Analysis Model of Cost-Effectiveness for Value Evaluation

Research ArticleAnalysis Model of Cost-Effectiveness for Value Evaluation ofBuilding Elements

Jongsik Lee

Department of Architectural Engineering Songwon University 73 Songam-ro Nam-gu Gwangju 61756 Republic of Korea

Correspondence should be addressed to Jongsik Lee jsleenatecom

Received 21 August 2017 Revised 21 January 2018 Accepted 24 January 2018 Published 21 February 2018

Academic Editor Anna M Gil-Lafuente

Copyright copy 2018 Jongsik Lee This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License whichpermits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

As various building materials have been developed the combination of materials that make up the building elements has alsoincreased exponentially The materials making up the elements of the building will affect the performance of the building and theLCC In order to improve the value of buildings in Korea value engineering has been mandated in public construction projectswith a project cost of over 10 billion won since 2000 The value index for systems (materials elements facilities etc) constitutingbuildings is calculated However the method for calculating the value index has not yet been normalized The performanceevaluation of the building systems (materials elements facilities etc) used in the current work and the method of calculatingthe value index for converting the LCC into a grade may vary depending on how the range of the grade is set Even if the objectsbeing evaluated are the same there arises a problem that the results change depending on the value evaluation method Thereforethis study tried to develop a value evaluation method that could draw consistent value evaluation results For this purpose thisstudy presents a cost-effectiveness analysis model for the physical performance of the building elements and the value evaluationof LCC Since the various physical performances of the building elements have different properties normalization is requiredfor comparison of physical performance values In order to normalize the LCC and the 14 different physical performances of thebuilding elements a numerical model was designed using a linear transformation method and a vector normalization methodThe cost-effectiveness analysis model proposed in this study was applied to two types of floor elements applicable to apartments inKorea in order to evaluate the value and verify the consistency of this studyrsquosmodelThe cost-effectiveness analysis model proposedin this study can help to derive reliable results when it comes to value evaluation for various existing building element compositions

1 Introduction

11 Background Research and development on new mate-rials and new methods are actively carried out in allareas including structure materials and design The size ofbuildings is increasing and buildings are becoming morecomplicated The kinds of materials that make up buildingsare also becoming more diverse The materials and con-struction methods used for the building affect the qualityof the building This also means the proportion of buildingmaterials and costs have increased Building materials have agreat influence on the life cycle cost (LCC) of the building [1]However material selection depends on limited informationprovided by the manufacturer and on construction costLife cycle costs one of the characteristics of materialsare not considered [2] Korea introduced value engineering(hereinafter VE) in 2000 to improve building value and

competitiveness of the construction industry As a resultLCC review and design review were obligatory for publicbuildings costing 10 billion won or more However due toa misconception by construction workers who consider VEa simple cost reduction method VE is being used as a cost-saving method rather than improving the value of buildings[3ndash5] The Korean government requires the ldquovalue indexrdquo tobe entered into the VE proposal when presenting alternativesthrough VE However no specific method for calculatingthe value index has been proposed [6] As a result Koreancompanies specializing in VE use different value evaluationmethods According to the value evaluation method theevaluation results are different even when the evaluationobject is the same which is problematic It is difficult toguarantee reliability of the evaluation results Thereforein order to improve the value of buildings efficiently andeffectively through VE it is necessary to develop a value

HindawiMathematical Problems in EngineeringVolume 2018 Article ID 6350178 11 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520186350178

2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

evaluation method that can produce objective and consistentresults

12 Literature Review and Purpose Previous studies relatedto the selection of building materials have been carried outfrom different perspectives Alibaba and Ozdeniz analyzedthe importance of the expected performance and require-ments of the building elements and proposed amaterial selec-tionmethod that reflects the analysis results [7] Zavadskas etal have argued for the necessity of complex decision-makingconsidering various requirements for material selection [8]Jee and Kang developed a material selection system bycombining entropy method and TOPSIS (Technique forOrder of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) concepts[9] Previous studies related to the cost of building materialshave been performed mainly on specific materials As arepresentative study Rahman et al developed a system forselecting the optimal roof material in terms of cost [10]Perera and Fernando proposed a model for selecting roofmaterialswhich focused on the persisting period [11]Do et alproposed a method for selecting material using analytic hier-archy process [12] In recent years interest in ecofriendlinesshas increased affecting material selection studies Castro-Lacouture et al proposed a model for selecting the best envi-ronmentally friendly materials within a given budget [13]Yang and Ogunkah conducted research to select ecofriendlymaterials meeting various requirements [14] Thus previousstudies on material selection have been actively conductedmainly on the physical properties cost and environmentalimpact of materials According to previous studies it wasconfirmed that the running cost after construction of abuilding is larger than the initial cost [15] The importance ofLCC analysis is emphasized in the planning of constructionprojects However previous studies have focused on theperformance of materials and construction cost which islimited to initial cost When selecting building materialsconsidering the running cost in the maintenance phaseis insufficient Previous studies for optimizing the valueof building materials mainly use Value Matrix [16] andDellrsquoIsolarsquos Method [17] of Caltrans (California Departmentof Transportation) which is a method of calculating the VEvalue index The Value Matrix is a method of measuringfunctional value using the cost and the performance of thedesigns The Value Matrix converts the performance of eachdesign into a grade The result is multiplied by the weightaccording to the priority of each performance factor thenit is converted into the performance contribution and thenthe total performance value is calculated by summing up theperformance contribution After this the total performancevalue is divided by the total cost in order to calculate thevalue index The optimum design is then selected accordingto the value enhancement rate DellrsquoIsolarsquos Method on theother hand calculates weights based on the importance ofeach cost and the importance of each item and then convertsthe cost and performance evaluation values into a gradeAfter that the best score is selected by using the total scorewhich is the sum of the weight of the evaluation item and thegrade of each design item In this respect it is advantageousto convert the evaluation values used in the Value Matrix

and DellrsquoIsolarsquos Method into a grade However both methodsare not expected to provide objective results because theevaluation resultsmay vary depending on how the grade scaleis set In addition among the items for evaluation the valueof building materials there are superior items with highernumerical values On the other hand there are superior itemswith lower numerical values Therefore in order to evaluatethe value of building materials and obtain reliable results itis necessary to utilize the properties (cost and performance)of building materials Recently various kinds of buildingmaterials have been developed and the combinations ofgroups of materials that constitute building elements haveincreased exponentially In addition the importance of thecomposition of the elements which is a combination ofbuilding materials has also been emphasized This studyaims to support value-based decision-making by presenting anumerical model that evaluates value through evaluating theperformance of building elements and LCC analysis

