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Journal of Earth Science and Engineering 4 (2014) 597-604 doi: 10.17265/2159-581X/2014.10.002
Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater
Quality in Southwest Punjab, India
Rajinder Pal Singh Chopra1 and Gopal Krishan2, 3
1. Hydro-geological and Hydro-chemical Division, Punjab Water Resources and Environment Directorate, Chandigarh 160017,
India
2. Hydrological Investigations Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
3. IGB-Groundwater Resilience Project, British Geological Survey, NERC, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
Received: August 10, 2014 / Accepted: September 20, 2014 / Published: October 25, 2014. Abstract: A study was conducted in eight districts, viz., Faridkot, Moga, Ferozepur, Muktsar, Bathinda, Mansa, Barnala and Sangrur in south-western part of the Punjab, India to characterize aquifer strata by preparing a fence diagram depicting sub-surface strata and distribution of groundwater quality. The sub-surface lithology drilled upto a depth of 60 m reveal the presence of top most layer of impervious strata comprising of clay upto the depth of 2 m to 5 m which impedes the percolation of surface runoff into the soil leading to surface flooding and water logging even in areas having saturated zone beyond the depth of 5 m. Thick pervious strata of 45 m to 50 m thickness is encountered in central and south-sentral part of the study area comprising of Bathinda, Muktsar and Mansa districts which at certain places are separated by one or two thin layers of impervious or semi-pervious strata comprising of clay and sand occasionally associated with “kankar” of thickness ranging between 2 m to 5 m. The northern, western and eastern parts, however, exhibit three to four layered pervious zones ranging in thickness from 5 m to 25 m separated by thin layers of impervious and semi pervious strata. The groundwater quality in about 6% of the study area in eight districts is fit, 18% is marginal and 76% is unfit for irrigation purpose.
Key words: Groundwater, aquifer characteristics, quality, depth, southwest Punjab.
1. Introduction
Groundwater resources in semi-arid areas are highly
susceptible to salinity problems as a result of
unplanned and non-scientific development of ground
water resources which has led to an increasing stress
on the available resources in the form of long-term
decline of ground water levels, de-saturation of
aquifer zones, increased energy consumption for
lifting water from progressively deeper levels and
quality deterioration due to salinity. The canal
command areas suffer from problems of water logging
and soil salinity due to the gradual rise in ground
water levels [1].
In Punjab, during the past 3-4 decades, excessive
Corresponding author: Gopal Krishan, doctor, research fields: isotope hydrology, hydro-geochemistry, remote sensing and GIS. E-mail: [email protected].
extraction of groundwater to cater the needs of ever
increasing human and livestock population has
resulted in decline of water table in more than 80% of
the state and subsequently deterioration in the
groundwater quality [2-12]. On the other hand,
substantial rise in groundwater cause waterlogging
and salinity/alkalinity problems in south-western part
of the state where ground water extraction is limited
due to brackish/saline/alkaline quality [1, 2, 13].
Various authors have proved that the groundwater
quality is controlled by various factors such as soil
characteristics, climate, topography, interaction with
aquifer minerals, or internal mixing among different
groundwater along flow paths in the subsurface
[14-18].
In the present study, a fence diagram depicting
sub-surface strata and distribution of groundwater
D DAVID PUBLISHING
Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Quality in Southwest Punjab, India
598
quality in eight districts, viz., Faridkot, Moga,
Ferozepur, Muktsar, Bathinda, Mansa, Barnala and
Sangrur in south-western part of the Punjab, India was
preparing to characterize aquifer strata and
distribution of groundwater quality.
2. Study Area
State of Punjab has been classified into five
agro-climatic zones on the basis of homogeneity,
rainfall pattern and distribution, temperature, soil
texture and cropping pattern (Fig. 1). Out of the five
agro-climatic zones Barnala, Sangrur and a part of
Faridkot, Moga, Ferozepur district come under the
Central Plain zone which is characterized by semi-arid
(sub-moist) and less hot zone. Annual average
temperature ranges from 23 C to 24 C and mean
annual rainfall varies from 600 mm to 900 mm.
