An Overview of Recent Antennas and Propagation Research Activities in Canada [Antennas and Propagation Around the World]

IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 54, No. 6, December 2012 277

Antennas and Propagation Around the World

Y. M. M. AntarDept. of Electrical EngineeringRoyal Military College of CanadaKingston, Ontario Canada K7K 5LOTel: +1 (613) 541-6000 ext. 6403 Fax: +1 (613) 542-8612 or 547-3050 E-mail: [email protected]

Introducing a New Column: Antennas and Propagation Around the World

Researchers in countries around the world have made many contributions to the advancement of antenna tech-

nology, and to the understanding and modeling of radiowave propagation throughout the years, and continue to do so. This new column is intended to feature a contribution from a dif-ferent country each time it appears. The column will highlight both past achievements and recent research and development activities in the fi elds of antennas and propagation. The idea for the column came out of discussions at the July 2012 AP-S AdCom meeting, were keeping Society members informed about what is going on around the world in our fi eld was identifi ed as an important function of AP-S. Contributions to the column are strongly encouraged: prospective authors should contact Yahia Antar.

An Overview of Recent Antennas and Propagation Research Activities in Canada

Aldo Petosa

Communications Research Centre Canada3701 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K2H 8S2 Canada

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

A survey of recent antennas and propagation research activities in Canada has been carried out. Lists of the main research institutes and research areas are provided, along with a more detailed examination of a few selected topics, to illustrate Canadian contributions to these fi elds.

1. Introduction

A recent article on the development of microwave compo-nents and systems in Canada provided a comprehensive

overview of key programs, technologies, and research activi-ties, dating back to the Second World War [1]. Since antenna technology played a large role in many of these microwave systems, a signifi cant portion of the article focused on several major antenna milestones, key people, academic and govern-ment institutes, and companies involved in antenna research and development. In an attempt to avoid excessive duplica tion, this article focuses on some of the more-current activities in these fi elds, highlighting recent advances along with the major players from academic institutes, government laborato ries, and Canadian industry.

2. A Brief Historical Perspective

Although documented quite thoroughly in [1], it is worth-while to review some key historical facts. Canada has had a long association with pioneering research in antennas and propagation, dating back to the days of Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1936). His fi rst trans-Atlantic demonstration of wireless communications was conducted in 1901 with a transmitting station at Poldhu, Cornwall, UK, and a receiver at Signal Hill in Newfoundland. In 1902, a transmission between the Marconi station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, became the fi rst radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. By 1907, a regular transatlantic radio-telegraph service was initiated between Glace Bay and Clifden, Ireland. In 1903, Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph Company of Canada was formed (renamed Canadian Marconi Company in 1925). It worked in telegraphy, radio equipment, and broadcasting.

During the Second World War (WWII), Canada contrib-uted to the development of radar, with activities centered at the National Research Council (NRC). With NRC’s help, Canada installed the fi rst operating radar system in North America, called the Night Watchman, which was used for coastal defense. By 1945, NRC had developed over 30 differ ent types of radar for various military purposes. NRC retained the military research fi elds of radar, antennas, direction fi nd ing, and electronic-tube development after WWII. NRC was also involved in an extensive program of radar weather obser vations from 1968 to 1986, which resulted in signifi cant con tributions to the understanding of the effects of precipitation on the scattering and propagation of waves, to the micro-physical structure of precipitation, and on the use of polarimetric radar techniques for the remote identifi cation of forms of precipitation (such as rain, hail, or snow) [2].

The other government lab that was prominent in radio science during and after the war years originated from the Radio Propagation Laboratory (RPL). This was created in 1944, and was mainly concerned with application of iono spheric data communications and detection in the HF band. This lab became one of several labs forming the Defence Research Board (DRB), created in 1947. This then became the Defence Telecommunication Research Establishment (DRTE) in 1951, and later spawned the Communications Research Centre (CRC) in 1969, responsible for civilian communica tions. (DRTE eventually became part of what is now Defence Research and Development Canada: DRDC.) HF (or short-wave) communications played a signifi cant role for many years in Canada’s North, characterized by vast distances and sparse population. HF communications was a suitable and economical form of long-distance communica-tions. However, it is prone to interference from atmospheric

AP_Mag_Dec_2012_Final.indd 277 12/9/2012 3:52:30 PM

278 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 54, No. 6, December 2012

disturbances and the ionosphere, which is subject to consider-able variability, thus spurring signifi cant research in iono-spheric propagation. In fact, Canada’s fi rst satellite, Alouette I, developed at DRTE and launched in 1962, had a scientifi c payload much of which was dedicated to studying the iono-sphere. A notable development of the Alouette program was the invention by George Klein of the storable tubular extendi ble member (STEM). This was an antenna design that allowed the Alouette’s two 11 m and two 22.5 m long dipole antennas to be rolled up and stowed during takeoff. They were unfurled once the satellite was in orbit, and remained rigid once deployed [3]. This technology was transferred to Spar Aero space (maker of the robotic Canadarm), and would be later used on all the early American manned space fl ights.

In the 1970s to 1990s, much of the advances in antennas (and microwave technology, in general) were driven by the commercialization of communications satellite systems, fol-lowed by wireless cellular networks and systems in the 1990s and 2000s. In addition to government labs and university research, companies played a key role in antenna development and commercialization. Many of these achievements were highlighted in [1], and include the development of light-weight Kevlar-based dual-polarized space-qualifi ed refl ectors by RCA Montréal; small light-weight low-cost Ka-band gate-way antennas for the Iridium satellites by COM DEV; and large refl ector feed arrays, shaped refl ectors, and a more than 10,000-element C-band array for RADARSAT-2 by MacDonald Dettwier and Associates Ltd. (MDA). MDA also pioneered and patented high-aperture-effi ciency multimode horns, developed complex waveguide-feed networks and horn technology, and compact steerable refl ectors for space-based applications [4-6]. Other companies with prominent antenna developments were CAL/EMS (now owned by Honeywell) and Canadian Marconi Company (CMC), with antennas for airborne communications; and Sinclair Technologies (now part of Norsat) and Tiltek, with product lines of cellular base station and land mobile antennas.

Canada has also had a fair number of prominent research ers in the fi eld of antennas and propagation. Cana dian-born Reginald Fessenden, a contemporary of Marconi, was one of the pioneers of radio. He is credited with the fi rst audio radio broadcast in 1900 (from Rock Point, Maryland). George Sinclair set up the fi rst PhD program in electrical engineering in Canada (in 1940, at the University of Toronto). He then went on to organize what is now the ElectroSciences Lab at Ohio State, being its fi rst Director. He also founded Sinclair Technologies. Several of Sinclair’s graduate students also become prominent in the fi eld. James Wait made signifi cant contributions to ground and surface-wave propagation and earth-ionosphere propagation. Geoff Hyde advanced refl ector technology. Lotfollah Shafai has made substantial contributions to various areas including refl ectors, waveguide feeds, and microstrip antennas, along with initiating and orga nizing the International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics (ANTEM), which began in 1986 and is held biennially. Other prominent Canadians or Canadian-born scientists include Robert E. Collin (author of Foundations of Microwave Engineering), Edward Jull (author of Aperture Antennas and Diffraction Theory), and Keith Balmain (coauthor of Electromagnetic Waves and

Radiating Systems). Also of note are Robert MacPhie (who made contri butions to high-resolution arrays, and introduced the com pound intensity interferometer), and J. L. Allen Yen (co-inventor of very-long-baseline interferometry).

3. A Survey of Academic Institutes and Government Labs

Academic researchers have played important roles in the antenna and propagation activities throughout the years, often working in collaboration with government laboratories or with industry. Today, research on antennas and propagation is con ducted at numerous universities across the country. Some institutes, such as the universities of Toronto, McGill, Manitoba, and École Polytechnique de Montréal, have large research teams and have a long history of contribution. Others have established research activities more recently, and have smaller teams. To get a sense of the wide range of activities being pursued at Canadian universities, Table 1 lists the major universities, along with the lead faculty and their areas of interest, related to the antennas and propagation fi elds. As highlighted in the historical section, federal government labs have also played and continue to play a prominent role in the fi eld. Table 2 lists the major areas of research in antennas and propagation in federal government labs. Many of the most current major research activities in these academic and gov-ernment institutes are summarized in Table 3. Since there are too many areas to cover in detail in this overview article, only a few topics have been selected in order to highlight some of the areas where there is currently a signifi cant amount of research activity, and where major contributions are being made. Most of the references were restricted to recent publi cations, within the last three years.

4. Advances in Metamaterials

In the fi eld of electromagnetics, metamaterials can be defi ned as materials that have been engineered to exhibit unusual electromagnetic properties not readily observed in nature. Metamaterials are usually periodic structures, made up of small metal or dielectric scatterers that have a periodicity much smaller than the operating wavelength. Although artifi -cial dielectrics (which were originally developed in the 1940s, and used primarily for the design of lightweight lenses) can be considered metamaterials, the term metamaterial has only been adopted within the last 10 years. There has been a fl urry of research activity in this area, as new properties and applica tions are being discovered [7]. Two Canadian researchers, George Eleftheriades at the University of Toronto and Christophe Caloz at École Polytechnique de Montréal, have both played prominent and leading roles in the development of metamaterial structures and antennas, and have co-authored or co-edited widely read books on the subject [8, 9]. Some of the most recent contributions of their research teams include the design of novel dispersive delay-line structures for enhanced-resolution analog signal processing [10], the design of beam-scanning leaky-

Table 1. Major Canadian universities, faculty, and their research areas of interest.

University Faculty Research Areas (Related to Antennas and Propagation)

Alberta

A. Iyer fundamental EM theory; novel concepts in antenna theory and design; engineered composite/periodic structures and surfaces; effective-medium/homogenization theories and techniques; metamaterials

K. Rambabu antennas and arrays; ultra wideband componentsBritish Columbia(UBC)

D. Michelson propagation and channel modeling; low profi le antenna design; wireless communication system performance; EMI/EMC

Calgary

E. Fear applied electromagnetics, biomedical/biometrics and microwave, RF/OpticsR. Johnston (emeritus)

antennas for handheld devices; smart antennas;

M. Okoniewski applied EM; communications; electronics; microwave engineering and radiosystemsM. Potter applied EM

CarletonL. Roy integrated active antennas; numerical techniques in electromagnetics; low temperature

co-fi red ceramics; micro-electro-mechanical systems; RF; millimeter-wavesJ. Wight antenna structures; millimeter-wave circuits;

Concordia

A. A. Kishk DRAs; microstrip antennas; small antennas; microwave sensors; RFID antennas; multi-function antennas; EBG structures; artifi cial magnetic conductors; soft and hard surfaces; phased array antennas; CAD for antennas; mm-wave antennas; feeds for parabolic refl ectors

R. Paknys antennas; electromagnetic scattering and diffractionA. Sebak phased array antennas; applied electromagnetics; EM scattering; RCS, EMC/EMI,

EM theory; antennas; computational electromagneticsC. Trueman aircraft and ship antennas; broadcast antennas; cellular phone antennas;

computational electromagnetics; electromagnetic compatibility; FDTD method; handset and human head interactions; radar cross-section of aircraft and ships

Dalhousie Z. Chen electromagnetic structure modeling & simulation; EMC/EMI; antennas; ultra-wide-band and wireless technology

École Polytechnique de Montréal(EPM)

C. Caloz metamaterial structures, devices and systems; ferromagnetic and ferroelectric materials; dispersion and nonlinearity engineering; artifi cial dielectric substrates; EBG structures; surface plasmonic components; leaky-wave antennas; smart antennas; electrically-small antenna with non-Foster impedances; nano-EM; MIMO and cooperative network systems; UWB technology; millimeter-wave and THz technology; computational EM

J.-J. Laurin microwave tomography; antennas for spatial applications; antennas design and digital modeling; electromagnetism (compatibility, components, characterization)

C. Nerguizian wireless radio propagation; wireless telecommunications; indoor-outdoor geolocationK. Wu EM, compatibility and interference; antennas and propagation; radar and navigation

Institut national de la recherche scientifi que (INRS)

T. Denidni reconfi gurable antennas; metamaterials; phased arrays; EBG structures; low-profi le antennas; DRAs; RF systems



disturbances and the ionosphere, which is subject to consider-able variability, thus spurring signifi cant research in iono-spheric propagation. In fact, Canada’s fi rst satellite, Alouette I, developed at DRTE and launched in 1962, had a scientifi c payload much of which was dedicated to studying the iono-sphere. A notable development of the Alouette program was the invention by George Klein of the storable tubular extendi ble member (STEM). This was an antenna design that allowed the Alouette’s two 11 m and two 22.5 m long dipole antennas to be rolled up and stowed during takeoff. They were unfurled once the satellite was in orbit, and remained rigid once deployed [3]. This technology was transferred to Spar Aero space (maker of the robotic Canadarm), and would be later used on all the early American manned space fl ights.

