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Anabolic Steroids
What are they?
Hormones synthesized from cholesterol Produced by interaction of hypothalmic,
pituitary & gonadal glands Male production=5-10 mg./day Female production = 1-2 mg./day
Stored in blood – not the glands Effects on body
anabolic androgenic
Effects of Anabolic Steroids Mimics Testosterone Androgenic Effects
male sex characteristics want to limit these effects
Anabolic Effects increase protein & creatine phosphate
synthesis increase muscle mass increase aggressiveness**increase oxygen carrying capacity -
not proven
Anabolic Steroids Usage began in the 1940’s Synthetic substance developed in 1953 IOC banned steroids in late 1960’s IOC instituted testing at 1976 Summer
Olympics 21 FB players banned from bowl games
in 1987 Recent increase in usage
History
Developed in early 1950s for the anabolic effects 1954 Olympic games first reported use when
syringes were found in Soviet Union locker room Introduced to US in 1960’s Banned by IOC in 1968 First urine tests done in 1976 at Olympic games First confirmed use by women at 1976 Olympics
after + tests of E. German swimmers
History cont.
NCAA instituted drug testing in 1986 at national competitions. 21 FB tested + that year at bowl games.
Federal Anabolic Steroid Act of 1990 classified them as controlled substances Schedule III of Controlled Substances Act
Use has been on decline since 1980s Probably due to increased use of
prohormones Exception is women
Types of Anabolic Steroids
Exogenous, synthetic steroids developed to decrease androgenic effects without affecting anabolic effects
Also modified to prevent 1st pass breakdown in liver Oral (short ½ life) Injectable (bypass liver)
Modified oral compounds have additional carbon molecule, C-17 alkylated steroids which withstand liver degradation. These are very hard on the liver. Most injectable steroids are oil based, lipid soluble.
How do they work?
Bind to receptors in skeletal muscle, prostate, heart, testes, & brain
Cause increased protein synthesis & nitrogen retention which causes increased muscle size and strength
Prevent catabolic effects of cortisol by controlling it’s release during intense training
Anabolic Steroids - Sources
Prescription anemia, replacement therapy,
increase appetite, abnormal protein synthesis
NORMAL dose = 5-10 mg/day Veterinarian Blackmarket
Legitimate Medical Use
Hypogonadal men Burn victims, AIDS patients, severe
osteoporosis, breast cancer, malnourishment, adolescent disease
?? Uses being tested Injury treatment Male contraception Anti-aging Lowering serum cholesterol
How are they taken?
Cycling Take for a period of time and then cycle off
before beginning again. Method used to beat drug testing
Stacking Take more than one at a time trying to
achieve synergistic effect Pyramiding
Gradually increase number and amount of compounds to maximize effects and decrease side effects
Health Risks of Steroid Use
Not well tested or documented History of misinformation by medical
community Unethical to administer doses equal
to abuse levels Funding Retrospective studies are unreliable
Abuse Effects on Women
Hirsutism - facial Skin coarsening ** Deepening of voice ** Breast tissue reduction Alteration of menstrual cycles Facial masculization ** Clitoral enlargement ** irreversible after prolonged use
Abuse Effects on Men Decreased endogenous serum
testosterone (as little as 3 weeks) (12 weeks = problems)
Testicular atrophy Impaired sperm production Impotence Male pattern baldness ** Prostate enlargement ** Gynecomastia (aromatization) ** ** irreversible after prolonged use
Abuse Effects on Teenagers
Same sex effects
Premature epiphyseal growth plate closure
Abuse Effects on Both Sexes
Severe acne Weakened tendons Jaundice Fluid retention Cardiovascular effects
Effects on liver
Liver toxicity Cancer Formation of blood filled sacs Pre-existing conditions could lead
to more serious problems
Cardiovascular Effects
Reduction of HDL levels
High BP
Enlargement of heart
Psychiatric Symptoms
“Roid rage” Not well documented, anecdotal
evidence Reported after high dosage levels,
sustained use Athletes could be predisposed to anger
Psychological dependence “bigger biceps” mindset Sociological pressure Suppressed endogenous testosterone
production after abuse
Other Adverse Effects
Connective tissue injuries Musculotendinous areas
Needle contamination Blood borne pathogens
Counterfeit steroids Contamination
Drugs used to counter effects
Cytadren & Arimidex (s) Counters aromatization
Tamoxifen Reduce gynecomastia
Clomid (s) Restore natural testosterone production
Nolvadex Anti-bloating
HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin) Avoiding testicular atrophy
Legal Implications Anabolic Steroid Act 1990 classified them
as controlled substances Use
1st offense = 1 yr. jail & $1000 fine 2nd offense = up to 2 yrs. jail & minimum
of $2500 fine Selling & distribution
Federal offense 1st offense = up to 5 yrs. jail and
$250,000 fine 2nd offense = up to 10 yrs. jail & higher
fine
Common Brands, Names Anadrol
oxymetholone Arimidex
anastrozole Deca Durabolin
Nandrolone deconaoate
Dianabol methandrostenolone
Equipoise boldenone
Parlodel bromocriptine
Primobolan Depot Methenolone
enanthate Trenbolone acetate Winstrol Depot
stanozolol Oxandrin
oxandrolone
Anabolic Steroids - Administration
Oral – Dianabol, Android, Anadrol, Oxandrin EXCESSIVE dose = >25-50 mg/day (200
mg/day) Injection – Deca-Durabolin, DEPO-
Testosterone EXCESSIVE dose = >100-200 mg/week
Programs stacking - use of oral & injectable pyramiding - then usage cycling - on/off (6-12 wks)
Drug Testing Urine test Test 1 hr. after announcing test Masking agents – Benemid,
Corticosteroids, DHEA, other substances
T/E Ratio also measure concentration of
testosterone and specific gravity
Drug Testing Problems
Detection of substances that occur naturally in the body is difficult. Also must set standards of sensitivity to accommodate these levels.
