape plot. Usually generated from the coordinates of the lower left

corner of the landscape plot. In addition to the number code a name for the landscape plot

should be recorded. This name should be the name of a location which can be found on a

topographical map.

PROJECT (Number or Letter) Code of the Project Status: obligatory

Short code of the project for which the mapping is carried out, i.e. [OER7], [IN2],

DATE Date of recording and mapping Status: obligatory

Date of description and mapping.


11/46


[email protected]

MAPPER Author of mapping and description Status: obligatory

DESCRIPTION Short description of the landscape plot Status: obligatory

Short description of the geomorphological, land use and historical land use situation of the

landscape plot. The most important characteristic features should be described in short.

MATRIX Attributes for the Matrix Status: obligatory

The matrix consists of those landscape elements, which are most connected and extended

and which play a key role in controlling the main ecological functions and processes of the

landscape (FORMAN & GODRON1986; FORMAN1995).

The definition of different matrix types within the preliminary cultural landscape types of a

landscape plot should be based on a broad view and knowledge of the landscape plot and its

surrounding. A matrix type which has only a small portion within the landscape plot can be

very extended outside the landscape plot.

Guideline for defining and delineating the matrix

? first the preliminary cultural landscape types within the landscape plots have to beidentified and delineated based on the geomorphology and land use. Homogenous

part according to this two attributes are delineated and described as preliminary

cultural landscape types.

? the matrix have to be the most extended and connected element type within the

preliminary cultural landscape of a landscape plot.

? the surrounding of the landscape plot have to be taken into consideration before

defining and delineating the different matrix types for the preliminary cultural

landscape types of a landscape plot.? is there a mixture of several land use types with similar portions and connectedness

more than one matrix type within a preliminary cultural landscape type of a

landscape plot have to be defined and delineated (i.e. mixture of crop land and

meadows in similar portions in the mixed agriculture of the hercynian uplands).

? normally there should be not more than three matrix types within one preliminary

cultural landscape type of the landscape plot.

CL-TYP-NR Number for the Preliminary Cultural Landscape Type Status: obligatory


12/46


[email protected]

First the preliminary cultural landscape types within the landscape plots have to be identified

and delineated based on the geomorphology and land use. Homogenous part according to

this two attributes are delineated and described as preliminary cultural landscape types.

The Preliminary Cultural Landscape Types are numbered sequentially starting with the value

1.

M-ID Number of the Matrix Status: obligatroy

Within the Preliminary Cultural Landscape Types the different Matrix types if present are

defined, delineated and numbered sequentially. This number is assigned to the Main

Landscape Elements (MLE) which belong to the matrix.

MATRIX -TYPE Type of the Matrix Status: obligatory

The type of the matrix is recorded

[ACK] crop land [WEI] viticulture

[GRU] meadows and pasture [WAL] forests

[SIE] settlement [SGR] subalpine grassland

[FEL] alpine rock and ice region

Beside the matrix type the different land use types which belong to the matrix can be listed.

Example: Mixed Agriculture

CL M-ID MATRIX-TYPE GRAIN & CONNECT BORDERLINE01 01 ACK / AI, AMI, AHI, AHM 2 201 02 GRU / WII, WMI 2 2

If there is a mixture of different land use types that form a homogenous mosaic of the matrix,

i.e. crop land and meadows of the typical agriculture of the hercynian uplands compose a

checkerboard shaped mosaic of the different matrix types. In this case two matrix types aredefined and delineated: first the crop land matrix that is dense connected with the second

matrix type the grassland matrix.


13/46


[email protected]

GRAIN & CONNECT Grain size and Connectedness of the Matrix Status: obligatory

Attribute of the matrix which describes the grain size and the connectedness of the matrix.

The values are set according to the following scale:

Type: MATRIXGRAIN SIZE AND CONNECTEDNESS

Level: Landscape Plot

VALUE F EATURE E XPRESSION E XAMPLE

1Fine grained matrix

with alow connectedness value

(Mig vernetzte, feinkrnige Matrix)

mixture from different land use typeswith small field plots that can hardlybe differentiated (i.e. fine grainedcrop land / grass land matrix,suburban settlement areas, )

small plots with similar land use buthighly dissected by corridors and/orpatches (i.e. settlement areas,viticulture with terraces, )

2Coarse grained matrix

with alow connectedness value

(Mig vernetzte grobkrnige Matrix)

mixture from different land use typeswith big field plots that can hardly bedifferentiated (i.e. fine grained cropland / grass land matrix, suburbansettlement areas, )

big plots with similar land use buthighly dissected by corridors and/orpatches (i.e. industrial areas,subalpine grass land, )

3Fine grained matrix

with ahigh connectedness value

(Hochvernetzte feinkrnige Matrix)

Regions dominated by fine grainedcrop land of grass land

Extended forests with high site orusage differentiation

4

4 Grain

Size

and

5 Conne

cted-

ness

Coarse grained matrixwith a

high connectedness value

(Hochvernetzte, grobkrnige Matrix)

Regions dominated by coarsegrained crop land or grass land

Extend forests with low site or use

differentiation


14/46


[email protected]

BORDERLINE Length and permeability of the borderline between the different matrix types

Status: obligatory

Attribute of the matrix which describes the length and permeability of the borderline between

the different matrix types within a landscape plot. Every matrix type have to be taken into

consideration, not only the matrix types within the Preliminary Cultural Landscape Types.


Type: MATRIXLENGTH AND PERMEABILITY OF THE BORDERLINE BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT MATRIX TYPES

Level: Landscape Plot

VAL UE F EATURES EXPRESSION EXAMPLE

1 Short and permeable or diffuseborderlineEdge of green and interdigitedsettlement area (settlement withsingular houses)

2 Short and impermeable or sharpborderlineBig compact clearings(Rodungsinsel), lakes or mixture ofcrop land and grass land with bigplots, etc.

3 Long and permeable or diffuseborderlineSubalpine Kampfwald, diffuse edgeof settlement areas with a portion ofgreen areas

4

Length andpermeability

of thecommon

borderlinebetween the

actual matrix

type to theadjacent

matrix types

Long and impermeable or sharpborderline

A big amoebic clearing or a complexof several small compact clearings,A big amoebic lake or a complex ofseveral small compact lakes,mixture of crop land and grass landwith small narrow plots, etc.

A short borderline indicates a clear separation between the adjacent landscape elements of

the different matrix types. If one matrix type is interspersed by landscape elements belonging

to a second matrix type, i.e. mixture of crop land and grass land in the typical agriculture of

the hercynian uplands, so the length of the common borderline increases dependent on the

degree of interspersion.

Permeable or diffuse borderlines we find in those cases where no clear differentiation

between two adjacent matrix types could be made. The two matrix types are mostlyinterdigitated. Impermeable or sharp borderlines we find where a clear distinction between

the adjacent matrix types could be made, i.e. big compact clearings in the hercynian uplands.


15/46


[email protected]

ADDITIONAL NOTE DELINEATION OF THE MATRIX ON THE FIELD MAP

Every matrix type within a Preliminary Cultural Landscape Type of the landscape plot gets a

unique number or ID. The edges of the matrix should be delineated on the field map on a

separate layer and the ID of the matrix should be assigned to the polygon.