In the 1970s to 1990s, much of the advances in antennas (and microwave technology, in general) were driven by the commercialization of communications satellite systems, fol-lowed by wireless cellular networks and systems in the 1990s and 2000s. In addition to government labs and university research, companies played a key role in antenna development and commercialization. Many of these achievements were highlighted in [1], and include the development of light-weight Kevlar-based dual-polarized space-qualifi ed refl ectors by RCA Montréal; small light-weight low-cost Ka-band gate-way antennas for the Iridium satellites by COM DEV; and large refl ector feed arrays, shaped refl ectors, and a more than 10,000-element C-band array for RADARSAT-2 by MacDonald Dettwier and Associates Ltd. (MDA). MDA also pioneered and patented high-aperture-effi ciency multimode horns, developed complex waveguide-feed networks and horn technology, and compact steerable refl ectors for space-based applications [4-6]. Other companies with prominent antenna developments were CAL/EMS (now owned by Honeywell) and Canadian Marconi Company (CMC), with antennas for airborne communications; and Sinclair Technologies (now part of Norsat) and Tiltek, with product lines of cellular base station and land mobile antennas.

Canada has also had a fair number of prominent research ers in the fi eld of antennas and propagation. Cana dian-born Reginald Fessenden, a contemporary of Marconi, was one of the pioneers of radio. He is credited with the fi rst audio radio broadcast in 1900 (from Rock Point, Maryland). George Sinclair set up the fi rst PhD program in electrical engineering in Canada (in 1940, at the University of Toronto). He then went on to organize what is now the ElectroSciences Lab at Ohio State, being its fi rst Director. He also founded Sinclair Technologies. Several of Sinclair’s graduate students also become prominent in the fi eld. James Wait made signifi cant contributions to ground and surface-wave propagation and earth-ionosphere propagation. Geoff Hyde advanced refl ector technology. Lotfollah Shafai has made substantial contributions to various areas including refl ectors, waveguide feeds, and microstrip antennas, along with initiating and orga nizing the International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics (ANTEM), which began in 1986 and is held biennially. Other prominent Canadians or Canadian-born scientists include Robert E. Collin (author of Foundations of Microwave Engineering), Edward Jull (author of Aperture Antennas and Diffraction Theory), and Keith Balmain (coauthor of Electromagnetic Waves and

Radiating Systems). Also of note are Robert MacPhie (who made contri butions to high-resolution arrays, and introduced the com pound intensity interferometer), and J. L. Allen Yen (co-inventor of very-long-baseline interferometry).

3. A Survey of Academic Institutes and Government Labs

Academic researchers have played important roles in the antenna and propagation activities throughout the years, often working in collaboration with government laboratories or with industry. Today, research on antennas and propagation is con ducted at numerous universities across the country. Some institutes, such as the universities of Toronto, McGill, Manitoba, and École Polytechnique de Montréal, have large research teams and have a long history of contribution. Others have established research activities more recently, and have smaller teams. To get a sense of the wide range of activities being pursued at Canadian universities, Table 1 lists the major universities, along with the lead faculty and their areas of interest, related to the antennas and propagation fi elds. As highlighted in the historical section, federal government labs have also played and continue to play a prominent role in the fi eld. Table 2 lists the major areas of research in antennas and propagation in federal government labs. Many of the most current major research activities in these academic and gov-ernment institutes are summarized in Table 3. Since there are too many areas to cover in detail in this overview article, only a few topics have been selected in order to highlight some of the areas where there is currently a signifi cant amount of research activity, and where major contributions are being made. Most of the references were restricted to recent publi cations, within the last three years.

4. Advances in Metamaterials

In the fi eld of electromagnetics, metamaterials can be defi ned as materials that have been engineered to exhibit unusual electromagnetic properties not readily observed in nature. Metamaterials are usually periodic structures, made up of small metal or dielectric scatterers that have a periodicity much smaller than the operating wavelength. Although artifi -cial dielectrics (which were originally developed in the 1940s, and used primarily for the design of lightweight lenses) can be considered metamaterials, the term metamaterial has only been adopted within the last 10 years. There has been a fl urry of research activity in this area, as new properties and applica tions are being discovered [7]. Two Canadian researchers, George Eleftheriades at the University of Toronto and Christophe Caloz at École Polytechnique de Montréal, have both played prominent and leading roles in the development of metamaterial structures and antennas, and have co-authored or co-edited widely read books on the subject [8, 9]. Some of the most recent contributions of their research teams include the design of novel dispersive delay-line structures for enhanced-resolution analog signal processing [10], the design of beam-scanning leaky-

Table 1. Major Canadian universities, faculty, and their research areas of interest.


Alberta

A. Iyer fundamental EM theory; novel concepts in antenna theory and design; engineered composite/periodic structures and surfaces; effective-medium/homogenization theories and techniques; metamaterials

K. Rambabu antennas and arrays; ultra wideband componentsBritish Columbia(UBC)

D. Michelson propagation and channel modeling; low profi le antenna design; wireless communication system performance; EMI/EMC

Calgary

E. Fear applied electromagnetics, biomedical/biometrics and microwave, RF/OpticsR. Johnston (emeritus)

antennas for handheld devices; smart antennas;

M. Okoniewski applied EM; communications; electronics; microwave engineering and radiosystemsM. Potter applied EM

CarletonL. Roy integrated active antennas; numerical techniques in electromagnetics; low temperature

co-fi red ceramics; micro-electro-mechanical systems; RF; millimeter-wavesJ. Wight antenna structures; millimeter-wave circuits;

Concordia

A. A. Kishk DRAs; microstrip antennas; small antennas; microwave sensors; RFID antennas; multi-function antennas; EBG structures; artifi cial magnetic conductors; soft and hard surfaces; phased array antennas; CAD for antennas; mm-wave antennas; feeds for parabolic refl ectors

R. Paknys antennas; electromagnetic scattering and diffractionA. Sebak phased array antennas; applied electromagnetics; EM scattering; RCS, EMC/EMI,

EM theory; antennas; computational electromagneticsC. Trueman aircraft and ship antennas; broadcast antennas; cellular phone antennas;

computational electromagnetics; electromagnetic compatibility; FDTD method; handset and human head interactions; radar cross-section of aircraft and ships

Dalhousie Z. Chen electromagnetic structure modeling & simulation; EMC/EMI; antennas; ultra-wide-band and wireless technology

École Polytechnique de Montréal(EPM)

C. Caloz metamaterial structures, devices and systems; ferromagnetic and ferroelectric materials; dispersion and nonlinearity engineering; artifi cial dielectric substrates; EBG structures; surface plasmonic components; leaky-wave antennas; smart antennas; electrically-small antenna with non-Foster impedances; nano-EM; MIMO and cooperative network systems; UWB technology; millimeter-wave and THz technology; computational EM

J.-J. Laurin microwave tomography; antennas for spatial applications; antennas design and digital modeling; electromagnetism (compatibility, components, characterization)

C. Nerguizian wireless radio propagation; wireless telecommunications; indoor-outdoor geolocationK. Wu EM, compatibility and interference; antennas and propagation; radar and navigation

Institut national de la recherche scientifi que (INRS)

T. Denidni reconfi gurable antennas; metamaterials; phased arrays; EBG structures; low-profi le antennas; DRAs; RF systems



Table 1. Major Canadian universities, faculty, and their research areas of interest (continued).


Lakehead H. El-Ocla wave propagation; scattering and RCS; random media effects; radar detection of real targets

Manitoba

G. Bridges computational EMI. Ciric EM scattering, EM analysis J. LoVetri applied EM; computational EM, microwave imaging; microwave tomography; EM

scatteringP. Mojabi antenna design; EM inversion; imaging and remote sensingV. Okhmatovski applied and computational EML. Shafai applied EM; antenna design; microstrip antenna design; refl ector feed design;

waveguide horn antennas; EBG structures

McMaster

J. Bandler(emeritus)

CAD/CAE of electronic, RF, wireless, microwave, high-speed and mixed signal circuits and systems; space-mapping and surrogate model optimization

M. Bakr computer-aided modeling and design of microwave and mm-wave circuits; computational electrodynamics; high-frequency EM simulators

N. Nikolova computational electrodynamics; high-frequency EM simulators, computer-aided analysis and design in microwave and millimeter-wave engineering; printed antennas

T. Field EM scattering and propagation in random media; radar scattering

McGill

R. Abhari integrated antennas and multi-antenna systems; microwave and mm-wave circuits; EBG structures and metamaterials

S. J. McFee computer modeling simulation and visualization of electromagnetic fi elds in microwave; fi nite element methods

T. Pavlasek (emeritus)

scattering and diffraction of EM and acoustic waves; near-fi eld behavior of antennas; numerical modeling of complex antenna systems

M. Popovic computational EM for biological applications; antenna design and the related numerical EM methods

J. Webb computational EM, especially for RF/microwave applications; fi nite element methodsMemorial E. Gill HF ground-wave radar, HF scattering Ottawa D. McNamara antennas; computational EM; microwave circuitsQueen’s A. Freundorfer integrated antennas; antenna measurements

Royal Military College of Canada (RMC)

Y. Antar* antennas; EBG structures; DRAs; polarization radar; remote sensing; EM scattering; RCS; radio wave propagation,

J. Bray transmitarrays, substrate lens antennas, low-temperature co-fi red ceramics, microwave ferrites, radar

Simon Fraser R. Vaughan antenna theory and design; radiowave propagation * Y. Antar has a cross-appointment at Queen’s University



Toronto

G. Eleftheriades EM metamaterials; transformation optics; small antennas and components for broadband wireless communications; novel antenna beam-steering techniques; plasmonic and nanoscale optical components; and fundamental EM theory

S. Hum reconfi gurable antennas and RF systems; antenna arrays; and antennas for space applications

C. Sarris numerical EM, with emphasis on high-order, multiscale/multiphysics computational methods; modeling and optimization under stochastic uncertainty; applications of time-domain analysis to wireless channel modeling

K. Balmain (emeritus)

antennas in plasma; log-periodic antennas; steerable-beam directive antennas; method of moments; broadcast re-radiation;

M. Mojahedi matter-wave interactions; metamaterials; photonic crystals; dispersion engineering; fundamental EM theory; periodic structures; novel EM materials;

Université de Québec en Abiti-Témisquamingue(UQAT)

G. Delisle EM; radar; propagation

Université de Québec en Outaouais (UQO)

