Anabolic SteroidsAnabolic Steroidsandand

Drug Abuse in SportsDrug Abuse in Sports

Drugs and Our SocietyDrugs and Our Society

Part 12Part 12

CJUS/HPE 151CJUS/HPE 151

Historical UseHistorical Use1.1. Not a recent phenomena Not a recent phenomena

-- chemicals used to enhance chemicals used to enhance performanceperformance

-- old as sports itselfold as sports itself

2.2. Athlete drug useAthlete drug use

-- early concoctions made senseearly concoctions made sense

-- placebo effectplacebo effect

-- just thinking / improves just thinking / improves performanceperformance

-- increase abilitiesincrease abilities

Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.3.3. No longer believe:No longer believe:

-- ground hooves of an assground hooves of an ass

-- but belief in the powderbut belief in the powder

-- enhance competitor’s self-enhance competitor’s self-confidenceconfidence

-- why take chances?why take chances?

4.4. Greek OlympiansGreek Olympians

-- herbs / mushroomsherbs / mushrooms

-- pharmaceutical action (stimulant)pharmaceutical action (stimulant)

Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont. a. Aztec athletesa. Aztec athletes

- cactus based stimulant- cactus based stimulant

- resembled strychnine - resembled strychnine

b. Competition developedb. Competition developed

- tribal societies- tribal societies

- war or hunting- war or hunting

c. Various psychoactive plantsc. Various psychoactive plants

- battles and hunting- battles and hunting

Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.d. Used in sports from beginningd. Used in sports from beginning

5.5. Early use of stimulantsEarly use of stimulants-- 1800s / early 1900s1800s / early 1900s-- three types:three types:

a. a. StrychnineStrychnine - rat poison- rat poison - CNS stimulant (low doses)- CNS stimulant (low doses) - larger doses = brain seizures - larger doses = brain seizures

Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont. - convulsions / death- convulsions / death

(1) Boxers: increased (1) Boxers: increased aggressivenessaggressiveness

- kept from tiring- kept from tiring

(2) Thomas Hicks: 1904 Olympics(2) Thomas Hicks: 1904 Olympics

- collapsed end of marathon- collapsed end of marathon

- brandy and strychnine - brandy and strychnine

(3) Amphetamines(3) Amphetamines

Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont. - dangerous drugs less attractive- dangerous drugs less attractive

(4) Strychnine use continued(4) Strychnine use continued

- world competition into 1960s- world competition into 1960s

b. b. CocaineCocaine

- available in 1800s- available in 1800s

- Mariani’s Coca Wine (French cycle)- Mariani’s Coca Wine (French cycle)

- “wine for athletes”- “wine for athletes”

- pure cocaine was adopted (potent)- pure cocaine was adopted (potent)

Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.c. c. CaffeineCaffeine

- coffee as a mild stimulant- coffee as a mild stimulant - pure caffeine / caffeine tablets- pure caffeine / caffeine tablets

- numerous reports of ‘doping’- numerous reports of ‘doping’ - swimmers / cyclists / boxers / runners / - swimmers / cyclists / boxers / runners / etcetc

6.6. Then as nowThen as now

-- suspicion raised by loserssuspicion raised by losers

a. Word “a. Word “dopedope” applied” applied - Dutch word used in So. Africa- Dutch word used in So. Africa - cheap brandy- cheap brandy

Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont. - given to: race horses / racing - given to: race horses / racing dogsdogs

- to slow down- to slow down

b. From horses to peopleb. From horses to people - improve performance- improve performance - people / animals same - people / animals same

substancessubstances - coca wine / cocaine- coca wine / cocaine - before drug testing days- before drug testing days

7.7. AmphetaminesAmphetamines

Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont. - unknown when started (stimulant effect)- unknown when started (stimulant effect)

- not long after introduction (1930s)- not long after introduction (1930s)

a. Widely used in worlda. Widely used in world

- during WWII- during WWII

b. 1940s / 1950s: reports of pep pillsb. 1940s / 1950s: reports of pep pills

- professional soccer players (England - professional soccer players (England / /

Italy)Italy)

- boxers / cyclists: new energy source- boxers / cyclists: new energy source

Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont. a. More potent than caffeinea. More potent than caffeine

- longer lasting than cocaine- longer lasting than cocaine

- safer than strychnine - safer than strychnine

b. Ideal b. Ideal ergogenicergogenic drug drug

- “energy producing”- “energy producing”

- both training / competition- both training / competition

8.8. 1952: Winter Olympics (Oslo)1952: Winter Olympics (Oslo)

Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.- syringes / broken ampoules in speed - syringes / broken ampoules in speed skating locker room skating locker room

- indication: amphetamine presence- indication: amphetamine presence

a. 1952: Summer Olympics (Helsinki)a. 1952: Summer Olympics (Helsinki)