The assignment of the matrix is done with a database application by assigning a matrix type

to a certain landscape element.

NETWORK Attributes of the networks Status: obligatory

On the level of the landscape plot landscape element which have a certain corridor function

and a certain land use type are united to network types.

Corridors are simple (line corridor) or more complex (strip and stream corridors) linear

features of the landscape who either connect or dissect the matrix. Normally they are

characterised by a sharp environmental gradient and phenomena (edge effect). They are

clearly separated from the surrounding matrix (FORMAN & GODRON 1986). There a three

different types of corridors (a) line corridors, (b) strip corridors and (c) zoned corridors. The

first is called a SIMPLE CORRIDORand last two are called a COMPLEX CORRIDOR.

Networks have to be identified and delineated within a Preliminary Cultural Landscape Type

of the landscape plot. That means that one network type, i.e. high dissecting road networks,can exist more than one time in a landscape plot. This is because the effect or benefits of

network are not the same in every landscape type. So we have to have a differentiated view

of the landscape.




this two attributes are delineated and described as preliminary cultural landscape types.The Preliminary Cultural Landscape Types are numbered sequentially starting with the value

1.

N-ID Number of the Network Status: obligatroy

Within the Preliminary Cultural Landscape Types the different Network types if present are

defined, delineated and numbered sequentially.

This number is assigned to the Main Landscape Elements (MLE) which belong to the

network to get a detailed map of the networks within a landscape plot.


16/46


[email protected]

NETWORKTYPE Type of a Network Status: obligatory, if present

We are able to differentiate between certain network types based on the complexity of the

structure, the dominant corridor function and the dominant land use types.

[RAI] field margin network type: normally consists of line corridors, i.e. field

margins, ...

[HEC] hedgerow network type: normally consists of strip or zoned corridors, i.e.

stream corridors, ...

[GEW] river network type: normally consists of line, strip or zoned corridors, i.e.

rivers, brooks or big ditches

[GRA] ditch network type: normally consists of line corridors, i.e. ditches or sealed

brooks, ...

[VER1] road network type with high dissecting value (highly sealed): normally

consists of line, strip or zoned corridors, i.e. big roads with ditches and road

slopes alongside, ...

[VER2] road network type with a moderate dissecting value (moderate sealed):

normally consists of line, strip or zoned corridors, i.e. dirt roads with ditches

alongside, ...

[LEI] line network type: normally consists of line corridors, i.e. overland high

voltage lines, ...

Separated by a slash it is possible to record information about the land use types of the

landscape elements belonging to the network type. This information is used for automatically

assignment with the appropriate database application JOKL-LSD.

Example: Mixed Agriculture

CL M-ID MATRIX-TYPE CONNECT

01 01 RAI / FR 301 02 VER1 / VV 301 03 VER2 / VB 4... ... ... ...


17/46


[email protected]

CONNECTEDNESS Connectivity of the Network type Status: obligatory

The attribute describes the connectivity of the network, that means the number of

connections (crossings) between the different parts of the network, the landscape elements

who belong to the network.


Type NETWORKCONNECTIVITY OF THE PARTS OF THE NETWORK

Level: landscape plot

VALUE F EATURES E XPRESSION E XAMPLE

1Not connected

The parts of the network dont haveany connection or crossing with each

other

Some isolated dirt roads or sealedroads who have no connection

togehter,isolated, not connected brooksystems with no connection to another brook in the landscape plot

2Low connected

Connections and crossing present,some parts of the network are

connected together (1 to 5 crossingpoints)

Some parts of a disintegratednetwork of field margins areconnected together (i.e. coarsegrained crop land matrix)

3Moderate connected

Several parts of the network areconnected together (more than 5

crossing points in the landscape plot)

Moderate connected road networkwith connections between the parts

of the network in different segmentsof the network; Moderate densenetwork of field margins in a loosenetwork landscape

4

Connectivity

of the parts ofthe network

High connectedMany parts of the network are

connected together

Dense road network with manycrossing points with other parts ofthe network, dense network of fieldmargins or hedgerows in a highconnected network landscape, ...

ADDITIONAL NOTE DELINEATION OF THE MATRIX ON THE FIELD MAP

Every network type within a Preliminary Cultural Landscape Type of the landscape plot gets

a unique number or ID. The network should be delineated on the field map on a separate

layer and the ID of the network should be assigned to the polygon.

The assignment of the networkis done with a database application by assigning a network

type to a certain landscape element.

H ISTORICAL LAND USE Historical Land Use in the Landscape Plot Status: obligatory

To evaluate landscape changes in a landscape plot and the effects for the landscape it isnecessary to think about the historical land use with the Preliminary Cultural Landscape

Types of the landscape plot. As a time mark one should take the time after the second world


18/46


[email protected]

war into consideration. In Austria there was a dramatic change in agriculture. It was the

change to the industrialised agriculture with a high amount of energy input to produce the

agricultural products.




this two attributes are delineated and described as preliminary cultural landscape types.

The Preliminary Cultural Landscape Types are numbered sequentially starting with the value

1.

H ISTORICAL LAND USE Historical Land Use in the Landscape Plot Status: obligatory

The historical land use should be recorded with a short description of as assignment of land

use types (Landnutzungstypen).

Conclusion

The attribution of networks and the matrix should be done at the end of the outdoor mapping

in the landscape plot. The author of the field mapping should have a good knowledge and

overview about the situation in the landscape plot when the attribution of networks and the

matrix is done.


19/46


[email protected]


20/46


[email protected]

4 Field Guide Landscape Elements

Underlined words (i.e. TEST) refer to attribute inscriptions on the forms. Words in rectangular

brackets (i.e. [RAI]) refer to values, which can be set for the appropriate attribute.With the key word STATUSo b l i g a t o r y or o p t i o n a l attributes are marked.

4 .1 Form B & C Landscape Element

Notes to the Form

The form consists of three parts: (A) first the part for information about the Main Landscape

Element, (B) second the part for information about the Partial Landscape Elements (there is

place for 5 PLEs) and (C) third the part to list Corresponding Landscape Elements.

4.1.1 Part A Level of Main Landscape Element

In the grey part of the form the Landscape Plot and the Main Landscape Element (MLE)

Number is recorded divided by a slash.

[QU] Landscape plot and [MLE] MLE number

A

B

C


21/46


[email protected]

QU Number of the Landscape Plot Status: obligatory

The number code for the landscape plot is a six to eight digit number code of the coordinates

of south-western corner point of the landscape plot, normally as BMN-Coordinates in Austria

or UTM-Coordinates in other countries.

We take the thousands part of the x- and y-coordinate of the south-western point of the

landscape plot.

Example: Landscape Plot Leithen / Eden (Upper Austria)

BMN-Coordinates (Austrian Version of Gau-Krger-Coordinates) of the south-western

corner of the landscape plot Leithen / Eden (working name)!

