ANAEROBIC DIGESTION IN THE BIOREFINERY MARKET ECONOMYwverstra/events/AD in the biorefinery market... · ANAEROBIC DIGESTION IN THE BIOREFINERY MARKET ECONOMY N. BOON, M. CARBALLA,

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION IN THE BIOREFINERY MARKET ECONOMY

N. BOON, M. CARBALLA, L. DE SCHAMPHELAIRE and W. VERSTRAETE

Lab. Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET) Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University

Coupure L 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium http://LabMET.UGent.be

Development of “high-rate” anaerobic treatment systems Completely mixed

(Bio)gas

influent effluent

Relative capacity: 1

Partial retention


Dense biomass


Enhanced contact & degassing


Source : After anaerobic high-rate treatment : State-of-the-art of new incentives (presentation of Prof. J. van Lier at the Anaerobic Experts Colloquium, Singapore, June 25, 2009)

UASB EGSB

Increasing digestibility & biomass conc.

IC

Number of non-lagoon industrial installations worldwide

(After Denis E.T., Applied Technologies, Wise)

Number of non-lagoon industrial installations worldwide (continuation)

Take home: •  About 3500 anaerobic reactors worldwide •  Top players : Paques bv 648 Biothane-Veolia 478 Global Water Engineering 195 Waterleau – Biotim 140 •  Geographic distribution Europe 1174 Southeast Asia 894 North America 874 South America 303 Middle East/Africa 63

Technological : UASB 1000 EGSB 600 Anaerobic contact 370 Anaerobic upflow filter 90 Downflow filter 70

High-rate Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 2009 •  Decrease of excess sludge production by 90% ! •  Up to 90% saving in space requirements ! •  High loading rates (up to 35 kg COD.m-3.day-1), smaller reactors •  No use of fossil fuels for treatment (saving ≈ 0.5-1 kWh / kg COD) •  Production of energy as CH4 (3.8* kWh / kg COD converted) •  Rapid start up with granular sludge (1 week) •  No or very little use of chemicals (e.g. nutrients) •  Anaerobic sludge can be stored unfed → campaign industries •  Recovery of sulphur as H2S via produced biogas (closed water loops) •  Perspectives for nutrients recovery (agricultural reuse, struvite)

Source : Anaerobic high-rate treatment : State-of-the-art of new incentives (presentation of Prof. J. van Lier at the Anaerobic Experts Colloquium, Singapore, June 25, 2009

Brewery effluent: decrease in CO2 emission!

Energy recovered: 17 ton COD x 0.85 (eff) x 3820 kWh** x 40% CHP eff. = 22 MWh-e/day ≈ 19 ton CO2/day (coal)

No energy consumption: 17 ton COD x 0.85 (eff.) = 15 MWh-e/day ≈ 12 ton CO2 avoided/day (coal)

Total CO2 emission avoided: 19 + 12 = 31 ton CO2 /day

≅  380 €/d (at 20 €/ton CO2) ≅  140.000 €/year

Coal powered electricity plant: 0.86 ton CO2/MWh-e


Loading capacity (kg COD.m-3.d-1) 10 – 35

Energy output (MJ.m-3 reactor installed.d-1) 55 – 3901

Electric power output (kW-e.m-3 reactor installed)

0.25 – 1.71,2

CO2 emission avoided (tonCO2.m-3.y-1, compared to coal-driven power plant)

1.9 – 13

Assumptions: 1 80% CH4 recovery relative to influent COD load 2 40% electric conversion efficiency using a modern combined heat power (CHP) generator Intermediate values are obtained by linear interpolation.

Energy output and CO2 emission reduction using AD systems 2009 state-of-the-art


COMP. LIRA (CLNSA) - Nicaragua

UAC Reactors - 102,000 kg COD/d

Corn Products Amardass (Starch) - Thailand

ANUBIX™ - 150,000 kg COD/d

I.  Control of biological CH4 production/removal is essential in the context of global warming.

III.  The bio-economy has started AD fits in all scenario’s of renewable energy. Yet, it is not in the front line of attention.