- 1956: Melbourne Olympics- 1956: Melbourne Olympics

- several deaths attributed to drugs- several deaths attributed to drugs

b. 1960: Olympic Games (Rome)b. 1960: Olympic Games (Rome)

- amphetamine spread to most - amphetamine spread to most sports sports

Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont. - Danish cyclist died / others collapsed- Danish cyclist died / others collapsed

- “sunstroke” aided by amphetamines- “sunstroke” aided by amphetamines

- blood flow / to cool body- blood flow / to cool body

c. Led to investigationc. Led to investigation

- anti-doping laws (Belgium / France)- anti-doping laws (Belgium / France)

- others, less concerned- others, less concerned

9.9. International drug testingInternational drug testing

- began testing / sporadic / cycling- began testing / sporadic / cycling

Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.a. 1960s: athletes refusing a. 1960s: athletes refusing

- failing tests / disqualified- failing tests / disqualified

b. Early testing efforts:b. Early testing efforts:

- not prevent death of Tommy - not prevent death of Tommy SimpsonSimpson

- ex-world cycling champion- ex-world cycling champion

- 1967: Tour de France- 1967: Tour de France

c. Seen on TV / drugs found in luggagec. Seen on TV / drugs found in luggage

- two types amphetamines- two types amphetamines

Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.10.10. 1968: IOC – disqualify any who refuse 1968: IOC – disqualify any who refuse

testtest- or using banned drugs- or using banned drugs

a. Started in Mexico Citya. Started in Mexico City - fewer than 700 urine tests- fewer than 700 urine tests

b. Each subsequent competitionb. Each subsequent competition - more testing- more testing - more disqualifications- more disqualifications - more controversy- more controversy

Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.11.11. United States / drug usage in sportsUnited States / drug usage in sports

- did not seem concerned- did not seem concerned- 1960s / 1970s reports: football players- 1960s / 1970s reports: football players

a. Amphetamine use: major change in USa. Amphetamine use: major change in US - stay awake / extra energy / lose - stay awake / extra energy / lose weightweight

b. Legal / harmless pep pillsb. Legal / harmless pep pills - football teams ordered large - football teams ordered large quantitiesquantities - routine supplies / trainers dispersed- routine supplies / trainers dispersed

Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.12.12. End of 60s: considered drugs of abuseEnd of 60s: considered drugs of abuse

- dangerous / violent behavior- dangerous / violent behavior

a. Players sued NFLa. Players sued NFL

- allowed / required to play - allowed / required to play

b. 1972: officially bannedb. 1972: officially banned

- physicians / trainers no longer - physicians / trainers no longer dispensedispense

- no longer condoned by NFL- no longer condoned by NFL

- did little to enforce / request copies- did little to enforce / request copies

Historical Use, cont.Historical Use, cont.c. Athletes: own physician / illegal meansc. Athletes: own physician / illegal means - NFL: players get them / own - NFL: players get them / own

businessbusiness - not push athletes beyond endurance- not push athletes beyond endurance

d. Current policy:d. Current policy: - restricts use of amphetamines- restricts use of amphetamines - other drugs- other drugs - no matter where obtained- no matter where obtained

13.13. SteroidsSteroids

SteroidsSteroids- WWII: malnourished people- WWII: malnourished people

- gain weight / build up more rapidly- gain weight / build up more rapidly

- given - given male hormone testosteronemale hormone testosterone

a. Testosteronea. Testosterone

- male sex hormone- male sex hormone

- two major effects- two major effects

b. b. Androgenic effectsAndrogenic effects

- masculinizing actions - masculinizing actions

Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont. (1) Growth of reproductive organs(1) Growth of reproductive organs

(2) Deepening voice(2) Deepening voice

(3) Increased facial hair(3) Increased facial hair

c. c. Anabolic effectsAnabolic effects

- promote constructive - promote constructive metabolismmetabolism

- building tissue - building tissue

Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont.(1) (1) Muscle massMuscle mass

- arms / legs / stomach / - arms / legs / stomach / chestchest

(2)(2) Internal organsInternal organs

- heart muscle / liver / lungs- heart muscle / liver / lungs

(3)(3) Control body fatControl body fat

- limits throughout body- limits throughout body

- reduces around waist- reduces around waist

Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont.(4)(4) Protein synthesisProtein synthesis

- burn more fat- burn more fat

(5)(5) Increase calciumIncrease calcium

- stronger bones- stronger bones

14.14. 1950s: 1950s: synthesize various steroidssynthesize various steroids

- fewer androgenic effects- fewer androgenic effects

- more anabolic- more anabolic

- “anabolic steroids” (none entirely free)- “anabolic steroids” (none entirely free)

Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont.a. Soviet Union: large scalea. Soviet Union: large scale