L. Talbi microwave and UHF technology; radiometric measurements

Victoria

J. Bornemann RF/wireless/microwave/millimeter-wave components for antennas feed systems; ultra-wideband and multi-band RF systems in modern integrated circuits; EM-based computer-aided antenna and component design

W. Hoefer (emeritus)

microwave, millimeter wave, optical theory and applications; computational EM and numerical fi eld modeling; metamaterials; superresolution imaging

M. Stuchly (emeritus)

applied EM; numerical modeling of interactions of EM fi elds with biological systems

Waterloo

R. MacPhie (emeritus)

phased array antennas; radio astronomy; electromagnetic scattering; multiplicative array systems

O. Ramahi radiating systems; theoretical and computational EM; biomedical applications of EM; material measurements

S. Safavi-Naeini

RF/Microwave/mm-wave/THz systems, devices, and novel EM materials; computational EM and photonics; microwave and millimeter wave planar circuits and antenna systems; complex propagation and scattering phenomena; wireless communication systems (RF technologies, antenna, and propagation modeling)





Lakehead H. El-Ocla wave propagation; scattering and RCS; random media effects; radar detection of real targets

Manitoba

G. Bridges computational EMI. Ciric EM scattering, EM analysis J. LoVetri applied EM; computational EM, microwave imaging; microwave tomography; EM

scatteringP. Mojabi antenna design; EM inversion; imaging and remote sensingV. Okhmatovski applied and computational EML. Shafai applied EM; antenna design; microstrip antenna design; refl ector feed design;

waveguide horn antennas; EBG structures

McMaster

J. Bandler(emeritus)

CAD/CAE of electronic, RF, wireless, microwave, high-speed and mixed signal circuits and systems; space-mapping and surrogate model optimization

M. Bakr computer-aided modeling and design of microwave and mm-wave circuits; computational electrodynamics; high-frequency EM simulators

N. Nikolova computational electrodynamics; high-frequency EM simulators, computer-aided analysis and design in microwave and millimeter-wave engineering; printed antennas

T. Field EM scattering and propagation in random media; radar scattering

McGill

R. Abhari integrated antennas and multi-antenna systems; microwave and mm-wave circuits; EBG structures and metamaterials

S. J. McFee computer modeling simulation and visualization of electromagnetic fi elds in microwave; fi nite element methods

T. Pavlasek (emeritus)

scattering and diffraction of EM and acoustic waves; near-fi eld behavior of antennas; numerical modeling of complex antenna systems

M. Popovic computational EM for biological applications; antenna design and the related numerical EM methods

J. Webb computational EM, especially for RF/microwave applications; fi nite element methodsMemorial E. Gill HF ground-wave radar, HF scattering Ottawa D. McNamara antennas; computational EM; microwave circuitsQueen’s A. Freundorfer integrated antennas; antenna measurements

Royal Military College of Canada (RMC)

Y. Antar* antennas; EBG structures; DRAs; polarization radar; remote sensing; EM scattering; RCS; radio wave propagation,

J. Bray transmitarrays, substrate lens antennas, low-temperature co-fi red ceramics, microwave ferrites, radar

Simon Fraser R. Vaughan antenna theory and design; radiowave propagation * Y. Antar has a cross-appointment at Queen’s University



Toronto

G. Eleftheriades EM metamaterials; transformation optics; small antennas and components for broadband wireless communications; novel antenna beam-steering techniques; plasmonic and nanoscale optical components; and fundamental EM theory

S. Hum reconfi gurable antennas and RF systems; antenna arrays; and antennas for space applications

C. Sarris numerical EM, with emphasis on high-order, multiscale/multiphysics computational methods; modeling and optimization under stochastic uncertainty; applications of time-domain analysis to wireless channel modeling

K. Balmain (emeritus)

antennas in plasma; log-periodic antennas; steerable-beam directive antennas; method of moments; broadcast re-radiation;

M. Mojahedi matter-wave interactions; metamaterials; photonic crystals; dispersion engineering; fundamental EM theory; periodic structures; novel EM materials;

Université de Québec en Abiti-Témisquamingue(UQAT)

G. Delisle EM; radar; propagation

Université de Québec en Outaouais (UQO)

L. Talbi microwave and UHF technology; radiometric measurements

Victoria

J. Bornemann RF/wireless/microwave/millimeter-wave components for antennas feed systems; ultra-wideband and multi-band RF systems in modern integrated circuits; EM-based computer-aided antenna and component design

W. Hoefer (emeritus)

microwave, millimeter wave, optical theory and applications; computational EM and numerical fi eld modeling; metamaterials; superresolution imaging

M. Stuchly (emeritus)

applied EM; numerical modeling of interactions of EM fi elds with biological systems

Waterloo

R. MacPhie (emeritus)

phased array antennas; radio astronomy; electromagnetic scattering; multiplicative array systems

O. Ramahi radiating systems; theoretical and computational EM; biomedical applications of EM; material measurements

S. Safavi-Naeini

RF/Microwave/mm-wave/THz systems, devices, and novel EM materials; computational EM and photonics; microwave and millimeter wave planar circuits and antenna systems; complex propagation and scattering phenomena; wireless communication systems (RF technologies, antenna, and propagation modeling)



Table 2. Major areas of research in antennas and propagation in Canadian federal government labs.

Government Lab Research Activities

Communications Research Centre Canada (CRC)(Department of Industry)

dielectric resonator antennaselectrically small antennasearth-space propagationholographic antennasionospheric propagationlow-profi le microstrip antennas and arraysMIMO channel modelingmm-wave antennasperiodic structures (EBGs, FSSs)reconfi gurable antennasrefl ectarraysterrestrial propagationthin lens antennaswideband and ultra-wideband antennas

Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC)(Department of National Defence)

antenna systems for direction fi ndingcircular polarized antennas and arrayselectromagnetic scatteringelectromagnetic modelinghigh-power electromagneticsphased array analysisradar, RCSwideband and ultra-wideband antennas

Canadian Space Agency (CSA)antenna measurementsspace-based antenna designssynthetic aperture radar (SAR) antennas

Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory(National Research Council)

antennas for radio astronomyphased array design and analysisphased array feedsrefl ector antenna analysisVivaldi antennas

wave antennas [11], the design of volumetric metamaterials that can support dual polarization [12], the design of lenses with sub-wavelength focusing [13, 14], and the design of a compact multi-band dipole [15].

5. Refl ectarrays, Transmitarrays, and Frequency-Selective Surfaces

A refl ectarray – usually formed by a planar array of printed microstrip patches on a metal-backed dielectric sheet and fed with a low-gain antenna – combines the advantages of a planar array and the performance of a conventional curved metal refl ector. Although fi rst proposed in the early 1960s [16], considerable research on this technology did not begin until the 1990s. Transmitarrays, or thin lenses, consist of two or more printed layers of metallic patches or grids that can be designed as gratings or as lenses. They offer a much lower profi le and lighter weight than conventional dielectric-lens antennas, especially for lower-frequency designs. An increase in research activity on developing thin-lens technology has occurred over the last fi ve years. A frequency-selective sur-face (FSS) can consist of as little as a single layer of periodi-

Table 3. Current research activities in Canadian institutes.

Research Activity InstitutesAntenna Measurements Calgary, CSA, OttawaCarbon Nanotubes-, Graphene-Based Antennas and Analysis Concordia, École Polytechnique

Computational EM; Modeling Calgary, Dalhousie, CRC, Manitoba, McGill, McMaster, Toronto, Victoria

Dielectric Resonator Antennas Concordia, CRC, INRS, Manitoba, Ottawa, RMC, Saskatchewan, UQAT, UQO, Waterloo

EBG Structures Concordia, CRC, INRS, Manitoba, McGill, RMC, Saskatchewan, WaterlooElectromagnetic Imaging for Biomedical Applications Calgary, École Polytechnique, Manitoba, McGill, McMaster

Leaky-Wave Antennas École Polytechnique, Queen’s, RMC, TorontoMetamaterials; Metamaterial-Based Microwave Devices; Metasurfaces Alberta, Concordia, École Polytechnique, INRS, Toronto, Waterloo

Millimeter-Wave Antennas Alberta, Carleton, Concordia, CRC, Dalhousie, École Polytechnique, INRS, McGill, Waterloo, UQAT, UQO, Victoria

MIMO Antenna Arrays and Analysis

Concordia, CRC, Dalhousie, INRS, McMaster, Toronto, Saskatchewan, Simon Fraser, UBC, UQAT

Propagation Measurements and Modeling

Concordia, CRC, Laval, Lakehead, RMC, Saskatchewan, Toronto, UBC, UQAT, Waterloo

Radar; RCS Alberta, DRDC, Lakehead, Memorial, RMC

Reconfi gurable Antennas Alberta, Calgary, CRC, INRS, Manitoba, McGill, Ottawa, Simon Fraser, Toronto

Refl ectarrays, Transmitarrays, FSSs Alberta, Calgary, CRC, Ecole Polytechnique, Manitoba, Ottawa, TorontoSIW-based Antennas and Components École Polytechnique, Manitoba, McGill, Waterloo

UWB Antennas and Components Alberta, CRC, Concordia, DRDC, École Polytechnique, McMaster, Queen’s, INRS, Manitoba, RMC, UQAT

cally spaced elements (dipoles, patches, slots, etc.), allowing specifi cally polarized waves to pass through or be refl ected at the design frequency. Frequency-selective surfaces can be used as polarization fi lters or spatial fi lters to enhance antenna performance, or for multi-band applications, where they appear transparent at certain frequencies and opaque at others. Canadian researchers from various institutes have made sig-nifi cant contribution to all of these technologies for several years (see Table 3). In the last three years, developments on refl ectarrays include electronically reconfi gurable refl ectar rays [17, 18], wideband single-layer designs [19, 20], refl ec tarrays designed using sub-wavelength elements [21-23], low-cost refl ectarray designs [24], refl ectarray element thinning [25], and advances in general refl ectarray analysis [26, 27].

Contributions to transmitarrays or thin lenses include the development of thin phase-shifting surfaces [28-31], wideband refl ectarrays [32], the design of reconfi gurable transmitarrays [33-37], and circular polarized transmitarray designs [38-40]. Work on frequency-selective surface structures has focused on circularly polarized selective surfaces (CPSS) [41-43], and partially refl ecting frequency-selective surfaces as superstrates [44].



Table 2. Major areas of research in antennas and propagation in Canadian federal government labs.

Government Lab Research Activities

Communications Research Centre Canada (CRC)(Department of Industry)

dielectric resonator antennaselectrically small antennasearth-space propagationholographic antennasionospheric propagationlow-profi le microstrip antennas and arraysMIMO channel modelingmm-wave antennasperiodic structures (EBGs, FSSs)reconfi gurable antennasrefl ectarraysterrestrial propagationthin lens antennaswideband and ultra-wideband antennas

Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC)(Department of National Defence)

antenna systems for direction fi ndingcircular polarized antennas and arrayselectromagnetic scatteringelectromagnetic modelinghigh-power electromagneticsphased array analysisradar, RCSwideband and ultra-wideband antennas

Canadian Space Agency (CSA)antenna measurementsspace-based antenna designssynthetic aperture radar (SAR) antennas

Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory(National Research Council)

antennas for radio astronomyphased array design and analysisphased array feedsrefl ector antenna analysisVivaldi antennas

wave antennas [11], the design of volumetric metamaterials that can support dual polarization [12], the design of lenses with sub-wavelength focusing [13, 14], and the design of a compact multi-band dipole [15].

