AN02c3_Han Emperors in China

7/30/2019 AN02c3_Han Emperors in China

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AN02c3 Unit02: New Directions in Organizing Society & Government Ch.07

Timeline: 3rd C. BCE - 3rd C. CEFQ: The Han build upon Qin efforts and become China's rst 'Great' dynasty.

Main Idea: The Han Dynasty expanded Chinas borders and developed a system ofgovernment that lasted for centuries. The pattern of a strong central government has remaineda permanent part of Chinese life. The coming greatness of Chinese civilization, however, has arather brutal start with the legalist policies of Qin Shih Huangdi. Under the rule of the Han, Chinaenters an extensive period of cultural, technical, and scientic growth. Despite lapses intoperiods of chaos, the norm is stability and progress for many centuries. The developing worldview exhibits qualities that will seriously impact China's external relations, particularly withEuropeans beginning in the 16th century.

CCSS

I. The Unitary StateA. Standardization PolicyB. Public Works

C. EducationD. Population RelocationE. Warfare

The Qin and, on a less-brutal level, the Han used all or most of the strategies listed above tocreate a centralized political entity represented by a single ruler (emperor) from a ruling family(dynasty). The Qin, fresh from a victory over the warring states, resettled enormous numbers ofpeople from one part of the empire to another to break old loyalties. By severing the tiesbetween ancestral lands and their peoples, the Qin hoped to foster a loyalty to the centralgovernment. The relocation of aristocratic families to the capital city was an act of politicalsignicance. It was the aristocracy that ruled the former warring states and the Qin believed thatthe greatest threat to their rule would also come from that group. With the families of the nobilitynearby, no aristocrat would dare disobey the emperor. The Han would learn from Qin mistakes

as well as Qin successes to put the nishing touches on this Chinese unitary state.

II. Changes in Han Dynastic ChinaA. External Contacts Expanded trade contacts and military conquests increased the impact of culturaldiffusion. Contact included Northern India, Korea, Vietnam, and Rome. Buddhism arrivesduring the close of the Early Han period. Confucian scholars didn't look kindly on'introduced' philosophies since foreign imports of any kind (mental, spiritual, or material)was increasingly viewed through a developing world view that elevated Chinesecivilization over all other human societies.

Ponder: Why would the Chinese be open to the adoption of another faith or philosophyat this time?

B. Legalism is replaced by ConfucianismC. Han Contributions & Expansion

1. Civil Service Exam System (Mastery of Confucian Classics)2. Established Academies3. Historiography: Sima Qian is considered one of the earliest, true, historians

along with Herodotus.
http://www.google.com/url?q=http%253a%252f%252fwww.mindmeister.com%252f34472910%252funitary-state-han-dynasty&sa=d&sntz=1&usg=afqjcnhzgktd7fa-xjt9q1ojmoam7pv7dw


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4. Invented 'Paper'5. Emperor Wudi spent much of his long reign leading China's armies against

peoples north and west. He stretched China's borders to it's greatest extentyet. He won the title "The Martial Emperor" for the extensive military activityduring his tenure.

6. Trade expands along Silk Road (across Eurasian continent).Ponder:

! Is the development of 'paper' a logical product of Confucian values?! What's the big deal about 'how' history is written?

D. A Developing World View1. China as 'Middle Kingdom' or 'Celestial Kingdom'2. Mandate of Heaven/ Son of Heaven: These concepts reect the

philosophical base of imperial rule that is rst expressed by the adoption ofthe semi-divine title of 'emperor' by the rst Qin ruler.

3. The Mandate of Heaven is the authority or permission granted by 'Heaven' torule. The mandate can be withdrawn by Heaven and the occurrence ofnatural catastrophes (typhoons, drought, famine, oods, earthquakes, etc.)

can be interpreted as a sign of that.4. The emperor is the 'Son of Heaven'. He is the representative of a dynastythat has been given the mandate. He is charged with elevating China, byserving as an example, to the condition of Heaven.

5. Womens Roles: The women of the Han dynastic period, with a few notableexceptions, led lives centered on the home. Confucian teachings werecommonly interpreted so that women were expected to devote themselves totheir families. A few empresses wielded great power while Daoist andBuddhist nuns were able to gain an education and lead lives apart from theirfamilies. Women in aristocratic and land-owning families sometimes pursuedan education, ran small shops and practiced medicine.

E. Causes of Collapse

The ascension and decline of Chinese dynasties and, by extension, all otherpolitical entities can be described using a diagram known as the Chinese DynasticCycle.

1. Peasant Dissatisfactiona. Heavy Tax Burdenb. Government Corruptionc. Drought/ Famine

2. Declining Economic Prosperity3. Secret societies formed to challenge Han rule. These societies often

organized and led peasants as part of a larger peasant rebellion thatoverthrew the Han dynasty.

III. Summary

Ponder: Are there times or moments in human history that justify the institution of governmentlike that of the Qin? Are there other, greater, priorities to a people or nation other than justice,equality, and due process? Was this brutal start a price worth paying if it were to guarantee thesuccesses of the Han?

Materials/Sources: Refer to the course calendar for additional assignments and pertinent duedates.


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! World History: Patterns of Interaction! http://www-chaos.umd.edu "http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-

chaos.umd.edu%2Fhistory%2Fimperial.html%2520on%252010%2520Dec.03&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGI9clAR3LkFaUjPahGK-mqtqPw" /history/ imperial.html on Dec. 2003. All rights reserved by the site of origin.

! http://www.silk-road.com/toc/index.html on Dec. 2003. All rights reserved by the site oforigin.

! http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/early_imperial_china/han.html onDec. 2003. All rights reserved by the site of origin.

! Sources of Chinese Traditions, vol. 1, 'LI SSU: Legalist Theories in Practice'! Map resources: http://www.mankato.msus.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/

ancient_china/xia.html , http://www.mankato.msus.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/ ancient_china/shang.html , http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/China/ Zhou.html
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AN02c3_Han Emperors in China