CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 ANAGRAM ENGINE 1 1.2 DEFINITIONS OF ANAGRAM 1 1.3 HISTORY 2 1.4 SOME FACTS TO ITS RELEVANCE 3 1.4.1 PANAGRAM 3 1.4.2 AMBIGRAM 3 1.4.3 BLANAGRAM 5 1.4.4 PALINDROME 5 1.4.5 SCRABBLE 7

2 AIM 9 2.1 PERMUTATION 9 2.2 COUNTING PERMUTATIONS 10 2.3 DICTIONARY 11 2.3.1 TYPES OF DICTIONARIES 12 2.3.2 ANAGRAM DICTIONARY 13 2.3.3 ONLINE DICTIONARY 14 2.4 SCOPE 14 2.4.1 ASTRONOMY 14 2.4.2 PSEUDONYMS 15 2.4.3 GAMES AND PUZZLES 16 2.4.4 ANAGRAMMATIC POEM 16 2.4.5 DICTIONARY ATTRIBUTE 17 2.4.6 CRYPTIC CROSSWORD 17 2.4.7 SECURITY AND ENCRYPTION 24 2.4.7.1 SKYPE SOFTWARE 24

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 26 3.1 PLATFORM 26 3.2 OVERVIEW 26 3.3 FEATURES 27 3.4 DESIGN 27 3.5 APPLICATION 29 3.6 IMPLEMENTATION 30

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3.7 DISCUSSIONS 31

3.7.1 ARE THERE ANY UNUSUAL VARIETIES OF ANAGRAMS? 31

3.7.2 WHAT IS THE LONGEST ONE-WORD ANAGRAM? 32

3.7.3 WHAT SET OF LETTERS HAS THE MOST ONE-WORD ANAGRAMS? 33

3.7.4 WHAT IS THE POINT OF ANAGRAMS? 33 3.7.5 HOW DO YOU CREATE ANAGRAMS? 34 3.7.6 WHAT ARE THE HALLMARKS OF A GOOD ANAGRAM?

35 3.7.7 SKETCH OF ALGORITHM 38 3.7.8 METHOD (CONTD.) 39

4 RESULT 41 4.1 PROGRAM RUN 41 4.2 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 42

4.2.1 A SLOW ALGORITHM 42 4.2.2 A FAST ALGORITHM 42

4.3 PLATFORM USAGE 43 4.3.1 PERMUTATION.C 43 4.3.2 DICTIONARY.C 43 4.3.3 FUSE.C 44

4.3.4 RESULTANT 44

5 SUMMARY 45 5.1 CONCLUSIONS 46

6 BILBIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES 47

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 THE ANAGRAM ENGINE

Most anagram programs t ry to "guess" the anagrams you ' l l l i ke . Some o f them even do a good job , p ick ing ou t rude o r funny words . Bu t the spec ia l t y o f the Anagram Engine i s i t pu ts you i n con t ro l . I t i s ab le to so lve and c rea te anagrams in a way tha t au tomat ic sys tems s imp ly can ' t . I t ' s l i ke the fo rens ic exper t o f anagrams!

I t s inc red ib le number -c runch ing power i s ab le to ca lcu la te al l t he permuta t ions o f words in your phrase , no t jus t a sma l l se lec t ion . Bu t i t can re tu rn a lo t o f anagrams. I f your name is 30 le t te rs long , i t cou ld eas i l y genera te over a mi l l ion anagrams! Th is i s jus t too many to manage, so there a re some op t ion se t t ings to p rov ide you w i th a way to f i l t e r your resu l t s and con t ro l the eng ine . Th is way you can zoom- in on the bes t anagrams, and th is page descr ibes how to do i t .

1.2 DEFINIT IONS OF ANAGRAM

A word tha t i s spe l led w i th the exac t same le t te rs as ano ther word .Example : R IDES is an anagram o f S IRED and v ice versa .

L i te ra l l y , th i s means the le t te rs o f a word a re read backwards . Can a lso re fe r to the change o f one word in to ano ther by the t ranspos i t ion o f le t te rs . O f ten , the le t te rs o f a word read ou t o f o rder to d iscover h idden mean ing .

Word fo rmed by rear rang ing the le t te rs o f ano ther word ; ' l ager ' i s an anagram o f ' rega l ' , as too i s ' l a rge ' .

An anagram (Greek ana- = "back" o r "aga in " , and g raphe in = " to wr i te " ) i s the resu l t o f permut ing the le t te rs o f a word o r words in such a manner as to p roduce o ther words tha t possess

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l i ngu is t i c mean ing . The mean ing o f the new word so c rea ted i s seen in the con tex t o f o r in con t ras t to tha t o f the o ld word so as to c rea te humorous o r in te res t ing assoc ia t ions be tween the two . Anagrams a re a t ype o f word p lay .

1.3 HISTORY

The cons t ruc t ion o f anagrams i s an amusement o f g rea t an t iqu i t y . They were popu la r th roughout Europe dur ing the Midd le Ages , a l though i t i s w ide ly be l ieved the a r t o f anagramming was inven ted by the Greek poe t Lycophron .

W. Camden (Remains , 7 th ed . , 1674) de f ines "Anagrammat isme" as "a d isso lu t ion o f a name t ru ly wr i t ten in to h is le t te rs , as h is e lements , and a new connec t ion o f i t by a r t i f i c ia l t ranspos i t ion , w i thou t add i t ion , sub t rac t ion o r change o f any le t te r , i n to d i f fe ren t words , mak ing some per fec t sense app ly ab le ( i .e . , app l i cab le ) to the person named. " Dryden d isda in fu l l y ca l led the pas t ime the " to r tu r ing o f one poor word ten thousand ways" bu t many men and women o f no te have found amusement in i t .

A we l l - known anagram is the change o f "Ave Mar ia , g ra t ia p lena , Dominus tecum" ( Hai l Mary , fu l l o f g race , the Lord [ i s ] w i th you ) i n to "V i rgo serena , p ia , munda e t immacu la ta " (Serene v i rg in , p ious , c lean and spo t less ) . Among o thers a re the anagrammat ic answer to P i la te ' s ques t ion , "Qu id es t ve r i tas?" (What i s t ru th? ) , namely , "Es t v i r qu i ades t " ( I t i s the man who i s here ) ; and the t ranspos i t ion o f " Hora t io Ne lson " in to "Honor es t a N i lo " (La t in = Honor i s f rom the N i le ) ; and o f "F lo rence N igh t inga le " in to "F l i t on , cheer ing ange l " . James I ' s cour t ie rs d iscovered in "James S tuar t " "a jus t mas te r " , and conver ted "Char les James S tuar t " i n to "C la ims Ar thur ' s sea t " (even a t tha t po in t in t ime, the le t te rs I and J were more-o r - less in te rchangeab le ) .

"E leanor Aude ley" , w i fe o f S i r John Dav ies , i s sa id to have been b rough t be fo re the H igh Commiss ion in 1634 fo r ex t ravagances , s t imu la ted by the d iscovery tha t her name cou ld be t ransposed to "Revea le , O Dan ie l " , and to have been laughed ou t o f cour t by ano ther anagram submi t ted by the dean o f the Arches , "Dame E leanor Dav ies" , "Never soe mad a lad ie " .

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1.4 SOME FACTS TO ITS RELEVANCE

1.4 .1 PANGRAM

A pangram is a shor t sen tence con ta in ing a l l 26 le t te rs o f the a lphabe t . Some reserve the te rm fo r sen tences con ta in ing exac t l y 26 le t te rs , somet imes re fe r red to as per fec t pangrams. By our de f in i t i on o f an anagram, a l l l e t te rs mus t be used once and on ly once , so on ly a 26- le t te r pangram is an anagram o f the Eng l i sh a lphabe t .

The mos t we l l - known pangrams a re these :

The qu ick b rown fox jumps over a lazy dog . Pack my box w i th f i ve dozen l i quor jugs . The f i ve box ing w izards jump qu ick ly .

Each i s shor te r than the las t , bu t le t te rs a re s t i l l repea ted . To a r r i ve a t a per fec t pangram, the use o f obscure fo re ign words and abbrev ia t ions i s o f ten requ i red , as seen in these examples :

TV qu iz d rag nymph b lew JFK 's cox . Cwm f jo rd -bank g lyphs vex t qu iz .

1.4 .2 AMBIGRAM

An ambigram , a l so somet imes known as an invers ion , i s a g raph ica l f i gu re tha t spe l l s ou t a word no t on ly in i t s fo rm as p resen ted , bu t a lso in ano ther d i rec t ion o r o r ien ta t ion . Doug las R. Ho fs tad te r descr ibes an ambig ram as a "ca l l i g raph ic des ign tha t manages to squeeze two d i f fe ren t read ings in to the se l f same se t o f cu rves . " The f i r s t pub l i shed re fe rence to the te rm was by Hofs tad te r , who a t t r ibu tes the o r ig in o f the word to a f r iend . The 1999 ed i t ion o f Ho fs tad te r ' s Göde l , Escher , Bach f ea tu res a 3 -D ambig ram on the cover .

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AMBIGRAM TYPES

Ambigrams usua l l y fa l l i n to one o f severa l ca tegor ies :

Rota t iona lA des ign tha t p resen ts severa l i ns tances o f words when ro ta ted th rough a f i xed ang le . Th is i s usua l l y 180 degrees , bu t ro ta t iona l amb ig rams o f o ther ang les ex is t , fo r example 90 o r 45 degrees . The word spe l led ou t f rom the a l te rna t i ve d i rec t ion (s ) i s o f ten the same, bu t may be a d i f fe ren t word to the in i t i a l l y p resen ted fo rm. A s imp le example i s the lower -case abbrev ia t ion fo r "Down" , dn , wh ich looks l i ke the lower -case word up when ro ta ted 180 degrees .

Mi r ro rA des ign tha t can be read when re f lec ted o r v iewed th rough a mi r ro r , usua l l y as the same word o r phrase bo th ways , bu t no t a lways .

F igure -g roundA des ign in wh ich the spaces be tween the le t te rs o f one word fo rm ano ther word .

Cha inA des ign where a word (o r somet imes words) a re in te r l i nked fo rming a repea t ing cha in . Le t te rs a re usua l l y over lapped mean ing tha t a word w i l l s ta r t pa r tway th rough ano ther word . Somet imes cha in amb ig rams a re p resen ted in the fo rm o f a c i rc le .

Space- f i l l i ngS imi la r to cha in amb ig rams, bu t t i l e to f i l l t he 2 -d imens iona l p lane .

3 -d imens iona lA des ign where an ob jec t i s p resen ted tha t w i l l appear to read severa l l e t te rs o r words when v iewed f rom d i f fe ren t ang les . Such des igns can be genera ted us ing cons t ruc t i ve so l id geomet ry .

Percep tua l sh i f tA des ign w i th no symmet ry bu t can be read as two d i f fe ren t words depend ing on how the curves o f the le t te rs a re in te rp re ted .

Natu ra l

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A na tu ra l amb ig ram is a word tha t possesses one o r more o f the above symmet r ies when wr i t ten in i t s na tu ra l s ta te , and requ i r ing no typograph ic s ty l ing . For example the words "do l lop" , "suns" and "so los" a re na tu ra l ro ta t iona l amb ig rams. The word "bud" fo rms a na tu ra l m i r ro r amb ig ram when re f lec ted hor i zon ta l l y . The word "CHOICE" , in a l l cap i ta ls , fo rms a na tu ra l m i r ro r amb ig ram when re f lec ted ver t i ca l l y .

Ambig rams a re exerc ises in g raph ic des ign tha t p lay w i th op t i ca l i l l us ions , symmet ry and v isua l percep t ion . Ambig ram lovers va lue espec ia l l y those w i th a re la t ion be tween fo rm and con ten t .

Ambig rams fea tu re p rominen t l y in Dan Brown 's nove l , Ange ls and Demons , o f wh ich the f i r s t UK re lease fea tu red an ambig ram o f the t i t l e on the cover . The ambig rams in the nove l were des igned by g raph ic a r t i s t John Langdon . S ince the re lease o f the bes tse l le r seque l The Da V inc i Code , t he re has been a marked inc rease in the popu la r i t y and awareness o f amb ig rams, and th is has led to a repr in t o f John Langdon 's book on ambig rams en t i t l ed Wordp lay .