5. Refl ectarrays, Transmitarrays, and Frequency-Selective Surfaces

A refl ectarray – usually formed by a planar array of printed microstrip patches on a metal-backed dielectric sheet and fed with a low-gain antenna – combines the advantages of a planar array and the performance of a conventional curved metal refl ector. Although fi rst proposed in the early 1960s [16], considerable research on this technology did not begin until the 1990s. Transmitarrays, or thin lenses, consist of two or more printed layers of metallic patches or grids that can be designed as gratings or as lenses. They offer a much lower profi le and lighter weight than conventional dielectric-lens antennas, especially for lower-frequency designs. An increase in research activity on developing thin-lens technology has occurred over the last fi ve years. A frequency-selective sur-face (FSS) can consist of as little as a single layer of periodi-

Table 3. Current research activities in Canadian institutes.

Research Activity InstitutesAntenna Measurements Calgary, CSA, OttawaCarbon Nanotubes-, Graphene-Based Antennas and Analysis Concordia, École Polytechnique

Computational EM; Modeling Calgary, Dalhousie, CRC, Manitoba, McGill, McMaster, Toronto, Victoria

Dielectric Resonator Antennas Concordia, CRC, INRS, Manitoba, Ottawa, RMC, Saskatchewan, UQAT, UQO, Waterloo

EBG Structures Concordia, CRC, INRS, Manitoba, McGill, RMC, Saskatchewan, WaterlooElectromagnetic Imaging for Biomedical Applications Calgary, École Polytechnique, Manitoba, McGill, McMaster

Leaky-Wave Antennas École Polytechnique, Queen’s, RMC, TorontoMetamaterials; Metamaterial-Based Microwave Devices; Metasurfaces Alberta, Concordia, École Polytechnique, INRS, Toronto, Waterloo

Millimeter-Wave Antennas Alberta, Carleton, Concordia, CRC, Dalhousie, École Polytechnique, INRS, McGill, Waterloo, UQAT, UQO, Victoria

MIMO Antenna Arrays and Analysis

Concordia, CRC, Dalhousie, INRS, McMaster, Toronto, Saskatchewan, Simon Fraser, UBC, UQAT

Propagation Measurements and Modeling

Concordia, CRC, Laval, Lakehead, RMC, Saskatchewan, Toronto, UBC, UQAT, Waterloo

Radar; RCS Alberta, DRDC, Lakehead, Memorial, RMC

Reconfi gurable Antennas Alberta, Calgary, CRC, INRS, Manitoba, McGill, Ottawa, Simon Fraser, Toronto

Refl ectarrays, Transmitarrays, FSSs Alberta, Calgary, CRC, Ecole Polytechnique, Manitoba, Ottawa, TorontoSIW-based Antennas and Components École Polytechnique, Manitoba, McGill, Waterloo

UWB Antennas and Components Alberta, CRC, Concordia, DRDC, École Polytechnique, McMaster, Queen’s, INRS, Manitoba, RMC, UQAT

cally spaced elements (dipoles, patches, slots, etc.), allowing specifi cally polarized waves to pass through or be refl ected at the design frequency. Frequency-selective surfaces can be used as polarization fi lters or spatial fi lters to enhance antenna performance, or for multi-band applications, where they appear transparent at certain frequencies and opaque at others. Canadian researchers from various institutes have made sig-nifi cant contribution to all of these technologies for several years (see Table 3). In the last three years, developments on refl ectarrays include electronically reconfi gurable refl ectar rays [17, 18], wideband single-layer designs [19, 20], refl ec tarrays designed using sub-wavelength elements [21-23], low-cost refl ectarray designs [24], refl ectarray element thinning [25], and advances in general refl ectarray analysis [26, 27].

Contributions to transmitarrays or thin lenses include the development of thin phase-shifting surfaces [28-31], wideband refl ectarrays [32], the design of reconfi gurable transmitarrays [33-37], and circular polarized transmitarray designs [38-40]. Work on frequency-selective surface structures has focused on circularly polarized selective surfaces (CPSS) [41-43], and partially refl ecting frequency-selective surfaces as superstrates [44].



6. Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRAs)

Dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) are one of the more recent antennas to be developed, starting in the early 1980s with publications describing cylindrical, rectangular, and hemispherical dielectric resonator antennas [45-47]. A recent article provided an extensive review of the history and current state-of-the-art in dielectric resonator antenna technology [48]. Canadian researchers have been among the leaders in the analysis and development of dielectric resonator antennas since the late 1980s, making signifi cant contributions to the development of dielectric resonator antenna arrays, wideband dielectric resonator antennas, mm-wave dielectric resonator antennas, and reconfi gurable dielectric resonator antennas. Some of the most recent research activities include the design of wideband circular-polarized or dual-polarized dielectric resonator antennas [49-52], the development of novel fabrica-tion techniques [53], dielectric resonator antennas for wide-band and ultra-wideband (UWB) applications [54-57], dielec-tric resonator antennas with enhanced gain [58-60], designs for millimeter-wave applications [61-64], and dielectric reso nator antennas with frequency agility [65].

7. Reconfi gurable Antennas

Reconfi gurable antennas usually refer to antennas the frequency, pattern shape, or polarization of which can be dynamically controlled by directly affecting the radiating ele ment (as opposed to a phased array, where beam patterns are controlled by adding electronic phase shifters to the feed net work). Techniques for designing reconfi gurable antennas include the use of actuators to change the physical dimensions of the radiator; incorporation of tunable materials (such as ferrites, ferroelectrics, or liquid crystals); or the integration of active devices (such as PIN diodes, transistors, or MEMS devices). With ever-growing demands on limited available terrestrial wireless spectrum, many systems (such as cognitive radio) are looking to reconfi gurable antennas to help mitigate interference or improve system capacity. Many military com-munication systems could also benefi t from the use of recon-fi gurable antennas, to reduce or eliminate the need for multi-ple antennas, especially for portable communication applica-tions. The last few years have thus seen a signifi cant increase in activity in the design and development of new reconfi gur-able antennas. Canadian activities have focused on many areas. New frequency-agile antenna elements include micro-strip antennas [66-69], dielectric resonator antennas [65], disc monopole antennas [70], and tunable refl ectarray elements [17, 71]. Pattern reconfi gurable antennas include substrate-integrated-waveguide (SIW) leaky-wave antennas [72], pat-tern-reconfi gurable refl ectarrays or transmitarrays [35-37, 73], frequency-selective surfaces with beam-switching capabilities [74, 75], helical antennas [76], microstrip patches [77], mono-poles [78], adaptive surfaces [79], and EBG-based designs [80, 81]. A microstrip patch antenna with circular polarization agility has also been designed [82].

8. Propagation

Canada has a long history of studying the propagation of electromagnetic waves, dating back to studies of the iono sphere starting in the 1940s. Current activities in propagation include both measurements and modeling in various space or terrestrial environments. Communications in the Canadian North are still of signifi cant importance, with emphasis now being placed on satellite-based systems. Activities in space propagation include the study of ionospheric propagation [83, 84], the study of Earth-space propagation impairments at low-angle paths [85], Earth-space propagation experiments at 20 GHz [86], the study of fade dynamics between Earth-space propagation paths [87-89], and the study of land mobile satel lite propagation channel models [90]. With the proliferation of hand-held devices and terrestrial wireless communications, a great deal of emphasis has also been placed on the study of propagation in urban environments. Extensive studies have been carried out on MIMO channel models [91-94], vehicular-based propagation [95-99], macro- and micro-cellular envi ronments [100-104]. Finally, a signifi cant amount of activity has also been focused on propagation in underground mine environments, from UHF to millimeter-wave frequencies [105-109].

9. Summary

Over the years, Canada has made signifi cant and lasting contributions to the research and development of various antenna technologies, and to the study and modeling of elec-tromagnetic propagation. This article has provided a brief overview of the most recent research activities, as well as a more in-depth look at a few selected areas.

10. Acknowledgments

The author wishes to thank Drs. César Amaya and David Rogers of the Communications Research Centre Canada for their advice and inputs regarding propagation activities in Canada. Finally, although considerable effort went into gath-ering data for this survey, it was diffi cult to capture all the related research activities currently underway in Canada, and the author apologizes for any omissions that might have occurred.

11. References

1. C. Kudsia, L. Keyes, A. Stajcer, R. Douville, and M. Nakhla, “Microwave in Canada,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, May 2012, pp. 87-106.

2. Y. M. M. Antar, A. Hendry, and G. C. McCormick, “Cir cular Polarization for Remote Sensing of Precipitation: Polari zation Diversity Work at the National Research Council of Canada,”

IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 34, 6, December 1992, pp. 7-16.

3. G. Kleine, “Coilable Extensible Apparatus,” US Patent 3,144,215, August 11, 1964.

4. E. Amyotte, Y. Demers, L. Hildebrand, M. Forest, S. Riendeau, S. Sierra-Carcia, and J. Uher, “Recent Develop-ments in Ka-Band Satellite Antennas for Broadband Commu-nications,” 4th European Conference on Antennas and Propa-gation EUCAP 2010 Digest, Barcelona, Spain, April 2010.

5. A. Fourmault, J. Uher, P. Allan, C. Grenie, and P. Arsenault, “Active Phase Array SAR Antennas,” IEEE Inter national Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto Canada, July 2010.

6. J. Uher, Y. Demers, S. Richard, “Complex Feed Chains for Satellite Antenna Applications at Ku- and Ka-Bands,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto Canada, July 2010.

7. G. V. Eleftheriades and M. Selvanayagam, “Transforming Electromagnetics Using Metamaterials,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, March/April 2012, pp. 26-38.

8. C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials, Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications, New York, Wiley and IEEE Press, 2006.

9. G. V. Eleftheriades and K. G. Balmain (eds.), Negative-Refraction Metamaterials, New York, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2005.

10. S. Gupta and C. Caloz, “Highly Dispersive Delay Struc ture Exploiting the Tight Coupling Property of the CRLH-CRLH Coupler for Enhanced Resolution Analog Signal Proc essing,” IEEE International Microwave Symposium IMS-2012 Digest, Montreal, Canada, June, 2012.

11. H. V. Nguyen, S. Abielmona, and C. Caloz, “Performance-Enhanced and Symmetric Full-Space Scanning End-Switched CRLH LWA,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 10, 2011, pp. 709-712.

12. M. Selvanayagam, G. V. Eleftheriades, “A Dual-Polarized Transmission-Line Metamaterial Unit Cell,” IEEE Interna-tional Microwave Symposium IMS-2012 Digest, Montreal, Canada, June, 2012.

13. L. Markley and G. V. Eleftheriades, “Meta-Screens and Near-Field Antenna Arrays: A new Perspective on Subwave-length Focusing and Imaging,” Metamaterials, 5, 2-3, June-September 2011, pp. 97-106.

14. K. Iyer and G. V. Eleftheriades, “Free-Space Imaging Beyond the Diffraction Limit using a Veselago-Pendry Transmission-line Metamaterial Superlens,” IEEE Transac tions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-57, 6, June 2009, pp. 1720-1727.

15. M. A. Antoniades and G. V. Elftheriades, “Multi-Band Compact Printed Dipole Antennas Using NRI-TL Metamate rial Loading,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propaga tion, available online 2012.

16. D. Berry, R. Malech, and W. Kennedy, “The Refl ectarray Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-6, 11, November 1963, pp. 645-651.

17. C. Liu and S. V. Hum, “An Electronically Tunable Single-Layer Refl ectarray Element with Improved Bandwidth,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 9, 2010, pp. 1241-1244.

18. K. K. Kishor and S. V. Hum, “An Amplifying Reconfi gur-able Refl ectarray Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-60, 1, January 2012, pp. 197-205.

19. M. R. Chaharmir, J. Shaker, N. Gagnon, and D. Lee, “Design of Broadband, Single Layer Dual-Band Large Refl ectarray Using Mutli Open Loop Elements,” IEEE Trans actions on Antennas and Propagation, 58, 9, September 2011, pp. 2875-2883.

