AN OVERVIEW, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN NIGERIA Dr. A. O. Oyebanji (08033908094;[email protected]

AN OVERVIEW, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF

AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN NIGERIA

Dr. A. O. Oyebanji (08033908094;[email protected]

Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute,

Km 3, Asa-Dam Road, Ilorin

Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention

An invited paper presented on Wednesday 14th November 2012 at the National Workshop / Exhibition on Management of Post Harvest and Value Chain Financing (13th – 16th November 2012) at the instance of Kaduna Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture (KADCCIMA), Bank of Agriculture and Global Access and Management Limited: At Kaduna International Trade and Investment Centre, Kaduna-Zaria Road, Rigachikun, Kaduna

PROTOCOL:…… & PREAMBLE:

Greetings & appreciation Acknowledgement of KADCCIMA’s continued initiative for this workshop KADCCIMA, Bank of Agriculture and Global Access and Management Limited –

have done well in embracing Private-Public-Partnership (PPP) approach to Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) of the Federal Government of Nigeria by this workshop

Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI)- has the National mandate for Post harvest Research, Extension and Training for development (Loss prevention, value addition and food security and acceptability of crops and products not only for local markets but also for international markets and use, suitable innovations, and protocols)

Brief on History of NSPRI – Colonial era (1948) and cash crops (groundnut, cocoa and palm produce); Post independence (1960) changed name from WASPRU to NSPRI and mandate expanded to local food crops


Mission statement: Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention

We have some achievements in post harvest technologies, protocols and recommendations in the value chain

We disseminate our findings through ADPs by training the trainers / participatory technology development approach;

We have observed limited fund and lack of access to facilities and other resources by farmers and processors who are mainly peasants and poor

Public Private Partnership Strategy is very important for development of post harvest technologies and management in Nigeria

This presentation is about the status, gaps and development in post harvest technologies / management in the value chain


NIGERIA’S AGRICULTURAL CROPS

Nigeria is greatly blessed with opportunity for abundant Agricultural Crops production.

Grains and Legumes (Maize, Rice, Sorghum, Millet, Cowpea, Groundnut and Soybeans)

Roots and Tubers (Cassava, Yam, Irish and Sweet Potato, Cocoyam and Ginger),

Fruits and Vegetables (Mango, Oranges, Banana, Pineapple, Pawpaw, Tomatoes, Pepper, Telferia, Amaranthus etc),

Oil Seeds and Beverage Crops (melons, cocoa), Fish and Meats


Crops and products are required in good safe quality as food for man feeds for livestock and raw materials for processors and industries

Good quality crops and products are bright coloured, free of mouldiness, mycotoxin contamination and insect infestation

However, crops and products are ordinarily prone to microbial infection, insect infestation and spoilage including due to animals and birds feeding actions in the value chain

Therefore, mature crops should be harvested timely for immediate consumption or processing (into flours, chips, flakes and pellets, juice or puree) and storage

Ventures in Post harvest value chain including packing, packaging, transportation, processing, storage and marketing are sources of livelihood, employment and empowerment


About the crops and products

STATUS OF POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS OR TRADITIONAL POST HARVEST PRACTICES

Delayed harvesting after maturity to sun dry down before harvesting Associated with losses to birds and rodents Delayed drying or rewetting in continued or intermittent rains, especialy in

the more humid southern Nigeria High moisture in crops higher than safe level results in mouldiness,

mycotoxin contamination (especially under tropical condition) Health risk of consumption of mouldy / mycotoxin contaminated crops by

man and livestock Myctoxin contaminated crops are objectionable in the markets Rejected especially in international markets Alert concerning poor quality of our export crops and products is giving us

a bad image Loss is also in cost of repatriation or destruction of rejected crops and

products, borne by exporter


Traditional drying of grains and legumes in the field

Crop of all sorts are generally sun dried in the open spreading on flat surfaces:

Tomato on bear ground in Northern Nigeria

Cassava products (fufu’on roadside in West, East and Southern Nigeria

Contaminated with stones, dust and dirt

Wetting and rewetting in intermittent and continued rains, especially in the more humid Southern Nigeria


Traditional Drying of crops


Traditionally, yam tubers are tied to stakes

Tie injury, infection and rotting of tubers and rodent attack

Heating of high heaped tubers outdoors and indoors

Improperly designed closed yam store with metal roof

Traditional Storage of Yam Tubers

Perishable nature of fresh fruits and vegetables

Heaped packaging of tomato, oranges in weak baskets or receptacles stacked one on top of the other for transportation

Exposure in the sun during market display and storage

Loose transportation of fruits and vegetables in open vans with consequent rapid dehydration and wilting of leaves or crushing with much damage


Traditional packing of fruits and vegetable

Rain soaked bagged dried yam chips

Mouldy bulked stored yam chips in market store


Traditional handling and storage of yam chips

Poor sanitation and hygiene practices are common at food packing or processing centres

The processing centers are without planned out order of processing stages

By design and construction the centers are not easily cleaned or washable

Lack of adequate facilities, equipment, electricity, water and drainage- with consequent flooding with waste and dirt water.


Traditional processing centre

Traditionally fish and meats are cooked soon post harvest for immediate consumption against spoilage losses.

In addition, fish and meats are smoked or roasted including production into Kilishi and Suya.

However, the traditional processing of fish and meats is not hygienic and is associated with contamination with dirt including stones which are quite objectionable.