Upsurge of CH4 related basic bioscience is needed

AD must be integrated in the biorefinery economy

A.  NEW CH4 BIOSCIENCE

B.  INTEGRATION OF AD IN THE BIOREFINERY MARKET ECONOMY

C.  SERENDIPITIES

D. DREAMS

E.  RECAP

P = Production R = Removal

1.  PATHWAYS

•  Flux-balance modeling calculate actual routes

(Stolyar et al., 2007; Molecular Systems Biol. 3:92 ) (Yu et al., 2006; Biot. Bioeng. 93: 424-433)

CH4 + CO2

(Karakashev et al., 2006; AEM 72: 5138-5141) (Ishi et al., 2006; AEM 72: 5093-5096)

• Acetate

Cleavage Methanosarcinales

Oxidation-Reduction Clostridium-Methanomicrobiales

A. NEW CH4 BIOSCIENCE

Question: Is it good that they take the scenic route?

P

From micro-electrodes

(de Beer et al. 1996, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 46: 197-201; LabMET)

A. NEW CH4 BIOSCIENCE 2. THE IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THE GRANULE

From micro-electrodes To NMR/ NanoSIMS/ Synchotron

(Lens et al. 2009, unpublished results)

  The granules are full of water

  They have some 20% pores

  Their metabolic routing can be made visible

Low-T1 regions (precipitates, dead biomass)

High-T1 regions (biomass)

cavities

SignalfromTSEmeasurement

A. NEW CH4 BIOSCIENCE 2. THE IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THE GRANULE

3. CELL YIELDS

Determine the number of copies of 16 S rRNA genes x cell volume calculate cell yield

(Du Hamel & Edwards, 2007; EST 41: 2303-2310)


EMERGING CONCEPTS

P

•  Methanogens are specialized in chronic energy shortage (as all Archaea) (Valentine et al., 2007; Nature. Rev. Microb. 5: 316-321)

•  Methanogens are “weak”

•  AD consortia are “conservative”

•  Dechlorinators are still weaker

Only Methanobrevibacterium smithii survives the gastro-intestinal system with its enzymes, bile salts, etc… (Buck et al., 2007; PNAS 104: 10643-10648)

Any change of temp, pH, conc “hypobiosis”

The anaerobic dechlorinators have a factor 5 -10 less efficient coupling in e-transfer (Duhamel & Edwards, 2007; EST 41: 2303-2310)

EMERGING CONCEPTS

•  Methanogens in competition/associaton with dechlorinators

(Duhamel & Edwards, 2007; EST 41: 2303-2310)

CH3OH

Methanomicrobiales CH4

Sporomusa Ac + H2

Geobacter sp.

Dehalococcoides sp. TCA CDCE VC C2H2

TCE

CDCE

A. NEW CH4 BIOSCIENCE P

3. COFACTORS/SHUTTLES/NANOWIRES •  Metabolites of Gneg can transfer electrons

for Gpos bacteria (Hai et al. , 2008; Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 77: 1119–1129; LabMET)

•  Humic acids can be important e-shuttles (Peretyazhko & Sposito, 2006; Geoderma 137: 140-146)

•  Nanowires Propionate CH4 + CO2 Pelotomaculum Methanothermobacterium (Gralnick & Newman, 2007; Molecular Microbiol. 65: 1-11)


Take home: Plenty of molecular mechanism waiting to be engineered

P

4.  NEW SPECIES

Bulking granules - Anaerolinea themophila - KSB3 (Yamada et al., 2007; ISME J. 1: 424-433)

LCFA degraders - Syntrophomonadaceae (by RNA based SIP) (Hatamoto et al., 2007; AEM 73: 1332-1340)

- Syntrophomonas zehnderi (Sousa et al., 2007; Int. J. Syst. Evol. Micr. 57: 609-615)

Acid tolerant MPB


H2 + CO2 CH4 Methanobacterium spp.

(Kotsyrbenbo et al., 2007; AEM 73: 2344-2348)

pH 4.5

15°C

P

1. Anoxic methane removal (Hinrichs et al. 1999; Nature 398: 802-805; Boetius et al. 2000; Nature 407: 623-626)

Carbonate chimney formed by anoxic methane microbial mats in the Black sea.

