A&P I Summer 2018 Drew Exam 2

1) Muscle tissue, one of the four basic tissue groups, consists chiefly of cells that are highly specialized for A) conduction. B) contraction. C) peristalsis. D) cushioning.E) secretion.Answer: BLearning Outcome: 10-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

2) Which of the following is a recognized function of skeletal muscle? A) produce movement B) maintain posture C) maintain body temperature D) guard body entrances and exitsE) All of the answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 10-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

3) At each end of the muscle, the collagen fibers of the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium, come together to form a A) tendon. B) satellite cell.C) ligament. D) tenosynovium. E) sheath. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 10-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

4) Nerves and blood vessels that service a muscle fiber are located in the connective tissues of itsA) endomysium. B) perimysium. C) sarcolemma. D) sarcomere. E) myofibrils. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 10-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

5) A fascicle is a

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A) group of muscle fibers that are encased in the perimysium. B) layer of connective tissue that separates muscle from skin.C) group of muscle fibers that are all part of the same motor unit.D) group of muscle fibers and motor neurons.E) collection of myofibrils in a muscle fiber.Answer: ALearning Outcome: 10-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

6) The delicate connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle fibers and ties adjacent muscle fibers together is the A) endomysium. B) perimysium. C) epimysium. D) superficial fascia. E) periosteum. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 10-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

7) Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for A) muscle fatigue. B) the conduction of neural stimulation to the muscle fiber. C) muscle contraction. D) muscle relaxation. E) the striped appearance of skeletal muscle. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 10-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

8) In a sarcomere, the central portion of thick filaments are linked laterally by proteins of the A) Z line. B) M line. C) H band. D) A band. E) I band. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 10-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

9) The advantage of having many nuclei in a skeletal muscle fiber is the ability toA) contract much more forcefully. B) produce more ATP with little oxygen. C) store extra DNA for metabolism. D) produce large amounts of muscle proteins.

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E) produce nutrients for muscle contraction. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 10-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

10) Skeletal muscle fibers are formed from embryonic cells called A) sarcomeres. B) myofibrils. C) myoblasts. D) fascicles. E) myomeres. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 10-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

11) Which of the following best describes the term sarcoplasmic reticulum?A) protein that accounts for elasticity of resting muscleB) repeating unit of striated myofibrilsC) storage and release site for calcium ionsD) thin filaments are anchored hereE) largely made of myosin moleculesAnswer: CLearning Outcome: 10-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

12) Cross-bridges are portions of A) actin molecules. B) myosin molecules. C) troponin molecules. D) tropomyosin molecules. E) calcium ions. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 10-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

13) Each thin filament consists of A) two actin protein strands coiled helically around each other. B) chains of myosin molecules. C) six molecules coiled into a helical structure. D) a rod-shaped structure with "heads" projecting from each end. E) a double strand of myosin molecules. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 10-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

14) At rest, active sites on the actin are blocked by A) myosin molecules.

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B) troponin molecules. C) tropomyosin molecules. D) calcium ions. E) ATP molecules. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 10-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Use Figure 10-1 to answer the following questions:

15) Identify the structure labeled "1." A) mitochondria B) glycogen C) ATP D) myofibril E) synaptic vesicle Answer: ALearning Outcome: 10-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

16) Which of the following are found in the structure labeled "3"?A) actinB) myosin C) titinD) tropomyosinE) All of the answers are correct. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 10-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

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17) What physiological process occurs in the structure labeled "7"? A) release of neurotransmitter B) conduction of the action potential into the cell interiorC) activity of acetylcholinesterase D) release of protein and calcium ions into the muscle fiber E) opening of sodium channels and subsequent influx of sodium Answer: BLearning Outcome: 10-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

18) Active sites on the actin become available for binding after A) actin binds to troponin. B) troponin binds to tropomyosin. C) calcium binds to troponin. D) calcium binds to tropomyosin. E) myosin binds to troponin. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 10-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

19) The most important factor in decreasing the intracellular concentration of calcium ion after contraction is A) active transport of calcium across the sarcolemma. B) active transport of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C) active transport of calcium into the synaptic cleft. D) diffusion of calcium out of the cell. E) diffusion of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 10-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

20) The following is a list of the events that occur during a muscle contraction. What is the correct sequence of these events?1. Myosin cross-bridges bind to the actin.2. The free myosin head splits ATP.3. Calcium ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.4. The myosin head pivots toward the center of the sarcomere.5. Calcium ion binds to troponin.6. The myosin head binds an ATP molecule and detaches from the actin.A) 1, 3, 5, 4, 6, 2B) 5, 1, 4, 6, 2, 3 C) 3, 5, 1, 2, 4, 6 D) 3, 5, 1, 4, 6, 2 E) 1, 4, 6, 2, 3, 5 Answer: DLearning Outcome: 10-4

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

21) How would the loss of acetylcholinesterase from the motor end plate affect skeletal muscle? A) It would make the muscles less excitable. B) It would produce muscle weakness. C) It would cause muscles to stay contracted. D) It would cause muscles to stay relaxed. E) It would have little effect on skeletal muscles. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 10-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

22) Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?A) sense the internal and external environmentsB) integrate sensory informationC) coordinate voluntary and involuntary activitiesD) direct long-term functions, such as growthE) control peripheral effectorsAnswer: DLearning Outcome: 12-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

23) The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. A) autonomic B) peripheral C) central D) efferent E) afferent Answer: CLearning Outcome: 12-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

24) The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles. A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) afferent D) somatic E) autonomic Answer: DLearning Outcome: 12-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

25) The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS is designated A) motor.

