Dücünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nöroiojik Biiimler Dergisi 2012;25:101-107

DOi: 10.5350/DAJPN2012250201

Validity of The Coping

Inventory for Stressful

Situations - Short Form (CISS-21)

in a Non-Clinical Turkish Sample

Ara^tirmalar / Researches

Murat Boysan^'Research Assist, Yùzûncù Yil University,

School of Literature, Department of Psychology,Van - Turkey

ABSTRACTValidity of the Coping Inventory For Stressfui Situations - Short Form (CISS-21) in a non-ciinicai Turkish sampleObjective: The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) is a promising psychometric instrument withsound psychometric properties. In this study, we aimed to examine psychometric properties ofthe Copinginventory for Stressfui Situations-Short Form (CiSS-21) in a relativeiy iarge Turi<ish coilege sampie.Method: 978 undergraduates participated in the study. Mean age ofthe sampie was 20.33 (SD±3.17). 33.33percent ofthe sampie were males (n=326). in the study, the Coping inventory for Stressfui Situations-ShortForm (CISS-21), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and Satisfaction with Life Scaie (SWSL) wereadministered. To expiore the vaiidity of the psychometric instrument, confirmatory factor anaiysis andPearson's correlations of subscaies with psychologicai variabies were computed. Later, internai consistencyand test-retest correiations between two appiications were obtained 15-day apart to evaiuate reiiabiiity ofthe instrument.Results: in the confirmatory factor anaiysis, three-factor structure modei generated root mean square errorof approximation (RMSEA) value of 0.07, comparative fit index (CFI) vaiue of 0.91, incremental fit index (IFi)value of 0.91, a non-normed fit index (NNFi) vaiue of 0.90, and SMSR vaiue of 0.08. Confirmatory factor analysisprovided evidence for the validity of three-factor structure in Turkish sample. Internal consistency estimatesfor the three dimensions ofthe scale were as follows: for the Tasi<-oriented coping, a= 0.72; for the Emotion-oriented coping, a= 0.77; and for the Avoidance-oriented coping, o= 0.74. lMay test-retest correlations forthe sub-scales were as follows: for the Task-oriented coping, r= 0.79; for the Emotion-oriented coping, r= 075;and for the Avoidance-oriented coping, r= 0.66. Positive affect was significantly associated with Task-orientedcoping (r= 0.36) and negative affect was significantly associated with Emotion-oriented coping (r= 0.44).Conclusion: Confirmatory factor anaiysis solution repiicated the original three-factor structure of the CISS-21 in Turkish college sample. The scale is a vaiid and reiiable instrument to be used in research purposesamong Turkish sample.Key words: Coping, assessment, confirmatory factor anaiysis, vaiidity, reiiabiiity

ÖZETTurkStresii Durumlaria Baca Çikma Envanteri Kisa Formu'nun (SDBÇE-21) i<iinii<

örnekleminde geçerliligiAmaç: Stresii Durumiaria Baca Çikma Envanteri, güciü psikometrik özeiiikieri nedeniyie umut vaadeden birôlçme araci niteiigi taçimaktadir. Bu çaiiçmada, Stresii Durumiaria Baca Çikma Envanteri-Kisa Formununpsikometrik özeiiikierinin, ûlkemizde bir üniversitede iisans egitimi almakta oian Turk ôgrenciier üzerindesinanmasi amaçlanmiçtir.Yöntem: Araçtirmaya topiam 978 université ôgrencisi katilmiçtir. Ôgrencilerin yaç ortaiamasi 20.33'dür(SS+3.17). Çaiiçmanin örneklemini oiuçturan grubun %33.33u erkektir (n= 326). Bu çaiiçmada, Stresii DurumiariaBaça Çikma Envanteri-Kisa Form (SDBÇE-21), Pozitif ve Négatif Duyguianim Ûiçegi (PNDÖ), Yaçam DoyumuOlçegi (YDÖ) uygulanmiçtir. Ôlçme aracinin geçeriik duzeyine iliçkin dogrulayici faktôr anaiizi ve SDBÇE-21 aitolçeklerinin psikoiojik degiçkenlerie Pearson koreiasyoniari hesapianmiçtir. Sonrasinda, envanterin gCiveniiiriikdüzeyini beiirleyebilmek için oiçegin iç tutariilik ve 15 günlük test-tekrar test gùveniliriigi degeriendirilmiçtir.Bulgular: Dogruiayici faktôr anaiizi sonucunda, uç faktôriCi orijinai yapiya iliçkin Hatanin Ortalama KaresininYakinligi (RMSEA)= 0.07, Karçilaçtirmali Uyum Endeksi (CFi)=0.91, Artan Uyum indeksi (iFI)= 0.91, NormiaçtiriimamiçUyum Endeksi (NNFI)= 0.90, Standardize Edilmiç Artikiarin Ortalamaiannin Karesi (SMRS)= 0.08 oiarak eideediimiçtir. Bu buiguiar, dogruiayici faktôr anaiiziyie ôiçme aracinin uçfaktôriCi orijinai yapisinin Turk ôrnekiemindegeçerliligini gôstermektedir. Ait ôlçekier için hesaplanan iç tutariilik degerleri sirasiyia Çôzume Dônuk BaçaÇikma için a= 0.72, Duygusai Baça Çikma için o= 0.77 ve Kaçinmaci Baça Çikma için a= 0.74 oiarak hesaplanmiçtir.15 güniük test-tekrar test koreiasyoniari sirasiyia Çôzume DônCik Baça Çikma için r= 0.79, Duygusai Baça Çikmaiçin r= 0.75 ve Kaçinmaci Baça Çikma için r= 0.66 oiarak bulunmujtur. Pozitif duygulanimin çôzume dônCik baçaçikmayia (r= 0.36), négatif duygulanimin duygusai baça çikmayla iliçkisinin (r= 0.44) orta düzeyde oldugugôrulmûçtur.