Archaea-Bacteria consortia that oxidize methane anaerobically. ANME (Metanotrophs Archaea)

SRB (Sulfate Reducing Bacteria)

Take home: Still lots of unexpected microbiological discoveries ahead

A. NEW CH4 BIOSCIENCE R

(Van De Woestyne et al. 1994; FAO FEUR Technical Series; LabMET)

DRANCO Installation

Brecht, Belgium

3 MegaWatt

2. Oxic methane removal ENFORCED PREVENTION OF CH4 EMISSIONS

Landfills: 15% anthropogenic methane emissions

Take home: Reactor based AD of MSW (DRANCO, DICOM,…) decreases anthr. methane emissions with 90%

A. NEW CH4 BIOSCIENCE R

2. Oxic methane removal

* Bioaugmentation of soil

to produce inocula for soil bioaugmentation

Average removal of 800-1000 kg CH4/ha.yr (Boeckx et al., 1997; Nutrient Cycling in Agro-

ecosystems 49: 91-95)

* Coupling of AD to biogas conversion by methanotrophs

to produce chemicals from CH4: SCP, PHB,…

(Helm et al., 2006; JAM 101: 387-395)

A.NEW CH4 BIOSCIENCE R

WATER

Source separated wastes

FARM

CROPS

BIOREFINERY CONSUMERS

CONVERSION PRODUCTS

Residues Secondary products

MINERAL FERTILIZER

ENERGY

Clean & green

BIOTECH UPGRADING

Take home: 10-20% of the biomass flow will need upgrading

Top opportunity for AD

THE BIOECONOMY

I.  BETTER BIOCATALYST

II.  ADVANCED RECOVERY

I.  Better means to deal with the biocatalyst are needed Default values about the microbiology Use molecular methods

- DGGE lanes - Phylogeny trees

We need to get from these:

• Concepts

• Indexes

• Benchmark values

We need to manage these communities

MRM

1.  Who is there: 16 S DNA genes

2.  Who is doing it with whom DGGE patterns + interpretations

Three new tools to measure maturity

•  Range-weighted richness

•  Dynamics of change of the gel

•  Pareto-Lorenz plot of the gel

: carrying capacity of the system

: level of communication

: level of functional organization

THE “MICROBIAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT” MRM APPROACH

DGGE-patterns

(Marzorati et al., 2007; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 2990-2999; LabMET)

THE MICROBIAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Propionate oxidizing bacteria (POB) •  At least four phylogenetic groups

•  Clear functional redundancy (MAR-FISH)

We must be able to transfer this science into management terms

(Ariesyady et al., 2007; AMB 75: 673-683)

%

Smithella short rod-uncultured 52-62

Syntrophobactet 16-31

Syntrophobacter 6

Smithella long rod-uncultured minor


(Smits et al. 2009; unpublished results; LabMET)

Ripley index: IA/TA ratio Intermediate Alkalinity (IA) Total Alkalinity (TA) Succesfull digestion occures with a Ripley index below 0.3

(Ripley et al. 1986; Journal WPCF 58: 406-411)

Take-home: The index of Rr for Bacteria is correlated with the Ripley index.

Question: What additional info can it hold?

Rr


Stable community   Low dynamics

(%Λchange/week=24%)   F20 value of 50-60%

Well-functioning reactor

Process engineers need simple “GPS” guidelines   The influx of genes is broad spread of the gel

  The AD community is evolving in a healthy way moving window of the gel

  the AD community is at strength Pareto- Lorenz structure of the gel

We need more of these simplified approaches

PRAGMATIC MRM - APPROACH

MRM - APPROACH TEN NEW LEVERS

1.  APPLY QUALITY SEED OF MPB E.G. TO LANDFILL

Worldwide shipment of granular sludge

2.  BIOAUGMENTATION OF FERMENTATIVES

•  E-lysis (Suez) … % more biogas from biosolids •  Hydrogen producing bacteria (HPB)

E. coli, Enterobacter cloacae at 35°C Coldicellulosyruptor at 35°C (Bagi et al., 2007; AMB 73: 473-482)

•  Bacillus/Pseud/Actino mix –  29 % more biogas –  54 % less propionic –  37% less DMS (Duran et al., 2006; AMB 73: 960-966)

•  Clostridium ludense better lipid conversion (Cirne et al., 2006; J. Chem Tech. & Biol. 81: 1745-1752)


3. BIOSUPPLEMENTATION New substrates e.g. glycerol; anaerobic cometabolism? (Ma et al., 2008; Biotechnol. Lett. 30: 861-867; LabMET)