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B) afferent. C) efferent. D) autonomic. E) somatic. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 12-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

26) The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of a neuron is called the A) protoplasm. B) nucleoplasm. C) sarcoplasm. D) neuroplasm. E) perikaryon. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 12-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

27) The axon is connected to the soma at the A) telodendria. B) synaptic terminal. C) collaterals. D) axon hillock. E) synapse. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 12-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

Figure 12-1 The Neuron

Use Figure 12-1 to answer the following questions:

28) The structures labeled "1" are dendrites. Their membranes contain numerous

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chemically-gated ion channels. A) The first statement is true but the second statement is false.B) The first statement is false but the second statement is true.C) Both statements are true. D) Both statements are false. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 12-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

29) The structure labeled "2" is a(n)A) neurofilament. B) dendrite. C) initial segment. D) perikaryon. E) axon. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 12-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

30) Which type of membrane channels are found at label "3"? A) voltage-gated Na+ channels B) voltage-gated K+ channelsC) chemically-gated Na+ and K+ channels D) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels E) both voltage-gated Na+ channels and voltage-gated K+ channels Answer: ELearning Outcome: 12-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

31) Identify the structure labeled "4." A) synaptic terminals B) telodendria C) dendritic spines D) collateral branches E) axons Answer: BLearning Outcome: 12-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

32) The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the A) astrocytes. B) satellite cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells. Answer: A

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Learning Outcome: 12-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

33) Functions of astrocytes include all of the following except A) maintaining the blood-brain barrier. B) conducting action potentials. C) guiding neuron development. D) responding to neural tissue damage. E) forming a three-dimensional framework for the CNS. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 12-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

34) The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by A) astrocytes. B) satellite cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 12-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

35) ________ line the brain ventricles and spinal canal. A) AstrocytesB) Satellite cellsC) Oligodendrocytes D) MicrogliaE) Ependymal cellsAnswer: ELearning Outcome: 12-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

36) Opening of sodium channels in the axon membrane causes A) depolarization. B) repolarization. C) hyperpolarization. D) increased negative charge inside the membrane. E) inhibition. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 12-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

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37) Voltage-gated channels are present A) at the motor end plate. B) on the surface of dendrites. C) in the membrane that covers axons. D) on the soma of neurons. E) along the perikaryon of neurons. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 12-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

38) The sodium-potassium ion exchange pump A) must reestablish ion concentrations after each action potential. B) transports sodium ions into the cell during depolarization. C) transports potassium ions out of the cell during repolarization. D) moves sodium and potassium opposite to the direction of their electrochemical gradients. E) depends on a hydrogen gradient for energy. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 12-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

39) Any stimulus that opens a ________ ion channel will produce a graded potential. A) voltage-gated B) chemically gatedC) sodium D) mechanically gatedE) All of the answers are correct. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 12-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

40) Which of the following is not involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron? A) diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell B) diffusion of sodium ions into the cell C) membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions D) membrane permeability for potassium ions greater than sodium ions E) The interior of the plasma membrane has an excess of negative charges.Answer: CLearning Outcome: 12-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

41) Graded potentials A) produce an effect that increases with distance from the point of stimulation. B) produce an effect that spreads actively across the membrane surface. C) may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization. D) are often all-or-none. E) cause repolarization.

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Answer: CLearning Outcome: 12-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

42) The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential.1. Sodium channels are inactivated.2. Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization.3. Sodium channels regain their normal properties.4. A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold.5. A temporary hyperpolarization occurs.6. Sodium channel activation occurs.7. Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs.

What is the proper sequence of these events?A) 4, 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 1 B) 4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5 C) 6, 7, 4, 1, 2, 3, 5D) 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 3, 5E) 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 1 Answer: BLearning Outcome: 12-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

43) Which of the following statements about the action potential is false?A) The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions.B) During the repolarization phase, sodium channels close and potassium channels open.C) During the depolarization phase, membrane potential becomes positive.D) During the hyperpolarization phase, the ion pumps re-establish the sodium and potassium concentrations across the cell membrane.E) Repolarization occurs as potassium ions leave the axon.Answer: ALearning Outcome: 12-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

44) How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-regulated sodium channels failed to inactivate? A) It would last indefinitely. B) It would be much briefer. C) It would be basically unaffected. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 12-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

45) How would a chemical that prevents the opening of voltage-regulated Na+ channels affect the function of a neuron? A) The neuron will only be able to hyperpolarize.