COORDINATE CODE

? x-coordinate 471.000 471? y-coordinate 366.000 366? n umber code 471366

MLE Number of the Main Landscape Element Status: obligatory

The Main Landscape Elements (MLE) are numbered sequentially within the landscape plot

starting by the number 1. Each MLE gets a unique number so that we can refer to it by asingle number, the MLE number code.

MLE with a similar land use management and situation have to get different MLE numbers.

The MLE number have to be unique. In this case you can use the corresponding landscape

elements to automatically generate a sequence of records in the database of similar

landscape elements based on a certain master landscape element.

DATE Date of the recording and mapping Status: obligatory

MAPPER Name of the Author Status: obligatory

WI D T H Total Width of the Main Landscape Element Status: obligatory

For complex landscape elements, i.e. a zoned corridor with more than one partial landscape

element one have to record the total width of the Main Landscape Element in m [meter].

NUMBER LE Total number of Partial Landscape Elements Status: obligatory

The total number of Partial Landscape Elements (spatial homogenous partial units of the

functional homogenous main landscape element) have to be recorded. Just the number of


22/46


[email protected]

different types of PLEs are recorded.

If the Main Landscape Element is recorded as SIMPLE PATCHor as LINEAR CORRIDOR, then it

consists only of one Partial Landscape Element. If it is recorded as COMPLEX PATCHor STRIP

CORRIDOR, then it consists of more than one Partial Landscape Elements.

MLE-DESCRIPTION Short description of the MLE Status: obligatory

A short description about the situation of the Main Landscape Element should be given. This

is done to get a better view about the landscape element during the analysis session. The

description should be short and significant.

TYPE OF STRUCTURE Status: obligatory

We can divide the elements of the landscape into dot, line and polygon elements

(ZONNEVELD 1995). This is according to the differentiation of patch, corridor and matrix

elements (FORMAN & GODRON 1986; FORMAN 1995). But this types also have important

implications to their function and position in the landscapes ecology.

To get a first hint about their function its important to get an idea about the complexity of the

landscape element of its shape. Each landscape element have to assigned to one of the four

structural element types independent of its function as matrix, network or patch element in

the landscape mosaic.

SIMPLE PATCH x SP x CP COMPLEY PATCHLINEAR CORRIDOR x LC x SC STRIP CORRIDOR

Patches

Patches are landscape elements with a small ground area or point elements who differ

markedly from their surrounding, either because of the distribution of environmental

resources, disturbance regimes or because of their age structure. They act as islands in the

sea of the surrounding matrix (FORMAN & GODRON1986; FORMAN1995).

Size, shape and distribution of patches in the matrix are important characteristics which

interfere function and dynamic of the patches (FORMAN & GODRON1986).

[SP] S IMPLE PATCH is a isolated landscape element with a relative small area (in

comparison to the matrix), who has no further structural differentiation in its horizontal

dimension. Differences on the level of the vegetation which occur due to slightly different

land use regimes have to be recorded by vegetation samples.

A SIMPLE PATCH only consists of only one Partial Landscape Element who has the same

area as the Main Landscape Element. The functional unit and the spatial unit cover each


23/46


[email protected]

other exactly.

Example: Crop Fields, meadows

[CP] COMPLEX PATCH is a isolated landscape element with a relative small area (in

comparison to the matrix), where the functional unit (Main Landscape Element) can be

divided into two or more spatial homogenous units (Partial Landscape Elements). A

COMPLEX PATCHcan consists of two or more Partial Landscape Elements who are recorded

separately.

Within a Main Landscape Element (MLE) a Partial Landscape Element (PLE) is defined if it

differs in the land use type (land use regime) from other parts of the MLE. Differences in the

vegetation of a PLE due to slightly differences in the land use regime are recorded by

vegetation samples.

The combination and complex of the PLE of a MLE is more than the sum of parts because

they act as a functional unit in the landscape who interfere each other. The PLEs are

assigned to the MLE if there is a basic functional relationship.

PLEs dontt have to be delineated on the field map but the surface portion (%) which they

cover within the MLE have to recorded by a rough estimation!

The PLEs within a MLE are numbered sequentially starting with 1. The first PLE with the

number 1 is the most important or dominant PLE (see also STRIP CORRIDORS).

Example: Gravel pit with a small pond, young exploitation areas and fallow areas (Traisental)

The gravel pit is a functional unit (MLE) which can be divided into different spatial

units, the PLEs, i.e. the young exploitation areas (see Fig. 01)

The most dominant or the most important PLE gets the number 1. If it is an active

gravel pit, normally the young exploitation areas get the PLE number 1. If it is an

fallow gravel pit normally the fallow areas with different successional stages getthe PLE number 1.


24/46


[email protected]

Fig. 01. COMPLEX PATCH: cross section through a gravel pit defining the MLE and PLEs

Example: Blockstreuwiesen meadows with stones and rocky outcrops

The characteristic ensemble of the landscape element is the combination of

stones and the meadows. There is a functional connection but also a connection

in the origin of the complex landscape element.

Corridors

Corridors are linear or strip shaped landscape elements who have either transportation or

barrier function. They are normally separated by sharp environmental gradients from their

surrounding, the matrix. Nearly all landscapes are both divided and at the same time tied

together by corridors (FORMAN & GODRON1986; FORMAN1995).

[LC] L INE CORRIDOR are simple structured linear landscape elements who have

either transportation and /or barrier function. Along the cross section there is no further

differentiation into structures or zones. He consists of only one zone or PLE.

Differences in the species composition along the corridor which occur due to slightly

differences in the land use regime (but the same land use type) are recorded by vegetation

samples.

Example: ditches with a concrete bed, overland high voltage lines, small roads without

ditches or road slopes, ...

12 3

MLE


25/46


[email protected]

[SC] STRIP CORRIDOR are complex linear landscape elements who have either

transportation and / or barrier function. Along the cross section of the strip corridor we can

find a clear differentiation into several clear separated zones or PLEs. A strip corridor have to

consists of at least one zone or PLE who we can find along the whole landscape element,

i.e. a brook or a road. Beside this central zone we can find one or more accompanied linear

or patchy landscape elements.

The central continuous and most important zone get the PLE number 1. The other PLEs or

zones are numbered sequentially with a unique number within the MLE.






Example: rail corridor on a dam

This landscape element can be seen as a functional unit, a Main Landscape

Element (see Fig. 02). We find a central continuous, important zone or PLE,

the rail. This PLE gets the number 1.

Beside that we find the accompanying slopes of the dam with different

successional stages of the vegetation but with a certain homogenous way of

using or maintaining them. This accompanying PLEs get the number 2 and 3

and are treated as separate PLEs.

Fig. 02. railway on a dam defining the MLE and PLEs

12 3

MLE


26/46


[email protected]

A similar situation we find with roadside corridors or artificial stream corridors.

Example: natural stream corridor with accompanying wooded landscape elements

Fig. 03. stream corridor defining the MLE and PLEs

The stream and its accompanying landscape elements and structures can be

seen as a functional unit which is tied together by a certain natural disturbance

regime and by a certain distribution of environmental resources. So we can

define the stream corridor as a Main Landscape Element who has a

differentiation into different zones along the cross section of the corridor (see

Fig. 03).