Rare earth elements (Noyola et al., 2005; Wat. Sci. Technol. 52: 275-281) (Espinoza et al., 1995; Wat. Sci. Technol. 32: 121-124)

4. REDOX BUFFERS/SHUTTLES Humic acids promote propionic acid removal (Stragier et al., 2007; unpublished)

5. PHAGES Selective control of SRB by viral adaptation to these hosts (Crill et al., 2006; Genetics 154: 27-37)


6. A HYDROGEN BASED VARIABLE GAS CONTROLLER

(Rodriguez et al., 2006; Wat. Sci. Techn. 54: 57-62)

7. DECREASE OF NH3 BY SORPTION ON H2SO4/C

(Chou et al., 2006; J. Env. Sci. China. 18: 1176-1181)


8.  PRESSURE SWING AD( + 1.5 ATM; - 0.5 ATM) Gas plasticization of polymers WAS: - factor 1.5 more COD converted to biogas - 8 -10 higher rate (Schimel, 2007; Biot. Bioeng 97: 297-307)

9.  DRY WATER (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 11608)


H20

Silico 1 kg powder stores 150 L CH4

Coating

(≈ natural clathrate)

10. ENHANCED PROPIONIC ACID DEGRADATION (EPAD) system Can we combine a CSTR and a propionate-specific UASB? (Ma et al. 2009; Water Research, in press; LabMET)


CSTR EPADSeparator

Membrane

EPADUASB

Recy

cle

Biogas

Biogas

Biogas

Biofuel Production Processes Fuel Unit processes Wastestream Reliability

Pure Plant Oil Pressing, chemical extraction, extra refinery

Pressed cake High

Biodiesel Esterification Glycerol residue High

Bio-ethanol Fermentation, distillation,…

Distillery slops direct

Evaporation condensates

High

Fisher-Tropsch Diesel

Gasification, FT synthesis

Light oils High

Biogas kWh-electric + kWh-thermal

Anaerobic digestion + MFC after treatment

None!!! Thus far: poor Now: OK

BIOREFINERY Example 1

• The maxifuels concept (Ahring et al., 2007; unpublished) (http://www.biocentrum.dtu.dk)

Lignocellulose 1 Steam explosion 2 Enzymes 3 C6 fermentations 4 C5 fermentation 5 Lignin separation 6 Distillation

  7 Biogasfermentation (used on site) Endpoints: - Ethanol - Lignin Throughput: - Pilot: 100 ton DM/year - Demo: 40,000 ton DM/year planned

Buffertank/ transport tank

Enzymes and Yeast

Centrifuge

Bio-ethanol

Lignin (clean solid fuel)

Lignocellulosic biomass

Pre treatment Process

(Ethanol-free effluent)

Recycling of process water

C6 ferm. 37 °C

Distillation

Pre treated biomass

Liquid Fertilizer

Maxifuel Pilot Plant The Technical University of Denmark

Biogas

C5 ferm. 70 °C

Hydrogen

Funded partly by the Danish Ministry of Energy and Transport Commercialized by BioGasol (www.biogasol.com)

UASB (AD) 55 °C

Total: 16 Tanks and reactors up to 3 m3

Pilot plant


Optimized use of the biomass Oxidized in the pre-treatment

Ethanol from glucose

Ethanol from xylose

Lignin for combustion

Biogas

Organic material in the process water

Mass balance based on COD

3% 5% 19%

20% 19%

35%


Bornholm

Salt removal

Biomass

Separation

Distillation

Bio-pellets

Hydrogen

Ethanol

Power

C6 Fermentation

Wet oxidation

C5 Fermentation

Anaerobic Digestion Heat

Ethanol

+ Other high value products

40,000 ton biomasse

10,000 ton

500 m3

10 mn litres

BIOREFINERY Example 2 •  Dry continuous AD of energy crops

(De Baere et al., 2007; unpublished)