1.4 .3 BLANAGRAM

A blanagram ( f rom b lank+anagram ) i s a word wh ich i s an anagram o f ano ther bu t fo r the subs t i tu t ion o f a s ing le le t te r . The te rm has i t s o r ig in in compet i t i ve Scrabb le , where a b lank t i l e on a p layer ' s rack may be used to fo rm any o f severa l poss ib le words in con junc t ion w i th the p layer ' s o ther t i l es .

1.4 .4 PALINDROME

A pal indrome i s a word , phrase , number o r o ther sequence o f un i t s tha t has the p roper ty o f read ing the same in e i ther d i rec t ion ( the ad jus tment o f punc tua t ion and spaces be tween words i s genera l l y permi t ted) .

TYPES OF PALINDROME

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Symmetry by characters

The mos t fami l ia r pa l ind romes, in Eng l i sh a t leas t , a re charac te r -by -charac te r : the wr i t ten charac te rs read the same backwards as fo rwards . Pa l ind romes may cons is t o f a s ing le word (such as " c iv i c " o r " leve l " ) , a phrase o r sen tence ( "Ne i l , a t rap ! S id i s par t a l ien ! " ) , o r a longer passage o f tex t ( "S i t on a po ta to pan , Ot i s . " ) Some o ther examples a re "Do geese see God?" , "Mr . Owl a te my meta l worm. " and "Go hang a sa lami , I 'm a lasagna hog . " Spaces , punc tua t ion and case a re usua l l y ignored .

Three famous Eng l i sh pa l ind romes a re : "Ab le was I e re I saw E lba , " honor ing the f i r s t ex i le o f Napo leon ; "A man, a p lan , a cana l : Panama, " (by Le igh Mercer , commemora t ing Theodore Rooseve l t o r Ferd inand Lesseps ) , and "Madam, in Eden I 'm Adam," (a re fe rence to the c rea t ion s to ry in the B ib le ) . (Th is las t example i s s t i l l pa l ind romic i f " i n Eden" i s omi t ted . The response wou ld be a one-word pa l ind rome, "Eve . " )

A famous pa l ind rome sen tence in Por tuguese i s "Socor ram-me, sub i no on ibus em Mar rocos" wh ich means "He lp me, I took a bus in Morocco . "

Symmetry by words

Some pa l ind romes use words as un i t s ra ther than le t te rs . An example i s " fa l l l eaves a f te r leaves fa l l " o r "F i rs t Lad ies ru le the S ta te and s ta te the ru le : lad ies f i r s t " . The Ch inese pa l ind romes descr ibed above a re mos t l i ke th is t ype o f Eng l i sh pa l ind rome.

Symmetry by l ines

St i l l o ther pa l ind romes take the l i ne as the un i t . The poem Doppe lganger , composed by James A . L indon , i s an example .

The d ia logue "Crab Canon" in Doug las Hofs tad te r ' s Göde l , Escher , Bach i s near l y a l i ne -by - l i ne pa l ind rome. The second ha l f o f the d ia log cons is ts , w i th some very m inor changes , o f the same l ines as the f i r s t ha l f , bu t in reverse o rder and spoken by the oppos i te charac te rs ( i .e . , l i nes spoken by Ach i l l es in the f i r s t ha l f a re spoken by the Tor to ise in the second , and v ice versa) . In the midd le i s a non-symmet r i ca l l i ne spoken by the Crab , who en te rs and spou ts some nonsense , apparen t l y t r igger ing the reversa l . The s t ruc tu re i s mode led a f te r the

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mus ica l fo rm known as c rab canon , in par t i cu la r the canon a 2 cancr i zans o f Johann Sebas t ian Bach 's The Mus ica l O f fe r ing .

1.4 .5 SCRABBLE

Scrabble i s a popu la r word game and board game in wh ich 2 to 4 p layers score po in ts by fo rming words f rom ind iv idua l le t te red t i l es on a 15-by-15 game board . The words a re fo rmed across and down in c rossword fash ion , and mus t appear in a s tandard d ic t ionary . O f f i c ia l re fe rence works (e .g . The Of f i c ia l Sc rabb le P layers D ic t ionary , now in i t s 4 th ed i t ion ) tha t p rov ide a l i s t o f permiss ib le words , some o f wh ich a re ra re ly found in s tandard Eng l i sh wr i t i ng , a re a lso ava i lab le .

The name Scrabb le i s a t rademark o f Hasbro , Inc . in the US and Canada and o f J . W. Spear & Sons PLC e lsewhere . Scrabb le was a t rademark o f Mur fe t t Regency in Aus t ra l ia , un t i l 1993 when i t was acqu i red by Spear . The game is a lso known as Al fapet , FUNWORDER , Skip-A-Cross and Palabras Cruzadas .

The game is so ld in 121 coun t r ies in 29 d i f fe ren t language vers ions . Wor ldw ide , one hundred mi l l i on se ts have been so ld , and se ts a re found in one ou t o f every th ree Amer ican homes.

The game was c rea ted by a rch i tec t A l f red Mosher Bu t ts in 1938 , as a var ia t ion on an ear l ie r word game he inven ted ca l led Lex iko . The two games had the same se t o f l e t te r t i l es , whose d is t r ibu t ions and po in t va lues Bu t ts worked ou t met i cu lous ly by coun t ing le t te r usage f rom the var ious sources inc lud ing The New York T imes . The new game, wh ich he ca l led "Cr iss -Crosswords" , added the 15-by-15 game board and the c rossword-s ty le game p lay .

In 1948 , lawyer James Bruno t , a res iden t o f Newtown, Connec t i cu t , bough t the r igh ts to manufac tu re the game in exchange fo r g ran t ing Bu t ts a roya l t y on every un i t so ld . Though he le f t mos t o f the game ( inc lud ing the d is t r ibu t ion o f le t te rs ) unchanged, Bruno t s l igh t l y rear ranged the "p remium" squares o f the board and s imp l i f i ed the ru les ; he a lso changed the name o f the game to "Scrabb le " , a rea l word wh ich means " to g rope f ran t i ca l l y , " and so ld se ts to , among o ther cus tomers ,

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Macy 's depar tment s to re , wh ich c rea ted a demand fo r the game.

NOTATION SYSTEM

I n the no ta t ion sys tem common in tournament p lay , co lumns a re labe led "A-O" and rows "1 -15" . A p lay i s usua l l y iden t i f i ed in the fo rmat xy WORD score o r WORD xy score , where : x denotes the co lumn or row on wh ich the p lay ' s ma in word ex tends ; y deno tes the second coord ina te o f the ma in word 's f i r s t l e t te r , and WORD i s the ma in word . A l though unnecessary , add i t iona l words fo rmed by the p lay a re occas iona l l y l i s ted a f te r the ma in word and a s lash . In the case where the p lay o f a s ing le t i l e fo rmed words in each d i rec t ion , one o f the words i s a rb i t ra r i l y chosen to serve as the ma in word fo r purposes o f no ta t ion .

When a b lank t i l e i s emp loyed in the ma in word , the le t te r i t has been chosen to represen t i s ind ica ted w i th a lower case le t te r , o r , i n handwr i t ten no ta t ion , w i th a square a round the le t te r . Paren theses a re somet imes a lso used to des igna te a b lank , a l though th is may c rea te con fus ion w i th a second (op t iona l ) func t ion o f paren theses , namely ind ica t ion o f an ex is t ing le t te r o r word tha t has been "p layed th rough" by the ma in word .

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2 AIM

F ind ing the poss ib le anagrams o f the par t i cu la r inpu t and to ou tpu t the s t r ing as an anagram to the des i red inpu t s t r ing .

The th ree impor tan t tasks per fo rmed th rough the p rogram:

1 . Permuta t ion o f the g iven s t r ing2 . D ic t ionary bu i ld ing w i th a l l poss ib le combina t ion o f

words3 . Check ing a l l the permuted va lues o f the s t r ing w i th

the d ic t ionary f i l e o f the p resence o f da ta .

2.1 PERMUTATION

Permutat ion i s the rear rangement o f ob jec ts o r symbo ls in to d is t ingu ishab le sequences . Each un ique o rder ing i s ca l led a permuta t ion .For example , w i th the numera ls one to s i x , each poss ib le o rder ing cons is ts o f a comple te l i s t o f the numera ls , w i thou t repe t i t i ons . There a re 720 to ta l permuta t ions o f these numera ls , one o f wh ich i s : "4 , 5 , 6 , 1 , 2 , 3 " .

The genera l concep t o f permuta t ion can be de f ined more fo rma l l y in d i f fe ren t con tex ts :

I n se t theory , a permuta t ion i s an o rdered sequence con ta in ing each symbo l f rom a se t once , and on ly once . Ne i ther "1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 " nor "1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 " a re permuta t ions o f the sequence "1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 " . A permuta t ion i s d is t inc t f rom a se t o r combina t ion , in tha t the o rder ing o f e lements in a se t i s no t cons idered re levan t . In o ther words , the se t - theore t i c de f in i t i on o f permuta t ion i s tha t o f a one- to -one cor respondence , o r b i jec t ion , o f l abe led e lements w i th "pos i t ions" o r "p laces" wh ich a re a r ranged in a s t ra igh t l i ne .

I n f i n i te geomet ry , permuta t i ve p laces may be a r ranged in more geomet r i ca l l y compl i ca ted s t ruc tu res than a s imp le s t ra igh t l i ne ; fo r ins tance , a square . For examples , see f in i te geomet ry o f the square and cube .

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I n abs t rac t a lgebra and re la ted a reas , the e lements o f permuta t ion may no t be a r ranged in a l i near o rder , o r indeed in any o rder a t a l l . Under th is re f ined de f in i t i on , a permuta t ion i s a b i jec t ion f rom a f in i te se t , X , on to i t se l f . Th is a l lows fo r the de f in i t i on o f g roups o f permuta t ions ; see permuta t ion g roup .

I n combina to r i cs , the te rm permuta t ion a lso has a t rad i t i ona l mean ing wh ich inc ludes o rdered l i s t s w i thou t repe t i t i on and where one o r more e lements f rom the l i s t a re omi t ted f rom the d is t ingu ishab le o rder ings ; fo r example , a permuta t ion o f "1 ,2 ,4 ,3 " w i th "5 " and "6 " omi t ted .

2.2 COUNTING PERMUTATIONS

I n th is sec t ion on ly , the t rad i t i ona l de f in i t i on i s used : a permuta t ion i s an o rdered l i s t w i thou t repe t i t i ons , perhaps miss ing some e lements . The number o f permuta t ions o f a sequence i s :

where :

r i s the s ize o f each permuta t ion , n i s the s ize o f the sequence f rom wh ich e lements a re

permuted , and ! i s the fac to r ia l opera to r .

For example , i f we have a to ta l o f 10 e lements , the in tegers {1 , 2 , . . . , 10 } , a permuta t ion o f th ree e lements f rom th is se t i s (5 , 3 , 4 ) . In th is case , n = 10 and r = 3 . To f ind ou t how many un ique sequences , such as the one p rev ious ly , we can f ind , we need to ca lcu la te P(10 ,3 ) = 720 .

An eas ie r way to compute th is i s to take the f i r s t r numbers o f n f ac to r ia l ; i n th is case : take the f i r s t 3 numbers in 10 fac to r ia l , so you wou ld have 10 t imes 9 t imes 8 , wh ich equa ls 720 .

Other , o lder no ta t ions inc lude n P r , P n , r , o r n P r . A common modern no ta t ion i s ( n ) r wh ich i s ca l led a f a l l i ng fac to r ia l . However , the same no ta t ion i s used fo r the r i s ing fac to r ia l (a l so ca l led Pochhammer symbo l )

n (n + 1 ) (n + 2 ) . . . (n + r − 1 ) .

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With the r i s ing fac to r ia l no ta t ion , the number o f permuta t ions i s (n − r + 1 ) r .

2.3 DICTIONARY

The dict ionary i s a l i s t o f words w i th the i r de f in i t i ons , a l i s t o f charac te rs w i th the i r g lyphs , o r a l i s t o f words w i th co r respond ing words in o ther languages . In a few languages , words can appear in many d i f fe ren t fo rms, bu t on ly the lemma fo rm appears as the ma in word o r headword in mos t d ic t ionar ies . Many d ic t ionar ies a lso p rov ide p ronunc ia t ion in fo rmat ion ; g rammat ica l i n fo rmat ion ; word der i va t ions , h is to r ies , o r e tymo log ies ; i l l us t ra t ions ; usage gu idance ; and examples in phrases o r sen tences . D ic t ionar ies a re mos t common ly found in the fo rm o f a book , bu t more and more d ic t ionar ies a re p roduced as so f tware runs f rom e lec t ron ic PDA or a genera l purpose compute r . Some d ic t ionary so f tware a re capab le o f speak ou t the word i t con ta ins , and so be ing ca l led ta lk ing d ic t ionary . Mos t d ic t ionar ies a re p roduced by lex icographers .