2 Evaluation Factors and Procedures

The value engineeringmethod represents the performance ofthe material and LCC as a value The building is composedof several spaces and the space is made up of a combinationof various elements such as the inner wall outer wall andfloor The performance and cost of a building can be dividedinto the performance and cost of each element And theoptimum design of the building can be achieved throughthe integration of the optimal design for each element[18] Thus building element optimization can be achievedthrough a combination of materials with optimal value Theoptimization of the building elements through a combinationof materials can be expressed by the following characteristicmatrix (see the following formula)

119864

=

1198831 sdot sdot sdot 119883119895 sdot sdot sdot 1198831198991198721sdot119872119894sdot119872119898

[[[[[[[[[

11990911sdot1199091198941sdot1199091198981

sdot sdot sdotsdot sdot sdotsdot sdot sdot

1199091119895sdot119909119894119895sdot119909119898119895


1199091119899sdot119909119894119899119909119898119899

]]]]]]]]]

(1)

In this 119864 is the building element1198721 sdot sdot sdot119872119898 are thematerialsconstituting the building elements 1198831 sdot sdot sdot 119883119899 are the perfor-mance or cost of the materials and119883119894119895 is the performance orcost 119895 of119872119894 that is arbitrary material

21 Evaluation Factor 1 Physical Performance The functionof buildings due to technological development has diver-sified In VE (which is aimed at improving the value of abuilding) the value is evaluated by analyzing the functionsof the elements constituting the building such as materialselements and systems However even in buildings with thesame function there is a difference in performance Buildingswith various functions cannot be regarded as superior inperformance Therefore the value of buildings should beevaluated in terms of performance The characteristics of

Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3

Table 1 Physical performance by element required for building space

Code Item A B C D E F GA B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C C

P01 Reflectivity lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowastP02 Insulation lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowastP03 Sound insulation lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowastP04 Impact sound insulation lowast lowast lowastP05 Sound absorption lowast lowast lowast lowast lowastP06 Waterproofing lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowastP07 Damp-proofing lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowastP08 Air tightness lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowastP09 Inner pressure lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowastP10 Impact resistance lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowastP11 Compressibility resistance lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowastP12 Wear resistance lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowastP13 Fire resistance lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowastP14 durability lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowast lowastNote Asterisk required performance by element of building spaceA living roomB bedroomC kitchenD bathroomE hallF stairsG roof A outerwall B inner wall C floor

performance are divided into evaluation of unit material andelement evaluation which is a combination of materials Forexample the abrasion resistance of the floor of an apartmentliving room should be evaluated for floor finishes while theimpact sound insulation should be evaluated for the entirefloor area

22 Evaluation Factor 2 LCC In order to optimize theoverall cost of a building it is necessary to consider the costsincurred in the construction and maintenance phases [19]The maintenance of the building generally refers to activitiessuch as preliminary inspection repair and replacement torestore the function or performance in order to restore thedamaged part and to provide convenience and safety tothe user after the buildings completion Figure 1 shows therepair and replacement cycle over time and the performancelevel of the building Assuming that the performance levelis 100 immediately after the completion of the buildingthe performance of the building gradually deteriorates dueto various factors such as climate and physical environmentIf a certain level of performance degradation occurs repairor replacement should be implemented These activities arerepeated until the life of the building is completed [20]Therefore the cost of the elements and materials constitutingthe building should be analyzed for the initial cost and therunning cost

23 Evaluation Process As shown in Figure 2 this studymodel evaluates the physical performance and LCC ofbuilding elements It evaluates the value using the physicalperformance and the cost-effectiveness of LCC

3 Evaluation Model

31 Physical Performance Evaluation and Normalization Thebuilding offers the functionality and performance that users

ReplacementRepair

Threshold performance level

0

100

Perfo

rman

ce le

vel (

cond

ition

ratin

g)

I2

I2-1

I1-1

I1

2n N1n

Time (years)

Figure 1 Performance level of the building

want through a combination of various materials and sys-tems Figure 3 shows the structure of the building In order torealize the optimal performance of the human activity spaceit is necessary to secure the performance of the elementsconstituting the space and the materials constituting theelements

In order to define the performance of the materials thecomposition of system of elements and spaces (which arethe higher layers) should also be defined Table 1 showsthe 14 performance items related to the building elementsdefined based on the Korean building performance standardKS F ISO 6241 [21] The living room the bedroom thekitchen the bathroom the hall the stairs and the roof inTable 1 are the main spaces of the building correspondingto Room Class in Figure 3 The outer wall the inner walland the floor are the elements corresponding to the Element


Selection of evaluation element

Selection of physical performance evaluation item

Characteristic analysis of physical performanceitem

Normalization(formula (10))

Evaluation of physical performance

Linear transformation(formula (2) or formula (3))


Value Evaluation(formula (11))

Setting of LCC analysis condition (durability of the building replacement cyclereplacement rate real discount rate formula (5))

LCC calculation(formula (8) and formula (9))

LCC analysis(Present value of recurring cost formula (6))(Present value of nonrecurring cost formula (7))

Cost calculation (Initial cost and running cost)

Figure 2 Procedure

Building Room Roof Roof material

Floor Floor material

Wall material

Glass framematerial

Room class Element class Material class

Wall

Door material

Figure 3 Hierarchy of building components

Class As an example the kitchen with an outside wall iscomposed of an inner wall an outer wall and a floor Theperformance associated with the inner wall of the kitchen issound insulation sound absorption air tightness and impactresistance The performance associated with the outer wallof the kitchen is reflectivity insulation sound insulationwaterproofing damp-proofing and air tightnessThe perfor-mance associated with the floor of the kitchen is reflectivityinsulation impact sound insulation damp-proofing and

inner pressure It is possible to select the items required forthe evaluation among the defined physical performance itemsand to define the required performance per element Thephysical performance value is calculated using the test reportconducted by the test method (KS F 2257ndash1 KS F 2257ndash4KS F 2257ndash5 KS F 2257ndash6 KS F 2257ndash7 KS F 2271 andKS F 2273) suggested in the Korean Industrial Standard Theperformance standard KS F 1010 of the building element ofTable 2 is notified by the Korean Agency for Technology andStandards of the Ministry of Knowledge Economy

The physical performance of Table 2 is composed of supe-rior items as the numerical value is larger and improved itemsas the numerical value decreases For example the minimumperformance value of reflectivity is +7 and the maximumperformance value is +56The smaller the number the betterConversely the impact sound insulation has a minimumperformance value of +25 and amaximumperformance valueof minus35 The lower the number the better Wear resistancehas a minimum performance value of +32 and a maximumperformance value of +01 The lower the number the betterThus the various types of physical performance valueshave different sizes Therefore normalization is required tocompare physical performance values [9]

In order to compare the physical performance valueson the same scale it is necessary to normalize all attribute