We find a central, continuous landscape element, the brook or the river. This

landscape element is the continuous and most important. So it gets the PLE

number 1. The other accompanying landscape elements, who can either be

linear or patchy are numbered sequentially as in our example with the

numbers 2 and 3. They are treated as separate PLEs. The width and the

surface portion they are covering within the MLE have to recorded as a rough

estimation.

MA Membership of Matrix Type Status: obligatory, if present

The membership of a Main Landscape Element (MLE) to a Matrix Type could be done by

assigning the Matrix-ID (see M-ID; Form A Level of Landscape Plot) to the MLE.

NE Membership of Network Type Status: obligatory, if present

The membership of a Main Landscape Element (MLE) to a Network Type could be done by

12 3

MLE


27/46


[email protected]

assigning the Network-ID (see N-ID; Form A Level of Landscape Plot) to the MLE.

4.1.2 Part B Level of Partial Landscape Element

If we find different spatial homogenous sub units within a functional homogenous Main

Landscape Element we have to record them as Partial Landscape Elements, who can be

differentiated by different land use types within the Main Landscape Elements (see

COMPLEXPATCH and STRIPCORRIDOR).


they act as a functional unit in the landscape who interfere each other. The PLEs areassigned to the MLE if there is a basic functional relationship.



Note!Every Main Landscape Element consists of at least one Partial Landscape Element!

The attributes for the Partial Landscape Element could be divided into different parts whichprovides us different important information about the landscape element.

? general part ? morphography

? land use ? origin and structure

4.1.2.1 General Part

PLE Partial Landscape Element Number Status: obligatory

Similar Partial Landscape Elements within a MLE can be combined to a PARTIAL LANDSCAPE

ELEMENT TYPE. This Partial Landscape Element Types are numbered sequentially within the

MLE starting with the value 1. The maximum value is 99.

The central continuous (Strip Corridors) or most important PLE (Strip Corridor and Complex

Patch) get the PLE number 1. The other PLEs or zones are numbered sequentially with a

unique number within the MLE.



28/46


[email protected]





NR Count of Partial Landscape Elements within the Partial Landscape Element Type

Status: obligatory

The number of PLE within a PLE Type (see above) should be counted to get a hint about the

complexity of the landscape element, i.e. a road slope which is dissected by approach roads

to the main road.

ARE %- Surface portion of the total PLE Type Area within the MLE Status: obligatory



NOTE Short description of the PLE Status: obligatory, if different to MLE

A short and significant description of the PLE (Type) should be given to get a better

understanding of the situation. It is important because mapper and analyser are different

persons.

With this description one could record information which he couldnt in formalised way

through the other attributes.

4.1.2.2 Morphography

WI D T H Average width of the PLEs of a PLE Type Status: obligatory, if present

For linear landscape elements the average width in m [meters] should be recorded. This is

also important to get a hint about the borderlength within the MLE.

HEIGTH Average height of the PLEs of a PLE Type Status: obligatory, if present

The average height of the structure of the landscape element should be recorded in m

[meters]. Its important to get a better idea about the geomorphologic structure within a

landscape plot. The height, i.e. of a road slope is estimated or exactly measured.


29/46


[email protected]

VEGH Average height of the vegetation in m [meters] Status: optional

The average height of the vegetation on a landscape element is important for view analysis.

It is an important information but or low priority.

INCL Inclination or average slope of the PLE Status: obligatory

The average slope of the PLEs within a PLE Type should be recorded. This is done by

assigning slope classes. If there are more than one slope classes present within the PLE

Type the most dominant slope class is recorded. The other should be mentioned as part of

the description of the PLE.

Is there a sharp change in the slope classes within a landscape element we have to

delineate new Main Landscape Elements.

Code Class Slope in Slope in %[1] plain to slight slopes 0 to 5 0 to ~9%[2] slight slopes to moderatly step 6 to 14 9 to ~27%[3] steep 15 to 29 27 to ~58%[4] very steep 30 to 44 58 to ~100%[5] rugged (Sturzhang) more than 45 more than 100%

EXP Expostion of the PLEs Status: obligatory

The exposition of the PLEs within a PLE Type have to be recorded. This is done by

assigning exposition classes according the eight part compass card. If there are more thanone expostion classes present within the PLE Type the most dominant class is recorded. The

other should be mentioned as part of the description of the PLE.

[N] north [S] south[NE] north-east [SW] south-west [KEX] plain (no certain expo.)[E] east [W] west [MEX] many exposition[SE] south-east [NW] north-west

LAFON Natural Landforms Status: obligatory

Geomorphologic forms, landforms, according to a definition list (see list)

I -C ODE C-C OD E MORPHOTOPE NATRLICH MORPHOTYPE NATURAL

100 HANG Hang i.A. (incl. Halde)110 HAKV konkave Hangformen (incl. Hangmulde Delle Kar Einsattelung)111 HAKX konvexe Hangformen112 HAPL plane Hangform120 OHAPL Oberhangsituation plan121 OHAKX Oberhangsituation konvex

122 OHAKV Oberhangsituation konkav130 MHAPL Mittelhangsituation plan131 MHAKX Mittelhangsituation konvex132 MHAKV Mittelhangsituation konkav


30/46


[email protected]

140 UHAPL Unterhangsituation plan141 UHAKX Unterhangsituation konvex142 UHAKV Unterhangsituation konkav150 HANFU Hangfu200 KEGEL Schuttkegel (terrestrische Bildungen)210 FAECH Schwemmkegel und -fcher (fluviatile Bildung)310 BSC Bschung Hangleiste Terrassensprung

320 RUECK Rcken- und Riedelsituationen330 KUPPE Kuppensituationen340 KAMM Kamm Gra Gipfel t410 DUENE dnenhnliche Aufschttung (incl. Uferwall Seedamm) dune510 BLOCK Felsblockgebilde (Blockburg Blockstreu Blockstrom) wall520 WAND Konglomerat- Lwand)530 KANTE Gelndekante und -versteilungen611 SCHLU Schlucht Klamm gorge612 KERBT Kerbtlchen Tobel Graben613 MULDT Muldentlchen614 TALBO Talbden (Ebenheit 1) flunah615 TALS Talsohle710 HOHLF geschlossene Hohlform (incl. Doline Toteisloch Seebecken810 ALTAR Altarm (incl. Fluarm Totarm Trockenarm)

820 SCHUE rezente fluviatile Aufschttung (incl. Delta Kiesbank Sand831 FURKA Bach- bzw. Flulauf mit Furkation832 MAEAN Bach- bzw. Flulauf mit Mandern833 LINEA Bach- bzw- Flulauf mit gestrecktem Verlauf 900 EBEN Verebnungen / Ebenheit (Ebenheit 3) flufern910 TERRA periglaziale Terrassen (Ebenheit 2) flunah

LAFOA Anthropogenic Landforms Status: obligatory

Geomorphologic forms, landforms, according to a definition list (see list)

4.1.2.3 Land cover and land use

LACO Land cover or land use type Status: obligatory

Land use type according to the definition list (see list). This is one of the most important

information. The attribute value is set according to the following list.