Bathinda, Mansa and a part of Faridkot, Ferozepur and
Muktsar districts fall under Western Plain zone, which
is characterized by semi-arid (dry to sub-moist) zone.
Annual average temperature ranges from 24 C to 25
C and mean annual rainfall varies from 400 mm to
600 mm. A part of Ferozepur and Muktsar districts
also falls under Western zone, which is characterized
by arid (dry) and hot zone. Average annual
temperature ranges from 25 C to 26 C and mean
annual rainfall varies from 200 mm to 400 mm.
Depth to water level in the area ranges from 1.5 m
to 31 m below ground level (mbgl). Water table is at
shallow depth at several areas of Muktsar, Ferozepur,
Bathinda and Mansa districts where it ranges from 1.5
mbgl to 7.5 mbgl causing waterlogging at many places.
The bores drilled in the area upto 60 m depth reveal
the presence of predominance of fine sand
occasionally associated with “kankar” and comprise of
two main aquifer zones each ranging in thickness from
4 m to 25 m separated by clay layers of 3 m to 5 m
thickness. Water table has been rising in the area
comprising blocks of Muktsar, Lambi, Kot Bhai,
Khuiyan sarwar, Abohar and Fazilka creating water
logging at many places.
3. Methodology
For preparing the fence diagram, lithological
samples were taken during the drilling of bores at
every one meter depth and visually examined.
Samples of sand were subjected to mechanical
analysis for their grain size. Fence diagram was
prepared depicting sub-surface lithological set up and
ground water quality at respective depth.
The representative groundwater samples were
collected from 17 m sites upto a depth of 60 m (Table 1)
during development of each observation well and
subjected to chemical analysis for its quality for
irrigation use. EC (electrical conductivity) of each
sample has been determined in the laboratory by
conductivity meter through direct reading. Prior to
determining EC (in micro mhos/cm at 25 C), the
instrument was calibrated through standard solution.
RSC (residual sodium carbonate) was determined by
the following formula:
RSC = (CO32- + HCO3
-) (Ca2+ + Mg2+).
The above ions were determined volumetrically in
the laboratory using titration method. Ground water
quality was categorised as fit, marginal and unfit on
the basis of criteria of EC and RSC values as
mentioned below [19]:
(1) EC values (µmhos/cm at 25 C):
(a) upto 2,000 fresh/fit;
(b) 2,000-4,000 marginal;
(c) above 4,000 unfit.
(2) RSC values (meq/L):
(a) upto 2.5 fresh/fit;
(b) 2.5 to 5.0 marginal;
(c) above 5.0 unfit.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1 Aquifer Characteristics
The sub-surface lithology drilled upto a depth of 60 m
reveal the presence of top most layer of impervious
strata comprising of clay upto the depth of 2 m to 5 m
which impedes the percolation of surface runoff into
Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Quality in Southwest Punjab, India
599
Fig. 1 Agro-climatic zones of Punjab.
the soil leading to surface flooding and water logging
even in areas having saturated zone beyond the depth
of 5 m (Fig. 2). Thick pervious strata of 45 m to 50 m
thickness is encountered in central and south-central
part of the study area comprising of Bathinda,
Muktsar and Mansa districts which at certain places
are separated by one or two thin layers of impervious
or semi-pervious strata comprising of clay and sand
occasionally associated with “kankar” of thickness
ranging between 2 m to 5 m. The northern, western
and eastern parts, however, exhibit three to four
layered pervious zones ranging in thickness from 5 m
Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Quality in Southwest Punjab, India
600
Table 1 Groundwater quality in south-western part of Punjab upto 60 m depth.
Sample No.