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B) The neuron will depolarize more rapidly.C) Action potentials will lack a repolarization phase. D) The neuron will automatically and repeatedly produce graded potentials.E) The neuron will only be capable of producing graded potentials. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 12-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

46) During embryonic development, which of the following secondary brain vesicles will form the cerebrum? A) telencephalon B) diencephalon C) mesencephalon D) metencephalon E) myelencephalon Answer: ALearning Outcome: 14-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

47) Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem? A) medulla oblongata B) pons C) mesencephalon D) diencephalon E) cerebellum Answer: DLearning Outcome: 14-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

48) What structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface of the brain? A) pia mater B) arachnoid C) dura mater D) cranial plexus E) choroid plexus Answer: ALearning Outcome: 14-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

49) Which of the following is a property of the blood-brain barrier? A) The capillary endothelial cells are interconnected by tight junctions.B) It is generally permeable to lipid-soluble compounds. C) Astrocytes surround the CNS capillaries. D) It is absent in portions of the hypothalamus.E) All of the answers are correct.

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Answer: ELearning Outcome: 14-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

50) Cerebrospinal fluid A) is secreted by ependymal cells. B) is formed by a passive process. C) is normally produced twice as fast as it is removed. D) has almost the same composition as blood plasma. E) contains blood cells and blood plasma. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 14-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

51) The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) diencephalon. D) medulla oblongata. E) heart. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 14-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

52) The medulla oblongata regulates A) somatic motor contractions. B) food intake. C) auditory reflexes. D) vision and hearing E) blood pressure and respiration. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 14-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

53) Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the A) cerebrum. B) mesencephalon. C) cerebellum. D) pons. E) medulla oblongata. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 14-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

54) The presence of many large, highly-branched Purkinje cells in a sample of brain

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tissue indicates that it came from the A) pons. B) medulla. C) cerebral cortex. D) cerebellar cortex. E) arbor vitae. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 14-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

55) Which statement is true regarding cerebrospinal fluid?A) CSF is identical in composition to blood plasma.B) CSF is made during fetal development and does not change through the lifetime of the person.C) There is about a liter of CSF within the brain and spinal cord.D) If CSF is not properly resorbed, the result would be hydrocephalus.E) CSF moves back into the blood supply by the process of osmosis.Answer: DLearning Outcome: 14-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

56) The layer of the meninges that closely follows every gyrus and sulcus is the A) pia mater. B) dura mater. C) arachnoid membrane. D) neural cortex. E) subarachnoid mater. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 14-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

57) Stimulation of the reticular activating system results in A) increased consciousness. B) sleep. C) coma. D) decreased cerebral function. E) coughing. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 14-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

58) The pineal gland is part of theA) hypothalamus.B) diencephalon.C) midbrain.D) mesencephalon.

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E) 3rd ventricle.Answer: BLearning Outcome: 14-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

59) Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus? A) produces ADH B) controls autonomic centersC) regulates body temperature D) secretes oxytocin E) All of the answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 14-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

60) Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?A) secrete cerebrospinal fluid B) secrete melatonin C) process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum D) store memories E) regulate food intake Answer: CLearning Outcome: 14-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

Extra Credit (1 point ea)

1 Since each myofibril is attached at either end of the muscle fiber, when sarcomeres shorten, the muscle fiber A) lengthens. B) shortens. C) strengthens. D) weakens. E) pulls from the middle. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 10-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

2) Which of the following statements about excitation-contraction coupling is incorrect?A) Calcium ions travel through the transverse tubule.B) Calcium ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.C) Tropomyosin moves to expose myosin binding sites on actin.D) Troponin binds calcium ion and signals tropomyosin to move.E) Relaxation requires uptake of calcium ion by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.Answer: ALearning Outcome: 10-4

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Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

3) Most CNS neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains A) why CNS neurons grow such long axons. B) why CNS neurons cannot divide to regenerate damaged tissue. C) the ability of neurons to generate an action potential. D) the ability of neurons to communicate with each other. E) the ability of neurons to produce a resting potential. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 12-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

4) Jane, a 79-year-old woman, has been diagnosed with a tumor in the brain. She has lost some sensory and motor functions associated with the face, like control of facial muscles for emotion and various sensory functions like taste. In addition, she has some hearing loss and balance problems. The location of the tumor is likely to be theA) cerebellum.B) cerebrum.C) medulla.D) thalamus.E) pons.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 14-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

5) Damage to the medulla oblongata can result in death becauseA) electrical activity originates within the medulla.B) the vital centers for blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are located there.C) the blood might not be able to circulated properly around the brain.D) control of body temperature and thermoregulation are its functions.E) digestive processes are controlled by the medulla.Answer: BLearning Outcome: 14-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

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