Sonuç: SDBÇE-2ïin orijinai Ciç faktôrlu yapisinin Turk université ôgrenciierinden oiuçan ôrnekiemde geçeriioidugu gôrCiimûçtur. Sôz konusu ôiçme araci araçtirmaiarda kulianilabiiecek yeterii geçerliiik ve güvenilirlikduzeyine sahiptir.Anahtar kelimeler: Baça çikma, degerlendirme, dogruiayici faktôr anaiizi, geçeriiiik, gCiveniiiriik

Yaziçma adresi / Address reprint recjuests to:Research Assist Murat Boysan, Yüzüncü YilUniversity, School of Literature, Departmentof Psychology 65080 Kampus, Van - Turkey

Telefon / Phone: +9a432-22S1695/3469

Faks / Fax: -)-9a432-225-8811

Elektronik posta adresi / E-mail address:boysan.murat® gmaii.com

Geliç tarihi / Date of receipt:19 Haziran 2011 / June 19, 2011

Kabul tarihi / Date of acceptance:30 Temmuz 2011 / July 30,2011

Data of this study were taken from a PhD. thesis being conducted in Ankara University.

Dûçûnen Adam ftikiyatñ ve Nöroiojik Birimler Dergisi, Cilt 25, Sayi 2, Haziran 2012 / Dûfûnen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, Volume 25, Number 2, June 20B101

Validity of the Goping Inventory For Stressful Situations - Short Form (GISS-21) in a non-clinical Turkish sample

INTRODUCTION

Coping has been defmed as "...continuouslychanging behavioral or cognitive efforts to meet

inner and/or outer demands which compel subjectivelimits of the person or exceed his/her self-resources"(1). Coping behaviors towards stressful conditions aregenerally supposed to perform a multi-dimensionalstructure (2). Theoretical discussion of the subject hasincreasingly evolved in recent years (3). Successfulcoping with stressful conditions and relationship ofdifferent coping strategies with psychological andbodily health attracted attention of several researchers(4). On the other hand, results of studies examining therelationship of coping strategies with different variablesmay be directly affected by the magnitude of approachesand assessment tools which investigators use forcoping strategies (2,5).

Psychometric studies and approaches about copingmake up an important portion of discussions in researchrelated to this field (3,6,7). Ways of Coping Check List(8), Ways of Coping Questionnaire (9), COPE inventory(10), Coping Responses Inventory (11) and CopingInventory for Stressful Situations (12,13) are amongwidely accepted assessment tools developed for copingstrategies.