Table 2 Performance criteria and scope of building elements

Code Item Measurement method Unit Min (inferiority) 998819 Grade 998835 Max (superior)P01 Reflectivity Light reflectance () 7 10 14 20 28 40 56P02 Insulation Heat Flow Resistance m2KW 017 026 043 067 108 172 275

P03 Soundinsulation Transmission Loss dB 12 20 28 36 44 52 60

P04 Impact soundinsulation

Difference in soundPressure level on the

standard curvedB 25 15 5 minus5 minus15 minus25 minus35

P05 Soundabsorption Sound absorption rate () 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

P06 Waterproofing Watertight pressure Pa 980 1568 2450 3920 6174 9800 15680P07 Damp-proofing Moisture resistance m2sdotdsdotmmAqg 01 1 10 100 250 630 1000P08 Air tightness Airtight resistance m2sdot hm3 0015 006 025 10 40 15 60P09 Inner pressure Unit load Nm2 3920 6958 1225 2254 3920 9996 12250

P10 Impactresistance Safety shock energy Nsdotcm 441 6174 1568 3920 9996 24500 61740

P11 Compressibilityresistance

Local compressionload Ncm2 1274 294 784 1960 4900 12250 29400

P12 Wear resistance Wear amount mm 32 18 10 056 032 018 01P13 Fire resistance Heating time min 5 10 15 30 60 120 180P14 Durability Persisting period Year 5 8 12 20 32 50 80

values to values between 0 and 1 Normalization techniquesthat convert physical performance values with differentmeasurement units into comparable measures include (1) anormalization technique using an average value of physicalperformance values (2) a normalization technique usingan intermediate value of physical performance values (3)a vector normalization technique that divides the value bythe Norm of the physical performance item and (4) a lineartransformation technique that divides the maximum value ofeach physical performance value by the remaining physicalperformance valueThe normalizationmethod using the firstaverage value assumes that the average value of the data is 0and the normalizationmethod using the second intermediatevalue assumes that the intermediate value of the data is 0The normalization method using an average value and thenormalization method using an intermediate value set anaverage value or an intermediate value as a reference (0)and place the other values to the left and right Thereforethe normalization technique using an average value and thenormalization technique using an intermediate value are notsuitable for integrating multiple physical performance valuesbecause they have negative values when the normalizationvalue is smaller than a reference value of 0 In the thirdvector normalization technique the Norm of the vector isset to 1 and the ratio of each vector is calculated Thereforesmaller values are not suitable for normalizing the physicalperformance of a building site that contains superior itemssuch as impact sound insulation The fourth linear transfor-mation technique is appropriate method for the coexistenceof superior items with higher numerical values and of lowernumerical values It is also possible to rearrange differentphysical performance values with different preferences and

convert them to the same preference However the impactsound insulation including negative value (minus) in the physicalperformance items of the building elements cannot expect acorrect result when using the general linear transformationmodel [22] This study has designed a numerical modelthat can normalize the physical performance values of thebuilding elements containing negative value (minus) by usingthe linear transformation technique among the four nor-malization methods The physical performance values of thebuilding elements inTable 2 are normalized to values between0 and 1 as shown in Table 3

As the numerical value increases a perfectly scoreditem can be normalized by dividing the absolute value thatsubtracts performance value from minimum performancevalue by the value obtained by subtracting the minimumperformance value from the maximum performance valueas shown in formula (2) In addition as the numericalvalue becomes lower a perfectly scored item can be nor-malized by dividing the value that subtracts the absolutevalue of performance value from minimum performancevalues by the absolute value obtained by subtracting theminimum performance value from the maximum perfor-mance value as shown in formula (3) In the evaluationof a plurality of performances each normalized physi-cal performance value is summed by using formula (4)and arithmetic averaging is performed to calculate a nor-malized physical performance value of the correspondingregion

EPLinear 119894(Type 1) = (EPmin119894 minus EP119894)

(EPmax119894 minus EPmin

119894 ) (2)


Table 3 Normalization of physical performance values of the building elements

Code Item Min (inferiority) 998819 Grade 998835 Max (superior)P01 Reflectivity 0000 0061 0143 0265 0429 0634 1000P02 Insulation 0000 0035 0101 0194 0353 0601 1000P03 Sound insulation 0000 0167 0333 0500 0667 0833 1000P04 Impact sound insulation 0000 0167 0333 0500 0667 0833 1000P05 Sound absorption 0000 0167 0333 0500 0667 0833 1000P06 Waterproofing 0000 0040 0101 0201 0356 0603 1000P07 Damp-proofing 0000 0001 0010 0100 0250 0630 1000P08 Air tightness 0000 0001 0004 0016 0067 0250 1000P09 Inner pressure 0000 0026 0070 0157 0298 0554 1000P10 Impact resistance 0000 0003 0018 0057 0156 0393 1000P11 Compressibility resistance 0000 0006 0022 0063 0163 0414 1000P12 Wear resistance 0000 0452 0710 0852 0929 0974 1000P13 Fire resistance 0000 0029 0057 0143 0314 0657 1000P14 Durability 0000 0040 0093 0200 0360 0600 1000

EPLinear 119894(Type 2) = (EPmin119894 minus 1003816100381610038161003816EP1198941003816100381610038161003816)(1003816100381610038161003816EPmax119894 minus EPmin

1198941003816100381610038161003816) (3)

EPNormalization = sum119899119894=1 EPLinear 119894119899 (4)

where EPNormalization is the normalized physical performancevalue of the evaluated element EPLinear 119894 is the linearly con-verted physical performance value EPmax

119894 is the maximumperformance value of the physical performance item EPmin

119894 istheminimumperformance value of the physical performanceitem EP119894 is the physical performance value of the evaluatedelement and 119894 is the physical performance item of theevaluated element

32 LCC Analysis and Normalization The cost of materialsconsists of the initial cost and the running cost and itanalyzes LCC In this study the initial cost is the constructioncost and the construction stage is set as the present pointin the LCC analysis Therefore the construction cost itselfbecomes the present value The running cost is the futurecost of maintenance in the process of using the building aftercompleting construction It is divided into the cost that isrepeated every year (Recurring cost) and costs which arenot required to be repeated every year but at a certain time(Nonrecurring cost) The running cost is equivalent to theconstruction cost at the same point in time when using thepresent value method At this time in order to convert futurecosts to present value it is necessary to consider the changein value of money with time The discount rate is the rateof change in the cost value over time In this study weuse the real discount rate as given by the price fluctuationeffect The real discount rate is calculated using the nominaldiscount rate and the inflation rate as shown in formula (5)Recurring cost is converted into present value using formula(6) and nonrecurring cost is converted into present valueusing formula (7)

