ANALISIS DATA KUALITATIF · Catatan lapangan Transkrip ... penelitian kualitatif Validitas internal Kredibilitas ... Peneliti menelusuri atau mendeskripsikan contoh-contoh negatif

TEKNIK PENGUMPULAN DATA

& ANALISIS DATA KUALITATIF

22/12/2016

Resista Vikaliana 1

Metode pengumpulan data

Kualitatif

Pengumpulan data

Wawancara

Observasi

Analis dokumen

FGD

Transkripsi

Analisis mikro

Penetapan kategori

sentral/selective coding

Permodelan 16/11/2013 Resista Vikaliana, S.Si. MM

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Data

Catatan lapangan

Transkrip wawancara yang direkam

Dokumen

Pribadi

Autobiografi, surat pribadi, buku harian, memo, catatan rapat,

surat kabar, dokumen kebijakan proposal, kode etik, buku

tahunan, kliping, press release, dan lainnya.

Resmi

Surat dinas, dokumen resmi dan lainnya.

Fotografi, rekaman, gambar, dan percakapan informal

22/12/2016 Resista Vikaliana

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Pengumpulan Data


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Pengumpulan data pada riset kualitatif, dapat

langsung diinterpretasi

Keabsahan Riset Kualitatif


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Validitas dan Reliabilitas dalam Riset

Kualitatif


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Kriteria tradisional penilaian

penelitian kuantitatif

Kriteria alternatif penilaian

penelitian kualitatif

Validitas internal Kredibilitas

Validitas eksternal Transferabilitas

Reliabilitas Dependabilitas

Objektivitas Konfirmabilitas

Kredibilitas (Credibility)

Kredibilitas

dapat dipercaya dari perspektif partisipan dalam riset tersebut

Strategi meningkatkan kredibilitas

Perpanjangan pengamatan

Ketekunan penelitian

Triangulasi

Diskusi teman sejawat

Analisis kasus negatif

Memberchecking


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Triangulasi


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Kondisi harus triangulasi sumber

Kondisi harus triangulasi metode

Kondisi harus triangulasi teori

Kondisi harus triangulasi data

Key Informant Bias: tendency of the researcher to rely a large part of information from one or a small number of informants.

Effort to solve problem of Key Informant Bias:

– 1. Data Triangulation using various data sources.

– 2. Methodological Triangulation using various methods to study an issue.

– 3. Investigator Triangulation involving various researchers which have different educational background.

– 4. Theory Triangulation using different perspectives to interpret a set of data.

Data Collection - Problem in Qualitative Research

Materi Budi Gunawan (disampaikan pada Qualitative

Worskhop Pascasarjanan Institut Stami-November 2017)

Transkrip Reduksi/kond

ensasi Data

Tampilan

data

Simpulan Simpulan

Akhir

…. …. Naratif A Inf-1


…. …. Naratif B Inf-3



A

A (B)

atau

TRIANGULASI DATA

Peneliti

Materi Budi Gunawan (disampaikan pada Qualitative Worskhop Pascasarjana Institut Stami-

November 2017)

Transferabilitas (Transferability)

Transferabilitas

Tingkat kemampuan hasil riset kualitatif dapat

digeneralisasikan atau ditransfer pada konteks

yang lain.

Tanggung jawab mengeneralisir


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Dependabilitas (Dependability)

Dependabilitas

Dalam riset kuantitatif sama dengan reliabilitas

asumsi keterulangan

Peneliti mempertimbangkan untuk melakukan riset

pada konteks berubah-ubah.

Apakah kita akan memperoleh hasil pengamatan

yang sama untuk kali yang kedua


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Konfirmabilitas (Confirmability)

Konfirmabilitas/ obyektivitas

Tingkat kemampuan hasil riset dapat dikonfirmasikan oleh orang lain.

Strategi

Mendokumentasikan prosedur untuk mengecek dan mengecek kembali seluruh data penelitian.

Melibatkan riset lain.

Peneliti menelusuri atau mendeskripsikan contoh-contoh negatif yang bertentangan dengan pengamatan sebelumnya.


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Yang biasa digunakan dalam riset

kualitatif

1. Triangulation

Proses penguatan bukti dari individu-individu yang

berbeda dan jenis data, teori, dokumen, dan lainnya.