Although several psychometric assessment toolswere developed to assess behavioral strategies acceptedby people to cope with stressful conditions. CopingInventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) is superior toother assessment tools from many aspects. There is atendency to assess several coping strategiessimultaneously in other assessment tools. For example.Ways of Coping Check List assesses by 8 sub-scalesand COPE Inventory assesses by 15 sub-scales.Approximately 400 classifications about strategiesused by people to cope with stressful conditions havebeen proposed in this field (5). However, copingstrategies were proposed to be collected under two(8,9,11) or three basic topics in studies done in this field(5,6,14-16). CISS assesses behavioral strategiespreferred by people towards stressful conditions underthree topics consistent with theoretical infrastructure:Task-oriented Coping, Emotion-oriented Coping and

Avoidance Coping. In studies evaluating longer formof assessment tool, several evidence showing validityof tri-dimensional structure of the scale were obtained(12,13,17-19). Moreover, as an indicator of commonvahdity of the scale, statistically significant scalecorrelation coefficients were reported between sub-scales of CISS personality parameters and measurementsindicating psychopathology (20-22). Additionally,continuously higher reliability levels were obtained instudies evaluating psychometric properties of CISS(12,13,17-22).

It can be said that studies done with clinicalsamples considering the psychological structureassessed by CISS substantially contributed to thisfield. It was reported that despite task-oriented andavoidance coping strategy was found to be relatedwith extrovercy in patients with major depression,emotion-oriented coping strategies were found topredict neurotic personality characteristics (23). In alongitudinal study done with a clinical sample havinganxiety disorder and major depression, decreasingdepression symptoms were found to be inverselycorrelated with task-oriented coping and decreasinganxiety symptoms were found to be directly correlatedwith emotion-oriented coping (24). Patients witheating disorders were found to use emotion-orientedcoping strategies significantly higher than the controlgroup (25).

Short forms of assessment tools have severaladvantages such as providing investigators cost- andtime-saving, making possible to evaluate differentvariables and hindering reduced motivation ofparticipants (26). Longer version of CISS consists of 48items. When 48-item form of this tool was beingdeveloped, a shorter form with 21 items has also beendeveloped by selecting items with highest validity forsub-dimensions in order to provide ease ofadministration (12,13,18). Inner consistency valuesbetween 0.70 and 0.84 were reported for sub-scales ofCISS-21 at different samples (12,13,18). There issupporting evidence obtained from different studiesabout validity of this assessment tool (12,13,18). In astudy done by corrective factor analysis on datacollected from adolescents having chronic digestive

102 DCçûnen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nôrolojk Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 25, Sayi 2, Hazitan lOa / Düíúnen Adam The Joumdl of Psychiatry and Meuroiogical Sciences, Volume 25, Number 2, June20t2

M. Boysan

problems, a three-dimensional structure was shown tobe valid (27). In another study with university students,although three-dimensional structure was found to bevalid, better model consistent statistics were reportedfor four dimensions (28).

In this study, examining psychometric characteristicsof Turkish version of CISS-21 through participation ofuniversity students was aimed. Validity of three-dimensional structure of the scale proposed at originaldevelopment study was tested by corrective factoranalysis for this purpose. Close relationship of copingstrategies of individuals at stressful conditions withaffect is a widely accepted fact supported by empiricalstudies (29-33), For this reason, correlation of sub-scales of assessment tool with positive-negative affectand subjective well-being levels were investigated.Additionally, reliability of the tool was also evaluatedby calculating stability and inner consistency levels ofthe assessment tool.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Participants

Nine-hundred and seventy-eight volunteersstudying at university were participated in the study.33,33% of participants were men. Mean age of

Table 1: Descriptive statistics for demographicalvariables

Gender

Income

Educational level of Either

1 :• .1 • : . . ,

Educational level of mother

Boy

Girl

Low

Medium

High

Iiliterate

Primary school

Secondary schooi

High school

Undergraduate or

Graduate

Illiterate

Primary school

Secondary school

High school

Undergraduate or

Graduate

n

326

652

94

786

98

21

295

US

261

285

39

514

106

191

128

Percent (%)

88,33

66.67

9,6180.37

10.02

2.15

30.16

11.86

26.69

29.14

8.99

52.56

10.84

19.53

13.09

participants was 20.33 (SD+3.17). Descriptive statisticsof demographic characteristics of the sample weregiven in Table 1.

Assessment Tools

Demographic questionnaire prepared byinvestigators, Positive-Negative Affect Schedule, LifeSatisfaction Scale and Coping Inventory for StressfulSituations - Short Form were used in the study.

Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations -Short Form (CISS-21): Scale was developed toevaluate coping styles generally preferred at stressfulsituations (12,13,18). It consists of 21 items and eachitem has a five-scale Likert type question. The tool has3 sub-scales consisting of 7 items.

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PNAS):PNAS is an assessment tool to assess positive andnegative affection and consists of 20 items with five-scale Likert type questions (34). Scale consists of twosub-sections: Positive affectand negative affect. Turkishadaptation study was conducted by Cençoz (35),Turkish version was found to be valid at Turkishsample. Inner consistency was a=0,83 for positiveaffect and a=0.86 for negative affect.

Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS): This scale wasdeveloped to determine the level of satisfaction fromlife (36). It represents the most general psychologicalstructure related with subjective well-being. It consistsof five items and seven-scale Likert-type questions,Turkish translation of assessment scale was done byDuraketal, (37),

Procedure • •

The scale was translated to Turkish by fivetranslators who can use both languages at advancedlevel. These translations were gathered to have the finalversion of Turkish form. Assessment tools set wereadministered to students at Ankara University, CaziUniversity and Kastamonu University undergraduate

Dü^ünenAdam Psikiyatri ve Nôrotojik Bifmter[3ergisi,Cilt25, Sayi 2, l-lazitan 20C / íXifünen Adam The Journal ofPsychiatr/ and Neurological Sciences, Volume 25, Number 2, June 2012103

Validity of the Coping Inventory For Stressful Situations - Short Form (CISS-21) in a non-clinical Turkish sample

programs. Volunteered students remained at classroomsafter undergraduate courses were administered.Students were informed before administration andtheir written consent were obtained to use data. Test-re-test was administered to 87 volunteer students aftera 15-day interval.

Statistical Analysis

Descriptive statistics on demographic characteristicsof the sample were calculated. In order to test thethree-dimensional structure of scale at Turkish sample,its asymptotic co-variance matrix was calculated andnormality-adjusted confirmatory factor analysis wasused. In structural equation analysis done by usingadjusted chi-square values, obtained values werefound same with non-adjusted parametric estimates inthe case that observed data showed normal distribution(38). Model consistency statistics estimated accordingto structural equation modeling were calculated. As aresult of the analysis made, the following values weredetermined as validity proof of the model: for modelfit to three-dimensional structure Root Mean SquareError of Approximation (RMSEA) value is under 0.10,Comparative Eit Index (CEI) equals to or is over 0.90,Incremental Eit Index (IEI) equals to or is over 0.90,Non-Normed Eit Index (NNEI) equals to or is over0.90 and Square of Standardized Mean Residues(SMRS) is under 0.10 (39). Scale correlation coefficientsof sub-scales of assessment tool with otherpsychological variables were obtained. Einally, inorder to evaluate reliability levels of the scale, innerconsistency and 15-day test-re-test correlations werecalculated. Statistical significance level was taken asp<0.005 at the analyses.

RESULTS

Analyses in which psychometric properties ofassessment tool were evaluated was started withtesting the validity of three-factorial original structureat Turkish sample using confirmatory factor analysis.In order to evaluate validity of original three-factorialstructure of assessment tool at Turkish sample.

structural equation analysis was used. Afterconfirmatory factor analysis, corrected chi-squarevalue for three-factorial original structure wascalculated •f= 843.20 (p<0.01). Higher chi-squarevalues are expected when wider sample is considered(28). Root Mean Square Error of Approximation(RMSEA) value of the model was found 0.07,Comparative Eit Index (CEI) was found 0.91,Incremental Eit Index (IEI) was found 0.91, Non-Normed Eit Index (NNEI) was 0.90, Square ofStandardized Mean Residues (SMRS) was found 0.08.These values indicate validity of Turkish form of three-factorial original structure (28). Three-factorialstructure explains 38% of total variance. Contributionto variance of first factor was found 32%, secondfactor 37% and third factor 31%. Path diagram of themodel obtained by structural equation modeling wasshown in Eigure 1 (Eigure 1).

Figure 1: Path diagram for confirmatory factor analy-sis (Fl= Task-oriented Coping; F2= Emotion-orientedcoping; F3= Avoidance Coping)

104 Dûçùnen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi, CIt 25, Sayi 2, Hazinan 2012 / Dúfünen Adam The Joumal ofPsyctiiatry and Neurological Sciences, Volume 25, Number 2, June 2012

M. Boysan

Table 2: Pearson correlations between variables

Task-oriented Coping

1

- 0 . 1 3 "

0.10"

0.18"0.36 "

-O.IS*'

Emotion-oriented Coping

1

0.14"- 0.20 "- 0.08 *0.44 "

Avoidance Coping

1

0.08*0.11 •*0.02

Task-oriented CopingEmotion-oriented copingAvoidance CopingLife Satisfaction ScalePositive AffectNegative Affect

•:p<0.05; ••:p

In order to present other evidence about structuralvalidity of assessment tool, scale correlation coefficientsof dimensions of CISS-21 with other psychologicalvariables were also calculated. Task-oriented Copingwas found to be correlated with positive affect,Emotion-oriented coping was found to be moderatelycorrelated with negative affect. Correlations obtainedbetween sub-scales were found to be low as expected.Scale correlation coefficients were given at Table 2 .