Fish and meats are perishables especially under ambient condition in the tropics like Nigeria.


Traditional handling of fish and meats

Characterized by misuse and abuse of chemical pesticides Wrong dosage in the use of chemical pesticides

Use of ban chemicals pesticides such as gamalin-20


Traditional pest control efforts

CAUSES OF POST HARVEST LOSSES AND CHALLENGES

Perishable nature of fleshy fresh or living crops, Feeding activities of pests (spoilage microorganisms,

insects, birds, rodents and other animals, Inadequate handling of crops in the value chain

Why? ignorance of adequate post harvest facilities, technologies,

processes or protocols of handling, transportation, processing, packaging, storage and marketing,

carelessness concerning the need for adequate post harvest facilities, technologies, processes or protocols of handling, transportation, processing, packaging, storage and marketing,

Lack of access to adequate post harvest facilities, technologies, processes or protocols of handling, transportation, processing, packaging, storage and marketing,


high cost and technicality of technologies, lack of access to finance, limited assistance and support for:

Financing for post harvest technologies in the value chain of our agricultural crops in the face of adverse impact of Climate change on production, processing and storage.

training and on post harvest technologies in the value chain of our agricultural crops in the face of adverse impact of Climate change on production, processing and storage.

extension on post harvest technologies in the value chain of our agricultural crops in the face of adverse impact of Climate change on production, processing and storage.


IMPROVED POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGIES, PRODUCTS, PROTOCOLS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Timely harvesting of grains for adequate drying, packaging and storage in improved warehouse or bulk storage in Inert Atmosphere Silos or Hermetic Containers

Improved Ventilated Crib – for de-husked maize cobs and bundles of ears of corn, kept disinfested with recommended spray and dust, the active ingredient of which must breakdown before consumption.


Air tight against ingress of moisture

Batch stacking of bagged dried produce on pallets

Opportunity for fumigation under PVC


Improved Warehouse

INERT ATMOSPHERE SILOS

Storage of dried grains without chemical insecticides

Oxygen is purged out with Nitrogen and aerobe especially insects die out


HERMETIC CONTAINERS

– Domestic level storage of dried grains

storage with or without fumigation (safe fumigation)


IMPROVED YAM BARN


Layering of tubers on smooth shelves in IYB

Rodent Control and Cool Storage under partial ventilation

Provisions for maximization of natural coolness

Provision of nettings against birds and rodent attacks.

*Shelf layering of yam tubers for storage and transportation in ventilated vehicles

DIFFUSE LIGHT STORE

Gently harvest seed potato

Sort for wholesome seeds

Wash gently and dip treat in fungicide/insecticide solution

air dried and cured seed potato in stacked ventilated plastic crates or in tray shelves in DLS


It is traditionally believed that cassava cannot be stored post harvest

Farmers delay harvesting until when needed for consumption or sale or processing

Results in woodying due to lignifications as it over age

Rotting results from flooding

Storability of cassava roots for up to 12 weeks in Moist Sawdust


Storage of cassava roots in moist sawdust in baskets, wooden boxes and cassava warehouse

STORAGE OF FRESH CASSAVA TUBERS

Day 0

Day 90


IMPROVED CASSAVA PROCESSING CENTRE AT NSPRI IBADAN


HYGIENIC PROCESSING OF CASSAVA CHIPS FOR HQCF



Improved packaging of fruits in Ventilated Crates


Improved handling of vegetables

Fruits and Vegetable ShedVegetable Boxes

Evaporative Coolers, for fresh storage of fruits and vegetables


Evaporative Coolant Systems (ECSs)

FRUITS PACKING HOUSE AT NSPRI ILORIN


NSPRI’s Improved dryers for clean dried products


Solar Tray Multipurpose Dryer Electric Fan Forced Dryer

Solar Tent Hybrid Dryer Electric Fan Forced Dryer

NSPRI’S PRODUCTSTomato Paste

Dried ground pepper

Beans flour -for Akara, Moin-moin and Ekuru snacks that go well with pap and or bread meals, Gegiri soup for duff meals

Maize and Sorghum Pap flour - for instant preparation for breakfast and refreshment

Rice flour – for instant duff meal with vegetable soup, fish and meat

Poundo-yam flour – for instant duff meal with vegetable soup, fish and meat complements

Dried packaged periwinkle as complement in soups


HACCP PLAN & IMPLEMENTATION

These products of value addition - by pre-drying preparation of the crops, drying, milling into flour and packaging (in labeled sealed polyethylene bags in cartons) and stacking on pallets for storage in improved warehouse prior to distribution to the markets.

The processing for the products are done with consideration for sanitation and hygiene of environment, processing equipment and processing personnel, Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point Plan and Implementation according to standard and regulation for safety assurance that prevent rather than hope to control hazards (biological, chemical and or physical)


AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS STAKEHOLDERS IN NIGERIA (FARMERS, PROCESSORS AND TRADERS)

peasant poor Illiterate

sensitization, training, Mobilization Support Assistance Improved post harvest practices in the value chain


CONCLUSION

In this wise, KADCCIMA has continued to do well in cooperation with development institutions and other stakeholders in Nigeria’s Agricultural crops management / technology and value chain financing enlightenment, sensitization, training and linkage for development by this workshop / exhibition event.


Thank you all for your attention


Documents

AN OVERVIEW, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN NIGERIA Dr. A. O. Oyebanji (08033908094;[email protected]