2. Memberchecking

Proses peneliti mennanyakan pada seorang atau lebih

partisipan dalam riset untuk mengecek keakuratan dari

keterangan tersebut.

3. Auditing

Proses melakukan review oleh auditor eksternal.


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TAMPILAN DATA

TAMPILAN DATA adalah kumpulan informasi yang

terorganisasi:

• Teks naratif,

• Kutipan (quotes),

• Matriks,

• Tabel,

• Grafik,

• Bagan (charts, causal flow charts),

• Jejaring (networks),

• Taksonomi, dan sebagainya

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Materi Budi Gunawan (disampaikan pada Qualitative Worskhop Pascasarjanan Institut Stami-

November 2017)

TEKS NARATIF

Contoh:

Seasonal Change. One of the greatest environmental factors hindering FNCC was seasonal change which had caused the fluctuation of the water level of the Saguling Dam. The water level, which ranged from 623 m above sea level, was highly affected by the change in season.

In Saguling Dam, the rainy season came during mid-september or early October until February or March. With rainfall ranging from 1,500 to 2,500 every year (BPS, 1989). Because of the long drought in 1991, the rainy season began by the end of October. ....

60


November 2017)

TEKS NARATIF

DECENTRALISATION IN KERALA The trend of decentralisation in Kerala has

not been a linear one. The evolution of rural local government in Kerala was not uniform throughout the state since parts of it were under princely rule and the rest under the British province of Madras. The areas under princely rule did not institute Panchayats (rural local government) akin to modern Panchayats before India became independent. In contrast, in the areas under British rule, some rudimentary forms of local government were established. ....

61


November 2017)

TEKS NARATIF

.... These three parties kept and used the payment money to their advantages. A case of lack of payment is presented in Case 1 below (see also the life profile of Omin in Appendix D).

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Case 1. Unpaid repayment

In the second half of 1991, Omin and Atang, both free fish farmers, experienced almost the same problem with a broker named Tanu, Omin’s neighbor. ....


November 2017)

TEKS NARATIF

Appendix D

Life Profile of the Selected Fish Farmers

The following sections present profilies of seven selected fishfarmers

who, in terms of success, belonged to three different fish farmer levels. ....

Profile of Successful Fish Farmers

Job experiences. ....

Impact of the project. ....

Profile of Failed Fish Farmers

Job experiences. ....

Impact of the project. ....

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November 2017)

KUTIPAN (QUOTES)

.... Though they were not sure of the future situation of the area, they doubted the effectivity of the transmigration program. Anyway, they were assured that they could still survive even if they lost thei land. Those who still had a small piece of land or other sources of living believed in the proverb “ulah moro julang ngalepaskeun peusing” which means “do not release a skunk on-hand and hunt a flying bird.” ....

64


November 2017)

MATRIKS 67


November 2017)

Diagram MATRIKS 68

Materi Budi Gunawan (disampaikan pada Qualitative Worskhop Pascasarjanan Institut Stami-November 2017)

TABEL Some of these people became the officials of the fishfarmers

association which was formed in 1988 (see Table 16). ....

Table 16

Earliest adoptor ... and their respective positions in ...

Name Position in the

association

Year of involvement Other status Residence

Kosim Chairman 1986 Retired teacher Bonggol village

Syarif Vice-chairman,

coord of fishfarmer

group

1985 Ketua Rukun

Kampung

Bonggol village

Tarja Secretary Early 1987 Former secretary of

the village

Bonggol village

Ruslan Treasurer, marketing

official

1986 FNCC broker,

distributor of fish

feed

Rancagunung

.... .... .... .... ....

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BAGAN Figure 8 displays a PDPC for one branch of the Systematic Diagram presented earlier. Specific problems are shown in the rectangles in the lower part of the diagram. The "balloons" contain the contingency plans for addressing each problem. ....

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BAGAN Figure 2 shows a Relations Diagram developed to address a familiar marketing problem: the need to increase sales growth over the coming two years (Reist 1991). Specifically, the question was "What stands in the way of accelerated market penetration?“ ....


BAGAN In marketing planning an Arrow Diagram Flowchart could be used to specify those actions that need to be taken (A, B, C, ...) in a planning process. Its associated Arrow Diagram would then display the date by which each action needed to be finished (time 1, 2, 3, ...) (see Figure 9).



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JEJARING (NETWORKS)

Pedagang luar

Trans- bandar

Trans- dagang

Penduduk setempat

Penduduk bandar

Trans.