119894119903 = (1 + 119894119899)(1 + 119891) minus 1 (5)

RPV = (1 + 119894119903)119898 minus 1119894 times (1 + 119894119903)119898 times RC (6)

NPV = 1(1 + 119894119903)119899 timesNC (7)

where RPV is the present value of the recurring cost NPVis the present value of the nonrecurring cost RC is therecurring cost NC is the nonrecurring cost 119898 is the periodof occurrence of recurring cost 119899 is the time of occurrence ofnonrecurring cost 119894119903 is the real discount rate 119894119899 is the nominaldiscount rate and 119891 is the inflation rate

The LCC of the material constituting the evaluationelement can be calculated by substituting construction costRPV andNPV of the previously calculatedmaterials into for-mula (8) The LCC of the element is calculated by summingup the LCC of each material as shown in formula (9)

MLCC = 119899sum119894=1

(CC119894 + RPV119894 +NPV119894) (8)

ELCC = 119899sum119894=1

MLCC119894 (9)

where ELCC is the LCC of the evaluation element MLCC isthe LCC of the evaluation material CC is the constructioncost RPV is the present value of the recurring cost NPV is thepresent value of the nonrecurring cost and 119894 is the evaluationmaterial

Generally in the cost planning of a building the lower thecost the better and the higher the cost the less desirableThatis the cost and the economy are inversely related Howeverin this study the LCC is used as a denominator to evaluatethe cost-effectiveness of materials or elements Therefore theLCC and the normalized LCC are proportional

Previously the physical performance of the buildingelements was normalized using a linear transformation tech-nique (formula (2) and formula (3)) In order to use LCCas a denominator the LCC should be normalized between


THK9 carpet tile

THK40 finishing mortar

THK40 lightweight foamed concrete

THK20 insulation

THK210 slab concrete

(a) Type 1

THK8 ondol floor


THK40 insulation


(b) Type 2

Figure 4 Case study subject

0 and 1 and the physical performance because the lineartransformation value of the physical performance is used asthe numerator when evaluating the value using formula (11)Among the four normalization techniques described abovethe normalization method using an average value and thenormalization method using an intermediate value are notsuitable for the normalization of the LCC because they havea negative value when the normalization value is smallerthan a reference value of zero In addition the LCC cannotuse the linear transformation technique for normalizationbecause only the maximum value and the minimum valueexist when there are less than two cost-effectiveness analysisobjects On the other hand the vector normalizationmethodcan be utilized as a method of normalizing the LCC since theNorm of the vector is set to 1 and the ratio of each vector iscalculated Here the best performance value is normalized to1 using formulas (2) and (3) In order to calculate the valueindex through value evaluation the normalized physicalperformance value and the normalized LCC should be madeto the same scale In other words the maximum value of theLCC of proposed building element components should be 1In this study a numerical model is designed to normalizeLCC of a number of building element components usinga vector normalization technique The maximum value ofthe LCC is normalized to 1 LCCs other than the maximumvalue are normalized to a value ranging from 0 to less than1

The normalized LCC can be calculated by dividing theLCC to be evaluated by the maximum value of the LCCs ofthe applicable material or constituent elements as follows

ELCCNormalization = ELCC119894ELCCMax (10)

where ELCCNormalization is the normalized LCC of the elementto be analyzed ELCCMax is themaximum value of the LCC ofthe element to be analyzed ELCC119894 is the LCC of the elementto be analyzed and 119894 is the element to be analyzed

33 Value Evaluation In this study value means the ratio ofthe physical performance of materials and elements to the

LCC for example cost-effectivenessTherefore the larger thevalue the better The value is evaluated using the normalizedphysical performance value and the normalized LCC ascalculated above The value is calculated by dividing thenormalized physical performance value of the evaluatedelement by the normalized LCC using

EV119894 = EPNormalization 119894ELCCNormalization 119894

(11)

where EV119894 is the value of the evaluated elementELCCNormalization 119894 is the normalized LCC of the evaluatedelement and EPNormalization 119894 is the normalized physicalperformance value of the evaluated element

4 Case Study

41 Selection of Evaluation Elements and Evaluation ItemsThe consistency of the building element value evaluationmodel proposed in this study was tested by using twotypes of base floor element components that can be usedin Korean apartment housing as shown in Figure 4 Type1 is made up of slab concrete (THK210) interstory noiseprotection cushioning for insulation (THK20) lightweightfoamed concrete (THK40) mortar (THK40) and carpettiles (THK9) for finishing Type 2 is made up of slabconcrete (THK210) interstory noise protection cushioningfor insulation (THK40) mortar (THK50) and ondol floor(THK8) for finishing

Among the required performances for living roomfloor elements in the apartment the physical perfor-mance evaluation of the case selected insulation andimpact sound insulation which satisfies the performancestandard according to the Korean Building Act LCCselected the construction cost of the floor element and therepair replacement cost of the floor finish as evaluationitems


Table 4 Insulation property output data

Element Plan Material Thickness (mm) Heat conduction rate (WmK) Heat flow resistance (m2KW)

Type 1

Resistance of internal heat transfer - - 0086Carpet tiles 9 0059 0153Ondol floor -

Cement mortar 40 14 0029Lightweight foamed concrete 40 016 0250Cushioning for insulation 20 0033 0606

Concrete slab 210 16 0131Internal transfer resistances - - 0086

Total 1341

Type 2

Internal transfer resistances - - 0086Ondol floor 8 010 0080

Cement mortar 50 14 0036Cushioning for insulation 40 0033 1212

Concrete slab 210 16 0131Internal transfer Resistances - - 0086

Total 1631

Table 5 Physical performance evaluation result

Performance ItemType 1 Type 2

Physical performance value before normalizationInsulation (m2KW) 1341 1631Impact sound insulation (dB) minus4500 minus2500

Normalized physical performance values

Insulation |017 minus 1341|(275 minus 017) = 0454 |017 minus 1631|(275 minus 017) = 0566Impact sound insulation (25 + |minus45|)|minus35 minus 25| = 0492 (25 + |minus25|)|minus35 minus 25| = 0458Physical performance (0454 + 0492)2 = 0473 (0566 + 0458)2 = 0512

42 Evaluation and Normalization

421 Physical Performance

(1) Evaluation and Character Analysis The insulation iscalculated by the thermal resistance calculation methodusing the thickness and the thermal conductivity of thematerial constituting the floor element Since the impactsound insulation is an item which cannot be evaluated bythe floor element composition drawing the test result ofthe official agency is used The total heat transfer rate ofconcrete slab floor cushioning material lightweight foamedconcrete cement mortar and carpet tiles which constituteType 1 is 3252Wm2K as shown in Table 4 The heat flowresistance of the floor element is 1341m2KW taking intoaccount the upper and lower internal transfer resistanceThe impact sound blocking property calculated by using thesound pressure level difference on the standard curve of aheavy impact sound and a light impact sound is minus45 dBThe heat flow resistance and impact sound blocking propertyof Type 2 evaluated using the same method as Type 1are 1631m2KW and minus25 dB Therefore the impact sound

blocking property was excellent in Type 1 and the insulationproperty was excellent in Type 2