C-Code Acker land crop landAI Getreideacker intensiv gra in f ie lds intensiveAMI Getreideacker mig intensiv gra in f ie lds medium in tensiveAE Getreideacker extensiv gra in f ie lds extensiveAFF Acker mit Feldfutteranbau forage cropsAHI Acker Hackfrucht intensiv root crop intensiveAHM Acker Hackfrucht mig intensiv root crop medium in tensiveAHE Acker Hackfrucht extensiv root crop extensive

C-Code Grnland meadows & pasturesBWJ Baumwiese jung orchard youngBWA Baumwiese alt orchard oldBWEJ Baumweiden jung pasture with joung t rees


31/46


[email protected]

BWEA Baumweiden alt pasture wi th o ld t reesWII Wiese intensiv meadow intensiveWMI Wiese mig intensiv meadow medium intensiveWIE Wiese extensiv meadow extensiveWEI Weide intensiv pasture in tensiveWEMI Weide mig intensiv pasture medium in tensiveWEE Weide extensiv pasture extensive

C-Code Obst - u . Weinbau vineyards & fru i t p lanatat ionsWGI Weingarten intensiv v ineyard in tensiveWGM Weingarten mig intensiv v ineyard medium in tensiveWGE Weingarten extensiv vineyard extensiveGP Gehlzplantagen f ru i t p lantat ion

C-Code Wlder und Forste forests & t imber p lantat ionsW nicht beschriebener Wald fores t unde f .WN Wald naturnah natura l fo res tWMN Wald mig naturnah seminatura l forestWFJ Wald Forst jung t imber plantat ion youngWFA Wald Forst alt t imber p lantat ion old

C-Code Gewsser running water & water bodiesSTK Stillgewsser knstlich lake art i f ic ialSTN Stillgewsser naturnah lake seminaturalSTL Stillgewsser natrlich lake naturalPSK periodisches Stillgewsser knstlich per iod ic pool ar t i f ic ia lPSN periodisches Stillgewsser natrlich per iodic pool naturalGV Fliegewsser verbaut stream ar t i f ic ialGMN Fliegewsser mig naturnah stream seminaturalGN Fliegewsser naturnah stream naturalPFK periodisches Fliegewsser knstlich per iod ic st ream art i f ic ialPFN periodisches Fliegewsser natrlich per iod ic s t ream natura l

C-Code Brachen fa l low & set as ide land

BG Brache mit Gehlzflur o ld fa l low land w ith shrubsBS Brache mit Staudenflur o ld fa l low land wi th ta l l herbsBJ Brache jung young fal low land

C-Code Kleinstrukturen smal l b iotopesALLJ Allee avenue wi thyoung t reesALLA Allee avenue wi th o ld t reesHB Hecke Baum hedgerow of t reesHS Hecke Strauch hedgerow of shrubsEBJ Einzelbaum jung young so l i tary t reeEBA Einzelbaum alt o ld so l i tary t reeFG Feldgehlz smal l woodlotFR Feldraine f ie ld marg inLKA Lineare Kleinarchitektur bui l t up e lement l inear

FKA flchige Kleinarchitektur bui l t up e lementPKA punktfrm. Kleinarchitektur bui l t up e lement punct i f .

C-Code Verkehrswege roadsVB Verkehrswege begrnt roads vegetatedVV Verkehrsweg versiegelt paved roadsVW Verkehrsweg wassergebunden dir t roadsWS wassergebundene Sonderflchen Other unpaved areasVS versiegelte Sonderflchen other paved areas

C-Code Siedlung u. Indust rie bui l t up areasMAT Materialentnahmestellen min ing, extract ion areasDEP Materialdeponien Deposi t ion, land f i l l

PG Parks u. Grten Gardens, parksSG Siedlung grn Set t lements, vegetatedSV Siedlung versiegelt set t lements pavedDFK Dorfkern Vi l lage


32/46


[email protected]

DFKA Dorfkern aufgelockert v i l lage vegetatedDFKV Dorfkern verdichtet v i l lage pavedDFR Dorfrand suburbDFRA Dorfrand aufgelockert suburb vegetatedDFRV Dorfrand verdichtet suburb pavedEIG Einzelgehfte und Kleinweiler detached h.EIGA Einzelgehfte und Kleinweiler aufgelockert detached h ouses veg .

EIGV Einzelgehfte und Kleinweiler verdichtet detached houses pavedEIH Einzelhausbebauung one-family h .EIHA durchgrnte Einzelhausbebauung one-fami ly houses veg.EIHV verdichtete Einzelhausbebauung one-family houses pavedBZA Blockrand- bzw. Zeilenverbauung aufgelst b locksBZV Blockrand- bzw. Zeilenverbauung verdichtet b locksIGA Ind.- und Gewerbegeb. aufgelockert indust r ial si tes veg.IGV Ind.- und Gewerbegeb. verdichtet indust r ia l s i tes paved

LARE Land regime of the PLE Status: obligatory

The land regime defines how the crops or the grass land is used exactly. It allows us to get a

finer understanding about the processes and disturbances going on at a landscape element.

The land regime is recorded according to the definition list (see list).

CRT Crop Type Status: optional

The crop type, i.e. barley, clover, Arrhenatherum-grassland, ..., gives us a deeper

understanding in the way the landscape is used and about the threats coming from

agriculture. We also get a hint about crop rotation and fertiliser input.Its important to record the actual crop on the landscape element. If its possible to get

information about previous crops on the landscape element this information should be

recorded in the description of the PLE.

The Crop Type is recorded according to the definition list (see list).

4.1.2.4 Origin and structure

HEM Hemerobic State Status: obligatory

The hemerobic state is the effect of the anthropogenic influence to ecosystems. This concept

describes the molestation of the landscape so that we can define several stages from

natural, semi-natural to artificial. This classes can be assigned according to the

anthropogenic influence at the landscape element.

The concept of the hemerobic state was developed by Jalas (1955) and Sukopp (1969,

1972) and introduced to the European tradition of vegetation and landscape ecology. The


33/46


[email protected]

hemerobic state in their sense could be understood as a measure for the anthorpogenic

influence to ecosystems. The estimation of the hemerobic state is based on the degree of

effects of those anthropogenic influences which interfere with the development of the

ecosystem to its klimax stage. A connected concept to define the degree of deviation from

the klimax stage is the POTENTIAL NATURAL VEGETATION (KOWARIK 1988). The PNV is the

Should-Value which can compared to the Is-Value, the actual vegetation.

NUMBER CODE LETTER CODE HEMEROBIC STATE GERMAN NAME[1 ] [MEH] metahemerob paved, bui l t up, dest royedthat means the anthropogenic influence is very strong and one sided, nearly every living creatures (wanted or not)were killed.

i.e. roads, houses, sealed ditches

[2 ] [POH] polyhemerob completely t ransformeda strong anthropogenic influence is present. New combinations of different factors or an extreme concentrations

of a certain factor occur. Its typical that sites are developed in very short terms. Creation and destroying of thissites is aperiodic and short termed.i.e. fields with no weeds due to intensive management, species poor grasslands, species poorartificial forest stands, viniculture with open soils, ...