WORD ORDER

Today , d ic t ionar ies o f mos t languages w i th a lphabe t i c and sy l lab ic wr i t i ng sys tems l i s t words in lex icograph ic o rder , usua l l y a lphabe t i ca l o r some ana logous phonet i c sys tem.

In many languages , words a re g rouped toge ther accord ing to the i r t rue o r norma l o r ig in ( " roo t " ) , and these roo ts a re a r ranged a lphabet i ca l l y . I f Eng l i sh d ic t ionar ies were a r ranged l i ke th is , the words " impor t " , "expor t " , " suppor t " , " repor t " , "por te r " , "por t " , " impor tan t " and " t ranspor ta t ion" wou ld a l l be l i s ted under " por t " . Th is method has the advan tage tha t a l l words o f a common or ig in a re l i s ted toge ther , bu t the d isadvan tage i s tha t one has to know how to recogn ize a l l p re f i xes o f a word be fo re one can look i t up . Some Hebrew, Sanskr i t , and Arab ic d ic t ionar ies work th is way .

The ma in body o f modern d ic t ionar ies o f languages us ing the Ch inese logograph ic wr i t i ng sys tem, such as Ch inese , Japanese and Korean , i s so r ted phonet i ca l l y : mos t Ch inese d ic t ionary o rder en t r ies accord ing to the La t in a lphabe t w i th the

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p iny in spe l l i ng , Japanese d ic t ionary use the o rder o f the kana sy l lab ic sc r ip t , and Korean d ic t ionar ies use the hangu l a lphabe t . However the d ic t ionary fo r these languages a lso usua l l y inc lude a l i s t o f charac te rs sor ted in a non-phonet i c way , in o rder to a l low readers to f i nd words wr i t ten in logograms whose p ronunc ia t ion i s no t known. Ch inese charac te rs may be sor ted accord ing to one o f many schemes based on the component par ts o f the charac te rs ( rad ica ls , number o f s t rokes , overa l l shape) .

The f i r s t Eng l i sh a lphabe t i ca l d ic t ionary came ou t in 1604 and a lphabe t i ca l o rder ing was a ra r i t y un t i l t he 18 th cen tu ry . Be fo re a lphabe t i ca l l i s t ings , d ic t ionar ies were o rgan ized by top ic , i . e . a l i s t o f an ima ls a l l toge ther in one top ic

2.3 .1 TYPES OF DICTIONARIES

The following titles will give you an idea of the variety of dictionaries available at the Library. There are many more.

Language d ic t ionar ies

Col l ins Eng l i sh d ic t ionary

Eng l i sh -Zu lu Zu lu -Eng l i sh d ic t ionary

Webs te r ' s th i rd new in te rna t iona l d ic t ionary o f the Eng l i sh language

Eng l i sh -Xhosa d ic t ionary

The Ox fo rd d ic t ionary o f abbrev ia t ions

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Dic t ionary o f con temporary s lang

A d ic t ionary o f Eng l i sh usage in Sou thern A f r i ca

Subject d ic t ionar ies

Dic t ionary o f l i b ra ry te rms

Dic t ionary o f lega l words and phrases

Dic t ionary o f femin is t theory

A d ic t ionary o f b i rds

D ic t ionary o f app l ied eco logy

Dic t ionary o f adver t i s ing and marke t ing

A po l i t i ca l and economic d ic t ionary o f A f r i ca

Biographica l d ic t ionar ies

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Dic t ionary o f A f r i can b iography

A b iograph ica l d ic t ionary o f a r t i s t s

The b iograph ica l d ic t ionary o f sc ien t i s ts

An A f r i can b iograph ica l d ic t ionary

B iograph ica l d ic t ionary o f the Midd le Eas t

2.3 .2 ANAGRAM DICTIONARY

I n the ma in t ype o f anagram d ic t ionary , t he le t te rs in words o r phrases a re rear ranged in a lphabe t i ca l o rder , and these t ranspos i t ions a re themse lves then o rdered a lphabe t i ca l l y w i th in word- leng th g roups , so tha t any words cons is t ing o f th i s g roup o f le t te rs can be found . Th is a r rangement i s des igned fo r use in so lv ing word puzz les such as c rosswords , o r fo r p lay ing games such as Scrabb le . The f i r s t such anagram d ic t ionary was the "Crossword Anagram D ic t ionary " by R .J .Edwards , pub l i shed in 1978 by Bar r ie & Jenk ins in the UK and May f lower Books in the US.

In the o ther k ind o f anagram d ic t ionary , words a re ca tegor ized in to equ iva lence c lasses tha t cons is t o f words w i th the same number o f each k ind o f le t te r . Thus words w i l l on ly appear when o ther words can be made f rom the same le t te rs .

Anagram d ic t ionar ies were fo rmer ly p roduced by hand , bu t can now be t r i v ia l l y genera ted f rom any mach ine- readab le word l i s t by compute r , by sor t ing words in o rder o f the i r so r ted le t te r -s t r ings .

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2.3 .3 ONLINE DICTIONARIES

Dic t ionar ies do no t on ly appear in paper fo rmat . Many a re a lso ava i lab le e lec t ron ica l l y .

The examples be low are on l ine d ic t ionar ies .

D ic t ionary p resen t on l ine

Oxfo rd Eng l i sh d ic t ionary on l ine

Cambr idge d ic t ionar ies on l ine

Language d ic t ionar ies , mu l t i - l i ngua l d ic t ionar ies , spec ia l t y d ic t ionar ies , the Endangered Language Repos i to ry - the sanc tuary fo r endangered languages on the Wor ld Wide Web, and more

On l ine Med ica l & Sc ience d ic t ionar ies

Oxfo rd Refe rence On l ine

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2.4 SCOPE

2.4 .1 ASTRONOMY

Perhaps the p rac t i ca l use to wh ich anagrams have been tu rned i s to be found in the t ranspos i t ions in wh ich some o f the as t ronomers o f the 17 th cen tu ry embod ied the i r d iscover ies w i th the des ign apparen t l y o f avo id ing the r i sk tha t , wh i le they were engaged in fu r ther ve r i f i ca t ion , the c red i t o f wha t they had found ou t m igh t be c la imed by o thers . Thus Ga l i l eo announced h is d iscovery tha t Venus had phases l i ke the Moon in the fo rm "Haec immatura a me iam f rus t ra legun tu r -oy" (La t in : These immature ones have a l ready been read in va in by me -oy ) , tha t i s , when rear ranged, "Cyn th iae f igu ras aemula tu r Mate r Amorum" (La t in : The Mother o f Loves [= Venus ] im i ta tes the f igu res o f Cyn th ia [= the moon] ) . S im i la r l y , when Rober t Hooke d iscovered Hooke 's law in 1660 , he f i r s t pub l i shed i t i n anagram fo rm. One migh t th ink o f th i s as a p r im i t i ve example o f a ze ro -knowledge p roo f .

There a re a lso a few "na tu ra l " anagrams, Eng l i sh words unconsc ious ly c rea ted by sw i tch ing le t te rs a round . The French cha ise longue ( " long cha i r " ) became the Amer ican " cha ise lounge" by meta thes is ( t ranspos i t ion o f le t te rs and /o r sounds) . I t has a lso been specu la ted tha t the Eng l i sh "curd" comes f rom the La t in crudus ( " raw" ) .

2.4 .2 PSEUDONYMS

The pseudonyms adop ted by au thors a re o f ten t ransposed fo rms, more o r less exac t , o f the i r names; thus "Ca lv inus" becomes "A lcu inus" ( V = U) ; "F ranco is Rabe la is " = "A lco f r ibas Nas ie r " ; "A r r igo Bo i to " = "Tob ia Gor r io " ; " Edward Gorey " = "Ogdred Weary" , = "Regera Dowdy" o r = "E . G. Deadwor ry " (and o thers ) ; " V lad im i r Nabokov " = "V iv ian Darkb loom" , = "V iv ian B loodmark" o r = "Dor ian V iva lcomb" ; " Bryan Wal le r P roc to r " = "Bar ry Cornwa l l , poe t " ; "Henry Rogers " = "R . E . H . Greyson" ; " (Sanche) de Gramont " = " Ted Morgan" , and so on . I t i s to be no ted tha t severa l o f these a re " imper fec t anagrams" , le t te rs hav ing been le f t ou t in some cases fo r the sake o f easy p ronunc ia t ion .

"Te l l i amed" , a s imp le reversa l , i s the t i t l e o f a we l l known work by "De Ma i l l e t " . One o f the mos t remarkab le pseudonyms o f th i s c lass i s the name " Vo l ta i re " , wh ich the ce lebra ted ph i losopher

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assumed ins tead o f h is fami l y name, F ranço is Mar ie Aroue t , and wh ich i s now genera l l y a l lowed to be an anagram o f "Aroue t , l [ e ] j [ eune ] " (U=V, J= I ) tha t i s , "A roue t the younger " . Anagramming may a lso be used to good e f fec t in fa rce o r parody . A wr i te r m igh t take an unp leasan t person he knows, base a charac te r in a book on h im, and then t ranspose the le t te rs in the source 's name.

2.4 .3 GAMES AND PUZZLES

Anagrams a re in themse lves a rec rea t iona l ac t i v i t y , bu t a lso make up par t o f many o ther games, puzz les and game shows .

I n Scrabb le , the p layers mus t make words by p lac ing le t te red t i l es on a g r id to score po in ts in an e f fo r t to have scored more po in ts than the opponent a t the end o f the game. A vers ion o f Scrabb le ca l led C labbers , the name i t se l f be ing an anagram o f Scrabb le , a l lows fo r t i l es to be p laced in any o rder on the board as long as they anagram to a va l id word .

I n Bogg le , p layers make words f rom a g r id o f s i x teen random le t te rs by jo in ing ad jacen t cubes to make va l id words .

On the Br i t i sh game show Countdown con tes tan ts a re g iven 30 seconds to make the longes t word f rom n ine random le t te rs . One po in t i s awarded per le t te r o f the word , o r 18 po in ts fo r us ing a l l n ine le t te rs .

On the Br i t i sh game show Bra inTeaser , con tes tan ts a re shown a word b roken in to randomly a r ranged segments and mus t announce the who le word . A t the end o f the game there i s a "Pyramid" wh ich s ta r ts w i th a th ree- le t te r word . A le t te r appears in the l i ne be low to wh ich the p layer mus t add the ex is t ing le t te rs to f i nd a so lu t ion . The pa t te rn con t inues un t i l t he p layer reaches the f ina l e igh t -

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l e t te r anagram. The p layer w ins the game by so lv ing a l l the anagrams w i th in the a l lo t ted t ime.

I n severa l newspapers ac ross the Un i ted S ta tes peop le f igu re ou t anagrams in the Jumble word search .

2.4 .4 ANAGRAMMATIC POEM

Anagrammat ic poetry i s poe t ry w i th the cons t ra ined fo rm tha t e i the r each l i ne o r each verse i s an anagram o f a l l o ther l i nes o r ve rses in the poem.

Wr i t ing anagrammat ic poe t ry i s a fo rm o f a cons t ra ined wr i t i ng s im i la r to wr i t i ng pangrams o r long a l l i t e ra t ions .

2.4 .5 D ICTIONARY ATTRIBUTES

1. Mean ings2 . Spe l l i ngs3 . Ad jec t i ves4 . Adverbs5 . Con junc t ions6 . In te r jec t ions7 . Nouns8 . Prepos i t ions9 . Pronouns10 . Verbs

The above g iven a re the 10 conven t iona l a t t r ibu tes o f a d ic t ionary .

Bu t in th is as we can see tha t the re i s no such a t t r ibu te ca l led ANAGRAM.

But now in a d ic t ionary so f tware wh ich i s found in the in te rne t a lso imp lements the anagram a t t r ibu te fo r the users to check a word in a d ic t ionary and a lso have a re fe rence to the anagram o f tha t par t i cu la r word wh ich i s be ing looked fo r .

