An Overview of Readiness for REDD: A

8/14/2019 An Overview of Readiness for REDD: A

1/64

An Overview of Readiness for REDD:

A compilation of readiness activitiesprepared on behalf of the

Forum on Readiness for REDD

Edited by:Tracy Johns

Evan Johnson

Version 1.2 (March 2009)

Te Woods Hole

Research Center


2/64

Acknowledgements:

The editors would like to acknowledge the valuable input to this report of the following institutions, amongothers: Climate, Community and Biodiversity Alliance, The Clinton Foundation, Conservation International,

Fauna and Flora International, The Katoomba Group, The Nature Conservancy, Voluntary Carbon Standard,Wildlife Conservation Society, The World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, World Resources Insti-tute, World Wildlife Fund. Additionally, we would like to thank representatives from FCPF countries whooffered their consultation in this report. We would also like to thank Liz Braun, Karen Schwalbe, and GregFiske for their assistance in editing and preparing this report.

We would also like to thank the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation for financial support for the Forum on Readiness for REDD.


3/64


4/64


5/64

Who is involved?

A web of vested groups and institutions has grown around the issue of REDD. Within the broad community oindividuals working on REDD issues, there are institutions at all levels, from individual indigenous communities, toThe Amazon Alliance representing indigenous communities in Amazonia, and international NGOs such as Faunaand Flora International and Wildlife Conservation Society, and state and national governments, to multilaterainstitutions such as the World Bank.

Support

The World Bank is among the lead organizations supporting REDD development, first extending its supportthrough its existing BioCarbon Fund, which already houses three REDD projects. Among these is the MantadiaCorridor Project in East-Central Madagascar, a partnership between the government, Conservation Internationaleight local NGOs, local communities, and Fondation Tany Meva. The World Bank has already purchasedinitial carbon credits from this project, which combines reforestation, agroforestry, and avoided deforestationcomponents to protect and restore a forest corridor among three existing national parks.

Second, the World Bank recently launched the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) to build capacity for

REDD in developing countries, and to pilot performance-based incentive payments. The Fund hopes to raiseUS$300 million to support activities. In July 2008, through a process requiring interested countries to submit aProject Idea Note (R-PIN), the Banks Participants Committee selected the first 14 countries to participate inthe FCPF. These countries are now in the process of developing Readiness Plans. Meanwhile, a second group ocountries11 this timehave been newly accepted as part of the FCPF.

World Bank FCPF

First- and Second-Round Countries

Finally, the Bank has pioneered its first methodology for monitoring, accounting, and verifying REDD forestcarbon, one of a number of REDD methodologies being developed by organizations globally.

Madagascar

Mexico

Nepal

Nicaragua

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay

Peru

Republic of Congo

Uganda

Vanuatu

Vietnam

Argentina

Bolivia

Cameroon

Colombia

Costa Rica

Democratic Republic of Congo

Ethiopia

Gabon

Ghana

Guyana

Kenya

Lao Peoples Democratic Republic

Liberia

4


6/64


7/64


8/64


9/64

Africa

Generally speaking, forested countries of Africa are at the early stages of these national-level activities althoughmany have embraced the concept of REDD and have existiing policies that will help enable the developomentand implementation of REDD activities. Liberia, for example, held a side event at the Bali COP meetings todemonstrate the opportunities for REDD in its forests. The country adopted a new Forest Policy in 2006 basedon a 3C approach of balancing community, conservation, and commercial uses, and as a follow up, formulateda Forest Management Strategy that was vetted through a public stakeholder process. Additionally, Liberia hasworked with Conservation International, South Dakota State University, and Clark Labs, a geospatial analysisinstitution, to improve technical capacity both externally and in country, and has a large set of monitoring plotsto assess forest carbon. Finally, the country recently completed an assessment of its civil society sector. Theseactivities will help Liberia as it develops and implements a REDD strategy.

Madagascar has three existing REDD demonstrations projects that have helped build in-country capacity forestablishing and monitoring carbon reductions and has instigated the development of strong partnershipswith international organizations. Using these projects as learning experiments, the government recently begannational-level discussions on REDD. With a strong history of deforestation monitoring and a number of existingpolicy projects, including land tenure reform, Madagascar is well-positioned to build a strategy to make the most

of REDD.The primary Congo Basin forest countries (Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)Gabon, and the Republic of Congo) have proposed a regional approach to monitoring forest cover, to beadministered through the Central Africa Forest Observatory of the Commission for the Forests of Central Africa(COMIFAC). In addition, Agence Franaise de Dveloppement, World Wildlife Fund, Wildlife ConservationSociety, Conservation International, and the Woods Hole Research Center are working with COMIFAC andnational governments to support the development of REDD capacities throughout the Congo Basin.