[3 /4] [EUH] euhemerob art i f ic ia l and tansformedThis stage is characterised by a strong and continuing anthropogenic influence but its possible for the organismsto adept to the artificial environment.We can divide this stage into two sub stages: (aeuh) a-euhemerob and (beuh) -euhemerob.

[AEUH] a -euhemerob part ly t ransformedi.e. fields with weeds that belong to the site conditions, meadows with not many species,simple forest stands with no differentiation into layers, ...[BEUH] -euhemerob strongly in f luencedi.e. species rich meadows and pastures, forest stands with a good differentiatian into layers,intensively used pastures, ...

[5 ] [MSH] mesohemerob moderately in f luencedThe sites show a weaker anthropogenic influence than the other stages. Normally there is a periodic circle ofdisturbance so its easier for organisms to adopt to the situation at the landscape element.

i.e. long term fallow areas, extensively used grassland with different stages of succession,used hedgerows, ...

[6 ] [OLH] o l igohemerob semi-naturaldespite the weak anthropogenic influence we see the orignal, natural characteristics of the coenosis.

i.e. semi-natural biotopes, stages of the succession near to the klimax, ...

[7 ] [AH] ahemerob naturalno anthropogenic influence at all.

i.e. mires, primeval forests, ...

TRO amount of nutrients at the landscape element Status: obligatory

Trophy is the degree of supply with nutrients of an ecosystem at the site. This could

estimated for terrestrial as well as for hydro ecosystems.

In terrestrial ecosystems the estimation of the actual potential of nutrients available at the site

is done by indicator species (indicator values (see ELLENBERG1974, 1979; ELLENBERGet.al

1992)) and with the ecological expert knowledge.


34/46


[email protected]

CODE T ROPHIC LEVEL GERMAN NAME[POT] polytroph very high nutrient supplymany indicator species who show a high concentration of nutrient accumulation are present at the site

i.e. dung hill, crops with a high fertiliser input (maize), soils with a very high nutrient supply,riparian forests, ...

[EUT] eutroph copious nutrient supply

many indicator species for a good and copious nutrient supply are present at the site, the plants look fattened(good nutrient supply especially nitrogen).

i.e. crops with high fertiliser input, riparian forests, clear cuts, high fertilised grassland, ...

[MET] meso- to eutroph

[MST] mesotroph intermediate nutrient supplyaverage supply with nutrients at the site, no indicators species for high nutrient accumulation and no indicatorspecies for nutrient poorness are present at the site.

i.e. species rich grassland with low fertiliser input, crops with low fertiliser input over richsoils, ...

[OMT] oligo- to mesotroph

[OLT] oligotroph low nutrient supplyindicator species for nutrient poor site conditions are present at the site, the low nutrient supply also could be aneffect of a extreme acidification of the soils.

i.e. mires, alpine brooks, ...

In hydro ecosystems the estimation of the actual potential of nutrients available at the site is

done by the seeing depth in water (Sichttiefe).

D EPTH CODE T ROPHIC STATE GERMAN NAME

0 to 20 cm [POT] polytroph very high nutrient supply0 to 20 cm [EUT] eutroph copious nutrient supply20 to 50 cm [MST] mesotroph intermediate nutrient supplyover 50 cm [OLT] oligotroph low nutrient supply

D IV a-Diversity Status: obligatory

Vascular Plant Species richness of the landscape element.

C OD E a-D IVERSITY Vascular plant species

[1] species poor 1 to 10[2] moderate species poor 11 to 30[3] moderate species rich 31 to 50[4] species rich over 50

4.1.2.5 Origintypes of landscape elements

Landscape elements can be described by their main force of development. We can separatethem into five different groups of origins:


35/46


[email protected]

? environmental resource (water and nutrients)

? disturbance (natural or anthropogenic)

? regeneration (after a disturbance event)

? introduced (by humans)

? remnant (as the remnant of an older landscape)

DIL DIsturbance Landunits Status: obligatory, if present

The landscape elements are caused by a disturbance event in the homogenous matrix either

natural or anthropogenic. The disturbance event can be (a) chronical, (b) periodical or (c)

stochastic (non foreseeable). This has a major effect on the development, dynamic and

shape of a landscape element.

Chronic disturbance patches are mainly caused by human disturbances. Chronic natural

disturbance over a long time, such as regular flooding, large mammal trampling, or wildfire,

normally results in patch species that have adapted to the disturbance regime. Therefore, the

patch area, with a distinctive environment or resources, remains different from the

surrounding matrix and is in equilibrium with it (FORMAN & GODRON1986:89).

We only record actual disturbances. If there are traces of older disturbance events we record

them as description of the PLE.


36/46


[email protected]


Type: DISTURBANCE - LANDUNIT (DIL-A)ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCE

Level: Landscape Elements

VAL UE F EATURE EXPRESSION EXAMPLE

1[a] episodic disturbance ordisturbance in long intervals (mostlywith a low take out for biomass)or[b] high take out of biomass with orwithout soil wounding by in longinterval

[a] Femelschlag, Plenterwald

[b] Kahlschlag, Schirmschlag

2

[a] mild and periodic disturbance(moderate take away of biomasswithout soil wounding)or:[b] stronger disturbance but in longerintervals (moderate to high takeaway of biomass, with or withour soilwounding)

[a] Extensivwiesen (


37/46


[email protected]

Type: DISTURBANCE - LANDUNIT (DIL-N)

NATURAL DISTURBANCE



1[a] episodic disturbance ordisturbance in long intervals (mostlywith a low take out for biomass)or[b] high take out of biomass with orwithout soil wounding by in longinterval

Zusammenbruchsphasen innaturnahen Wldern

2

[a] mild and periodic disturbance(moderate take away of biomasswithout soil wounding)or:[b] stronger disturbance but in longerintervals (moderate to high take

away of biomass, with or withour soilwounding)

unregelmig berschwemmteStandorte ohne Umlagerung

3[a] mild and periodic disturbance inshort intervals (moderate take awayof biomass without soil wounding)or[b] strong and non periodicdisturbance (high take away ofbiomass without soil wounding)

[a] regelm. berschwemmteStandorte ohne Umlagerung(Bachniederungen mit regel-m.berschwemmungen)

[b] Randbereiche natrlicherUmlagerungsstandorte, natrlicheBrandstellen,

4

Strength

andfrequencyof

biomassexport

andtillage

[a] strong and periodic disturbance inshort intervals (high take away ofbiomass with soil wounding)

or[b] very strong disturbance in nonperiodic intervals (high relocationrate)

[a] natrliche Umlagerungsstandorte(Regschutthalden)

[b] natrliche Umlagerungs-standorte(Sand- Kiesbnke, Lawinenbahn,Schutthalden..)

BUT!: only for actual disturbance regime!