Hubungan melalui pasar

Hubungan melalui pedagang keliling

Hubungan melalui bandar

Jaringan Hubungan Sosial Dalam Arena Ekonomi dan Perdagangan

Materi Budi Gunawan (disampaikan pada

Qualitative Worskhop Pascasarjanan Institut Stami-

November 2017)

PENYAJIAN DATA GABUNGAN KUALITATIF DAN KUANTITATIF

…. Fuelwood from bamboo talun was not only collected

by the owners, but also by their neighbors. The study

showed that the majority of bamboo talun owners

(93.5%) allowed other people to collect bamboo twigs

and cocongoan and sometimes dead branches of trees for

fuelwood, but they did not allow other people to collect

the major products of the bamboo talun, such as large-

and small-diameter bamboo culms and trees for fuelwood

or other purposes. ….

Qualitative data- Observation

Quantitative data- Survai

PENYAJIAN DATA GABUNGAN KUALITATIF DAN KUANTITATIF

Qualitative data- Observation Interview

Quantitative data- Survey

In the study area, the rotation system begins with the cutting of bamboo culms and clearing of the land but leaving the bamboo rhizomes undisturbed. In some cases the rhizomes are intentionally burned to stimulate better growth of new bamboo. The cleared land is then cultivated 2 or 3 times with secondary crops, such as legumes, sweet potato, maize, or tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Recently some farmers have been cultivating the land with cash crops such as carrots (Daucus carota L.), green onions (Allium fistulosum L.), or red onions (Allium cepa L. var. ascalonicum). Cassava is also planted along the edges of the land or in between other crops. In many cases, due to poor irrigation system, cultivation of these crops is only practiced during wet season. The farmers considered that the newly cleared land is fertile and requires little commercial fertilizer. They rely more on sheep or chicken manure.

….

Bamboo talun generated certain income for the owners. Despite this the usage of bamboo talun was difficult to be maximized. The owners of bamboo talun revealed that they could not maximize their use of the available space beneath the vegetation canopy for cultivation of annual crops or even for planting trees. Regarding the latter, although about 71.7% of the owners planted fruit trees or woody trees in their bamboo talun, the number of trees was limited.

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Analisis data kualitatif

ANALISIS DATA KUALITATIF

MODEL BOGLAN BIKLEN

Analisis data dan interpretasi di

lapangan

Analisis dan interpretasi

setelah pengumpulan

data

Pengembangan kategori

pengkodean

MODEL MILES HUBERMAN

Reduksi data

Model data/ display

Penarikan/ verifikasi

kesimpulan

MODEL STRAUSS DAN CORBIN/grounded

theory

Open Coding

Axial Coding

Selective Coding


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Miles Huberman (2014)


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Informan Transkrip Reduksi/

Kondensasi

Data

Verbatim

Tampilan Data

Verifikasi/

kesimpulan

sementara

Sesuai

wawancara

Mereduksi

kalimat

panjang tapi

Naratif, quote,

taksonomi,

matriks, tabel,

grafik

A, B atau

lainnya

Informan 1 A

Informan 2

A

Informan 3 A

Informan 4 B

Model Strauss and Corbin


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Referensi


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Creswell, John W. 2010. Research Design :

Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif dan Mixed. Edisi

Ketiga. Penerbit Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta

Emzir. 2010. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif

Analisis Data. Penerbit Rajawali Press. Jakarta

Pustaka

Babbie, Earl. 1986. The Practice of Social Research. 4th edition. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Creswell, John W. 2009. Research Design. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Los Angeles, Sage Publications, Inc.

Hesse-Biber, Sharlene Nagy. 2010. Mixed methods research. Merging tehory with practice. New York, The Guilford Press.

Lynch, F., Hollnsteiner, Mary R., Covar, Leticia C. 1974. Data Gathering By Social Survey. PSSC Social Survey Series, No. 2. Quezon City: Philippine Social Science Council, Inc.

Maxwell, Joseph A. 1996. Qualitative Research Design. An Interactive Approach. Applied Social Research Methods Series Volume 41. London: Sage Publications.

Dll.

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ANALISIS DATA KUALITATIF · Catatan lapangan Transkrip ... penelitian kualitatif Validitas internal Kredibilitas ... Peneliti menelusuri atau mendeskripsikan contoh-contoh negatif