- build up athletes- build up athletes

- 1956 Olympics: straight - 1956 Olympics: straight testosteronetestosterone

- excessive doses- excessive doses

- unfortunate side effects- unfortunate side effects

b. Helps men / women become muscularb. Helps men / women become muscular

- masculinity effects on women- masculinity effects on women

- enlarged prostate on men- enlarged prostate on men

- both definite drawbacks- both definite drawbacks

Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont.c. US team physician:c. US team physician:

- help develop / test anabolic steroids- help develop / test anabolic steroids

- quickly adopted (weight lifters / - quickly adopted (weight lifters / bodybody

builders)builders)

d. American / Britishd. American / British

- first to acknowledge use- first to acknowledge use

- discus / shotput events- discus / shotput events

e. Widespread use in 1960se. Widespread use in 1960s

Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont. - throughout track / field- throughout track / field

f. Drugs not officially bannedf. Drugs not officially banned

- nor tested for until 1970s- nor tested for until 1970s

g. g. 1976 Olympics1976 Olympics::

- East German swim coach- East German swim coach

- women swimmers have deep - women swimmers have deep voicesvoices

- “come to swim / not to sing”- “come to swim / not to sing”

Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont.15.15. Whether effect or not: Whether effect or not: CONTROVERSIALCONTROVERSIAL

- medical position: they are not- medical position: they are not

- lore in locker room was different- lore in locker room was different

a. Anabolic steroidsa. Anabolic steroids

- make anyone bigger / stronger- make anyone bigger / stronger

- more masculine looking- more masculine looking

b. Apparent: more faith in locker room b. Apparent: more faith in locker room talktalk

- taking no chances- taking no chances

Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont.16.16. Physician’s Desk Reference:Physician’s Desk Reference:

- - “Anabolic steroids have not been shown “Anabolic steroids have not been shown to enhance athletic ability.” to enhance athletic ability.”

a. Tell to Ben Johnson (Canadian - 1988)a. Tell to Ben Johnson (Canadian - 1988)

- record in 100 meter run- record in 100 meter run

- or competitors- or competitors

b. Testosterone has tremendous effect b. Testosterone has tremendous effect onon

muscle mass during puberty muscle mass during puberty

Steroids, cont.Steroids, cont.c. What is not so clear: the impact c. What is not so clear: the impact

ofof

- additional anabolic stimulation- additional anabolic stimulation

- adolescent / adult males- adolescent / adult males

- have normal circulating levels- have normal circulating levels

1.1. REGULATIONREGULATION

-- drug produces: dependence / violent drug produces: dependence / violent crime /crime /

toxic side effectstoxic side effects

- justification to place restrictions- justification to place restrictions

Regulation, cont.Regulation, cont.a. a. 1988: Congressional Hearings1988: Congressional Hearings

- place on controlled substances list- place on controlled substances list

b. Evidence presented:b. Evidence presented:

- large black market ($100 million - large black market ($100 million year)year)

- concern for youth (more ‘macho’)- concern for youth (more ‘macho’)

c. c. 1990: Omnibus Crime Control Act1990: Omnibus Crime Control Act

- listed under Schedule III- listed under Schedule III

- controlled substance- controlled substance

Regulation, cont.Regulation, cont. - required more record keeping- required more record keeping

- limited refills- limited refills

2.2. Psychological effectsPsychological effects

- on-going research- on-going research

a. Certain beneficial effectsa. Certain beneficial effects

- increases amount of work in training- increases amount of work in training

- increases intensity of effort in - increases intensity of effort in games games

Psychological Effects, cont.Psychological Effects, cont.b. b. Negative effectsNegative effects

- stimulant-like high- stimulant-like high

- increased aggressiveness - increased aggressiveness (beneficial?)(beneficial?)

- psychological dependence - psychological dependence (depressed)(depressed)

- “roid rage”- “roid rage”

3.3. Adverse effects on bodyAdverse effects on body

- many concerns about use- many concerns about use

a. Not achieve full heighta. Not achieve full height

Adverse Effects, cont.Adverse Effects, cont. - premature closing of growth plates - premature closing of growth plates

of of

long boneslong bones

- limits adult height- limits adult height

b. Cysts on liverb. Cysts on liver

- high blood pressure / heart disease- high blood pressure / heart disease

4.4. Other dietary supplementsOther dietary supplements

a. Androstenedione a. Androstenedione

Dietary Supplements, cont.Dietary Supplements, cont. - dietary supplement- dietary supplement

- acts as metabolic precursor to- acts as metabolic precursor to

testosteronetestosterone

- available as ‘ergogenic agent’- available as ‘ergogenic agent’

b. b. Mark McGwireMark McGwire

- 1998 hitting season (70 home runs)- 1998 hitting season (70 home runs)

- used this supplement (legal)- used this supplement (legal)

c. No other sport allows except baseballc. No other sport allows except baseball