Testosterone / epitestosterone ratio of 6:1 is standard guide but higher ration can occur naturally in 2-3% of population.
Baseball, NHL, NBA do not ban their use. IOC, NCAA, NFL do ban use.
Androgens & GH Releasers
History Through 1980’s the medical establishment
concluded “use of these agents (androgens) does not cause an increase in muscle bulk, strength, or athletic performance”.
Athletes “knew better” Bhasin (1996) study found 600 mg. / week
of testosterone ethanthate increased triceps and quadriceps size in non-exercising group as well as exercise group. No changes in mood, behavior or cardiac indicators (HDL, LDL, triglycerides)
Prohormones Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990
made use of agents a federal offense.. however..
DSHEA labeled prohormones as a nutritional supplement.
Compounds that are precursors to testosterone and readily convert, based on their proximity in the metabolic pathway.
Testosterone
Androstenedione / Androstenediol^^
DHEA^^
17-OH-pregnenolone^^
Pregnenolone^^
cholesterol
^^
Questions That Need Answers Does compound survive digestion? Does compound appearing in blood
convert to the active compound? Are there downstream effects? Do metabolic byproducts appear in
the urine in a form identical to banned substances?
Does supplement have the claimed effects?
Androstenedione / Androstenediol
Made famous by Mark McGuire Earnest (2000), Ziegenfuss (1998, 1999)
found androgens converted to higher levels of serum testosterone in males. Effects on body composition only seen after 450 mg. sublinqual dose, 3-4 weeks.
Mahesh & Greenblat found 100 mg. androgens increased testosterone levels in women.
Also found elevated estradiol & estrone levels & decreased HDL levels in untrained males.
Androstenedione Natural substance – produced in
adrenal glands Nutritional supplement Anabolic effects, increase energy,
enhance recovery
19-Norandrostenedione19-Norandrostenediol Gammeren, et. Al, found 100 mg. Of N-
dione and 56 mg. Of N-diol had no effects on body composition or strength.
Studies have shown 10 micrograms will cause + urine tests (intense training can increase concentration in urine so there can be combined effect in athletes).
50 mg. Dose can be detected for 7-10 days after ingestion
DHEA Brown, et. al, found 50 mg dose
increased androstenedione concentrations by 150% within 60 minutes of ingestion.
150 mg./day for 8 weeks increased serum androstenedione but had no effect on serum levels of testosterone. No difference in strength gains between groups
DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)
Natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands converted to testosterone – anabolic
effects Medicinal uses – heart disease,
obesity, diabetes, amount in body decreases w/age
Masking agent – normalizes T/E ratio Available as a supplement
Delta 5 Metabolites
All studies probe these metabolites double or triple urinary testosterone & epitestosterone ratio a few hours after ingestion.
Human Growth Hormone(Somatotropin)
Hormone secreted from pituitary gland
Effects stimulate protein synthesis stimulate growth increase muscle mass increase strength of muscles,
tendons, etc
Human Growth Hormone Adverse effects
acromegaly - large hands & feet abnormal shaped head increase size of heart, liver, kidneys increase cholesterol
Alternative to steroids cheaper harder to detect
Growth Hormone Enhancers
Amino acids (Aa) have been used to increase circulating growth hormone (GH) concentrations.
Strength training increases GH serum concentrations so looking for synergistic effect.
Most common Aa used are arginine, lysine & ornithine
Studies of Aa effects Many studies confirm increased GH
concentrations after ingestion of arginine & lysine.
Effects are modified by training level, sex, diet and age.
High levels produce stomach cramps & diarrhea Women have greater response. People on high protein levels (1.7-2.2 g/kg day)
have less effects Ingestion right before exercise blunts absorption
Peptide Secretagogues
Being developed and studied as compounds that stimulate secretion of endogenous GH.
Studies have all been done on GH deficient patients.
No reports of athletes using them but doesn’t mean there isn’t illegal use.
Other GH Releasing Agents
Clonidine, L-dopa & methylphenidate have been shown to induce GH release.
L-dopa most commonly used by athletes but no studies have been done on effectiveness but does induce nausea & vomiting.