2.4 .6 CRYPTIC CROSSWORD

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Crypt ic crosswords a re a par t i cu la r t ype o f c rossword wh ich have become w ide ly popu la r in the UK, and severa l o ther Commonwea l th na t ions such as Aus t ra l ia , New Zea land , Canada and Ind ia . They a re a lso popu la r in I s rae l in a Hebrew fo rm (where they a re ca l led "Log ic c rosswords" ) . Each ind iv idua l c lue i s a word puzz le in and o f i t se l f (o f ten invo lv ing anagrams) .

Types of c lue

Pure crypt ic

The o r ig ina l c ryp t i c c lue , more common ly known as a doub le en tendre o r c ryp t i c de f in i t i on . C lues o f th i s so r t appeared in "s t ra igh t " c rosswords be fo re c ryp t i c c rosswords ex is ted . Here the c lue appears to say one th ing , bu t w i th a s l igh t sh i f t o f v iewpo in t i t says ano ther . For example :

A word o f p ra ise? (8 )

wou ld g ive the answer ALLELUIA, a word used by Chr is t ians to p ra ise God, bu t no t wha t f i r s t sp r ings to m ind on read ing the c lue . No t i ce the ques t ion mark - th i s i s o f ten ( though by no means a lways) used by compi le rs to ind ica te th is so r t o f c lue i s one where you need to in te rp re t the words in a d i f fe ren t fash ion . The way tha t a c lue reads as an o rd inary sen tence i s ca l led i t s sur face read ing and i s o f ten used to d isgu ise the need fo r a d i f fe ren t in te rp re ta t ion o f the c lue 's component words .

Ano ther one migh t be :

The f lower o f London? (6 )

wh ich g ives THAMES, a f low-er o f London. Here , the sur face read ing sugges ts a f lower , wh ich d isgu ises the fac t tha t the name o f a r i ve r i s requ i red .

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Th is t ype o f c lue ra re ly appears in Amer ican c ryp t i cs , bu t i s common in Br i t i sh and Canad ian c ryp t i cs .

Double def in i t ion

A c lue may , ra ther than hav ing a de f in i t i on par t and a wordp lay par t , have two de f in i t i on par ts . Thus

Not see ing w indow cover ing (5 )

wou ld have the answer BL IND, because bo th "no t see ing" and "w indow cover ing" can mean b l ind . No te tha t s ince these de f in i t i ons come f rom the same roo t word , an Amer ican magaz ine migh t no t a l low th is c lue . Amer ican doub le de f in i t i ons tend to requ i re bo th par ts to come f rom d i f fe ren t roo ts , l i ke in th is c lue :

Easte rn European bu f f (6 )

Th is takes advan tage o f the two very d i f fe ren t mean ings (and p ronunc ia t ions) o f POLISH, the one w i th the long "o " sound mean ing "someone f rom Po land" and the one w i th the shor t "o " sound mean ing "make sh iny . "

These c lues tend to be shor t ; i n par t i cu la r , two-word c lues a re a lmos t a lways doub le de f in i t i on c lues .

In the UK, mu l t ip le de f in i t i ons a re occas iona l l y used e .g .

Burn mi l k mak ing ho t d r ink fo r c le rgyman (6 )

i s a t r ip le de f in i t i on o f B ISHOP ( "mu l led red w ine f lavoured w i th b i t te r o ranges" , o r " to burn mi l k in cook ing" as we l l as the usua l mean ing) - bu t in the US th is wou ld be cons idered unsound.

Hidden words

Th is i s when the answer appears in the c lue , bu t i t i s h idden w i th in one o r more words . For example :

Found e rmine , deer h ides damaged (10)

g ives UNDERMINED, wh ich means (c ryp t i ca l l y a t l eas t ) "damaged" and can be found as par t o f "Fo und ermine deer " . The word "h ides" i s used to mean "con ta ins , " bu t in the sur face sense sugges ts "pe l t s " .

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Poss ib le ind ica to rs o f a h idden c lue a re " in par t " , "par t ia l l y " , " in " , "w i th in " , "h ides" , "concea ls " , " some" , and "he ld by" .

Ano ther example :

I n t roduc t ion to do-gooder can ine (3 )

g ives DOG, wh ich i s the f i r s t par t o f , o r " in t roduc t ion to " , the word "do-gooder " , and means "can ine" .

Reversa ls

A word tha t ge ts tu rned a round to make ano ther i s a reversa l . For example :

Returned beer f i t f o r a k ing (5 )

The answer i s REGAL. "Lager " ( i .e . , "beer " ) i s " re tu rned" to make rega l .

O ther ind ica to r words inc lude " reced ing" , " in the mi r ro r " , "go ing the wrong way" , " re tu rns" , " to the le f t " o r " le f t " ( fo r ac ross c lues) , and " r i s ing" , "over tu rned" o r "mounted" o r "comes up" ( fo r down c lues) .

Hidden backwards

Somet imes the above two c lue t ypes a re combined . A word may be h idden backwards , such as in the c lue :

Crue l to tu rn par t o f i n te rne t to r r id (6 )

The answer to th is c lue i s ROTTEN. The phrase " to tu rn " ind ica tes " to reverse , " and "par t o f " sugges ts a p iece o f " in te rne t to r r id " .

"Charade" c lues

Here the answer i s fo rmed by jo in ing ind iv idua l l y c lued words to make a la rger word (namely , the answer ) .

For example :

Out law leader manag ing money (7 )

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The answer i s BANKING fo rmed by BAN fo r "ou t law" and K ING fo r " leader " . The de f in i t i on i s "manag ing money" . Wi th th is example , the words go nex t to each o ther in the c lue as they do in the answer - i t i sn ' t spec i f i ca l l y ind ica ted . However , where the par ts go in re la t ion to o thers i s somet imes ind ica ted w i th words l i ke "aga ins t " , "a f te r " , "w i th " o r ( in a down c lue) "above" .

Conta iners

A con ta iner c lue pu ts one se t o f l e t te rs ins ide ano ther . So :

Per fume c lo th seen in European na t ion (9 )

g ives FRAGRANCE, p lac ing " rag" ( "c lo th " ) ins ide "F rance" ( "European na t ion" ) .

O ther con ta iner ind ica to rs a re "a round , " "c lu tch ing , " "en te rs , " and the l i ke .

Anagrams

An anagram is a rear rangement o f a ce r ta in sec t ion o f the c lue to fo rm the answer . Th is i s usua l l y ind ica ted by words such as ' s t range ' , ' b i za r re ' , 'mudd led ' , 'w i ld ' , ' d runk ' , o r any o ther te rm ind ica t ing change. One example migh t be :

Chaperone shredded corse t (6 )

g ives ESCORT, wh ich means chaperone and i s an anagram o f corse t , i nd ica ted by the word shredded .

Anagram c lues a re charac te r i zed by an ind ica to r word ad jacen t to a phrase tha t has the same number o f le t te rs as the answer . The ind ica to r te l l s the so lve r tha t the re i s an anagram they need to so lve in o rder to work ou t the answer . Ind ica to rs come e i ther be fo re o r a f te r the le t te rs to be anagrammed. In an Amer ican c ryp t i c , on ly the words g iven in the c lue may be anagrammed; in some o lder puzz les , the words to be anagrammed may be c lued and t hen anagrammed. So in th is c lue :

Chew honeydew f ru i t (5 )

chew i s the anagram ind ica to r , honeydew c lues melon , wh ich i s to be anagrammed, and f ru i t i s the de f in i t i on fo r the answer , LEMON.

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Other poss ib le anagram ind ica to rs , among the thousands poss ib le : abs t rac t , absurd , a l ien , a l te rna t i ve , awkward , bad , barmy, b lend , b reak , ca re less , chao t i c , c lumsy , con t r i ved , conver t , co r rup t , deve lop , doc to r , eccen t r i c , fab r i ca te , fake , f i x , fudge , g round , hammer , hybr id , j os t le , knead , loose , maybe, messy , m ix , mutan t , new, nove l , odd , o rder , ou t , ou t rageous , pecu l ia r , poor , ques t ionab le , remode l , resor t , rough , so r t , s t range , s ty le , t roub led , tw is t , unconven t iona l , unsound, va ry .

I t i s common fo r the se t te r to use a jux tapos i t ion o f anagram ind ica to r and anagram tha t fo rm a common phrase , to make the c lue appear as much l i ke a 'no rma l ' sen tence o r phrase as poss ib le . For example :

Lap-danc ing f r iend (3 )

uses danc ing as the ind ica to r as i t f i t s cohes ive ly w i th l ap t o g ive the so lu t ion , PAL.

Homophones

Homophones a re words tha t sound the same bu t have d i f fe ren t mean ings , such as "n igh t " and "kn igh t " . Homophone c lues a lways have an ind ica to r word o r phrase tha t has to do w i th phonet i cs , such as " repor ted ly " , " they say" , "voca l " , " to the aud ience" , "by the sound o f i t " , and " i s heard" .

An example o f a homophone c lue i s

We hear tw ins shave (4 )

which i s a c lue fo r PARE, wh ich means "shave" and i s a homophone o f pa i r , o r " tw ins" . The homophone i s ind ica ted by "we hear " .

I f the words a re the same leng th , the homophone ind ica to r i s a lways ad jacen t to the word tha t i s no t the answer ; the re fo re , in the p rev ious example , "we hear " was ad jacen t to " tw ins" and the answer was pare ra ther than pa i r . The ind ica to r cou ld come be tween the words i f they were o f d i f fe ren t leng ths and the enumera t ion was g iven , such as in the case o f " r igh t " and " r i te " .

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Delet ions

Dele t ions cons is t o f beheadments , cur ta i lments , and i n te rna l de le t ions . I n beheadments , a word loses i t s f i r s t l e t te r . In cu r ta i lments , i t l oses i t s las t le t te r , and in te rna l de le t ions remove an inner le t te r , such as the midd le one .

An example o f a beheadment :

Beheaded ce lebr i t y i s sa i lo r (3 )

The answer wou ld be TAR, ano ther word fo r "sa i lo r " , wh ich i s a "ce lebr i t y " , o r s ta r , w i thou t the f i r s t l e t te r .

O ther ind ica to r words o f beheadment inc lude "don ' t s ta r t " , " top less" , and "a f te r the f i r s t " .

An example o f cu r ta i lment :

Shout , "Read! " end less ly (3 )

The answer i s BOO. I f you ignore the punc tua t ion , a book i s a " read" , and book "end less ly " i s boo , a "shou t " .

O ther ind ica to rs inc lude "near ly " and "un f in ished" .

An example o f in te rna l de le t ion :

Cha l leng ing sweethear t hear t less ly (6 )

The answer i s DARING, wh ich means "cha l leng ing" , and i s dar l ing w i thou t i t s m idd le le t te r , o r "hear t less ly " .

Combinat ion c lues

A c lue may employ more than one method o f wordp lay . For example :

I l l us t r ious baron re tu rns in p i t (9 )

The answer i s HONORABLE. "Baron" " re tu rns" , o r i s reversed , and pu t ins ide "p i t " o r ho le , to make honorab le , o r " i l l us t r ious" .

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"& l i t . "

A ra re c lue t ype i s the "& l i t . " c lue , s tand ing fo r "and l i t e ra l l y so" . In th is case , bo th the wordp lay and the de f in i t i on ha lves a re the same. In some pub l i ca t ions th is i s a lways ind ica ted by an exc lamat ion po in t a t the end o f the c lue . For example :

God incarna te , essen t ia l l y ! (4 )

The answer i s ODIN. The Norse god Od in i s h idden in "god incarna te , " as c lued by "essen t ia l l y , " bu t the de f in i t i on o f Od in i s a lso the who le c lue , as Od in i s essen t ia l l y a God incarna te .

Th is sa t i s f ies the "& l i t . " c lue de f in i t i on , bu t as read i s c lear l y a c ryp t i c c lue . Ano ther example :

Spo i l vo te ! (4 )

wou ld g ive the answer VETO as a per fec t l y passab le c lue in a conc ise c rossword ; in a c ryp t i c puzz le , however , spo i l works as an anagram ind ica to r fo r vo te , wh i le the who le c lue i s , w i th a cer ta in amount o f l i cense a l lowed to c rossword se t te rs , the de f in i t i on .