20. M. Mohammadirad, N. Komjani, M. R. Chaharmir, J. Shaker, and A. R. Sebak, “Impact of Feed Position on the Operating Band of Broadband Refl ectarray Antenna,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, available online, 2012.

21. J. Ethier, M. R. Chaharmir, and J. Shaker, “Loss Reduc-tion in Refl ectarray Designs Using Sub-Wavelength Coupled-Resonator Elements,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, available online 2012.

22. J. Ethier, M. R. Chaharmir, and J. Shaker, “Refl ectarray Design Comprised of Sub-Wavelength Coupled-Resonant Square Loop Elements,” IET Electronics Letters, 47, 22, October 2011, pp. 1215-1217.

23. J. Ethier, D. A. McNamara, M. R. Chaharmir, and J. Shaker, “Refl ectarray Design Using Similarity-Shaped Frag mented Sub-Wavelength Elements,” IET Electronics Letters, 48, 15, July 2012, pp. 900-902.

24. J. Ethier, M. R. Chaharmir, J. Shaker and D. Lee, “Devel-opment of Novel Low-Cost Refl ectarrays,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 54, 3, June 2012, pp. 277-287.

25. J. Ethier, M. R. Chaharmir, and J. Shaker, “Refl ectarray Thinning Using Sub-Wavelength Coupled-Resonant Ele-ments,” IET Electronics Letters, 48, 7, March 2012, pp. 359-360.

26. E. Almajali, D. McNamara, J. Shaker, and M. R. Chaharmir, “Derivation and Validation of the Basic Design Equations for Symmetric Sub-Refl ectarrays,” IEEE Transac tions on Antennas and Propagation, 60, 5, May 2012, pp. 2336-2346.



6. Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRAs)

Dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) are one of the more recent antennas to be developed, starting in the early 1980s with publications describing cylindrical, rectangular, and hemispherical dielectric resonator antennas [45-47]. A recent article provided an extensive review of the history and current state-of-the-art in dielectric resonator antenna technology [48]. Canadian researchers have been among the leaders in the analysis and development of dielectric resonator antennas since the late 1980s, making signifi cant contributions to the development of dielectric resonator antenna arrays, wideband dielectric resonator antennas, mm-wave dielectric resonator antennas, and reconfi gurable dielectric resonator antennas. Some of the most recent research activities include the design of wideband circular-polarized or dual-polarized dielectric resonator antennas [49-52], the development of novel fabrica-tion techniques [53], dielectric resonator antennas for wide-band and ultra-wideband (UWB) applications [54-57], dielec-tric resonator antennas with enhanced gain [58-60], designs for millimeter-wave applications [61-64], and dielectric reso nator antennas with frequency agility [65].

7. Reconfi gurable Antennas

Reconfi gurable antennas usually refer to antennas the frequency, pattern shape, or polarization of which can be dynamically controlled by directly affecting the radiating ele ment (as opposed to a phased array, where beam patterns are controlled by adding electronic phase shifters to the feed net work). Techniques for designing reconfi gurable antennas include the use of actuators to change the physical dimensions of the radiator; incorporation of tunable materials (such as ferrites, ferroelectrics, or liquid crystals); or the integration of active devices (such as PIN diodes, transistors, or MEMS devices). With ever-growing demands on limited available terrestrial wireless spectrum, many systems (such as cognitive radio) are looking to reconfi gurable antennas to help mitigate interference or improve system capacity. Many military com-munication systems could also benefi t from the use of recon-fi gurable antennas, to reduce or eliminate the need for multi-ple antennas, especially for portable communication applica-tions. The last few years have thus seen a signifi cant increase in activity in the design and development of new reconfi gur-able antennas. Canadian activities have focused on many areas. New frequency-agile antenna elements include micro-strip antennas [66-69], dielectric resonator antennas [65], disc monopole antennas [70], and tunable refl ectarray elements [17, 71]. Pattern reconfi gurable antennas include substrate-integrated-waveguide (SIW) leaky-wave antennas [72], pat-tern-reconfi gurable refl ectarrays or transmitarrays [35-37, 73], frequency-selective surfaces with beam-switching capabilities [74, 75], helical antennas [76], microstrip patches [77], mono-poles [78], adaptive surfaces [79], and EBG-based designs [80, 81]. A microstrip patch antenna with circular polarization agility has also been designed [82].

8. Propagation

Canada has a long history of studying the propagation of electromagnetic waves, dating back to studies of the iono sphere starting in the 1940s. Current activities in propagation include both measurements and modeling in various space or terrestrial environments. Communications in the Canadian North are still of signifi cant importance, with emphasis now being placed on satellite-based systems. Activities in space propagation include the study of ionospheric propagation [83, 84], the study of Earth-space propagation impairments at low-angle paths [85], Earth-space propagation experiments at 20 GHz [86], the study of fade dynamics between Earth-space propagation paths [87-89], and the study of land mobile satel lite propagation channel models [90]. With the proliferation of hand-held devices and terrestrial wireless communications, a great deal of emphasis has also been placed on the study of propagation in urban environments. Extensive studies have been carried out on MIMO channel models [91-94], vehicular-based propagation [95-99], macro- and micro-cellular envi ronments [100-104]. Finally, a signifi cant amount of activity has also been focused on propagation in underground mine environments, from UHF to millimeter-wave frequencies [105-109].

9. Summary

Over the years, Canada has made signifi cant and lasting contributions to the research and development of various antenna technologies, and to the study and modeling of elec-tromagnetic propagation. This article has provided a brief overview of the most recent research activities, as well as a more in-depth look at a few selected areas.

10. Acknowledgments

The author wishes to thank Drs. César Amaya and David Rogers of the Communications Research Centre Canada for their advice and inputs regarding propagation activities in Canada. Finally, although considerable effort went into gath-ering data for this survey, it was diffi cult to capture all the related research activities currently underway in Canada, and the author apologizes for any omissions that might have occurred.

11. References

1. C. Kudsia, L. Keyes, A. Stajcer, R. Douville, and M. Nakhla, “Microwave in Canada,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, May 2012, pp. 87-106.

2. Y. M. M. Antar, A. Hendry, and G. C. McCormick, “Cir cular Polarization for Remote Sensing of Precipitation: Polari zation Diversity Work at the National Research Council of Canada,”

IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 34, 6, December 1992, pp. 7-16.

3. G. Kleine, “Coilable Extensible Apparatus,” US Patent 3,144,215, August 11, 1964.

4. E. Amyotte, Y. Demers, L. Hildebrand, M. Forest, S. Riendeau, S. Sierra-Carcia, and J. Uher, “Recent Develop-ments in Ka-Band Satellite Antennas for Broadband Commu-nications,” 4th European Conference on Antennas and Propa-gation EUCAP 2010 Digest, Barcelona, Spain, April 2010.

5. A. Fourmault, J. Uher, P. Allan, C. Grenie, and P. Arsenault, “Active Phase Array SAR Antennas,” IEEE Inter national Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto Canada, July 2010.

6. J. Uher, Y. Demers, S. Richard, “Complex Feed Chains for Satellite Antenna Applications at Ku- and Ka-Bands,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto Canada, July 2010.

7. G. V. Eleftheriades and M. Selvanayagam, “Transforming Electromagnetics Using Metamaterials,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, March/April 2012, pp. 26-38.

8. C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials, Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications, New York, Wiley and IEEE Press, 2006.

9. G. V. Eleftheriades and K. G. Balmain (eds.), Negative-Refraction Metamaterials, New York, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2005.

10. S. Gupta and C. Caloz, “Highly Dispersive Delay Struc ture Exploiting the Tight Coupling Property of the CRLH-CRLH Coupler for Enhanced Resolution Analog Signal Proc essing,” IEEE International Microwave Symposium IMS-2012 Digest, Montreal, Canada, June, 2012.

11. H. V. Nguyen, S. Abielmona, and C. Caloz, “Performance-Enhanced and Symmetric Full-Space Scanning End-Switched CRLH LWA,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 10, 2011, pp. 709-712.

12. M. Selvanayagam, G. V. Eleftheriades, “A Dual-Polarized Transmission-Line Metamaterial Unit Cell,” IEEE Interna-tional Microwave Symposium IMS-2012 Digest, Montreal, Canada, June, 2012.

13. L. Markley and G. V. Eleftheriades, “Meta-Screens and Near-Field Antenna Arrays: A new Perspective on Subwave-length Focusing and Imaging,” Metamaterials, 5, 2-3, June-September 2011, pp. 97-106.

14. K. Iyer and G. V. Eleftheriades, “Free-Space Imaging Beyond the Diffraction Limit using a Veselago-Pendry Transmission-line Metamaterial Superlens,” IEEE Transac tions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-57, 6, June 2009, pp. 1720-1727.

15. M. A. Antoniades and G. V. Elftheriades, “Multi-Band Compact Printed Dipole Antennas Using NRI-TL Metamate rial Loading,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propaga tion, available online 2012.

16. D. Berry, R. Malech, and W. Kennedy, “The Refl ectarray Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-6, 11, November 1963, pp. 645-651.

17. C. Liu and S. V. Hum, “An Electronically Tunable Single-Layer Refl ectarray Element with Improved Bandwidth,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 9, 2010, pp. 1241-1244.

18. K. K. Kishor and S. V. Hum, “An Amplifying Reconfi gur-able Refl ectarray Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-60, 1, January 2012, pp. 197-205.

19. M. R. Chaharmir, J. Shaker, N. Gagnon, and D. Lee, “Design of Broadband, Single Layer Dual-Band Large Refl ectarray Using Mutli Open Loop Elements,” IEEE Trans actions on Antennas and Propagation, 58, 9, September 2011, pp. 2875-2883.

20. M. Mohammadirad, N. Komjani, M. R. Chaharmir, J. Shaker, and A. R. Sebak, “Impact of Feed Position on the Operating Band of Broadband Refl ectarray Antenna,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, available online, 2012.

21. J. Ethier, M. R. Chaharmir, and J. Shaker, “Loss Reduc-tion in Refl ectarray Designs Using Sub-Wavelength Coupled-Resonator Elements,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, available online 2012.

22. J. Ethier, M. R. Chaharmir, and J. Shaker, “Refl ectarray Design Comprised of Sub-Wavelength Coupled-Resonant Square Loop Elements,” IET Electronics Letters, 47, 22, October 2011, pp. 1215-1217.

23. J. Ethier, D. A. McNamara, M. R. Chaharmir, and J. Shaker, “Refl ectarray Design Using Similarity-Shaped Frag mented Sub-Wavelength Elements,” IET Electronics Letters, 48, 15, July 2012, pp. 900-902.

24. J. Ethier, M. R. Chaharmir, J. Shaker and D. Lee, “Devel-opment of Novel Low-Cost Refl ectarrays,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 54, 3, June 2012, pp. 277-287.

25. J. Ethier, M. R. Chaharmir, and J. Shaker, “Refl ectarray Thinning Using Sub-Wavelength Coupled-Resonant Ele-ments,” IET Electronics Letters, 48, 7, March 2012, pp. 359-360.

26. E. Almajali, D. McNamara, J. Shaker, and M. R. Chaharmir, “Derivation and Validation of the Basic Design Equations for Symmetric Sub-Refl ectarrays,” IEEE Transac tions on Antennas and Propagation, 60, 5, May 2012, pp. 2336-2346.



27. E. Almajali, D. A. McNamara, J. Shaker and M. R. Chaharmir, “On Beam Squint in Offset-Fed Refl ectarrays,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 11, 2012, pp. 937-940.

28. N. Gagnon, A. Petosa, and D. A. McNamara, “Printed Hybrid Lens Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-60, 5, May 2012, pp. 2514-2518.