RGL ReGeneration Landunits Status: obligatory, if present

Landscape elements caused by regeneration are developed if after a singular or chronic

disturbance event the disturbance ends and the normal succession of the vegetation towards

a klimax stade. Remnat (see later) and Regeneration landunits can be similar but their

development is based on different mechanism. The first is a remnant of a older matrix and

the second is caused by succession after a disturbance of the matrix ends. It develops

towards a regional klimax (FORMAN & GODRON1986).

Beside this scientific definition of regeneration landunits also the actual regeneration

potential and the successional stade are recorded with this attribute. To describe the

regeration potential of the landscape element one have to take the pre-successionaldisturbance regime (strength and periodicity) and the length of available time for the

succession to take place (regenerationtime) into consideration. The value is set according


38/46


[email protected]

to the following list (see definition list):

Type: REGENERATION - LANDUNIT (RGL)



1mild disturbance

andlong regeneration

Verjngungsnester undInitialphasen in naturnahenWldern;Gehlzbrachen extensiverNutzflchen (Weideverbuschung,alte Grnlandbrachen mitGebschstadien,..)

2strong disturbance

andlong regeneration

Hochstaudenfluren undGebschstadien "natrlicher"Waldlichtungen mitBodenumlagerung;

Gebsch- u.Vorwaldstadien aufgrerflchigen Waldschlgen,Niederwald (>5 J.)alte Brachen intensiver Nutzflchen(Ackerbrachen mit Gebsch- undHochgrasstadien,..)

3mild disturbance

andshort regeneration

Hochstaudenfluren "natrlicher "Waldlichtungen ohneBodenumlagerung;Versaumungsstadien in brachemoder untergenutztem Grnland,

4

Pre-successionaldisturbance

regime

(strength andperiodicity)and the

length ofavailable

timefor the

successionto take place

(regenerationtime)

strong disturbanceand

short regeneration

Pionierstadien "natrlicher"Waldlichtungen mitBodenumlagerung;junge Brachen intensiverNutzflchen (Ackerbrachen mitSegetalveg.,..)

RML ReMnant Landunits Status: obligatory, if present

Remnants of an older matrix are developed if the matrix is disturbed widspread and only

small islands of the former matrix survive. In this remnants we find species, animal and

plants, of the former matrix (FORMAN & GODRON1986).

Due to a chronic disturbance of the surrounding of the remnants, i.e. the middle european

cultural landscape, a new and chronic disturbed matrix is established in which the remnants

of the former woodland matrix are embeded like islands in a sea of disturbance. The invasion

of the species of the former matrix into the new disturbed matrix is prevented by the

disturbance regime of the new matrix.

To describe the remnants with this attribute one have to take the duration of development

(Entwicklungszeit) and the actual or potential disturbance, which prevents the development

into consideration. The value is set according to the following list (see definitionlist):


39/46


[email protected]

Type: REMNANT - LANDUNIT (RML)



1 Short duration of developmentStrong and periodic disturbance cker, Weingrten als Restefrherer Matrix

2Medium duration of developmentmild and periodic disturbance, but

in short intervals.

Wiesen, Weiden als Reste frhererMatrix

3Long duration of development

mild and periodic disturbance, butin long intervals or episodic

Feldgehlze und Baumhecken;Waldreste mit hherem Anteil, anVorholzarten (Wind-,Vogelverbreitung!);

4

duration ofdevelopment(Entwicklungs

-zeit)

and theactual orpotential

disturbance,which

prevents thedevelopment

Very long duration of developmentNo disturbance present

alte Waldreste mitstandortgerechter Artengarnitur;

RSL ReSource Landunits Status: obligatory, if present

Landscape elements could be caused by a heterogenic distribution of important

environmental resources (i.e. water, nutrients, light, ) which causes specific structures of

the landscape element or a specific species composition adopted to the site conditions. The

species composition of resource patches differs markedly from the surrounding which

normally show an average supply with environmental resources.

The ecotone between the resource patch and the surrounding matrix can be either sharp of

diffuse depending on the environmental resource. Environmental resource patches normally

show a high persistence in time.

Due to the intensity of the environmental resource a specific and adopted species

composition could be found at the landscape element. The degree of adoptedness of this

specific species compositions can be valued with the help of ecological expert knowledge,

the knowledge about the ecological behaviour of plant assemblages and the ecological


40/46


[email protected]

behaviour of singular plant species (see Ellenbergs Indicatorvalues for Plant species).

The resource potential of the landscape element was evaluated for

? potential WATER(dryness / wetness) ? potential NUTRIENTS(poor / rich)

Type: RESSOURCE - LANDUNIT (RSL-W)RESSOURCE WATER

Level: Landscape Element

VAL UE F EATURE EXPRESSION EXAMPLE

1 Environmental resources visible(site potential, soil, )[T] artenarme Fettwiese an flachemSdhang,[F] feuchte Delle in Intensivackerohne eig.Segetalvegetation;..

2 Resource indicating speciespresent[T] mesophiler Laubmisch-wald mitwrmeliebenden Saumelementen[F] feuchte Delle in Intensivacker miteig. feuchtezeigenderSegetalvegetation;

3Resource indicating

vegetation typespresent

[T] punktuell vorhandeneTrockenrasen"buckeln" inmittelgrndiger Weideflche;[F] punktuell vorhandeneNiedermoorflecken (kleineNagallen) in mig feuchter Wiese

4

Resource-potential

( = deviationto zonal

distributionof

environmentalresources)

Resource indicatingvegetation types

dominant

[T] Trockenrasen auf flachgrndigerFelskuppe;[F] Gewsser, Hochmoor,...

[T] dryness [F] wetness


41/46


[email protected]

Type: RESSOURCE - LANDUNIT (RSL-N)RESSOURCE NUTRIENTS



1 Environmental resources visible(site potential, soil, )[R] Delle in Intensivacker, mitZusammenschwemmungen, ohneeig.Segetalvegetation;

[A] artenarme Fettwiese an flachem,steileren Sd-hang,..

2 Resource indicating speciespresent

[R] Delle mit Zusammen-Schwemmungen in Intensivacker miteig. nhrstoffzeigenderSegetalvegetation; Delle in Wiesemit Nhrstoffeintrag und eigenenNhrstoffzeigern;[A] erste Verhagerungs-zeiger auf

Bschung mit ansonsten normalerWiesenartengarnitur

3Resource indicating

vegetation typespresent

[A] punktuell vorhandeneTrockenrasen"buckeln" inmittelgrndiger Weideflche;

4

Resource-potential

( = deviationto zonal

distributionof

environmentalresources)

Resource indicatingvegetation types

dominant

[A] Trockenrasen auf flachgrndigerFelskuppe, Hochmoor,...[R] Auwlder

[A] nutrient poorness [R] nutrient richness

INL INtroduced Landunits Status: obligatory, if present

Introduced landscape elements were introduced by humans. Species and built up structure

were brought into the landscape. The persistence and stability of these instroduced

landscape elements depends on the maintaining activities through the human society, that

means the input of energy in all forms to maintain the landscape element, i.e. a crop field.

We are able to differentiate between [PL] PLANTED SPECIESand [BU] BUILT UP STRUCTURES.