2.4 .7 SECURITY AND ENCRYPTION

The anagram has i t s reach t i l l t he c ryp tography . Th is i s ve ry n ice too l fo r the encryp t ion and decryp t ion purpose . There may be many ways to encryp t and decryp t a da ta bu t i f t he p rogram is in tended to be made s imp le r and less complex in a l l a reas then the anagram imp lementa t ion su i t s .

2.4 .7 .1 SKYPE SOFTWARE

Ever s ince Skype was launched, we have sa id i t i s , and w i l l rema in , secure . Your Skype- to -Skype ca l l s , cha ts and o ther commun ica t ions a re end- to -end encryped .

What somet imes happens i s tha t a f te r c la im ing th is , we ge t asked “you say you ’ re secure… so p rove i t ” . Tha t ’ s a va l id ques t ion — anyone can c la im any th ing abou t the i r own p roduc t . We have recogn ized tha t you want more assurance than we say

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ourse lves . So we d id a comprehens ive ex te rna l secur i t y rev iew o f Skype , focus ing on i t s encryp t ion methods .

We’ re happy to repor t tha t the work i s now comple te and you can down load the fu l l repor t f rom Skype secur i t y cen te r (PGP s igna tu re ) . There ’s a lso an execu t i ve summary ava i lab le . No te tha t wh i le the fu l l repor t was compi led by Dr . Tom Berson f rom Anagram Labora to r ies , the summary i s wr i t ten in -house by Skype based on the fu l l repor t .

In shor t , the conc lus ion o f the repor t i s tha t Skype uses s tandards-based methods and a sound des ign to secure i t s users , so f tware and sys tem, and does what i t says — is secure . O f course , secur i t y i s never “done” , so secur i t y con t inues to be an impor tan t t rack in a l l Skype deve lopments and opera t ions .

Who a re Tom Berson and Anagram anyway? In the i r own words :

Anagram Labora to r ies i s an in fo rmat ion secur i t y consu l tancy based in Pa lo A l to , CA. Anagram was founded in 1986 , back be fo re in fo rmat ion secur i t y was coo l . Dr . Thomas A . Berson , Anagram’s owner , has more than 35 years exper ience in c ryp to logy and compute r secur i t y .

Tom is a long- t ime ve te ran in fo rmat ion secur i t y exper t w ide ly respec ted by h is peers in the secur i t y indus t ry . Th is i s a s tandard method o f do ing th is t ype o f research — you don ’ t j us t wan t to ge t anyone “o f f the s t ree t ” to do i t fo r you because the name is unknown in the indus t ry and the qua l i t y canno t be t rus ted . Our se lec t ion p rocess fo r f i nd ing the r igh t person and company to do the Skype secur i t y rev iew s ta r ted more than a year ago , and we ’ re happy to have ended up work ing w i th Dr Berson .

As Skype and i t s so f tware and serv ices evo lve , so does the need fo r secur i t y and s im i la r rev iews . Th is won ’ t rema in the las t one , bu t we ’ re happy to ge t our secur i t y rev iew process o f f the g round w i th th is repor t .

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3 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 PLATFORM

Per l i s a dynamic p rogramming language c rea ted by Lar ry Wa l l and f i r s t re leased in 1987 . Per l bo r rows fea tu res f rom a var ie ty o f o ther languages inc lud ing C, she l l sc r ip t ing ( sh ) , AWK, sed and L isp .

S t ruc tu ra l l y , Per l i s based on the b race-de l im i ted b lock s ty le o f AWK and C, and was w ide ly adop ted fo r i t s s t reng ths in s t r ing p rocess ing , and lack o f the a rb i t ra ry l im i ta t ions o f many sc r ip t ing languages a t the t ime.

Dynamic programming language i s a te rm used b road ly in compute r sc ience to descr ibe a c lass o f h igh leve l p rogramming languages wh ich share many common run t ime behav io rs tha t o ther languages migh t per fo rm dur ing compi la t ion , i f a t a l l . These behav io rs cou ld inc lude ex tens ion o f the p rogram, by add ing new code , o r by ex tend ing ob jec ts and de f in i t i ons , o r by mod i fy ing the t ype sys tem, a l l du r ing p rogram execu t ion . These

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behav io rs can be emula ted in near ly any language o f su f f i c ien t complex i t y , bu t dynamic languages p rov ide d i rec t too ls to make use o f them.

Dynamic languages and dynamic t yp ing a re no t iden t i ca l concep ts , and a dynamic language need no t be dynamica l l y t yped , though many dynamic languages are dynamica l l y t yped .

3.2 OVERVIEW

Per l i s a genera l -purpose p rogramming language o r ig ina l l y deve loped fo r tex t man ipu la t ion and now used fo r a w ide range o f tasks inc lud ing sys tem admin is t ra t ion , web deve lopment , ne twork p rogramming , GUI deve lopment , and more .

The language i s in tended to be p rac t i ca l (easy to use , e f f i c ien t , comple te ) ra ther than beau t i fu l ( t i ny , e legan t , m in ima l ) . I t s ma jo r fea tu res inc lude suppor t fo r mu l t ip le p rogramming parad igms ( p rocedura l , ob jec t -o r ien ted , and func t iona l s ty les ) , au tomat ic memory management , bu i l t - i n suppor t fo r tex t p rocess ing , and a la rge co l lec t ion o f th i rd -par ty modu les .

3.3 FEATURES

The overa l l s t ruc tu re o f Per l de r i ves b road ly f rom C. Per l i s p rocedura l i n na tu re , w i th va r iab les , express ions , ass ignment s ta tements , b race -de l im i ted code b locks , con t ro l s t ruc tu res , and subrou t ines .

Per l a l so takes fea tu res f rom she l l p rogramming . A l l va r iab les a re marked w i th lead ing s ig i l s , wh ich unambiguous ly iden t i f y the da ta t ype (sca la r , a r ray , hash , e tc . ) o f the var iab le in con tex t . Impor tan t l y , s ig i l s a l low var iab les to be in te rpo la ted d i rec t l y in to s t r ings . Per l has many bu i l t - i n func t ions wh ich p rov ide too ls o f ten used in she l l p rogramming ( though many o f these too ls a re imp lemented by p rograms ex te rna l to the she l l ) l i ke sor t ing , and ca l l i ng on sys tem fac i l i t i es .

Per l takes l i s t s f rom L isp , assoc ia t i ve a r rays (hashes) f rom AWK, and regu la r express ions f rom sed . These s imp l i f y and fac i l i t a te many pars ing , tex t hand l ing , and da ta management tasks .

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I n Per l 5 , fea tu res were added tha t suppor t complex da ta s t ruc tu res , f i r s t -c lass func t ions ( i .e . c losures as va lues) , and an ob jec t -o r ien ted p rogramming mode l . These inc lude re fe rences , packages , c lass -based method d ispa tch , and lex ica l l y scoped var iab les , a long w i th compi le r d i rec t i ves ( fo r example , the s t r i c t p ragma) . A ma jo r add i t iona l fea tu re in t roduced w i th Per l 5 was the ab i l i t y to package code as reusab le modu les . Lar ry Wa l l l a te r s ta ted tha t "The who le in ten t o f Per l 5 ' s modu le sys tem was to encourage the g rowth o f Per l cu l tu re ra ther than the Per l co re . "

A l l ve rs ions o f Per l do au tomat ic da ta t yp ing and memory management . The in te rp re te r knows the type and s to rage requ i rements o f every da ta ob jec t in the p rogram; i t a l loca tes and f rees s to rage fo r them as necessary . Lega l t ype convers ions a re done au tomat ica l l y a t run t ime; i l l ega l t ype convers ions a re fa ta l e r ro rs .

3.4 DESIGN

The des ign o f Per l can be unders tood as a response to th ree b road t rends in the compute r indus t ry : fa l l i ng hardware cos ts , r i s ing labor cos ts , and improvements in compi le r techno logy . Many ear l ie r compute r languages , such as For t ran and C, were des igned to make e f f i c ien t use o f expens ive compute r hardware . In con t ras t , Per l i s des igned to make e f f i c ien t use o f expens ive compute r p rogrammers .

Per l has many fea tu res tha t ease the p rogrammer 's task a t the expense o f g rea te r CPU and memory requ i rements . These inc lude au tomat ic memory management ; dynamic t yp ing ; s t r ings , l i s t s , and hashes ; regu la r express ions ; in t rospec t ion and an eva l ( ) func t ion .

Wal l was t ra ined as a l i ngu is t , and the des ign o f Per l i s ve ry much in fo rmed by l i ngu is t i c p r inc ip les . Examples inc lude Huf fman cod ing (common cons t ruc t ions shou ld be shor t ) , good end-we igh t ing ( the impor tan t in fo rmat ion shou ld come f i r s t ) , and a la rge co l lec t ion o f language p r im i t i ves . Per l favors language cons t ruc ts tha t a re na tu ra l fo r humans to read and wr i te , even where they compl i ca te the Per l i n te rp re te r .

Per l syn tax re f lec ts the idea tha t " th ings tha t a re d i f fe ren t shou ld look d i f fe ren t " . For example , sca la rs , a r rays , and hashes have d i f fe ren t lead ing s ig i l s . A r ray ind ices and hash keys use d i f fe ren t k inds o f b races . S t r ings and regu la r

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express ions have d i f fe ren t s tandard de l im i te rs . Th is approach can be con t ras ted w i th languages l i ke L isp , where the same S-express ion cons t ruc t and bas ic syn tax i s used fo r many d i f fe ren t purposes .

Per l does no t en fo rce any par t i cu la r p rogramming parad igm (p rocedura l , ob jec t -o r ien ted , func t iona l , e tc . ) , o r even requ i re the p rogrammer to choose among them.

There i s a b road p rac t i ca l ben t to bo th the Per l l anguage and the commun i ty and cu l tu re tha t su r round i t . The p re face to Programming Per l beg ins , "Per l i s a language fo r ge t t ing your job done . " One consequence o f th i s i s tha t Per l i s no t a t i dy language. I t i nc ludes fea tu res i f peop le use them, to le ra tes excep t ions to i t s ru les , and employs heur is t i cs to reso lve syn tac t i ca l amb igu i t ies . Because o f the fo rg iv ing na tu re o f the compi le r , bugs can be hard to f i nd somet imes . D iscuss ing the var ian t behav iour o f bu i l t - i n func t ions in l i s t and sca la r con tex ts , the per l func(1 ) manua l page says " In genera l , they do what you want , un less you want cons is tency . "

Per l has severa l mot tos tha t convey aspec ts o f i t s des ign and use . One i s "There 's more than one way to do i t . " (T IMTOWTDI , usua l l y p ronounced 'T im Toady ' ) . O thers a re "Per l : the Swiss Army Cha insaw o f P rogramming Languages" and "No unnecessary l im i t s " . A s ta ted des ign goa l o f Per l i s to make easy tasks easy and d i f f i cu l t tasks poss ib le . Per l has a lso been ca l led "The Duc t Tape o f the In te rne t " .

There i s no wr i t ten spec i f i ca t ion o r s tandard fo r the Per l l anguage, and no p lans to c rea te one fo r the cur ren t ve rs ion o f Per l . There has on ly ever been one imp lementa t ion o f the in te rp re te r . Tha t in te rp re te r , toge ther w i th i t s func t iona l tes ts , s tands as a de fac to spec i f i ca t ion o f the language.

3.5 APPLICATIONS

Per l has many and var ied app l i ca t ions , compounded by the ava i lab i l i t y o f many s tandard and th i rd -par ty modu les .

Per l has been used s ince the ear l y days o f the Web to wr i te CGI sc r ip ts . I t i s known as one o f " the th ree Ps" (a long w i th Py thon and PHP) , the mos t popu la r dynamic languages fo r wr i t i ng Web app l i ca t ions (wh ich now a lso inc lude Ruby) . I t i s

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a lso an in tegra l component o f the popu la r LAMP so lu t ion s tack fo r web deve lopment . Large p ro jec ts wr i t ten in Per l i nc lude S lash , Bugz i l l a , TWik i and Movab le Type . Many h igh- t ra f f i c webs i tes , such as Amazon.com, L ive journa l . com , T icke tmas te r .com and IMDb.com use Per l ex tens ive ly .