(2) Linear Transformation and Normalization The larger thenumerical value the better the insulation so it is normalizedby using formula (2) However the impact sound insulation isbetter as the numerical value is smaller so it is normalized byusing formula (3) The insulation performance 1341m2KWand impact sound insulation performance minus45 dB in Type 1were normalized to 0454 and 0490 as shown in Table 5Thenormalized physical performance calculated by substitutingin formula (4) is 0473 Also the insulation performance1631m2KW and impact sound insulation performanceminus25 dB in Type 2 were normalized to 0566 and 0458The normalized physical performance calculated by sub-stituting in formula (4) is 0512 Therefore the integratedphysical performance that comprehensively evaluated boththe physical performances of insulation and impact soundinsulation is 0473 for Type 1 and 0512 for Type 2 whichmeans Type 2 was evaluated as superior in terms of physicalperformance


Table 6 Initial cost calculation data

Item Material Unit Standard Cost (Won)

Type 1

Carpet tiles m2 THK9 13300Cement mortar m3 THK40 52773

Lightweight foamed concrete m3 THK40 11160Floor cushioning material m2 THK20 3512

Concrete slab m3 THK210 11929Total 92674

Type 2

Ondol floor m2 THK8 15758Cement mortar m3 THK50 65967

Floor cushioning material m3 THK40 5130Concrete slab m3 THK210 11929

Total 98784

422 LCC

(1) Setting Analysis Conditions The duration of the buildingwas set at 40 years in order to calculate Type 1 and Type 2LCCs The actual discount rate to convert the replacementcost of the flooring finishing material which is a future costto the present value is based on Korearsquos nominal discount rateof 351 in 2017 and the inflation rate of 08 As a resultsubstituting into formula (5) the real discount rate of 27was applied as shown in

119894119903 = (1 + 00351)(1 + 0008) minus 1 = 0027 (12)

(2) Cost Calculation

Initial Cost Construction costs of Type 1 and Type 2 werecalculated as cost per unit by using the standard price andthe unit price of the standard construction market in 2017which was compiled by the Ministry of Land Infrastructureand Transport Korearsquos leading construction industry Thecalculated construction costs are 92674 for Type 1 and98784 for Type 2 as shown in Table 6

Running Cost According to Korearsquos facility managementstandards the life cycle of carpet tiles the finishing materialof Type 1 is set to be replaced 15 every 10 years and 100every 20 years The life cycle of ondol floor the finishingmaterial of Type 2 is set to be replaced 15 every 7 yearsand 100 every 25 years The LCC of the replacement costdue to the aging of the carpet tiles and the ondol floor duringthe life cycle of 40 years of case building was analyzed as 6times in Type 1 and LCC was analyzed as 10232 as shownin Table 7 Type 2 required a total of 6 replacements and LCCwas analyzed as14945

The initial cost of construction costs is the currentcost so it is regarded as the present value When theinitial cost and the running cost are combined the LCC ofType 1 is 102906 and the LCC of Type 2 is 113729Therefore Type 1 was analyzed to be superior in terms ofLCC

(3) Normalization The previously calculated LCCs of Type 1and Type 2 were normalized by substituting in formula (10)As shown in Table 8 Type 1 was calculated as 0905 and Type2 was calculated with a maximum value of 1000

423 Value Evaluation The normalized physical perfor-mance value and the normalized LCC of Type 1 and Type2 were substituted into formula (11) to calculate the valueTable 9 shows the evaluation process Type 1 is 0522 and Type2 is 0512

5 Conclusion

This study presents a numerical model for selecting valueoriented building element components by evaluating build-ing elements composed of various materials in terms ofperformance and LCC

The main contents are as follows(1) The physical performance construction cost and

maintenance cost of constituent materials and elements arepresented as items for evaluation (2) Physical performance isnormalized to a comparable form by presenting a numericalmodel (formula (2) formula (3) and formula (4)) usinga linear transformation method (3) LCC is normalizedto a comparable form by presenting a numerical model(formula (10)) using a vector normalization method (4)Value evaluation method (formula (11)) of VE was appliedto evaluate the physical performance value and the cost-effectiveness of LCC (5) In order to verify the consistencyof cost-effectiveness analysis the physical performance andthe LCC for the two types of floor element used in Koreanapartment housing were assigned to the formula The resultsare as follows

The insulation of Type 1 was 1321m2KW and the impactsound insulation was minus45 dB normalized to 0454 and 0492The insulation of Type 2 was 1631m2KW and the impactsound insulation was minus25 dB normalized to 0566 and 0458The LCC of Type 1 was 102906 normalized to 0905The LCC of Type 2 was 113728 normalized to 1000 Thevalues of the analytical floors calculated using the normalizedphysical performance and the normalized LCC are 0522 and0512 respectively


Table 7 Running cost calculation data

Item Repair replacement cycle (Year) Repair replacement rate () LCC (Won)

Type 1

10 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)10 times 015 = 1528

20 100 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)20 times 015 = 7806

30 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)30 times 015 = 897

Total 10232

Type 2

7 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)7 times 015 = 1691

14 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)14 times 015 = 1627

21 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)21 times 015 = 1351

25 100 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)25 times 10 = 8093

32 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)32 times 015 = 1007

36 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)36 times 015 = 906

Total 14945

Table 8 LCC analysis result

Item LCC

Type 1 LCCNormalization 1 = 102906113729 = 0905Type 2 LCCNormalization 2 = 113729113729 = 1000

Table 9 Value evaluation data

Item Value

Type 1 1198811 = 04730905 = 0522Type 2 1198811 = 05121000 = 0512

Previous studies suggesting optimal building materialsand building element selection methods have been used toconvert performance and cost to a grade However there is aproblem that the evaluation results are different dependingon the set grade range of the preceding methods Thisstudy is different from the previous study methods in thatthe physical performance of the building elements and theLCC are converted to numbers between 0 and 1 using thelinear transformation method and the vector normalizationmethod

Recently various kinds of building materials are beingdeveloped Therefore the combination group of materialsthat can form the building elements is increasing exponen-tially As a result the importance of the composition of theelement which is a combination of building materials hasbeen emphasized and a lot of time and effort are requiredto make a decision for selecting the optimum elementcomposition This studyrsquos model does not go through thecomplex process of converting the performance and cost

into a grade and assigning the grade that was used in theexisting methods Since the value index is calculated bysubstituting the physical performance value and the LCCinto the proposed cost-effectiveness analysis model the timerequired to make the optimal choice of the building elementscomposed of various materials can be reduced In additionthis studyrsquos model can be used for rational decision-makingwhen it comes to material and element selection by enablingconsistent evaluation of building elements composed ofvarious materials