In highly transformed landscapes as we see the middle european cultural landscape the

matrix can be formed by introduced landscape elements, i.e. crop fields or grassland. A high

input of energy is necessary to maintain these landscape elements and to prevent that

succession is taken place (see hemerobic state).

The criteria for valuating the introduced landscape elements is the persistence of the

landscape element without further maintaining activities by the humans. The value is set

according to the following list (see definition list).


42/46


[email protected]

Type: INTRODUCED - LANDUNIT(INL-PL)PLANTED SPECIES (VEGETATION)

Level: Landschaftselmente


1Low persistence

(Kurze Lebensdauer undUmtriebszeit)

einjhrige Kulturpflanzen-bestnde(Getreide, Hackfrchte, l-u.Futterpflanzen,..), Einsaaten("Grndecke") m.kurzlebigenstandorts- oder gebietsfremdenArten (Phacelia,..), einjhrigeZierpflanzen

2

Medium persistence(Mittlere Lebensdauer und

Umtriebszeit (ca. 30-40 Jahre))

standortsfremde Fichtenforste, oderEinzelbumealte Obstbaumwiesen

4

persistenceof

anthropogeniclandscapeelements

Very high(dauerhaft und sehr langlebig)

Kultbume, Friedenslinden,Hausbume


43/46


[email protected]

Type: INTRODUCED - LANDUNIT (INL-BU)BUILT-UP STRUCTURES



1Low persistence

(Kurze Lebensdauer undUmtriebszeit)

Misthaufen, Komposthaufen ohneVegetation, kurzfristigeDeponiestellen

2Medium persistence

(Mittlere Lebensdauer undUmtriebszeit (ca. 30-40 Jahre))

Fischteiche, WeiherRaine, Bschungen,Straenbschungen undEntwsserungsgbenWiesenweg, Feldweg, Schotterwege

4

persistence

of

anthropogeniclandscapeelements

Very high(dauerhaft und sehr langlebig)

Gebude, versiegelte Flchen undVerkehrswege

CPL Changeof Persistent Landunits Status: obligatory, if present

This attribute describes the degree of change the turn over of landscapes. Persistent

landscape elements are landscape elements which are remnants of a former landscape. This

remnants can be found in nearly every modern agricultural landscape in europe either as

persistent form of land use, persistent geomorphological structures (i.e. terrasses, ) or we

can see them because of the context of landscape elements in a certain landscape.

Whats important to see is how fast a landscape is transformed and to what land use system

it is transformed.

To get this value first we have to identify persistent landscape elements in our landscape

plot. To do this a certain time mark has to be established. In our case it is the transformation

from the pre-industrial to the industrial agriculture which has taken place in most parts of

Austria after the II.ndWorldwar during the late 40iesand 50ies.

Then we have to define the historical land use at that time (see HISTORICAL LAND USE) and

evaluate the deviation to the present state of the landscape. This deviation is the DEGREE OF

CHANGE OF PERSISTENT LANDUNITS.


44/46


[email protected]

To estimate the degree of change to the traditional (see TIME MARK) land use we have to

look at:

? changes in the land use classes

? changes in the land use intensity

? changes in the land use system

in addition to that the condition of built-up structures was a important criteria to estimate the

CPL-Value.

CODE LANDUSE CLASS1 Ackerland crop land2 Wiesen- und Weideland meadows and pastures

3 Wein- und Obstgrten vineyards and orchards4 Wlder und Forste forests and woods5 Flie- und Stillgewsser rivers and lakes6 Brachen fallow are7 Kleinstrukturen der Agrarlandschaft small biotopes in the agricultural landscapes8 Siedlung, Industrie, Gewerbe settlement areas9 Verkehrsflchen traffic areas10 Sonderbiotope biotopes

CODE LANDUSE SYSTEM1 Landwirtschaft agriculture2 Forstwirtschaft forestry3 Siedlung settlement

4 Industrie und Gewerbe industry5 naturnahe (Rest)Flchen natural and semi-natural areas


45/46


[email protected]

According to those criterias the value is set according to the following defintion list:

Type: (Degree of) CHANGE OF PERSITENT LANDUNITS (CPL)


For persitstent landscape elements with no built-up structures present only the common criteria are applied.Otherwise in addition to the common criteria the special criteria is applied.

COD E CRITERIACOMMON S PECIAL

Land useclass

Land useintensity

Land usesystem

Cond. Of built-upstr.

1 totallychanged changed changed changed but stillvisible

2 changed changed unchanged changed but stillvisible

3 moderatlychanged unchanged changed unchangedmoderatly

alteredstill visible

4 unchanged unchanged unchanged unchanged originalIn addition to the degree of change of the landscape it is important to know about the hints the mapper got to be

able to make the estimation of the landscape changes. So the attribute CPLC (Degree of) Change of PersistentLandunits Statusgives us information about that subject.

CPLC DESCRIPTION1 Original2 Remnants present3 Traces visible in the landscape (also latent)

4.1.2.6 Corridor Attributes

If linear landscape elements also have certain corridor functions (habitat, conduit, filter,

source, sink) it is important to get that information. It is also important to get information

about the connectivity of those corridor landscape elements. This is done at two levels: first

at the level of the networks for the network as a whole and second at the level of the specific

landscape element.

Functional Type of Corridor Landscape Elements Status: obligatory, if present

Corridors are linear or strip shaped landscape elements who have either transportation or

barrier function. They are normally separated by sharp environmental gradients from their

surrounding, the matrix. Nearly all landscapes are both divided and at the same time tied


46/46


together by corridors (FORMAN & GODRON1986; FORMAN1995).

Its important to know if a corridor has either a dominant connecting or dissecting function.

[CC] connect ing [ IDC] indi f ferent [ IC] dissect ing

Connecting corridors act as conduits. They enable migration along and through the corridor

structure. Dissecting or intersecting corridors act as barrier or filter for most of the organisms.

But every corridor has several function and not all organisms and species they are suitable in

the same way. So we have to be very careful with assumptions about the functions of

corridors if we dont have exact data. But nevertheless we get rough but important

information about the quality of corridors.

NCIR Connectivity of the Network Part Status: obligatory, if present

Connectivity, the number of breaks, the number of nodes and intersections and the width of a

corridor are key factors for the quality of a corridor (FORMAN & GODRON1986; FORMAN1983,

1995; MERRIAM1984; BAUDRY1984).

The number of nodes or intersections of the landscape element with other landscape

elements of the same network type is counted and recorded.

COD E CONNECTIV ITY

[0] not nodes or intersections present[1 to 3][more than 3] highly connected

4.1.3 Part C Corresponding Main Landscape Elements

CORRESPOND . MLE Corresponding Main Landscape Elements Status: optional

If there a similar landscape elements who also have similar landscape ecological attributes it

is possible to create a list of MLE numbers, which then are automatically generated by the

database application JOKL-LSD.

Its important to list the new MLE number and changes in the attributes if the master and the

slave landscape element arent total ident, i.e. this could be done in network landscapes with

similar network landscape elements i.e. field margins.

Documents

Analysis of Austrian Cultural Landscapes