Site District Water level (mbgl)
Aquifer depth range (m)
Depth tapped (m)
EC (µmhos/cm) at 25 C
RSC (meq/L)
Quality
1 Khokri Kalan Moga 26.5 49-58 51.0-54.0 985 3.16 Marginal
2 Daulatpur Niwan Moga 25.0 52-60 54.0-57.0 2,065 6.40 Unfit
3 Kauni Faridkot 4.8 43-60 53.5-56.5 1,489 5.44 Unfit
4 Jalalabad Ferozepur 14.8 56-60 51.6-54.6 1,765 6.08 Unfit
5 Asafwala Ferozepur 6.6 50-60 50.5-56.5 1,410 6.32 Unfit
6 Sherewala Ferozepur 9.9 27-52 45.6-49.6 9,200 −ve Unfit
7 Chak Tamkot Muktsar 1.5 47-60 50.5-54.5 22,100 −ve Unfit
8 Chotian Muktsar 6.9 27-55 50.5-53.5 4,010 −ve Unfit
9 Killianwali Muktsar 6.6 3-42 36.6-39.6 17,090 −ve Unfit
10 Mahima Bhagwana Bathinda 10.0 7-49 44.5-47.5 8,740 −ve Unfit
11 Kalyan Sukha Bathinda 17.7 2-60 53.5-56.5 1,565 2.28 Fit
12 Dulewal Bathinda 23.9 30-60 54.0-57.0 1,245 7.80 Unfit
13 Kot Baghtu Bathinda 5.5 27-60 53.5-56.5 6,350 −ve Unfit
14 Behniwala Mansa 7.6 47-55 49.0-52.0 13,430 −ve Unfit
15 Hariau Sangrur 13.2 24-52 47.5-50.5 3,370 3.52 Marginal
16 Rupaheri Sangrur 23.1 42-60 53.5-56.5 1,460 5.92 Unfit
17 Kurar Barnala 31 46-59 54.0-57.0 1,030 3.28 Marginal
−ve: When electrical conductivity is very high then RSC comes negative.
to 25 m separated by thin layers of impervious and
semi-pervious strata.
4.2 Water Quality
The suitability of ground water for irrigation has
been assessed in terms of salinity and alkalinity
content and accordingly classified as “fit”, “marginal”
and “unfit”. The district wise results are summarised
in Table 1. The perusals of the results reveal that
groundwater is almost entirely unfit in Muktsar and
Mansa districts due to high salinity. Salinity has
negligible effect while alkalinity is more pronounced
in groundwater in Moga, Barnala and Sangrur districts
rendering the groundwater marginally fit or unfit.
Groundwater is also mostly unfit in Bathinda and
Faridkot districts when combined effect of salinity and
alkalinity is taken into consideration. In seven places
alkalinity/sodicity (high electrical conductivity) is
very high and RSC is marked negative, hence the
water is unfit.
Out of 17 sites in all the eight districts in study area,
groundwater quality is fit at one site in Bathinda
district, marginal at three sites in Moga, Sangrur and
Barnala districts while in the remaining 13 sites in the
districts of Faridkot, Ferozepur, Muktsar and Mansa,
groundwater quality is unfit for irrigation purpose and
in terms of percentage only 6% of the study area in
eight districts is fit, 18% is marginal and 76% is unfit
for irrigation purpose. Aquifer data related to water
table, depth range, depth tapped and water quality at
all the 17 sites in these districts are given in Table 1.
The only fit site in terms of groundwater quality at
Kalyan Sukha in Nathana block of Bathinda district is
tapping the aquifer zone from 53.5 m to 56.5 m and
has the pervious strata throughout from the depth of 2 m
onwards up to the drilled depth of 60 m.
For validating the results, in another study carried
out by Krishan et al. [1], 22 random groundwater
samples were collected from selected tube wells/hand
pumps to represent different geological formations as
well as land use pattern and different depths of the
aquifer in the entire seven blocks of the Bathinda
district using standard protocol. The samples were
analysed for major anions F-, Cl-, NO3- and cations
Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ using Dionex Ion Chromatograph
ICS-5000 and stable isotope (18O) was measured using
Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Quality in Southwest Punjab, India
601
Fig. 2 Fence diagram of south-western Punjab.