Energy crop Lignocellulose 1 Chopper to < 1 cm 2 DRANCO

3 Residue to land

Endpoints: ▪ kWhel 40 % netto output ▪ Clean nutrients + Humus

Throughput: - Demo existing Nüdstedt 4000 t DM/yr

A.  NEW CH4 BIOSCIENCE

C.  INTEGRATION OF AD IN THE BIOREFINERY MARKET ECONOMY

I.  BETTER BIOCATALYST II.  ADVANCED RECOVERY

1.  MORE REDUCING EQUIVALENTS

(Ueno et al., 2007; EST 41: 1417-1419)

1.1. Combining H2 & CH4

Garbage Packed bed 80% COD recovery of which

1/3 as H2

2/3 as CH4

Packed bed

60°C

4.2 d 55°C

6.8 d Residence time =

H2 CH4

II ADVANCED RECOVERY Five extra examples

1. MORE REDUCING EQUIVALENTS

1.2. Combining CH4 and Bio-Electric Systems (BES)

Two examples

- High strength waters

- Low strength waters

Five extra examples

II ADVANCED RECOVERY

- High strength wastewater:

– First: anaerobic digestion – Second: MFC or bio electrochemical

hydrogen production

BES/ Direct

- Low strength wastewater: – First: conventional aerobic waste water

treatment – Second: anaerobic digestion of excess

sludge – Third: treatment of digestate in MFC

BES/ BEAMR

2.  CALCIUM REMOVAL

Cardboard paper factory

Wastewater UASB

80% closed waterloop

CaCO3 re-used in paper production

Posttreatment and discharge

II ADVANCED RECOVERY

BIODEC (Austep, pilot scale)

- Removal of excess ca. (60%)

- VFA (80%)

Five extra examples

3.  PHOSPHATE 3. A. Chemical

• Potato factory

(Moerman et al., 2009; Wat. Res. 43: 1887-1892; LabMET)

• Sewage treatment plant

(Shu et al., 2006; Biores. Tech. 97: 2211-2216)

Colson process Moerman process

High quality plant-derived struvite

About 0.5 kg crude struvite

per IE per year


3.  PHOSPHATE 3. B. Biological: The ureolytic bio-catalytic process

+ The process removes down to 2 mg PO43-- P/L

(Desmidt et al., 2009; Wat. Sci. Technol., in press; LabMET)

+ The cost is competitive with Fe3+

(Carballa et al., 2009; J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 84: 63-68; LabMET)

AD Effluent Urea

MgO

Mg NH4 PO4 ↓

Struvite

Take home: Novel uses of struvite are needed


4.  SULFUR • Recovery of So via O2 limitted Thiobacillus (Thiopaques)

• Recovery of H2S deposited energy by

a Bio-Electric System (BES)

H2S colloidal S + KWh (Rabaey et al., 2006; EST 40: 3218-5224; LabMET)


5. RECLAIMED WATER 5.1 UF-membrane The An-MBR (e.g. Thermophilic membrane fluxes at 20L/m2.h) (Jaison & Van lier, 2006; J. Mebr. Sci. 284: 227-236)

5.2 IO-membrane Manure/other suspensions

CSTR

Dry organic solids

Coagulants Removal of particles larger than 250 µm

Water

Biogas


Take home: In a few steps to discharge!

MBR

IO National Stand. Fertilizer

1. Controlling the unwanted “parasitic” MPB & SRB in sewerage systems by

•  Formaldehyde •  Fe-rich WAS •  MFC •  … (Lehua et al., 2007; Wat. Res. 42: 211-217; LabMET)

C. SERENDIPITIES

2. Bacteria which rapidly remove obnoxious compounds e.g. methanethiol, DMS, … (de Bok et al., 2006; AEM: 7540-7547)

(Note: In the Cambi process, sludge cooking gasses are de-odorized in digester)

C. SERENDIPITIES

3.  Dried anaerobically digested municipal wastewater sludge as source of powerful bacilli spores To hydrolyse organic matter To produce H2

(Kalogo & Bagley, 2007; Biores. Techn. 99: 540-546)

4.  ENOS: engineered natural sorbants (Tang et al., 2007; EST41: 2901-2907) Pea, cornstalk, AD residues modest hydrothermal treatment (e.g. 200°C water 5h.) More aromatic and sorbtive to modulate bioavailability