This studyrsquos model considers the repair cost and thereplacement cost of the materials constituting the buildingelements in the LCC analysis However it did not considerthe change of physical performance (decreased performance)over timeThe physical performance of the building elementsgradually decreases with time after construction Thereforein future studies it is necessary to consider the changeof physical performance (decreased performance) of thebuilding elements

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by Basic Science ResearchProgram through the National Research Foundationof Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(2017R1D1A3B03028597)

References

[1] Y Oh S Lee and T Lee ldquoA study on the economic analysis inapartment house based on life cycle costing techniquesrdquo Journal


of the Architectural Institute of Korea vol 13 no 3 pp 325ndash3321997

[2] V P De Freitas and J M Delgado Durability of BuildingMaterials and Components Springer New York NY USA 2013

[3] H ChunA study on analyzing the current state of the contract ampchange order by awarding method in public construction projects[MS thesis] Hanyang University Seoul South Korea 2007

[4] X Cui Evaluation of speculation in the analysis phase for thevalue engineering of a shopping mall [PhD thesis] ChungbukNational University 2009

[5] Korea Construction Value Engineering Research Institute AnEfficient Review Plan (Design VE) for the Economic Efficiency ofDesign Ministry of Land Transport and Maritime Affairs ofKorea 2008

[6] Ministry of Land and Transport andMaritime Affairs of KoreaDevelopment of A Core Construction Engineering TechnologyTowards Global Competitiveness Ministry of Land Transportand Maritime Affairs of Korea 2005

[7] H Z Alibaba andM B Ozdeniz ldquoA building elements selectionsystem for architectsrdquo Building and Environment vol 39 no 3pp 307ndash316 2004

[8] E K Zavadskas A Kaklauskas Z Turskis and J TamosaitieneldquoSelection of the effective dwelling house walls by applyingattributes values determined at intervalsrdquo Journal of CivilEngineering and Management vol 14 no 2 pp 85ndash93 2008

[9] D Jee and K Kang ldquoA method for optimal material selectionaided with decision making theoryrdquo Materials Design vol 21no 3 pp 199ndash206 2000

[10] S Rahman S Perera H Odeyinka and Y Bi ldquoA knowledge-based decision support system for roofing materials selec-tion and cost estimating a conceptual framework and datamodellingrdquo in Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference ofthe Association of Researchers in Construction ManagementARCOM2009 pp 1081ndash1090 Nottingham England September2009

[11] R S Perera and U L Fernando ldquoCost modelling for roofingmaterial selectionrdquo Built-Environment vol 3 no 1 pp 11ndash242002

[12] J Do H Song and Y Soh ldquoAHP based-optimal selectionof concrete patching repair materials considering qualitativeevaluation criteriardquo Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute vol20 no 1 pp 965ndash968 2008

[13] D Castro-Lacouture J A Sefair L Florez and A L MedaglialdquoOptimization model for the selection of materials using aLEED-based green building rating system in Colombiardquo Build-ing and Environment vol 44 no 6 pp 1162ndash1170 2009

[14] J Yang and I C Ogunkah ldquoA multi-criteria decision supportsystem for the selection of low-cost green buildingmaterials andcomponentsrdquo Journal of Building Construction and PlanningResearch vol 1 no 4 pp 89ndash130 2013

[15] O Kaan A Neville J Dima and H Sajjad Guidelines for LifeCycle Cost Analysis Stanford University 2013

[16] J Yoo C Hyun and M Kim ldquoA study on the method forselecting the optimum building component by value evalua-tionrdquo Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea vol 11 no12 pp 297ndash307 1995

[17] R Stewart Fundamentals of Value Methodology Xlibris Corpo-ration 2005

[18] A DellrsquoIsola Value Engineering in The Construction IndustryReinhold Inc 1998

[19] J Lee and J Chun ldquoA numerical value evaluation model for theoptimum design selectionrdquo Journal of Asian Architecture andBuilding Engineering vol 11 no 2 pp 283ndash290 2012

[20] THong SHan and S Lee ldquoSimulation-based determination ofoptimal life-cycle cost for FRP bridge deck panelsrdquo Automationin Construction vol 16 no 2 pp 140ndash152 2007

[21] Housing Research Institute of Land and Housing CorporationA Study on the Performance Standard for Element of ApartmentHouse Housing Research Institute of Land and Housing Cor-poration 1998

[22] S Kim B Jeong and J Kim Decision Making Analysis andApplication Youngji Publishers 2009

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evaluation method that can produce objective and consistentresults

12 Literature Review and Purpose Previous studies relatedto the selection of building materials have been carried outfrom different perspectives Alibaba and Ozdeniz analyzedthe importance of the expected performance and require-ments of the building elements and proposed amaterial selec-tionmethod that reflects the analysis results [7] Zavadskas etal have argued for the necessity of complex decision-makingconsidering various requirements for material selection [8]Jee and Kang developed a material selection system bycombining entropy method and TOPSIS (Technique forOrder of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) concepts[9] Previous studies related to the cost of building materialshave been performed mainly on specific materials As arepresentative study Rahman et al developed a system forselecting the optimal roof material in terms of cost [10]Perera and Fernando proposed a model for selecting roofmaterialswhich focused on the persisting period [11]Do et alproposed a method for selecting material using analytic hier-archy process [12] In recent years interest in ecofriendlinesshas increased affecting material selection studies Castro-Lacouture et al proposed a model for selecting the best envi-ronmentally friendly materials within a given budget [13]Yang and Ogunkah conducted research to select ecofriendlymaterials meeting various requirements [14] Thus previousstudies on material selection have been actively conductedmainly on the physical properties cost and environmentalimpact of materials According to previous studies it wasconfirmed that the running cost after construction of abuilding is larger than the initial cost [15] The importance ofLCC analysis is emphasized in the planning of constructionprojects However previous studies have focused on theperformance of materials and construction cost which islimited to initial cost When selecting building materialsconsidering the running cost in the maintenance phaseis insufficient Previous studies for optimizing the valueof building materials mainly use Value Matrix [16] andDellrsquoIsolarsquos Method [17] of Caltrans (California Departmentof Transportation) which is a method of calculating the VEvalue index The Value Matrix is a method of measuringfunctional value using the cost and the performance of thedesigns The Value Matrix converts the performance of eachdesign into a grade The result is multiplied by the weightaccording to the priority of each performance factor thenit is converted into the performance contribution and thenthe total performance value is calculated by summing up theperformance contribution After this the total performancevalue is divided by the total cost in order to calculate thevalue index The optimum design is then selected accordingto the value enhancement rate DellrsquoIsolarsquos Method on theother hand calculates weights based on the importance ofeach cost and the importance of each item and then convertsthe cost and performance evaluation values into a gradeAfter that the best score is selected by using the total scorewhich is the sum of the weight of the evaluation item and thegrade of each design item In this respect it is advantageousto convert the evaluation values used in the Value Matrix