29. N. Gagnon, A. Petosa, and D. A. McNamara, “Thin Microwave Phase-Shifting Surface Lens Antenna Made of Square Elements,” IET Electronics Letters, 46, 5, March 2010, pp. 327-329.

30. N. Gagnon, A. Petosa, and D. A. McNamara, “Thin Microwave Quasi-Transparent Phase-Shifting Surface (PSS),” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-58, 4, April 2010, pp. 1193-1201.

31. N. Gagnon, A. Petosa, and D. A. McNamara, “Thin Phase-Correcting Lens Antennas Made Using a Three-Layer Phase-Shifting Surface (PSS) at Ka Band,” International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics ANTEM 2010 Digest, Ottawa, Canada, August 2010.

32. C. G. M. Ryan, M. R. Chaharmir, J. Shaker, J. Bray, Y. M. M. Antar, and A. Ittipiboon, “A Wideband Transmitarray Using Dual-Resonant Double Square Rings,” IEEE Transac tions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-58, 5, May 2010, pp. 1486-1493.

33] H. Nematollahi and J. J. Laurin, “In-Flight Reconfi gurable Refl ector Antenna Based on Transmit-Array Feeding System,” 33rd ESA Antenna Workshop Digest, Noorwdwijk, The Neth-erlands, October 2011.

34. J. Y. Lau and S. V. Hum, “A Planar Reconfi gurable Aperture With Lens and Refl ectarray Modes of Operation,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 58, 12, December 2010, pp. 3547-3555.

35. J. Y. Lau and S. V. Hum, “Analysis and Characterization of a Multipole Reconfi gurable Transmitarray Element,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-60, 1, Janu ary 2012, pp. 197-205.

36. J. Y. Lau and S. V. Hum, “Reconfi gurable Transmitarray Design Approaches for Beamforming Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, available online 2012.

37. J. Y. Lau and S. V. Hum, “A Wideband Reconfi gurable Transmitarray Element,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-60, 3, March 2012, pp. 1303-1311.

38. R. H. Phillion and M. Okoniewski, “Bandwidth of Circu-larly Polarized Refl ectarray and Array Lens Elements,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Charleston, SC, July 2009.

39. R. H. Phillion and M. Okoniewski, “Lenses for Circular Polarization Using Planar Arrays of Rotated Passive Ele ments,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-59, 4, April 2011, pp. 1217-1227.

40. M. A. Joyal and J. J. Laurin, “Design of Thin Circular Polarizers,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Spokane, WA, July 2011.

41. M. A. Joyal and J. J. Laurin, “A Cascaded Circular-Polari-zation-Selective Surface at K band,” IEEE International Sym-posium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Spokane, WA, July 2011.

42. J. E. Roy, “New Analysis of a Reciprocal Left Hand Cir cular Polarization Selective Surface (LHCPSS),” IEEE Inter national Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Charleston, SC, July 2009.

43. J. E. Roy, “A New CPSS Element,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Chicago IL, July 2012.

44. A. Foroozesh and L. Shafai, “On the Design of High-Gain Resonant Cavity Antennas Using Different Highly-Refl ective Frequency Selective Surfaces as the Superstrates,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

45. S. A. Long, M. W. McAllister, and L. C. Shen, “The Resonant Cylindrical Dielectric Cavity Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-31, 3, March 1983, pp. 406-412.

46. M. W. McAllister and S. A. Long, “Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna,” IEE Electronics Letters, 19, 6, March 1983, pp. 218-219.

47. M. W. McAllister and S. A. Long, “Resonant Hemispheri cal Dielectric Resonator Antenna,” IEE Electronics Letters, 20, 16, August 1984, pp. 657 -659.

48. A. Petosa and A. Ittipiboon, “Dielectric Resonator Anten-nas: A Historical Review and the Current State of the Art,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 52, 5, October 2010, pp. 91-116.

49. G. Massie, M. Caillet, M. Clenet, and Y.M.M. Antar, “A New Wideband Circularly Polarized Hybrid Dielectric Reso-nator Antenna,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 9, 2010, pp. 347-350.

50. M. Khalily, M. K. Rahim, and A. A. Kishk, “Planar Wide-band Circularly Polarized Antenna Design with Rectangular Ring Dielectric Resonator and Parasitic Printed Loops,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 11, 2012, pp. 905-908.

51. O. M. Haraz and A. R. Sebak, “A Novel Circularly Polar-ized Dielectric Resonator Antenna for UWB,” IEEE Interna-tional Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto Canada, July 2010.

52. O. M. Haraz, A. R. Sebak, and T. A. Denidni, “Dual-Polarised Dielectric-Loaded Monopole Antenna for Wideband Communication Applications,” IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, 6, 6, 2012, pp. 663-669.

53. A. Rashidian, D. M. Klymyshyn, M. T. Aligodarz, M. Boerner, and J. Mohr, “Photoresist-Based Polymer Resonator Antennas: Lithography Fabrication, Strip-Fed Excitation, and Multimode Operation,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 43, 4, August 2011, pp. 16-27.

54. T. A. Denidni and Z. Weng, “Hybrid Ultrawideband Dielectric Resonator Antenna and Band-Notch Designs,” IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, 5, 4, pp. 450 458.

55. M. Niroo-Jazi and T. A. Denidni, “Experimental Investi-gations of a Novel Ultrawideband Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Rejection Band using Hybrid Techniques,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 11, 2012, pp. 492-495.

56. D. Guha, B. Gupta, and Y.M.M. Antar, “Hybrid Mono-pole-DRAs Using Hemispherical/Conical-Shaped Dielectric Ring Resonators: Improved Ultrawideband Designs,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-60, 1, Janu ary 2012, pp. 393-398.

57. A. Rashidian, L. Shafai, and D. Klymyshyn, “Compact Wideband Multimode Dielectric Resonator Antennas Fed with Parallel Standing Strips,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, available online 2012.

58. A. Petosa and A. Thirakoune, “Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antennas with Enhanced Gain,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-59, 4, April 2011, pp. 1385-1389.

59. D. Guha, A. Banerjee, C. Kumar, and Y. M. M. Antar, “Higher Order Mode Excitations for High-Gain Broadside Radiation from Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-60, 1, January 2012, pp. 71-77.

60. A. A. Kishk, “Directive Dielectric Resonator Antenna Excited by Probe or Narrow Slot,” IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium RWS Digest, Santa Clara, CA, January 2012, pp. 387-390.

61. W. M. Abdel-Wahab, D. Busuioc, and S. Safavi-Naeini, “Millimeter-Wave High Radiation Effi ciency Planar Waveguide Series-Fed Dielectric Resonator Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-59, 8, August 2011, pp. 2834-2843.

62. Y. Coulibaly, M. Nedil, L. Talbi, and T. A. Denidni, “Design of a mm-Wave Broadband CPW-Fed Stacked Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Underground Mining Com munication,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto Canada, July 2010.

63. H. Chorfi , M. Nedil, I. Ben Mabrouk, T. A. Denidni, and L. Talbi, “Design of a 60 GHz Dielectric Resonator Antenna Array Mounted on a Conformal Structure,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Chicago, IL, July 2012.

64. A. Petosa and S. Thirakoune, “Design of a 60 GHz Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Enhanced Gain,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

65. J. Desjardins, D. A. McNamara, S. Thirakoune, and A. Petosa, “Electronically Frequency-Reconfi gurable Rectangu lar Dielectric Resonator Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-60, 6, June 2012, pp. 2997-3002.

66. S. V. Hum and H. Y. Xiong, “Analysis and Design of a Differentially-Fed Frequency Agile Microstrip Patch Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-58, 10, October 2010, pp. 3122-3130.

67. S. J. Mazlouman, A. Mahanfar, C. Menon, and R. G. Vaughan, “Square Ring Antenna with Reconfi gurable Patch Using Shape Memory Alloy Actuation,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, available online 2012.

68. S. J. Mazlouman, X. J. Jiang, A. Mahanfar, C. Menon, and R. G. Vaughan, “A Reconfi gurable Patch Antenna Using Liq uid Metal Embedded in a Silicone Substrate,” IEEE Transac tions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-59, 12, December 2011, pp. 4406-4412.

69. W. Liu, D. G. Michelson, J. Malm, and S. Howkins, “Implementation of Reconfi gurable Patch Antennas Using Reed Switches,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 10, 2011, pp. 1023-1026.

70. E. Erfani, J. Nourinia, C. Ghobadi, M. Nirro-Jazi, and T. A. Denidni, “Design and Implementation of an Integrated UBW/Reconfi gurable-Slot Antenna for Cognitive Radio Applications,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Let-ters, 11, 2012, pp. 77-80.

71. H. Moghadas, M. Daneshmand, P. Mousavi, M. R. Chaharmir, and J. Shaker, “Dual-band MEMS-Tunable Slot-ted-Cross Refl ective Unit Cell with Orthogonal Polarization,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Chicago, IL, July 2012.

72. A. Suntives and S. V. Hum, “A Fixed-Frequency Beam-Steerable Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Leaky-Wave Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propa-gation, AP-60, 5, May 2012, pp. 2540-2544.



27. E. Almajali, D. A. McNamara, J. Shaker and M. R. Chaharmir, “On Beam Squint in Offset-Fed Refl ectarrays,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 11, 2012, pp. 937-940.

28. N. Gagnon, A. Petosa, and D. A. McNamara, “Printed Hybrid Lens Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-60, 5, May 2012, pp. 2514-2518.

29. N. Gagnon, A. Petosa, and D. A. McNamara, “Thin Microwave Phase-Shifting Surface Lens Antenna Made of Square Elements,” IET Electronics Letters, 46, 5, March 2010, pp. 327-329.

30. N. Gagnon, A. Petosa, and D. A. McNamara, “Thin Microwave Quasi-Transparent Phase-Shifting Surface (PSS),” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-58, 4, April 2010, pp. 1193-1201.

31. N. Gagnon, A. Petosa, and D. A. McNamara, “Thin Phase-Correcting Lens Antennas Made Using a Three-Layer Phase-Shifting Surface (PSS) at Ka Band,” International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics ANTEM 2010 Digest, Ottawa, Canada, August 2010.

32. C. G. M. Ryan, M. R. Chaharmir, J. Shaker, J. Bray, Y. M. M. Antar, and A. Ittipiboon, “A Wideband Transmitarray Using Dual-Resonant Double Square Rings,” IEEE Transac tions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-58, 5, May 2010, pp. 1486-1493.

33] H. Nematollahi and J. J. Laurin, “In-Flight Reconfi gurable Refl ector Antenna Based on Transmit-Array Feeding System,” 33rd ESA Antenna Workshop Digest, Noorwdwijk, The Neth-erlands, October 2011.

34. J. Y. Lau and S. V. Hum, “A Planar Reconfi gurable Aperture With Lens and Refl ectarray Modes of Operation,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 58, 12, December 2010, pp. 3547-3555.

35. J. Y. Lau and S. V. Hum, “Analysis and Characterization of a Multipole Reconfi gurable Transmitarray Element,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-60, 1, Janu ary 2012, pp. 197-205.

36. J. Y. Lau and S. V. Hum, “Reconfi gurable Transmitarray Design Approaches for Beamforming Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, available online 2012.

37. J. Y. Lau and S. V. Hum, “A Wideband Reconfi gurable Transmitarray Element,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-60, 3, March 2012, pp. 1303-1311.

38. R. H. Phillion and M. Okoniewski, “Bandwidth of Circu-larly Polarized Refl ectarray and Array Lens Elements,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Charleston, SC, July 2009.

39. R. H. Phillion and M. Okoniewski, “Lenses for Circular Polarization Using Planar Arrays of Rotated Passive Ele ments,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-59, 4, April 2011, pp. 1217-1227.

40. M. A. Joyal and J. J. Laurin, “Design of Thin Circular Polarizers,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Spokane, WA, July 2011.