DI-IRMS at Nuclear Hydrology Laboratory, National
Institute of Hydrology, Rookree.
It was observed that the total hardness varied from
151 mg·L-1 to 1,468 mg·L-1 and the water belongs to
the category of very hard water (Table 2).
4.2.1 Percent Sodium
The Na (%) in groundwater indicated that three
samples were excellent, seven samples were good,
seven samples belonged to permissible criterion
leaving four samples of groundwater in doubtful
category (Table 3) and only sample taken from
Ramgarh in unsuitable category. Thus, water from 17
groundwater samples (three in excellent; seven each in
good and permissible categories) can be used for
irrigation leaving only five sampling locations (four in
doubtful and one in unfit categories) unsuitable for
irrigation. Adsorption of sodium on clay by its exchange
with Mg2+ and Ca2+ takes place when sodium is high.
High sodium content in soils destroys the soil structure,
soils become compact and the results in poor
permeability and drainage of soil, leading to restricted
air and water circulation in it [20-24]. The areas with
high value (doubtful) of Na (%) in groundwater are
Burjmahema, Jhumba, Ablu and Jalal.
4.2.2 SAR (sodium absorption ratio)
SAR is used to measure alkali/sodium hazard to
crops. The excessive sodium content relative to the
calcium and magnesium reduces the soil permeability
Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Quality in Southwest Punjab, India
602
Table 2 Water quality parameters.
Sampling location Ion concentration (ppm)
Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ F- Cl- NO3- SO4
2- Hardness
Mehma Surja 22.80 8.80 24.40 62.50 0.00 86.00 3.10 27.10 257.0
Burjmahema 199.0 21.60 39.30 41.00 1.50 210.0 30.10 289.0 264.0
Balluana 178.0 75.80 241.0 152.0 2.60 300.0 217.0 359.0 1,371.0
Phul 124.0 20.20 57.00 41.90 1.10 134.0 17.00 106.0 339.0
Mehta 168.0 30.00 218.0 229.0 4.40 337.0 69.50 529.0 1,468.0
Phul-300 127.0 20.10 98.40 120.0 0.60 152.0 55.10 164.0 705.0
Bhairupa 88.50 15.90 45.20 52.0 0.90 87.50 11.20 161.0 316.0
Bhatinda 154.0 42.00 79.60 116.0 1.10 205.0 166.0 228.0 618.0
Rama 10.20 105.0 135.0 116.0 2.20 22.40 62.00 51.40 842.0
Rampura 123.0 27.50 77.20 70.90 1.80 149.0 0.00 123.0 495.0
Jhumba 142.0 16.40 21.30 25.30 3.60 37.30 16.90 153.0 151.0
Khemuana 85.30 19.40 90.40 77.40 1.80 51.00 12.00 146.0 565.0
Ablu 127.0 105.0 89.30 52.00 0.80 167.0 113.0 229.0 497.0
Bagha 129.0 34.20 97.10 107.0 0.60 176.0 32.00 321.0 665.0
Jalal 20.00 199.0 37.10 41.50 2.00 7.30 7.20 47.80 257.0
Banawala 61.00 52.40 60.80 68.00 0.80 66.40 17.40 85.70 420.0
Bhikianwalai 23.60 8.20 43.90 37.00 0.70 62.30 46.60 69.40 272.0
Burj gill 129.0 9.80 0.00 18.00 3.30 33.60 10.80 70.60 0.00
Ramgarh 509.0 61.30 62.50 58.60 2.10 502.0 79.90 784.0 403.0
Maur 146.0 17.60 0.00 33.60 3.80 29.60 21.20 124.0 0.00
Sheikhpura 74.80 23.90 77.30 101.0 1.70 59.20 2.70 119.0 571.0
Bhagi banda 4.70 9.90 33.80 87.40 0.80 22.90 5.40 45.10 358.0
Minimum 4.70 8.20 21.30 17.50 0.60 7.30 2.70 27.10 151.0
Maximum 509.0 199.0 241.0 229.0 4.40 502.0 217.0 784.0 1,468.0
Mean 120.0 42.00 81.40 77.60 1.80 132.0 47.40 192.0 542.0
Range 504.4 191.1 219.6 212.0 3.80 494.3 213.8 257.0 391.0
Standard deviation 104.1 45.3 58.3 49.1 1.1 122.7 56.5 180.0 349.0
Source: Krishan et al., 2013 [1].