and DellrsquoIsolarsquos Method into a grade However both methodsare not expected to provide objective results because theevaluation resultsmay vary depending on how the grade scaleis set In addition among the items for evaluation the valueof building materials there are superior items with highernumerical values On the other hand there are superior itemswith lower numerical values Therefore in order to evaluatethe value of building materials and obtain reliable results itis necessary to utilize the properties (cost and performance)of building materials Recently various kinds of buildingmaterials have been developed and the combinations ofgroups of materials that constitute building elements haveincreased exponentially In addition the importance of thecomposition of the elements which is a combination ofbuilding materials has also been emphasized This studyaims to support value-based decision-making by presenting anumerical model that evaluates value through evaluating theperformance of building elements and LCC analysis

2 Evaluation Factors and Procedures

The value engineeringmethod represents the performance ofthe material and LCC as a value The building is composedof several spaces and the space is made up of a combinationof various elements such as the inner wall outer wall andfloor The performance and cost of a building can be dividedinto the performance and cost of each element And theoptimum design of the building can be achieved throughthe integration of the optimal design for each element[18] Thus building element optimization can be achievedthrough a combination of materials with optimal value Theoptimization of the building elements through a combinationof materials can be expressed by the following characteristicmatrix (see the following formula)

119864

=

1198831 sdot sdot sdot 119883119895 sdot sdot sdot 1198831198991198721sdot119872119894sdot119872119898

[[[[[[[[[

11990911sdot1199091198941sdot1199091198981


1199091119895sdot119909119894119895sdot119909119898119895


1199091119899sdot119909119894119899119909119898119899

]]]]]]]]]

(1)

In this 119864 is the building element1198721 sdot sdot sdot119872119898 are thematerialsconstituting the building elements 1198831 sdot sdot sdot 119883119899 are the perfor-mance or cost of the materials and119883119894119895 is the performance orcost 119895 of119872119894 that is arbitrary material

21 Evaluation Factor 1 Physical Performance The functionof buildings due to technological development has diver-sified In VE (which is aimed at improving the value of abuilding) the value is evaluated by analyzing the functionsof the elements constituting the building such as materialselements and systems However even in buildings with thesame function there is a difference in performance Buildingswith various functions cannot be regarded as superior inperformance Therefore the value of buildings should beevaluated in terms of performance The characteristics of








3 Evaluation Model


ReplacementRepair


0

100

Perfo

rman

ce le

vel (

cond

ition

ratin

g)

I2

I2-1

I1-1

I1

2n N1n

Time (years)

















Figure 2 Procedure



Wall material

Glass framematerial


Wall

Door material
























119894 ) (2)





1198941003816100381610038161003816) (3)






119894119903 = (1 + 119894119899)(1 + 119891) minus 1 (5)


NPV = 1(1 + 119894119903)119899 timesNC (7)



MLCC = 119899sum119894=1

(CC119894 + RPV119894 +NPV119894) (8)

ELCC = 119899sum119894=1

MLCC119894 (9)





THK9 carpet tile



THK20 insulation


(a) Type 1

THK8 ondol floor


THK40 insulation


(b) Type 2









(11)


4 Case Study






Type 1




Total 1341

Type 2




Total 1631














Type 1




Type 2



Total 98784

422 LCC


119894119903 = (1 + 00351)(1 + 0008) minus 1 = 0027 (12)







5 Conclusion








Type 1

10 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)10 times 015 = 1528

20 100 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)20 times 015 = 7806

30 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)30 times 015 = 897

Total 10232

Type 2

7 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)7 times 015 = 1691

14 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)14 times 015 = 1627

21 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)21 times 015 = 1351

25 100 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)25 times 10 = 8093

32 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)32 times 015 = 1007

36 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)36 times 015 = 906

Total 14945


Item LCC



Item Value

Type 1 1198811 = 04730905 = 0522Type 2 1198811 = 05121000 = 0512







Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of












Journal of







Volume 2018






Volume 2018















3 Evaluation Model


ReplacementRepair


0

100

Perfo

rman

ce le

vel (

cond

ition

ratin

g)

I2

I2-1

I1-1

I1

2n N1n

Time (years)

















Figure 2 Procedure



Wall material

Glass framematerial


Wall

Door material
























119894 ) (2)





1198941003816100381610038161003816) (3)






119894119903 = (1 + 119894119899)(1 + 119891) minus 1 (5)


NPV = 1(1 + 119894119903)119899 timesNC (7)



MLCC = 119899sum119894=1

(CC119894 + RPV119894 +NPV119894) (8)

ELCC = 119899sum119894=1

MLCC119894 (9)





THK9 carpet tile



THK20 insulation


(a) Type 1

THK8 ondol floor


THK40 insulation


(b) Type 2









(11)


4 Case Study






Type 1




Total 1341

Type 2




Total 1631














Type 1




Type 2



Total 98784

422 LCC


119894119903 = (1 + 00351)(1 + 0008) minus 1 = 0027 (12)







5 Conclusion








Type 1

10 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)10 times 015 = 1528

20 100 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)20 times 015 = 7806

30 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)30 times 015 = 897

Total 10232

Type 2

7 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)7 times 015 = 1691

14 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)14 times 015 = 1627

21 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)21 times 015 = 1351

25 100 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)25 times 10 = 8093

32 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)32 times 015 = 1007

36 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)36 times 015 = 906

Total 14945


Item LCC



Item Value

Type 1 1198811 = 04730905 = 0522Type 2 1198811 = 05121000 = 0512







Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of












Journal of







Volume 2018






Volume 2018





















Figure 2 Procedure



Wall material

Glass framematerial


Wall

Door material
























119894 ) (2)





1198941003816100381610038161003816) (3)






119894119903 = (1 + 119894119899)(1 + 119891) minus 1 (5)


NPV = 1(1 + 119894119903)119899 timesNC (7)



MLCC = 119899sum119894=1

(CC119894 + RPV119894 +NPV119894) (8)

ELCC = 119899sum119894=1

MLCC119894 (9)





THK9 carpet tile



THK20 insulation


(a) Type 1

THK8 ondol floor


THK40 insulation


(b) Type 2









(11)


