ANALOG SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

ERHAN KUDEKI University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

DAVID С MUNSON JR. University of Michigan

PEARSON

Prentice Hall

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Contents

Preface xi

Chapter 0 Analog Signals and Systems— The Scope and Study Plan 1

Chapter 1 Circuit Fundamentals 6

1.1 Voltage, Current, and Power 7 1.2 Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current Laws: KVL and KCL 15 1.3 Ideal Circuit Elements and Simple Circuit Analysis

Examples 17 1.4 Complex Numbers 26

Exercises 26

Chapter 2 Analysis of Linear Resistive Circuits 31

2.1 Resistor Combinations and Source Transformations 31 2.2 Node-Voltage Method 38 2.3 Loop-Current Method 43 2.4 Linearity, Superposition, and Thevenin and Norton

Equivalents 48 2.5 Available Power and Maximum Power Transfer 60

Exercises 63

Chapter 3 Circuits for Signal Processing 68

3.1 Operational Amplifiers and Signal Arithmetic 68 3.2 Differentiators and Integrators 80 3.3 Linearity, Time Invariance, and LTI Systems 87 3.4 First-Order RC and RL Circuits 93 3.5 nth-Order LTI Systems 111

Exercises 115

VII

V I I I

Chapter 4 Phasors and Sinusoidal Steady State

4.1 Phasors, Co-Sinusoids, and Impedance 4.2 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 136 4.3 Average and Available Power 143 4.4 Resonance 150

Exercises 154

122

Contents

121

Chapter 5 Frequency Response H(«) of LTI Systems 158

5.1 The Frequency Response H(со) of LTI Systems 159 5.2 Properties of Frequency Response H(oo) of LTI Circuits 164 5.3 LTI System Response to Co-Sinusoidal Inputs 166 5.4 LTI System Response to Multifrequency Inputs 176 5.5 Resonant and Non-Dissipative Systems 181

Exercises 182

Chapter 6 Fourier Series and LTI System Response to Periodic Signals 185

6.1 Periodic Signals 186 6.2 Fourier Series 189 6.3 System Response to Periodic Inputs

Exercises 218 208

Chapter 7 Fourier Transform and LTI System Response to Energy Signals 223

7.1 Fourier Transform Pairs f(t) «-> F(co) and Their Properties 226

7.2 Frequency-Domain Description of Signals 240 7.3 LTI Circuit and System Response to Energy Signals 247

Exercises 255

Chapter 8 Modulation and AM Radio

8.1 Fourier Transform Shift and Modulation Properties 8.2 Coherent Demodulation of AM Signals 265 8.3 Envelope Detection of AM Signals 267 8.4 Superheterodyne AM Receivers with Envelope

Detection 273 Exercises 278

259

260

Contents ix

Chapter 9 Convolution, Impulse, Sampling, and Reconstruction 281

9.1 Convolution 282 9.2 Impulse 5(f) 301 9.3 Fourier Transform of Distributions and Power Signals 314 9.4 Sampling and Analog Signal Reconstruction 325 9.5 Other Uses of the Impulse 332

Exercises 333

Chapter 10 Impulse Response, Stability, Causality, and LTIC Systems 337

10.1 Impulse Response h(t) and Zero-State Response y(t)=h(t)*f(t) 338

10.2 BIBO Stability 346 10.3 Causality and LTIC Systems 351 10.4 Usefulness of Noncausal System Models 357 10.5 Delay Lines 357

Exercises 359

Chapter 11 Laplace Transform, Transfer Function, and LTIC System Response 361

11.1 Laplace Transform and its Properties 363 11.2 Inverse Laplace Transform and PFE 381 11.3 s -Domain Circuit Analysis 389 11.4 General Response of LTIC Circuits and Systems 396 11.5 LTIC System Combinations 412

Exercises 419

Chapter 12 Analog Filters and Low-Pass Filter Design 426

12.1 Ideal Filters: Distortionless and Nondispersive 427 12.2 1st-and 2nd-Order Filters 430 12.3 Low-Pass Butterworth Filter Design 437

Exercises 447

Appendix A Complex Numbers and Functions 450

A. 1 Complex Numbers as Real Number Pairs 450 A.2 Rectangular Form 452 A.3 Complex Plane, Polar and Exponential Forms 454

X Contents

A.4 More on Complex Conjugate 461 A.5 Euler's Identity 463 A.6 Complex-Valued Functions 465 A.7 Functions of Complex Variables 468

Appendix В Labs

Labi Lab 2 Lab3 Lab 4 Lab 5

471

tfC-Circuits 472 Op-Amps 481 Frequency Response and Fourier Series 488 Fourier Transform and AM Radio 493 Sampling, Reconstruction, and Software Radio 499

Appendix С Further Reading 507

INDEX 509