Per l i s o f ten used as a g lue language , t y ing toge ther sys tems and in te r faces tha t were no t spec i f i ca l l y des igned to in te ropera te , and fo r "da ta mung ing" , i e . conver t ing o r p rocess ing la rge amounts o f da ta fo r tasks l i ke c rea t ing repor ts . In fac t , these s t reng ths a re in t imate ly l i nked . The combina t ion makes per l a popu la r a l l -pu rpose too l fo r sys tem admin is t ra to rs , par t i cu la r l y as shor t p rograms can be en te red and run on a s ing le command l ine .

Per l i s a lso w ide ly used in f i nance and b io in fo rmat i cs , where i t i s va lued fo r rap id app l i ca t ion deve lopment and dep loyment , and the ab i l i t y to hand le la rge da ta se ts .

3.6 IMPLEMENTATION

Per l i s imp lemented as a core in te rp re te r , wr i t ten in C , toge ther w i th a la rge co l lec t ion o f modu les , wr i t ten in Per l and C. The source d is t r ibu t ion i s , as o f 2005 , 12 MB when packaged in a ta r f i l e and compressed . The in te rp re te r i s 150 ,000 l i nes o f C code and compi les to a 1 MB execu tab le on typ ica l mach ine a rch i tec tu res . A l te rna t i ve ly , the in te rp re te r can be compi led to a l i nk l i b ra ry and embedded in o ther p rograms. There a re near ly 500 modu les in the d is t r ibu t ion , compr is ing 200 ,000 l i nes o f Per l and an add i t iona l 350 ,000 l i nes o f C code . (Much o f the C code in the modu les cons is ts o f charac te r encod ing tab les . )

The in te rp re te r has an ob jec t -o r ien ted a rch i tec tu re . A l l o f the e lements o f the Per l l anguage—sca la rs , a r rays , hashes , codere fs , f i l e hand les—are represen ted in the in te rp re te r by C s t ruc ts . Opera t ions on these s t ruc ts a re de f ined by a la rge co l lec t ion o f macros , t ypede fs and func t ions ; these cons t i tu te the Per l C API . The Per l API can be bewi lder ing to the un in i t i a ted , bu t i t s en t ry po in ts fo l low a cons is ten t naming scheme, wh ich p rov ides gu idance to those who use i t .

The execu t ion o f a Per l p rogram d iv ides b road ly in to two phases : compi le - t ime and run- t ime. [ 9 ] A t compi le t ime, the

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i n te rp re te r parses the p rogram tex t in to a syn tax t ree . A t run t ime, i t execu tes the p rogram by wa lk ing the t ree . The tex t i s parsed on ly once , and the syn tax t ree i s sub jec t to op t im iza t ion be fo re i t i s execu ted , so the execu t ion phase i s re la t i ve ly e f f i c ien t . Compi le - t ime op t im iza t ions on the syn tax t ree inc lude cons tan t fo ld ing and con tex t p ropagat ion , bu t peepho le op t im iza t ion i s a lso per fo rmed. However , compi le - t ime and run-t ime phases may nes t : BEGIN code b locks execu te a t compi le -t ime, wh i le the eva l func t ion in i t i a tes compi la t ion dur ing run t ime. Bo th opera t ions a re an imp l i c i t pa r t o f a number o f o thers—most no tab ly , the use c lause tha t loads l i b ra r ies , known in Per l as modu les , imp l ies a BEGIN b lock .

Per l has a con tex t -sens i t i ve g rammar wh ich can be a f fec ted by code execu ted dur ing an in te rmi t ten t run- t ime phase . [ 1 0 ]

There fo re Per l canno t be parsed by a s t ra igh t Lex /Yacc lexer /parser combina t ion . Ins tead , the in te rp re te r imp lements i t s own lexer , wh ich coord ina tes w i th a mod i f ied GNU b ison parser to reso lve amb igu i t ies in the language. I t i s sa id tha t "on ly per l can parse Per l " , mean ing tha t on ly the Per l i n te rp re te r (per l ) can parse the Per l l anguage ( Per l ) . The t ru th o f th i s i s a t tes ted to by the pers is ten t imper fec t ions o f o ther p rograms tha t under take to parse Per l , such as source code ana lyzers and au to - inden te rs , wh ich have to con tend no t on ly w i th the many ways to express unambiguous syn tac t i c cons t ruc ts , bu t a lso the fac t tha t Per l canno t be parsed in the genera l case w i thou t execu t ing i t .

Per l i s d is t r ibu ted w i th some 120 ,000 func t iona l tes ts . These run as par t o f the norma l bu i ld p rocess , and ex tens ive ly exerc ise the in te rp re te r and i t s co re modu les . Per l deve lopers re ly on the func t iona l tes ts to ensure tha t changes to the in te rp re te r do no t in t roduce bugs ; converse ly , Per l users who see the in te rp re te r pass i t s func t iona l tes ts on the i r sys tem can have a h igh degree o f con f idence tha t i t i s work ing p roper ly .

Ma in tenance o f the Per l i n te rp re te r has become inc reas ing ly d i f f i cu l t over the years . The code base has been in con t inuous deve lopment s ince 1994 . The code has been op t im ized fo r per fo rmance a t the expense o f s imp l i c i t y , c la r i t y , and s t rong in te rna l in te r faces . New fea tu res have been added, ye t v i r tua l l y comple te backward compat ib i l i t y w i th ear l ie r ve rs ions i s ma in ta ined . The s ize and complex i t y o f the in te rp re te r i s a bar r ie r to deve lopers who w ish to work on i t .

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3.7 DISCUSSIONS

3.7 .1 ARE THERE ANY UNUSUAL VARIETIES OF ANAGRAMS?

(Adap ted f rom Words a t P lay by O.V . M ichae lsen , and w i th add i t iona l mate r ia l f rom Wi l l i am Tuns ta l l -Pedoe)

An an t ig ram, o r an tonymous anagram, has an oppos i te mean ing to the sub jec t tex t . Such anagrams a re qu i te uncommon and o f ten acc iden ta l l y d iscovered . Here a re some grea t examples :

Funera l = rea l fun ! Antagon is t = no t aga ins t . Evange l i s ts = ev i l ' s agen ts . The Oscar Nomina t ions = I t ' s no t a c inema honor . Pro tec t ion ism = n ice to impor ts . Sain t l i ness = en ta i l s s ins . Swel te r ing hea t = the w in te r ga les With in earsho t = I won ' t hear th is . On a s l igh t l y more taboo sub jec t , M ick Tu l l y ' s

Un i te Aga ins t Fasc ism - - An t i semi t i c fun 's a gas .

A word tha t i s spe l led backward to become a new word , a word reversa l , has been ca l led an anadrome. Th is te rm combines 'ana- ' f rom anagram and ' -d rome ' f rom pa l ind rome. Lewis Car ro l l ca l led th is a semordn i lap ( ' pa l ind romes ' spe l led backwards) . O lder sources (Dudeney , 1929) re fe r red to these as an t ig rams. Examples o f th i s genre inc lude :

Ev ian = na ive . Pat = tap . Samaro id = d io ramas.

Transposed coup le ts , o r pa i ragrams, a re s ing le -word anagrams tha t p laced toge ther c rea te a shor t mean ing fu l phrase .

Acto rs co-s ta r . Best be ts . Demo mode. Elv is l i ves . F loa t a lo f t . Laten t ta len t . Amer ican C inerama. Love ly vo l ley .

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Nameless sa lesmen. Or ien ta l re la t ion . Outer rou te . St reaming emigran ts .

3.7 .2 WHAT IS THE LONGEST ONE-WORD ANAGRAM?

Which i s the longes t anagram o f a s ing le word in to ano ther s ing le word depends on the amount o f t ranspos i t ion o f le t te rs tha t i s accep tab le and a lso whether us ing ra ther con t r i ved techn ica l , sc ien t i f i c , o r med ica l names i s accep tab le .

Accord ing to the Guinness Book o f Records , t he longes t non-sc ien t i f i c Eng l i sh words tha t fo rm anagrams a re the 18- le t te r ones be low; however , they requ i re no more than a s imp le swap o f two le t te rs .

conversa t iona l i s ts = conserva t iona l i s ts

The longes t sc ien t i f i c anagram is 27 le t te rs , bu t th i s invo lves jus t the s imp le movement o f one le t te r .

Hydroxydeoxycor t i cos te rones = Hydroxydesoxycor t i cos te rone .

Our l i s t o f 12- to 17- le t te r words tha t can be anagrammed in to ano ther word was compi led by Wi l l i am Tuns ta l l -Pedoe and Lar ry Brash . Be ing on the l i s t requ i res tha t no more than th ree consecu t i ve le t te rs f rom the o r ig ina l be repea ted in sequence in the anagram, bu t the l i s t does inc lude unusua l o r techn ica l words .

3.7 .3 WHAT SET OF LETTERS HAS THE MOST ONE-WORD ANAGRAMS?

One prob lem in answer ing th is ques t ion i s tha t the re i s no one au thor i t y as to what cons t i tu tes a leg i t imate word . Ross Eck le r ' s Mak ing the A lphabet Dance l i s t s 24 anagrams o f the le t te rs ' aes t ' , bu t many o f these a re qu i te obscure and they a re d rawn f rom a w ide range o f sources .

Mer r iam-Webs te r ' s unabr idged d ic t ionary con ta ins en t r ies fo r these 14 words :

anes t r i , as te r in , e ran is t , nas t ie r , ra t ines , res ian t , res ta in , re ta ins , re t inas , re ts ina , sa in te r , s ta iner , s ta rn ie , s tear in

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Other wordp lay sources omi t some o f these words and /o r add o thers , inc lud ing the mu l t i -word anagrams ' t i n ears ' and ' i n tears ' .

Word Ways has fo r some years been co l lec t ing anagrams o f ' aeg in rs t ' . W i l l i am Tuns ta l l -Pedoe ind ica tes tha t a whopp ing 157 o f these have some jus t i f i ca t ion .

3.7 .4 WHAT IS THE POINT OF ANAGRAMS?

Essent ia l l y , anagramming i s a rec rea t iona l ac t i v i t y . Grea t p leasure can be ob ta ined when one f inds a w i t t y anagram in someone 's name. We w i l l o f ten f ind the 'h idden t ru th ' i n an anagram o f a person 's name:

Mat th ias N . R i t ch ie . = I am the An t i ch r i s t ! (M ick Tu l l y , 1998)

A ' v i s i to r ' to a l t .anagrams p resen ted the above fa lse name fo r anagramming . Prac t i ca l j ok ing i s no t unknown in a l t .anagrams .

An impor tan t a im i s to f i nd a re levan t o r ap t anagram tha t i s amus ing , po ignan t , o r abus ive in con ten t , and one tha t e i the r paraphrases the o r ig ina l tex t o r c rea tes an 'an t ig ram' , an anagram w i th the oppos i te mean ing to the sub jec t tex t .

Occas iona l l y anagram puzz les a re p resen ted to be so lved , e .g . , a book t i t l e and au thor . I t i s a g rea t fee l ing when you c rack the code .

Top ica l anagrams f rom cur ren t even ts a re f requen t l y a source o f in te res t . For example :

Bosn ian War Cr imes . = Serb ian rac ism won. (Tom Myers , 1999)

Whi tehouse In te rn Miss Mon ica Sami l le Lewinsky = Hey ! Wi l l i am C l in ton a rouses me. H i ! I 'm Ken 's w i tness ! (Wi l l i am Tuns ta l l -Pedoe, 1998)

Occas iona l l y th is newsgroup i s be l i t t l ed by ou ts iders who th ink tha t i t i s a l l a was te o f t ime and tha t we 'a re s tup id geeks and shou ld ge t a l i f e ' . Such c r i t i c i sm is dea l t w i th in our usua l way . We anagram the c rap ou t o f the c r i t i c !

3.7 .5 HOW DO YOU CREATE ANAGRAMS?

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There a re two bas ic ways : Manua l l y o r w i th an anagram genera to r p rogram.

The ma in advan tages o f us ing a compute r p rogram are speed and the genera to r ' s d ic t ionary . They w i l l genera te hundreds o r thousands o f anagrams in a m inu te o r two . Mos t w i l l be mean ing less , and one has to wade th rough them, f ind the mos t appropr ia te combina t ions o f words , a r range the words , e tc .