Table 3 Classification of groundwater on sodium percentage
Na (%) Water class No. of samples Samples (%)
<20 Excellent 3 13.64
20-40 Good 7 31.82
40-60 Permissible 7 31.82
60-80 Doubtful 4 18.18
>80 Unsuitable 1 4.55
Source: Krishan et al., 2013 [1].
Table 4 Classification of groundwater based on SAR values
SAR Water class No. of samples Samples (%)
<10 Excellent 15 68.18
10-18 Good 4 18.18
18-26 Doubtful 3 13.64
>26 Unsuitable - -
Source: Krishan et al., 2013 [1].
Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Quality in Southwest Punjab, India
603
and thus inhibits the supply of water needed for the
crops. It is an important parameter to determine the
suitability of groundwater for irrigation. The excess
sodium or limited calcium and magnesium are
evaluated by SAR [25].
SAR = Na+/√(Ca2++Mg2+)/2
The SAR values for the samples are shown in Table
4. The SAR value’s indicated that only three samples
of groundwater taken from Burj Mahema, Jhumba and
Ramgarh belong to doubtful (SAR = 18-26 m)
category.
5. Conclusions
The sub-surface lithology drilled upto a depth of 60 m
reveal the presence of top most layer of impervious
strata comprising of clay upto the depth of 2 m to 5 m
which impedes the percolation of surface runoff into
the soil leading to surface flooding and water logging
even in areas having saturated zone beyond the depth
of 5 m. Thick pervious strata of 45 m to 50 m
thickness is encountered in central and south-central
part of the study area comprising of Bathinda,
Muktsar and Mansa districts which at certain places
are separated by one or two thin layers of impervious
or semi-pervious strata comprising of clay and sand
occasionally associated with “kankar” of thickness
ranging between 2 m to 5 m. The northern, western
and eastern parts, however, exhibit three to four
layered pervious zones ranging in thickness from 5 m
to 25 m separated by thin layers of impervious and
semi-pervious strata.
The groundwater quality in about 6% of the study
area in eight districts is fit, 18% is marginal and 76%
is unfit for irrigation purpose which is a serious
concern. Therefore, following management practices
are suggested: (1) An integrated and holistic approach
are required for conserving water and preventing soil
salinization and water logging; (2) implementation of
more efficient irrigation systems and practices should
be undertaken; (3) For lowering of water table,
conjunctive use of saline groundwater and surface
water should also be undertaken [26].
For validating the results obtained by EC and
residual sodium carbonate percentage with the total
hardness, percent sodium and SAR in a separate study
carried out by Krishan et al. [1] in Bathinda district.
Similarity in the results has been found and it has been
expected to get similar results from the water logged
and saline areas of other districts of the south-west
Punjab.
However, the results are based on the one time
sampling, a pilot level study is required in this area
similar to that done in Bist-Doab [27] area of Punjab.
Acknowledgement
Authors thank Mr. Ram Paul Aeri and Mr. Pramod
Kumar, Punjab Water Resources Environment
Directorate, Chandigarh for their help. The funding
received from Purpose Driven Studies at PWRED,
Chandigarh under HP-II is duly acknowledged. Dr.
Gopal Krishan thanks Director, National Institute of
Hydrology, Roorkee, Dr. Alan MacDonald, Dr. Dan
Lapworth and Dr. Helen Bonsor (BGS, UK) for their
support and encouragement.
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