4 Case Study






Type 1




Total 1341

Type 2




Total 1631














Type 1




Type 2



Total 98784

422 LCC


119894119903 = (1 + 00351)(1 + 0008) minus 1 = 0027 (12)







5 Conclusion








Type 1

10 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)10 times 015 = 1528

20 100 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)20 times 015 = 7806

30 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)30 times 015 = 897

Total 10232

Type 2

7 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)7 times 015 = 1691

14 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)14 times 015 = 1627

21 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)21 times 015 = 1351

25 100 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)25 times 10 = 8093

32 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)32 times 015 = 1007

36 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)36 times 015 = 906

Total 14945


Item LCC



Item Value

Type 1 1198811 = 04730905 = 0522Type 2 1198811 = 05121000 = 0512







Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of












Journal of







Volume 2018






Volume 2018


























119894 ) (2)





1198941003816100381610038161003816) (3)






119894119903 = (1 + 119894119899)(1 + 119891) minus 1 (5)


NPV = 1(1 + 119894119903)119899 timesNC (7)



MLCC = 119899sum119894=1

(CC119894 + RPV119894 +NPV119894) (8)

ELCC = 119899sum119894=1

MLCC119894 (9)





THK9 carpet tile



THK20 insulation


(a) Type 1

THK8 ondol floor


THK40 insulation


(b) Type 2









(11)


4 Case Study






Type 1




Total 1341

Type 2




Total 1631














Type 1




Type 2



Total 98784

422 LCC


119894119903 = (1 + 00351)(1 + 0008) minus 1 = 0027 (12)







5 Conclusion








Type 1

10 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)10 times 015 = 1528

20 100 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)20 times 015 = 7806

30 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)30 times 015 = 897

Total 10232

Type 2

7 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)7 times 015 = 1691

14 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)14 times 015 = 1627

21 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)21 times 015 = 1351

25 100 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)25 times 10 = 8093

32 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)32 times 015 = 1007

36 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)36 times 015 = 906

Total 14945


Item LCC



Item Value

Type 1 1198811 = 04730905 = 0522Type 2 1198811 = 05121000 = 0512







Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of












Journal of







Volume 2018






Volume 2018












1198941003816100381610038161003816) (3)






119894119903 = (1 + 119894119899)(1 + 119891) minus 1 (5)


NPV = 1(1 + 119894119903)119899 timesNC (7)



MLCC = 119899sum119894=1

(CC119894 + RPV119894 +NPV119894) (8)

ELCC = 119899sum119894=1

MLCC119894 (9)





THK9 carpet tile



THK20 insulation


(a) Type 1

THK8 ondol floor


THK40 insulation


(b) Type 2









(11)


4 Case Study






Type 1




Total 1341

Type 2




Total 1631














Type 1




Type 2



Total 98784

422 LCC


119894119903 = (1 + 00351)(1 + 0008) minus 1 = 0027 (12)







5 Conclusion








Type 1

10 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)10 times 015 = 1528

20 100 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)20 times 015 = 7806

30 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)30 times 015 = 897

Total 10232

Type 2

7 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)7 times 015 = 1691

14 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)14 times 015 = 1627

21 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)21 times 015 = 1351

25 100 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)25 times 10 = 8093

32 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)32 times 015 = 1007

36 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)36 times 015 = 906

Total 14945


Item LCC



Item Value

Type 1 1198811 = 04730905 = 0522Type 2 1198811 = 05121000 = 0512







Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of












Journal of







Volume 2018






Volume 2018









THK9 carpet tile



THK20 insulation


(a) Type 1

THK8 ondol floor


THK40 insulation


(b) Type 2









(11)


4 Case Study






Type 1




Total 1341

Type 2




Total 1631














Type 1




Type 2



Total 98784

422 LCC


119894119903 = (1 + 00351)(1 + 0008) minus 1 = 0027 (12)







5 Conclusion








Type 1

10 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)10 times 015 = 1528

20 100 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)20 times 015 = 7806

30 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)30 times 015 = 897

Total 10232

Type 2

7 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)7 times 015 = 1691

14 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)14 times 015 = 1627

21 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)21 times 015 = 1351

25 100 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)25 times 10 = 8093

32 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)32 times 015 = 1007

36 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)36 times 015 = 906

Total 14945


Item LCC



Item Value

Type 1 1198811 = 04730905 = 0522Type 2 1198811 = 05121000 = 0512







Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of












Journal of







Volume 2018






Volume 2018











Type 1




Total 1341

Type 2




Total 1631














Type 1




Type 2



Total 98784

422 LCC


119894119903 = (1 + 00351)(1 + 0008) minus 1 = 0027 (12)







5 Conclusion








Type 1

10 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)10 times 015 = 1528

20 100 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)20 times 015 = 7806

30 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)30 times 015 = 897

Total 10232

Type 2

7 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)7 times 015 = 1691

14 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)14 times 015 = 1627

21 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)21 times 015 = 1351

25 100 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)25 times 10 = 8093

32 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)32 times 015 = 1007

36 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)36 times 015 = 906

Total 14945


Item LCC



Item Value

Type 1 1198811 = 04730905 = 0522Type 2 1198811 = 05121000 = 0512







Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of












Journal of







Volume 2018






Volume 2018











Type 1




Type 2



Total 98784

422 LCC


119894119903 = (1 + 00351)(1 + 0008) minus 1 = 0027 (12)







5 Conclusion








Type 1

10 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)10 times 015 = 1528

20 100 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)20 times 015 = 7806

30 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)30 times 015 = 897

Total 10232

Type 2

7 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)7 times 015 = 1691

14 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)14 times 015 = 1627

21 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)21 times 015 = 1351

25 100 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)25 times 10 = 8093

32 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)32 times 015 = 1007

36 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)36 times 015 = 906

Total 14945


Item LCC



Item Value

Type 1 1198811 = 04730905 = 0522Type 2 1198811 = 05121000 = 0512







Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of












Journal of







Volume 2018






Volume 2018











Type 1

10 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)10 times 015 = 1528

20 100 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)20 times 015 = 7806

30 15 13300 times 1(1 + 0027)30 times 015 = 897

Total 10232

Type 2

7 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)7 times 015 = 1691

14 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)14 times 015 = 1627

21 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)21 times 015 = 1351

25 100 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)25 times 10 = 8093

32 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)32 times 015 = 1007

36 15 15754 times 1(1 + 0027)36 times 015 = 906

Total 14945


Item LCC



Item Value

Type 1 1198811 = 04730905 = 0522Type 2 1198811 = 05121000 = 0512







Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of












Journal of







Volume 2018






Volume 2018






































Journal of












Journal of







Volume 2018






Volume 2018















Journal of












Journal of







Volume 2018






Volume 2018








Documents

Analysis Model of Cost-Effectiveness for Value Evaluation