There has been deba te in the g roup as to whether us ing an anagram genera to r i s ' chea t ing ' . Somet imes , genera to rs w i l l qu ick ly revea l a g rea t anagram, bu t the re i s a lways a mod icum o f luck and a lo t o f sk i l l needed to f ind the bes t anagrams. The consensus here i s tha t i t i s no t chea t ing . P rograms have a lso been wr i t ten tha t jugg le i tems in a long l i s t ( record ing a r t i s ts , aphor isms, e tc . ) be tween the ' l e f t ' and ' r i gh t ' s ide un t i l an anagram is fo rmed; wh i le op in ions vary as to the a r t i s t ry and mer i t o f anagrams genera ted in th is way , there i s room in the g roup fo r such anagrams and c iv i l d i scuss ion o f them.

3.7 .6 WHAT ARE THE HALLMARKS OF A GOOD ANAGRAM?

These a re ha l lmarks o f a good anagram, mos t l y as g leaned f rom erud i te pos t ings on th is sub jec t by R ichard Brod ie , Wi l l i am Tuns ta l l -Pedoe, R ichard Gran tham, and Jean Fon ta ine . Examples f rom the fo lk in a l t .anagrams a re inc luded .

(1 ) Mean ing fu lness . I t mus t be more than jus t a se r ies o f unconnec ted words in no par t i cu la r o rder . I t mus t ' sound ' l i ke a mean ing fu l phrase o r a sen tence , however condensed . Condensa t ions tha t sound l i ke newspaper head l ines a re qu i te accep tab le . S imp ly reorder ing the words can make a d i f fe rence .

Male chauv in ism = Va l ium mach ines - - i s qu i te b iza r re and mean ing less . Ah , mascu l ine v im - - i s a b i t be t te r . I 'm such a v i le man. (Jaybur , 2000) - - makes g rea t sense .

(2 ) Ap tness , re levance , o r re fe rence to the o r ig ina l phrase . Th is may invo lve the use o f synonyms, paraphras ing the o r ig ina l phrase , o r a commentary o r joke abou t the o r ig ina l . The more re levan t the anagram is to the o r ig ina l phrase , the be t te r i t w i l l be regarded . I t may even be the d i rec t oppos i te in mean ing (an an t ig ram) . Examples migh t a lso inc lude a ques t ion in the o r ig ina l phrase tha t i s answered in the anagram.

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Madonna Lou ise C iccone = Anomalous co inc idence - - no t ve ry ap t . Mus ica l? Done coca ine? No! - - i s ge t t ing more re levan t . One coo l dance mus ic ian . (Dav id Bourke , 2000) - - th i s one i s ve ry re levan t .

(3 ) Exp lana t ion . An anagram shou ld be se l f -exp lana to ry , se l f -su f f i c ien t ; i t shou ld no t need any ex t ra exp lana t ion o r comment . Occas iona l l y , such as when the sub jec t mat te r i s obscure / reg iona l o r the anagram re fe rs to a l i t t l e -known aspec t o f the o r ig ina l , i t may va l id l y be accompan ied by some br ie f de ta i l s ; however , i n mos t cases , the anagram is weak i f an exp lana t ion i s requ i red .

Tam-o ' -shan te r = One smar t ha t . ( Jane t Mugger idge , 1999)

(4 ) Avo idance o f incor rec t o r uncommon spe l l i ngs . These de t rac t f rom the qua l i t y o f the anagram and make i t seem con t r i ved o r the au thor seem semi - l i t e ra te . O ld - fash ioned spe l l i ngs (ha th , do th , aye , nay , ' t i s ) a re o f ten accep tab le . So too a re shor tened words l i ke 'n ' ( fo r ' and ' ) , e 'e r , o r ma 'am, par t i cu la r l y i f appropr ia te to the s ty le o f the anagram.

Gast roen te ro log is t = I l e t go to r ren ts o ' gas . - - the use o f the shor tened fo rm o f ' o f ' i s a m inor f l aw. (Lar ry Brash , 2000)

(5 ) Avo idance o f repe t i t i on o f words in o r ig ina l phrase . Repeat ing a key word f rom the o r ig ina l i n i t s anagram de t rac ts f rom the c leverness o f the resu l t . The repe t i t i on o f ' t he ' and o ther shor t non-key words i s qu i te OK, o f course . Occas iona l l y , the repe t i t i on i s accep tab le . Such an anagram is somet imes re fe r red to as a para l le logram.

These g i r l s a re bare ly lega l = The "g i r l s " a re rea l l y beag les . - - repe t i t i on i s used fo r a funny e f fec t . (R ichard Gran tham, 2000)

(6 ) Humour , be i t rude , w i t t y , sa rcas t i c , o r abus ive , w i l l a lways improve an anagram, espec ia l l y when the punch l ine con ta ins a rea l su rp r i se . WARNING: Ea t ing and d r ink ing wh i l s t read ing a l t .anagrams can lead to the con ten ts o f your o ra l cav i t y be ing

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sprayed over your mon i to r o r d r inks be ing sp i l t on to your keyboard .

I n f lammatory Bowe l D isease = My ass b lew f i re , I moaned a lo t . - - i s ve ry funny , you wou ld have to admi t . (Meyran Kraus , 2000)

(7 ) Grammat ica l co r rec tness i s the one a rea where some o f us a re pedant i c . Many a good anagram has fa i led because o f poor g rammar . For example , nouns s ta r t ing w i th a vowe l sound mus t have 'an ' ra ther than 'a ' be fo re them. M inor d isc repanc ies can be over looked i f the anagram exce ls in a l l o ther a reas . Long anagrams shou ld have impeccab le g rammar because hav ing so many le t te rs a l lows g rea t f l ex ib i l i t y in cons t ruc t ion .

Wi le E . Coyo te and The Roadrunner = T ry a car toon due l where none d ie ! - - good g rammar desp i te a shor t sub jec t . (Meyran Kraus , 2000)

(8 ) C lever use o f punc tua t ion . The use o f punc tua t ion has i t s c r i t i cs , the pur i s ts who d isapprove o f any punc tua t ion a t a l l . However , good use o f punc tua t ion can improve an o rd inary anagram and change i t i n to an ex t raord inary one , i f c lever l y done .

The Immacu la te Concep t ion = Pa the t i c cu l t . . . I mean, come ON!(Meyran Kraus , 2006)

Perhaps the u l t imate in f l ow a l lowed th rough punc tua t ion i s an anagram w i th the phrase in the le f t s ide con t inu ing on in the r igh t -hand s ide , fo r one coheren t though t . These a re usua l l y more impress ive i f one o r the o ther s ide i s a se t phrase . An example :

Races can ru in ~ car insurance ! (Joe Fa tha l lah , 2002)

(9 ) M in ima l use o f in te r jec t ions . Wh i l s t the use o f ' oh ' , ' eh ' , ' hey ' , ' ah ' , ' ahem' , ' shhh ' , and so on can be a handy way o f ge t t ing r id o f those annoy ing le f t -over le t te rs , many be l ieve tha t the excess ive use o f th i s dev ice w i l l damage an anagram. The use o f one in te r jec t ion in an o therw ise g rea t anagram is o f ten cons idered accep tab le . The key i s fo r the word to be we l l -i n tegra ted ra ther than tacked on . Even the much-ma l igned 'h i ' can somet imes enhance an anagram.

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The German neuro log is t Dr A lo is A lzhe imer =Memor ies go ing , los t in a ra ther du l l . . .e r . . .haze . - - Here , the 'e r ' l ooks l i ke i t be longs and i s no t mere ly a way to ge t r id o f two 'ex t ra ' l e t te rs . I t i s in keep ing w i th the top ic and adds a b i t o f humour . (Dav id Bourke , 2004)

(10) Avo idance o f con t r i ved sub jec t tex t . The bes t anagrams a re those where the sub jec t tex t i s a fami l ia r phrase o r a rea l name. Us ing h igh ly con t r i ved sub jec t tex t to c rea te a c lever anagram cons iderab ly weakens the resu l t . Us ing minor con t r i vances , such as add ing the de f in i te o r inde f in i te a r t i c le to the tex t , i s a much less ser ious f law.

A McDona ld ' s burger = Rea l dog and c rumbs. - - add ing an 'A ' to the sub jec t made th is one work . (M ick Tu l l y , 1998)

(11) We l l - known sub jec t tex t . The more famous the name o f the person o r th ing be ing anagrammed, the be t te r the resu l t i s l i ke ly to be .

Leonardo D iCapr io = Ocean ido l , o r a d r ip? - - Near ly everyone has heard o f h im! (Dav id Bourke , 2000)

(12) Se lec tness . An anagram shou ld represen t your bes t e f fo r t s w i th the g iven le t te rs . Don ' t make hundreds o f readers s i f t th rough your e f fo r t s to f i nd the good ones (o r qu i t i n d isgus t ) : do the se lec t ion yourse l f , though you may so l i c i t readers ' op in ions on wh ich o f a coup le word ing op t ions works bes t . Remember : i f you 've done twenty anagrams on the same base phrase , a t leas t ten o f them are c rap . No , don ' t te l l us how you were exper iment ing w i th d i f fe ren t approaches , and don ' t add comments to exp la in the i r g lo r ies . A t leas t ten o f them are c rap .

3.7 .7 SKETCH OF ALGORITHM

Assume tha t the d ic t ionary i s read f rom a f i l e where

d ic t ionary = [ "op t " , "pans" , "po ts " , " snap" , "s top" , " tops" ]

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I n o rder to f i nd the anagrams o f a word we f i r s t c rea te what we w i l l ca l l an ‘anagram d ic t ionary ’ . We observe tha t a l l words tha t a re anagrams o f each o ther have the same ‘base ’ fo rm. The base fo rm o f a word i s the sor ted vers ion o f the word , e .g . the base fo rm o f “ ra t ” i s “a r t ” . An anagram d ic t ionary i s an a r ray o r tab le o f l i s t s indexed by the base fo rm o f the words in the l i s t , i . e . the tab le i s indexed by a base fo rm and the va lue a t an index i s the l i s t o f words in the inpu t d ic t ionary tha t a re anagrams o f th i s base fo rm.

e .g . To f ind the anagrams o f a word we f i r s t reduce i t to base fo rm and then we search the

anagram d ic t ionary fo r th i s base fo rm. For example , to f i nd the anagrams o f “snap” we reduce i t to i t s base fo rm “anps” and search the anagram d ic t ionary fo r “anps” and re tu rn the va lue a t th i s index , the words “pans” and “snap” . The inpu t word i t se l f may no t be in the g iven d ic t ionary , wha t the p rogram f inds i s a l l the words tha t a re anagrams o f i t i n the g iven d ic t ionary .

3.7.8 METHODS (CONTD.. . )

Before the Computer Age , anagrams were cons t ruc ted us ing a pen and paper o r le t te red t i l es , by p lay ing w i th le t te r combina t ions and exper iment ing w i th va r ia t ions . (Some ind iv idua ls w i th p rod ig ious ta len t have a lso been known to ‘ see ’ anagrams in words , una ided by too ls . ) Anagram d ic t ionar ies cou ld a lso be used to c rea te anagrams.

Computers have enab led a new method o f c rea t ing anagrams, the anagram server , anagram solver o r anagrammer . These a re o f ten used to f ind so lu t ions fo r c rosswords , Scrabb le , Bogg le and o ther word games. A la rge number o f these a re ava i lab le on the In te rne t . When the anagrammis t en te rs a word o r phrase the p rogram or se rver u t i l i zes an exhaus t i ve da tabase o f words to p roduce a l i s t con ta in ing every poss ib le combina t ion o f words o r phrases f rom the inpu t word o r phrase . Some programs such as Lexper t (used fo r Scrabb le ) on ly a l low one-word answers . Many anagram servers can con t ro l the search resu l t s , by exc lud ing o r inc lud ing cer ta in words , l im i t ing the number o r leng th o f words in each anagram, o r l im i t ing the number o f resu l t s . Anagram so lvers a re o f ten banned f rom on l ine anagram games, such as Yahoo! L i te ra t i where they can be used fo r an un fa i r advan tage , in some cases a l low ing a p layer to never m iss a s ing le word .

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Anagram so lvers do no t have to use Eng l i sh . Any language can be used , par t i cu la r l y those wh ich use the Roman a lphabet . Anagrammers can even f ind so lu t ions in mu l t ip le languages a t the same t ime. Anagrammers may have o ther re la ted func t ions , such as f i t t i ng the le t te rs in to a cer ta in sequence . I f wh i le do ing a c rossword the reader knows he has a seven le t te r word in the fo rm Z?R??N? ( the ques t ion marks represen t a b lank square) then an anagram so lver can te l l us a l l the words tha t f i t t h i s pa t te rn , fo r example zero ing and z i rcons .