41. M. A. Joyal and J. J. Laurin, “A Cascaded Circular-Polari-zation-Selective Surface at K band,” IEEE International Sym-posium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Spokane, WA, July 2011.

42. J. E. Roy, “New Analysis of a Reciprocal Left Hand Cir cular Polarization Selective Surface (LHCPSS),” IEEE Inter national Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Charleston, SC, July 2009.

43. J. E. Roy, “A New CPSS Element,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Chicago IL, July 2012.

44. A. Foroozesh and L. Shafai, “On the Design of High-Gain Resonant Cavity Antennas Using Different Highly-Refl ective Frequency Selective Surfaces as the Superstrates,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

45. S. A. Long, M. W. McAllister, and L. C. Shen, “The Resonant Cylindrical Dielectric Cavity Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-31, 3, March 1983, pp. 406-412.

46. M. W. McAllister and S. A. Long, “Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna,” IEE Electronics Letters, 19, 6, March 1983, pp. 218-219.

47. M. W. McAllister and S. A. Long, “Resonant Hemispheri cal Dielectric Resonator Antenna,” IEE Electronics Letters, 20, 16, August 1984, pp. 657 -659.

48. A. Petosa and A. Ittipiboon, “Dielectric Resonator Anten-nas: A Historical Review and the Current State of the Art,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 52, 5, October 2010, pp. 91-116.

49. G. Massie, M. Caillet, M. Clenet, and Y.M.M. Antar, “A New Wideband Circularly Polarized Hybrid Dielectric Reso-nator Antenna,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 9, 2010, pp. 347-350.

50. M. Khalily, M. K. Rahim, and A. A. Kishk, “Planar Wide-band Circularly Polarized Antenna Design with Rectangular Ring Dielectric Resonator and Parasitic Printed Loops,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 11, 2012, pp. 905-908.

51. O. M. Haraz and A. R. Sebak, “A Novel Circularly Polar-ized Dielectric Resonator Antenna for UWB,” IEEE Interna-tional Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto Canada, July 2010.

52. O. M. Haraz, A. R. Sebak, and T. A. Denidni, “Dual-Polarised Dielectric-Loaded Monopole Antenna for Wideband Communication Applications,” IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, 6, 6, 2012, pp. 663-669.

53. A. Rashidian, D. M. Klymyshyn, M. T. Aligodarz, M. Boerner, and J. Mohr, “Photoresist-Based Polymer Resonator Antennas: Lithography Fabrication, Strip-Fed Excitation, and Multimode Operation,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 43, 4, August 2011, pp. 16-27.

54. T. A. Denidni and Z. Weng, “Hybrid Ultrawideband Dielectric Resonator Antenna and Band-Notch Designs,” IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, 5, 4, pp. 450 458.

55. M. Niroo-Jazi and T. A. Denidni, “Experimental Investi-gations of a Novel Ultrawideband Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Rejection Band using Hybrid Techniques,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 11, 2012, pp. 492-495.

56. D. Guha, B. Gupta, and Y.M.M. Antar, “Hybrid Mono-pole-DRAs Using Hemispherical/Conical-Shaped Dielectric Ring Resonators: Improved Ultrawideband Designs,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-60, 1, Janu ary 2012, pp. 393-398.

57. A. Rashidian, L. Shafai, and D. Klymyshyn, “Compact Wideband Multimode Dielectric Resonator Antennas Fed with Parallel Standing Strips,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, available online 2012.

58. A. Petosa and A. Thirakoune, “Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antennas with Enhanced Gain,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-59, 4, April 2011, pp. 1385-1389.

59. D. Guha, A. Banerjee, C. Kumar, and Y. M. M. Antar, “Higher Order Mode Excitations for High-Gain Broadside Radiation from Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-60, 1, January 2012, pp. 71-77.

60. A. A. Kishk, “Directive Dielectric Resonator Antenna Excited by Probe or Narrow Slot,” IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium RWS Digest, Santa Clara, CA, January 2012, pp. 387-390.

61. W. M. Abdel-Wahab, D. Busuioc, and S. Safavi-Naeini, “Millimeter-Wave High Radiation Effi ciency Planar Waveguide Series-Fed Dielectric Resonator Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-59, 8, August 2011, pp. 2834-2843.

62. Y. Coulibaly, M. Nedil, L. Talbi, and T. A. Denidni, “Design of a mm-Wave Broadband CPW-Fed Stacked Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Underground Mining Com munication,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto Canada, July 2010.

63. H. Chorfi , M. Nedil, I. Ben Mabrouk, T. A. Denidni, and L. Talbi, “Design of a 60 GHz Dielectric Resonator Antenna Array Mounted on a Conformal Structure,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Chicago, IL, July 2012.

64. A. Petosa and S. Thirakoune, “Design of a 60 GHz Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Enhanced Gain,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

65. J. Desjardins, D. A. McNamara, S. Thirakoune, and A. Petosa, “Electronically Frequency-Reconfi gurable Rectangu lar Dielectric Resonator Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-60, 6, June 2012, pp. 2997-3002.

66. S. V. Hum and H. Y. Xiong, “Analysis and Design of a Differentially-Fed Frequency Agile Microstrip Patch Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-58, 10, October 2010, pp. 3122-3130.

67. S. J. Mazlouman, A. Mahanfar, C. Menon, and R. G. Vaughan, “Square Ring Antenna with Reconfi gurable Patch Using Shape Memory Alloy Actuation,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, available online 2012.

68. S. J. Mazlouman, X. J. Jiang, A. Mahanfar, C. Menon, and R. G. Vaughan, “A Reconfi gurable Patch Antenna Using Liq uid Metal Embedded in a Silicone Substrate,” IEEE Transac tions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-59, 12, December 2011, pp. 4406-4412.

69. W. Liu, D. G. Michelson, J. Malm, and S. Howkins, “Implementation of Reconfi gurable Patch Antennas Using Reed Switches,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 10, 2011, pp. 1023-1026.

70. E. Erfani, J. Nourinia, C. Ghobadi, M. Nirro-Jazi, and T. A. Denidni, “Design and Implementation of an Integrated UBW/Reconfi gurable-Slot Antenna for Cognitive Radio Applications,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Let-ters, 11, 2012, pp. 77-80.

71. H. Moghadas, M. Daneshmand, P. Mousavi, M. R. Chaharmir, and J. Shaker, “Dual-band MEMS-Tunable Slot-ted-Cross Refl ective Unit Cell with Orthogonal Polarization,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Chicago, IL, July 2012.

72. A. Suntives and S. V. Hum, “A Fixed-Frequency Beam-Steerable Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Leaky-Wave Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propa-gation, AP-60, 5, May 2012, pp. 2540-2544.



73. J. Y. Lau and S. V. Hum, “Beamforming with a 6x6 Reconfi gurable Transmitarray,” IEEE International Sympo-sium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

74. A. Edalati and T. A. Denidni, “Frequency Selective Sur-faces for Beam-Switching Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, available online 2012

75. A. Edalati and T. A. Denidni, “High-Gain Reconfi gurable Sectoral Antenna Using an Active Cylindrical FSS Structure,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-59, 7, July 2011, pp. 2464-2472.

76. S. J. Mazlouman, A. Mahanfar, C. Menon, and R. G. Vaughan, “Reconfi gurable Axial-Mode Helix Antennas Using Shape Memory Alloys,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-59, 4, April 2011, pp. 1070-1077.

77. S. J. Mazlouman, M. Soleimani, A. Mahanfar, C. Menon, and R. G. Vaughan, “Pattern Reconfi gurable Square Ring Patch Antenna Actuated by Hemispherical Dielectric Elas tomer,” IET Electronics Letters, 47, 3, February 2011, pp. 164-165.

78. K. Daheshpour, S. J. Mazlouman, A. Mahnfar, J.X. Yn, X. Han, C. Menon, F. Carpi, and R. G. Vaughan, “Pattern Recon-fi gurable Antenna Based on Moving V-Shaped Parasitic Ele-ments Actuated by Dielectric Elastomer,” IET Electronics Letters, 46, 13, June 2010, pp. 886-888.

79. S. I. Latif, S. H. Abadi, C. Shafai, and L. Shafai, “Devel-opment of an Adaptive Surface Controlled by MEMS-Bridges to Transmit or Refl ect Electromagnetic Waves,” IEEE Inter-national Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Spokane, WA, July 2011.

80. A. Bostani and T. A. Denidni, “Design and Implementa-tion of a Beam Scanning Reconfi gurable Antenna, IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Charleston, SC, July 2009.

81. M. A. Habib, M. N. Jazi, A. Djaiz, M. Nedil, M. C. Yagoub, and T. A. Denidni, “On IP3 Performance Investiga tion in Reconfi gurable Active EBG Antenna,” IEEE Interna tional Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

82. B. Wu and M. Okoniewski, “A Novel Scheme for Realiz-ing a Microstrip Antenna with Switchable Circular Polariza-tion,” 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation EUCAP 2012 Digest, Prague, Czechoslovakia, March, 2012.

83. H. G. James, “Characteristics of Electron Bernstein Waves Transmitted in the Ionosphere,” IEEE International Sympo-sium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

84. H. G. James, “Amplitudes of Electronic Cyclotron Waves Transmitted in the Ionosphere,” Journal of Geophysical Research A: Space Physics, 116, 7, July 2011.

85. D. V. Rogers and P. Bouchard, “Aspects of Earth-Space Propagation Impairments on Low-Angle Paths,” in 5th Euro-pean Conference on Antennas and Propagation EUCAP 2011 Digest, Rome, Italy, April 2011.

86. C. Amaya, et al., “Joint Results of 20 GHz Recent Earth-Space Propagation Experiments in Canada and Europe,” in 5th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation EUCAP 2011 Digest, Rome, Italy, April 2011.

87. C. Amaya, “Measurement and Modeling of Fade Dynam ics on Satellite Links Operating Between 10 and 50 GHz,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

88. C. Amaya and T. Nguyen, “Fade Duration and Fade Slope Statistics Derived from Long-Term Anik-F2 Satellite Beacon Measurements in Ottawa,” Proceedings of the XXXth URSI General Assembly and Scientifi c Symposium GASS, Istanbul, Turkey, August 2011.

89. C. Amaya and P. Bouchard, “Analysis of Fade Dynamics and Cloud Absorption Using Beacon Data and Atmospheric Profi les,” 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propa-gation EUCAP 2009 Digest, Berlin, Germany, March 2009.

90. Y. Lostanlen and G. Gougeon, “Physical Inputs for Land Mobile Satellite Propagation Channel Model,” IEEE Interna-tional Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto Canada, July 2010.

91. Y. Lostanlen, T. Tenoux, H. Farhat, and G. ElZein, “Analysis of Measured Outdoor-to-Indoor MIMO Channel Matrix at 3.5GHz,” IEEE International Symposium on Anten nas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

92. F. Kohandani, V. Pourahmadi, and Q. Rao, “Link-Layer Performance of 2x2 780 MHz and 2x2 2.3 GHz MIMO Sys-tems,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

93. T. J. Willink, “MIMO Radio Propagation,” in S. Haykin and K. J. R. Liu (eds.), Handbook on Array Processing and Sensor Networks, Hoboken, NY, Wiley & Sons, 2009, Chap ter 3.

94. T. Willink, “Observation-Based Time-Varying MIMO Channel Model,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technol ogy, 59, 1 January 2010, pp. 3-15.

95. T. J. Willink, “Characteristics of Urban Vehicular MIMO Channels at Different Frequency,” 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation EUCAP 2009 Digest, Berlin, Germany, March 2009.

96. C. C. Squires and T. J. Willink, “Impact of Vehicular Array Position on Urban MIMO Channel Characteristics,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2011, Article ID 675434.