In order to evaluate reliability levels of assessmenttool, inner consistency and 15-day test-re-testcorrelations of sub-scales were calculated. As can beseen at Table 3, inner consistency values for sub-scalesof CISS-21 were found to be high. It can also be seenthat 15-day stability coefficients of assessment toolwere adequate (Table 3).

Table 3: Reliability values for assessment tool

Task-oriented CopingEmotion-oriented copingAvoidance Coping

":p<0.01

DISCUSSION

Innerconsistency

0.720.770,74

15-day Test-Re-TestCorrelation

0.79"0.75"0.66"

This study aimed to investigate psychometricproperties of Turkish version of CISS-21 in a non-clinical group. In this study, validity of original three-factorial structure of CISS-21 at Turkish sample wastested firstly. Scale correlation coefficients betweenassessment tool and other variables were obtained.Furthermore, in order to evaluate rehabihty levels ofsub-dimensions of assessment tool, inner consistencyand stability coefficients were calculated.

Three-factorial original structure tested by structuralequation algorithm was found to be valid in Turkishsample. Results obtained are consistent with resultsfrom previous studies. In two studies tested byconfirmatory factor analysis, results towards validity ofthree-factorial structure were generally obtained(27,28). However, in a study conducted in universitystudents, model fit of four-factorial structure of thescale showed better model fit than three-dimensionalstructure (28).

Coping strategies were found to be directiy relatedwith emotional organization capacity, mood and hfesatisfaction of the individual in several studies (29-31).In studies done with original version of the scaleshowed that particularly emotion-oriented copingstrategies were found to be moderately correlated withindicators of psychopathology (20,21,40). Althoughtask-oriented coping strategies are inversely correlatedwith anxiety and depression; a positive correlation wasfound between emotion-oriented coping strategy andpsychopathology (21,23-25,40). Also there are studiesshowing that task-oriented coping and positive moodand life satisfaction and positive and negative mood arenegatively correlated (29-31). In Turkish universitystudents, task-oriented coping which is a sub-dimension of CISS-21 was found to be moderatelycorrelated with positive mood and emotion-orientedcoping was found to be moderately correlated withnegative mood. Results are expected for sub-scales ofshort form of the assessment scale.

Inner consistency levels obtained up-to-date forCISS-21 were between a= 0.78 - 0.87 for task-orientedcoping, a= 0.78 - 0.88 for emotion-oriented copingand a = 0.70 - 0.85 for avoidance coping (13,18, 27, 28,41). Cronbach alpha values found in this study were

n Adam PsiWyatri ve Nórolojik Slimier Dergisi, Oft 25, Sayi 2, Haziran 20C / Düfünen Adam The Journal cfPsychiaùy and Neurological Sciences, Volume 25, Number 2, June 2012105

Validity of the Coping Inventory For Stressfui Situations • Short Form (CISS-21) in a non-clinical Turkish sample

also quite high. These values indicate inner consistencyof sub-scales. However, it is noteworthy that innerconsistency values of Turkish forms were found lowerthan values found in previous studies. In this studywhich aimed to determine reliabihty level of theassessment tool, 15-day test-re-test statistics were alsocalculated. Stability level was never reported in studiesevaluating psychometric properties of CISS-21. Test-re-test coefficients first calculated for the scale showedthat Turkish form has adequate stability level.

This study has several limitations. First, althoughstudy was done in a wide sample, it was conducted ina group consisted of only university students. Furtherstudies are required to re-evaluate findings obtainedfrom adults and other clinical groups. The assessment

tool is a tool used to evaluate general coping styleswhich people use in stressful conditions. In our study,determining stress experienced by participants was notpreferred. Testing psychometric properties ofassessment tool in samples grouped according to acuteand chronic life stress will give us importantinformation.Finally, in order to evaluate stability of the tool in time,correlation values between two administrations donein 15-day interval were calculated. There is need for re-evaluation of stability values of the scale betweenrepetitive administrations done in longer intervals.However, high validity and reliability values for Turkishform of CISS-21 were obtained. Findings showed thatassessment tool is a scale which can be of benefit forfurther studies in Turkish sample.

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