When shar ing the i r newly d iscovered anagrams w i th o ther en thus ias ts , some anagrammis ts ind ica te the method they used . Anagrams cons t ruc ted w i thou t a id o f a compute r a re no ted as hav ing been done ‘manua l l y ’ o r ‘by hand ’ ; those made by u t i l i z ing a compute r may be no ted ‘by mach ine ’ o r ‘by compute r ’ , o r may ind ica te the name o f the compute r p rogram (us ing ‘Anagram Gen ius ’ ) .

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4 RESULTS

The inpu t i s fed to the p rogram and the ou tpu t genera t ion i s done by check ing the anagram fo r the g iven inpu t and i f p resen t i t feeds i t back o r e lse there i s no anagram poss ib le fo r the g iven inpu t .

4.1 PROGRAM RUN:

Ear th

Anagram genera ted :

Hear t

Abroad

Anagram genera ted :

Aboard

Raw

Anagram genera ted :

War

Acme

Anagram genera ted :

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Came

Mace

Al igned

Anagram genera ted :

Lead ing

Dea l ing

4.2 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

4.2 .1 A SLOW ALGORITHM

Examine A l l Permuta t ions . ‘ ‘ cho lecys toduodenos tomy ’ ’has 22 ! pe rmuta t ions . One p icosecond each g ives 1 . 1109 seconds , o r a fewdecades . (The ru le o f thumb tha t ‘ ‘seconds i s a nanocen tu ry ’ ’i s ha l f a percen t o f f the t rue va lue o f 3 . 155107 seconds per year . )Examine A l l Pa i rs o f Words . Assume 230 ,000words in the d ic t ionary

STATISTICS:

1 mic rosecond per compare .230 , 000 words , 230 , 000 comps/word 1 m ic rosecond/comp52900106 mic roseconds52900 seconds14 .7 hours

4.2 .2 A FAST ALGORITHM

The Idea . S ign words so tha t those in the same anagram c lass have the same s igna tu re , and then co l lec t equa l s igna tu res .

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The S igna tu re . Sor t l e t te rs w i th in a word . The s igna tu re o f ‘ ‘ depos i t ’ ’ i s ‘ ‘ de iops t ’ ’ , wh ich i s a lso thes igna tu re o f ‘ ‘ dop ies t ’ ’ . Co l lec t ing the C lasses . Sor t the words by the i r s igna tu res .A Summary . Sor t th i s way (w i th a hor i zon ta l wave o f the hand) then tha t way (a ver t i ca l wave) .

4.3 PLATFORM USAGE:

Many ques t ions a r i se on the bas is o f why th is anagram imp lementa t ion has been done in per l and no t in some o ther language.

The answer to i t i s exp la ined w i th reason ing as fo l lows :

As imp lemented in c /c++ :

The cod ing requ i res :

1 . permuta t ion .c2 . s tack .h

3 . da ta .h

4 . d ic t ionary .c

5 . fuse .c

i t s overv iew i s p resen ted down be low:

4.3 .1 PERMUTATION.C

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t h i s cons is ts o f the cod ing wh ich i s per fo rmed us ing recurs ive back t rack ing o f the g iven inpu t . I t s the ma in modu le in the anagram imp lementa t ion because in th is modu le we inc lude

s tack .h

da ta .h

here we t raverse th rough a l l the poss ib le words wh ich can be fo rmed w i th the g iven inpu t . I t resu l t s in g iv ing an ou tpu t wh ich cons is ts o f a l l t he poss ib le permuta t ions o f the inpu t and th is i s wha t i s p resen ted to the user

4.3 .2 D ICTIONARY.C

As the word sugges ts , th i s i s the modu le wh ich takes care o f the t raversa l o f the who le d ic t ionary wh ich i s no th ing bu t a f i l e fu l l o f the a l l the poss ib le tex t accumula ted by the p rogrammer .

Here we make the genera l usage o f

L inked l i s t concep t and f i l es concep t

Th is se rves the purpose o f search ing a word and le t t i ng the user know whether the word wh ich i s be ing searched fo r i s p resen t in the d ic t ionary .

4.3 .3 FUSE.C

Th is i s the f ina l modu le wh ich resu l t s in the fus ing o f the above two modu le exp la ined . Th is takes in the ou tpu t o f the permuta t ion .c and g ives i t as an inpu t to the d ic t ionary .c and a f te r check ing the d ic t ionary fo r each and every permuted word . The resu l t i s show to the user whether the word i s p resen t o f no t . I f the word i s p resen t then anagram found o r e lse no t found .

4.3 .4 RESULTANT:

1. very leng thy p rogram.2 . Usage o f a lo t o f concep t .

3 . lo t o f modu la r d iv i s ion

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4. Fau l t f i nd ing becomes d i f f i cu l t

5 . Inc rease in l i nes o f code

6 . Imp lements s low a lgor i thm(search ing each permuted word in d ic t ionary )

5 SUMMARY

The above p ro jec t can be summar ized w i th the po in ts as fo l lows :

ANAGRAM

An anagram is a rearrangement o f the le t ters o f one word or phrase to form another word or phrase .

AIM

Genera t ion o f an anagram by the user fo r the spec i f ied word , wh ich i s p resen ted as an inpu t to the p rogram.

SCOPE

3.1 As t ronomy3.2 Pseudonyms

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3.3 Anagrammat ic Poem3.4 D ic t ionar ies3 .5 Scrabb le game and puzz les3 .6 Secur i t y reasons

PLATFORM

ACTIVEPERL

Reason beh ind th is par t i cu la r language:As log ica l l y imp l ied in the exp lana t ion tha t the c /c++ languages wh ich a re conven t iona l l y good and cons iderab le easy to unders tand a re rea l l y d i f f i cu l t to be made use o f and imp lemented fo r the purpose o f anagram genera t ion .

CONCLUSIONS

1. Permuta t ion o f the g iven inpu t

2 . D ic t ionary f i l e imp lementa t ion

3 . For the g iven inpu t the ou tpu t has been success fu l l y genera ted and shown as an anagram. Hence fu l f i l l i ng the requ i rements o f genera t ing a anagram

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6 BILBIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES

Where can one f ind anagram genera to rs , books , and Web s i tes?

1 . Where can I f i nd an anagram genera to r?

Severa l p rograms a re ava i lab le , and more a re be ing wr i t ten a l l the t ime to meet spec i f i c needs . Many o f our regu la r con t r ibu to rs have deve loped o r a re deve lop ing anagram genera to rs and checkers themse lves . Th is i s on ly a par t ia l l i s t o f the p rograms ava i lab le :

* One o f the mos t popu la r i s Anagram Gen ius , a commerc ia l Mac /Windows package. In fo rmat ion and a ca tegor ised a rch ive o f anagrams d iscovered w i th Anagram Gen ius i s ava i lab le a th t tp : / /www.anagramgen ius .com/ .

Another ma jo r p layer i s Anagram Ar t i s t ,

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ht tp : / /www.anagrammy.com/ resources /anagram_ar t i s t .h tm l f reeware fo r Windows 98 and XP tha t i s des igned more w i th longer anagrams in m ind .

* A re la t i ve newcomer i s the c ross -p la t fo rm (Windows/L inux /UNIX) Nanagram, ava i lab le a th t tp : / /www.vo idspace .o rg .uk /a t lan t ibo ts /nanagram.h tml .

* Mac users can t ry on the shareware Anagrams p rogram fo r s i ze . I t can be found a th t tp : / /www. t revor row.com/anagrams/ .

John Dagg 's f reeware p rogram Anagen i s s imp le and fas t . V is i t h t tp : / /www.geoc i t ies .com/asc iworx / index .h tm l

The p rogram works under Win95 and more recen t ve rs ions o f Windows.

* an i s a ve ry fas t mu l t i -p la t fo rm anagram genera to r ( fo r L inux , UNIX, Windows, and DOS) . The source code and package a re ava i lab le a t h t tp : / / fa tph i l .o rg /words /an .h tml .

* Anagram Fer re t i s a f reeware p rogram fo r Windows wh ich comes as a s ing le f i l e tha t i s used w i th supp lementa l d ic t ionar ies . I t i s ava i lab le a t h t tp : / /webs i te . l i neone .ne t /~6hoopers / .

* Ano ther p rogram fo r Windows, Word Wizard i s a commerc ia l anagram genera to r w i th an in fo rmat ion page a t h t tp : / /www. lap lace .demon.co .uk /codaso f t / i ndex .h tm l .

*wscr (L inux /UNIX) i s ava i lab le a t h t tp : / /www.g toa l . com/wordgames/wscr / . I t comes w i th source code .

* Shareware fo r UNIX and DOS, the venerab le Wordp lay fo rms the backbone fo r many o f the on l ine anagram genera to rs . De ta i l s a re a t h t tp : / /hsvmov ies .com/s ta t i c_subpages /persona l /wordp lay / .

* Manarags 2 ( fo r DOS/Windows, wr i t ten in 32-b i t C++) i s ava i lab le f rom Tom 7 's down load page a t h t tp : / /www.andrew.cmu.edu /~ twm/mana/ .

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* A lso , a t h t tp : / /www.g toa l . com/wordgames/anagrams.h tml you w i l l f i nd - i f t he s i te i s hav ing a good day - a l i s t w i th l i nks to va r ious o ther anagram genera to rs ' source code , ava i lab le f rom the g toa l . com s i te .

Severa l o f these p rograms suppor t l anguages o ther than Eng l i sh , o f ten th rough the use o f supp lementa l d ic t ionar ies (as i s the case w i th an) . In add i t ion , i t i s wor th no t ing tha t :

* U l f Lunde has c rea ted a vers ion o f Wordp lay wh ich can be used to p roduce anagrams in Norweg ian . One can emai l h im a t U l f .Lunde@kvat ro .no to reques t a copy .

* For anagrams in Du tch there i s Maanrag , DOS/Windows f reeware ava i lab le fo r down load a t h t tp : / /www.xs4a l l .n l /~onnoz /maanrag /down load .h tml .

* Anagram Genera to r inc ludes d ic t ionary f i l es fo r anagram genera t ion in Japanese , I ta l ian , F rench , German, Span ish , and Eng l i sh . A t r ia l ve rs ion o f th i s commerc ia l p rogram fo r Windows 9x /NT/2000 i s ava i lab le a t h t tp : / /www.so f to logy .com.au /anagram.h tm.

A lso , va r ious anagram a ids ex is t . One i s the Maryana pa t te rn -anchored anagrammer , descr ib ing i t se l f as "ex t reme ly use fu l fo r chea t ing a t Scrabb le " . I t i s ava i lab le fo r down load a t h t tp : / / runs l inux .ne t /p ro jec ts /margana /margana-1 .1 . ta r .gz . In add i t ion , severa l peop le have wr i t ten anagram checker p rograms tha t de te rmine the d i f fe rence in le t te rs o f the sub jec t tex t and the anagram- in -p rogress , le t t i ng you know how many o f each le t te r a re s t i l l ava i lab le fo r use . In fo rmat ion on some anagram checkers , as we l l as fu r ther de ta i l s on many o f the anagram genera to rs ment ioned above , can be found a t h t tp : / /www.anagrammy.com/ resources /genera to rs .h tm l .2 . Can you po in t me to an on l ine anagram genera to r?

There a re many o f these . See the l i s t a t h t tp : / /www.anagrammy.com/ resources /on l ine .h tm l . However , i f you p lan to be do ing a lo t o f anagramming , you migh t wan t to use anagramming so f tware on your own compute r ra ther than inc rease the load on these s i tes . Some anagram genera t ion s i tes have been c losed down or become unusab le due to h igh t ra f f i c .3 . What a re the bes t books on anagrams?

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A ' top 6 ' l i s t i s a t h t tp : / /www.anagrammy.com/ resources /books .h tm l .4 . What a re some good anagramming- re la ted Web s i tes?

Tom Myers has a Java app le t tha t c rea tes an imated anagrams ava i lab le a t h is s i te h t tp : / /www.an i -g ram.com/ .

The Anagrammy s i te has a page w i th l i nks to severa l pages , mos t o f wh ich were c rea ted by a l t .anagrams members : h t tp : / /www.anagrammy.com/ resources /webs i tes .h tm l .

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