C. SERENDIPITIES (continued)

58

Note: Solar algal panel of 10 000 m² => 23 kW/ha power unit

Anode Cathode

ELECTRICITY

MFC

BIOGAS

Algal growth

AD

2750 Wh m-2 d-1

Per m2 footprint

60 ton DM ha-1 yr-1

=

16 g DM m-2 d-1

(De Schamphelaire & Verstraete 2009; Biotechn. Bioeng. 103:296-304; LabMET)

5. Solar algal panel – AD – MFC concept C. SERENDIPITIES (continued)

Efficiency of renewable energy captation

Wind energy – Wind turbines 50 %

Solar energy – Photovoltaic cells 12 – 18 %

Solar energy – AD & MFC 0.4 %

C. SERENDIPITIES (continued) 5.Solar algal panel – AD – MFC concept

D. THE DREAMS 1.  Biogas for mobility Ugly duck Beautiful swan

Biodiesel

Bio-ethanol

BTL (biomass to liquid) by ° FT-conversion

° AD conversion

Can cover 50% of the “EU 2020 Biofuel for mobility” without change in landuse (AD 2007)

(Weiland, 2006; Eng. Life Sci.6, 302-309)

20.000 km/ha

33.000 km/ha

63.000 km/ha

66.000 km/ha

2. AD Biogas based sustainable organic chemistry

Commodity chemicals with AD as a first line “all mash” biomass convertor

Biocatalytic conversions Conventional

petro-chemistry

Upgrading to syngas by Fisher Trops

“All mash” biogas convertor

All kinds of biomass

Humus + Clean nutrient

Flexible crop production

(Datar et al., 2004; Biot. Bioeng. J. 86: 587-594) (Yeuneshi et al., 2005; Biochem. Eng. J. 27: 110-119)

D. THE DREAMS

3. The sustainable sugarcane system

D. THE DREAMS

Sugarcane whole crop

Bagasse Leaves

Residues of vinasses bagasses leaves

Ethanol

N, P, … nutrients as NSF

Biogas

Sugar juice Ethanol fermentation

Hydrolysis

AD

60

25

Carbonisation Biochar

15

100

D. THE DREAMS

Take home: * Four types of “energy” recovery

+ * Carbon credits

+ * Green energy certificates

(Weiland et al. 2009. In: Biofuels. (W. Soetaert and E.J. Vandamme, Editors). pp 172-195. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-02674-8; LabMET)

3. The sustainable sugarcane system

4. Decentralized sewage treatment (Family level)

D. THE DREAMS

25% energetic efficiency

UASB-ST 20°C

700 L biogas/d

MFC Black water 5 L/I.E. d 17 g COD/L = 4.25 kg COD/d

Small village not connected to grid (50 I.E.)

Effluent 1.3 - 1.7 g COD/L ≈ 0.40 kg COD/d

0.4 kWh/d = 17 W

Solids to be removed ounce a year

1.4 kWh/d = 58 W

D. THE DREAMS 4. Decentralized sewage treatment (Suburb level)

The UASB/TF system

Consistently sufficient to have 60 mg BOD/t; 180 mg COD/L and 60 mg TSS/L (De Almeida et al. 2009, Wat. Sci. Tech. 59: 1431-1439)

5. AD for poorly accessible oil

•  In heavy oil deposits, less than 20% of the energy can at present be recovered

•  Syntrophus aciditrophicus generates methane from crude oil

•  By providing [nutrients + microbiota], one can possibly harvest 20% extra

(Larter, 2008; Nature 451)

D. THE DREAMS

E. RECAP

1.  AD fits perfectly in the hypes about - Abatement of global warming - Renewable energy

2.  The Microbial Resource Management of AD consortia is key to further success

3. Various AD – add on Technologies are evolving recovery of

•  CaCO3 •  Struvite •  Sulfur •  Left-over VFA to MFC •  Reclaimed water

4. The serendipities and dreams are numerous

• AD sciences & businesses are booming • AD deserves to be promoted both as a first

line biomass convertor as well as a waste treatment technology

BOTTOM LINES

The best is yet to come

N. Boon LabMET

M. Carballa LabMET

Best greetings from Ghent University

L. De Schamphelaire LabMET

Documents

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION IN THE BIOREFINERY MARKET ECONOMYwverstra/events/AD in the biorefinery market... · ANAEROBIC DIGESTION IN THE BIOREFINERY MARKET ECONOMY N. BOON, M. CARBALLA,