97. C. C. Squires and T. J. Willink, “The Impact of Vehicular Antenna Placement on Polarization Diversity,” IEEE Vehicu-lar Technology Conference Digest, Anchorage, Alaska, Sep-tember, 2009.

98. S. Salous, R. Bultitude, K. Mehra, O. Oghre, Y. L. C. De Jong, and J. A. Pugh, “Prediction of IEEE802.16 Performance for Emergency Vehicles to Indoor from Radio Channel Meas-urements in the 4.9 GHz Band,” XXXth URSI General Assembly and Scientifi c Symposium GASS, Turkey, Istanbul, August 2011.

99. R. J. C. Bultitude, G. S. Dahman, R. H. M. Hafez, and H. Zhu, “Double Directional Radio Propagation Measurements and Radio Channel Modelling Pertinent to Mobile MIMO Communications in Microcells,” IEEE International Confer-ence on Wireless Information Technology and Systems, ICWITS Digest, Honolulu, HI, August, 2010.

100. R. J. C. Bultitude, “Radio Propagation Measurements on Microcell-Type Relay Channels in Downtown Ottawa,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

101. R. J. C. Bultitude, G. S. Dahman, R. H. M. Hafez, “Dou-ble Directional Radio Propagation Measurements and Radio Channel Modelling Pertinent to Mobile Microcellular Com-munications in Downtown Ottawa,” IEEE International Sym-posium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Can ada, July 2010.

102. R. J. C. Bultitude, G. Levin and H. Zhu, “Radio Propaga-tion Measurements and Channel Characterisation Pertinent to Urban Microcellular Communications Systems Incorporating Relay Links,” IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications PIMRC Digest, Toronto, Canada, September, 2011.

103. N. Stanchev, R. White, and D. G. Michelson, “Oppor-tunistic Channel Sounding in Interference Environments,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

104. D. G. Michelson and S. Mashayekhi, “Effect of Terminal Height on Shadow Fading of Fixed Wireless Channels at 1.9 GHz in Suburban Macrocell Environments,” IEEE Interna-tional Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Chi-cago, IL, July 2012.

105. M. Ghaddar, M. Talbi, and G. Y. Delisle, “Coherence Bandwidth Measurement in Indoor Broadband Propagation Channel at Unlicensed 60 GHz Band, IET Electronics Letters, 48, 13, 2012, pp. 795-797.

106. N. Sood, C. C. Bantin, and C. D. Sarris, “A Hybrid Ray-Tracing Based Methodology for Ultra-Wideband Propagation Modeling in Complex Tunnel Environments,” IEEE Interna-tional Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

107. M. M. Moutairou, G. Y. Delisle, and D. Grenier, “Ray-Tracing Model Calibration for Underground Mines Propaga-tion Prediction at High UHF Frequencies,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

108. I. Ben Mabrouk, L. Talbi, M. Nedil, and K. Hettak, “The Effect of the Human Body on MIMO-UWB Signal Propaga tion in an Underground Mine Gallery,” Journal of Electro magnetic Waves and Applications, 26, 4, 2012, pp. 560-569.

109. Y. Risaffi , L. Talbi, and M. Ghaddar, “Experimental Characterization of an UWB Propagation Channel in Under-ground Mines,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propa-gation, AP-60, 1, January 2012, pp. 240-246.



73. J. Y. Lau and S. V. Hum, “Beamforming with a 6x6 Reconfi gurable Transmitarray,” IEEE International Sympo-sium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

74. A. Edalati and T. A. Denidni, “Frequency Selective Sur-faces for Beam-Switching Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, available online 2012

75. A. Edalati and T. A. Denidni, “High-Gain Reconfi gurable Sectoral Antenna Using an Active Cylindrical FSS Structure,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-59, 7, July 2011, pp. 2464-2472.

76. S. J. Mazlouman, A. Mahanfar, C. Menon, and R. G. Vaughan, “Reconfi gurable Axial-Mode Helix Antennas Using Shape Memory Alloys,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-59, 4, April 2011, pp. 1070-1077.

77. S. J. Mazlouman, M. Soleimani, A. Mahanfar, C. Menon, and R. G. Vaughan, “Pattern Reconfi gurable Square Ring Patch Antenna Actuated by Hemispherical Dielectric Elas tomer,” IET Electronics Letters, 47, 3, February 2011, pp. 164-165.

78. K. Daheshpour, S. J. Mazlouman, A. Mahnfar, J.X. Yn, X. Han, C. Menon, F. Carpi, and R. G. Vaughan, “Pattern Recon-fi gurable Antenna Based on Moving V-Shaped Parasitic Ele-ments Actuated by Dielectric Elastomer,” IET Electronics Letters, 46, 13, June 2010, pp. 886-888.

79. S. I. Latif, S. H. Abadi, C. Shafai, and L. Shafai, “Devel-opment of an Adaptive Surface Controlled by MEMS-Bridges to Transmit or Refl ect Electromagnetic Waves,” IEEE Inter-national Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Spokane, WA, July 2011.

80. A. Bostani and T. A. Denidni, “Design and Implementa-tion of a Beam Scanning Reconfi gurable Antenna, IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Charleston, SC, July 2009.

81. M. A. Habib, M. N. Jazi, A. Djaiz, M. Nedil, M. C. Yagoub, and T. A. Denidni, “On IP3 Performance Investiga tion in Reconfi gurable Active EBG Antenna,” IEEE Interna tional Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

82. B. Wu and M. Okoniewski, “A Novel Scheme for Realiz-ing a Microstrip Antenna with Switchable Circular Polariza-tion,” 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation EUCAP 2012 Digest, Prague, Czechoslovakia, March, 2012.

83. H. G. James, “Characteristics of Electron Bernstein Waves Transmitted in the Ionosphere,” IEEE International Sympo-sium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

84. H. G. James, “Amplitudes of Electronic Cyclotron Waves Transmitted in the Ionosphere,” Journal of Geophysical Research A: Space Physics, 116, 7, July 2011.

85. D. V. Rogers and P. Bouchard, “Aspects of Earth-Space Propagation Impairments on Low-Angle Paths,” in 5th Euro-pean Conference on Antennas and Propagation EUCAP 2011 Digest, Rome, Italy, April 2011.

86. C. Amaya, et al., “Joint Results of 20 GHz Recent Earth-Space Propagation Experiments in Canada and Europe,” in 5th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation EUCAP 2011 Digest, Rome, Italy, April 2011.

87. C. Amaya, “Measurement and Modeling of Fade Dynam ics on Satellite Links Operating Between 10 and 50 GHz,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

88. C. Amaya and T. Nguyen, “Fade Duration and Fade Slope Statistics Derived from Long-Term Anik-F2 Satellite Beacon Measurements in Ottawa,” Proceedings of the XXXth URSI General Assembly and Scientifi c Symposium GASS, Istanbul, Turkey, August 2011.

89. C. Amaya and P. Bouchard, “Analysis of Fade Dynamics and Cloud Absorption Using Beacon Data and Atmospheric Profi les,” 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propa-gation EUCAP 2009 Digest, Berlin, Germany, March 2009.

90. Y. Lostanlen and G. Gougeon, “Physical Inputs for Land Mobile Satellite Propagation Channel Model,” IEEE Interna-tional Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto Canada, July 2010.

91. Y. Lostanlen, T. Tenoux, H. Farhat, and G. ElZein, “Analysis of Measured Outdoor-to-Indoor MIMO Channel Matrix at 3.5GHz,” IEEE International Symposium on Anten nas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

92. F. Kohandani, V. Pourahmadi, and Q. Rao, “Link-Layer Performance of 2x2 780 MHz and 2x2 2.3 GHz MIMO Sys-tems,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

93. T. J. Willink, “MIMO Radio Propagation,” in S. Haykin and K. J. R. Liu (eds.), Handbook on Array Processing and Sensor Networks, Hoboken, NY, Wiley & Sons, 2009, Chap ter 3.

94. T. Willink, “Observation-Based Time-Varying MIMO Channel Model,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technol ogy, 59, 1 January 2010, pp. 3-15.

95. T. J. Willink, “Characteristics of Urban Vehicular MIMO Channels at Different Frequency,” 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation EUCAP 2009 Digest, Berlin, Germany, March 2009.

96. C. C. Squires and T. J. Willink, “Impact of Vehicular Array Position on Urban MIMO Channel Characteristics,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2011, Article ID 675434.

97. C. C. Squires and T. J. Willink, “The Impact of Vehicular Antenna Placement on Polarization Diversity,” IEEE Vehicu-lar Technology Conference Digest, Anchorage, Alaska, Sep-tember, 2009.

98. S. Salous, R. Bultitude, K. Mehra, O. Oghre, Y. L. C. De Jong, and J. A. Pugh, “Prediction of IEEE802.16 Performance for Emergency Vehicles to Indoor from Radio Channel Meas-urements in the 4.9 GHz Band,” XXXth URSI General Assembly and Scientifi c Symposium GASS, Turkey, Istanbul, August 2011.

99. R. J. C. Bultitude, G. S. Dahman, R. H. M. Hafez, and H. Zhu, “Double Directional Radio Propagation Measurements and Radio Channel Modelling Pertinent to Mobile MIMO Communications in Microcells,” IEEE International Confer-ence on Wireless Information Technology and Systems, ICWITS Digest, Honolulu, HI, August, 2010.

100. R. J. C. Bultitude, “Radio Propagation Measurements on Microcell-Type Relay Channels in Downtown Ottawa,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

101. R. J. C. Bultitude, G. S. Dahman, R. H. M. Hafez, “Dou-ble Directional Radio Propagation Measurements and Radio Channel Modelling Pertinent to Mobile Microcellular Com-munications in Downtown Ottawa,” IEEE International Sym-posium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Can ada, July 2010.

102. R. J. C. Bultitude, G. Levin and H. Zhu, “Radio Propaga-tion Measurements and Channel Characterisation Pertinent to Urban Microcellular Communications Systems Incorporating Relay Links,” IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications PIMRC Digest, Toronto, Canada, September, 2011.

103. N. Stanchev, R. White, and D. G. Michelson, “Oppor-tunistic Channel Sounding in Interference Environments,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

104. D. G. Michelson and S. Mashayekhi, “Effect of Terminal Height on Shadow Fading of Fixed Wireless Channels at 1.9 GHz in Suburban Macrocell Environments,” IEEE Interna-tional Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Chi-cago, IL, July 2012.

105. M. Ghaddar, M. Talbi, and G. Y. Delisle, “Coherence Bandwidth Measurement in Indoor Broadband Propagation Channel at Unlicensed 60 GHz Band, IET Electronics Letters, 48, 13, 2012, pp. 795-797.

106. N. Sood, C. C. Bantin, and C. D. Sarris, “A Hybrid Ray-Tracing Based Methodology for Ultra-Wideband Propagation Modeling in Complex Tunnel Environments,” IEEE Interna-tional Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

107. M. M. Moutairou, G. Y. Delisle, and D. Grenier, “Ray-Tracing Model Calibration for Underground Mines Propaga-tion Prediction at High UHF Frequencies,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Digest, Toronto, Canada, July 2010.

108. I. Ben Mabrouk, L. Talbi, M. Nedil, and K. Hettak, “The Effect of the Human Body on MIMO-UWB Signal Propaga tion in an Underground Mine Gallery,” Journal of Electro magnetic Waves and Applications, 26, 4, 2012, pp. 560-569.

109. Y. Risaffi , L. Talbi, and M. Ghaddar, “Experimental Characterization of an UWB Propagation Channel in Under-ground Mines,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propa-gation, AP-60, 1, January 2012, pp. 240-246.


Documents

An Overview of Recent Antennas and Propagation Research Activities in Canada [Antennas and Propagation Around the World]