Liberia, DRC, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, and Madagascar were six of the 14 countries chosen for involvement in theWorld Banks first round of FCPF activities. DRC, Tanzania, and Zambia will also participate in the first round

of UN-REDD Programme support.The Americas

Countries in the Americas are also at early stages of national-level REDD planning and implementation, thougha number of countries have made strong headway on forest monitoring efforts independent of REDD. Theseindependent advances will serve the region well in the development of a REDD program. As with the Africanforested nations, a few stand out in advanced preparedness for REDD.

In 2003, the State of Amazonas in Brazil initiated a broad plan to stop deforestation and encourage sustainabledevelopment by valuing and protecting environmental services, including carbon sequestration. As part of this

endeavor, the State supported The Juma Sustainable Development Reserve Project, which aims to reducedeforestation in an area of the State of Amazonas that is under great land use pressure.

Mexico and Costa Rica both have existing payment for ecosystem services (PES) programs. Mexicos programsupports the valuing of water services and forest carbon from reforestation/afforestation projects, out of whichcarbon payments would be a natural extension. Since 2004, the Mexican programs have delivered paymentsto support forest conservation in more than 1.2 million hectares, and recently the government has initiateddiscussions on how REDD could be adapted from these successes.

Costa Rica, in addition to having an PES program, has taken a lead on climate issues through its National Strategy

8


10/64

for Climate Change, which has the goal of reaching national carbon neutrality by 2021.

Bolivia is home to one of the earliest and largest REDD demonstration projects, the Noel Kempff ClimateAction Project discussed above. In addition to this project-level effort, Bolivia has worked to set the stage for anational-level program. The country has held national-level policy and technical workshops to establish a REDDposition. Further, the country has a number of technical and stakeholder efforts underway to support REDDThese efforts include a coordination strategy with the indigenous sector at the national, regional and local levelspilot activities in remote sensing and biomass measurement, technical studies on opportunity cost analyses for

land-use and land-use change, scenario tests for economic development and associated deforestation rates, andregional and local deforestation analysis.

Asia/Pacific

Interest in and commitment to REDD varies greatly among countries in the Asia/Pacific region. In many casesin-country forest monitoring capacity remains low, yet there are a number of demonstration projects underdevelopment in the region. Indonesia and Papua New Guinea (PNG) both stand out as global leaders in REDDdevelopment.

The Indonesian government has developed a REDD national strategy, and is in the process of developing severa

demonstration activities across the country. Notable among these are the Ulu Masen Ecosystem Project in AcehProvince.

In Aceh, the provincial government has worked with Fauna and Flora International (FFI), other NGOs, locally basedorganizations, and a private company, Carbon Conservation Ltd., to pilot a REDD project on 750,000 hectaresof forest in Ulu Masen and surrounding areas in the Ache Province. The project, the first to be certified throughthe CCBA, supports a variety of forest management strategies including land use planning and reclassificationincreased monitoring and law enforcement, reforestation, restoration, and sustainable community logging. Theproject expects to reduce deforestation in the area by 85%, thereby avoiding 3.4 MtCO2e annually.

Both Indonesia and PNG have developed partnerships with the Australian government as part of AustraliasInternational Forest Carbon Initiative. These partnerships are aimed at developing in-country REDD strategiestechnical capacities, and demonstration activities. Ultimately, the partnerships are intended to help both Indonesiaand PNG participate in international carbon markets.

Activities Supporting REDD

Governments, NGOs, and for-profit entities have collectively developed a number of programs in conjunction withongoing project- and sectoral-level REDD activities. Programs range from global-scale, such as the Woods HoleResearch Centers efforts to develop annual pan-tropical forest maps, to local-scale NGO training efforts.

Notable among these is the cooperative training project between Community, Climate, and BiodiversityAlliance, Conservation International, Rainforest Alliance, The Nature Conservancy, and World Wildlife FundRecognizing the need to generate and share basic, high-quality information about REDD, these organizationshave created training modules and materials to disseminate information to their regional staff, governmental andNGO partners, local communities, and other stakeholders. The objectives of the cooperative training projectare to enable recipients to participate in national and international REDD negotiations and develop plans fornational REDD strategies and demonstration projects. This effort is aimed not at technical capacity building, butrather at developing the ability to further participate in the REDD process.

Independently, Conservational International (CI) has launched a training operation to facilitate the development

9


11/64

of in-country technical knowledge, including understanding of the scientific basis for REDD, project designdocument development, and project planning and structuring. CI has already carried out training modules inEcuador, Costa Rica, Brazil, Indonesia, and Madagascar, and has two more modules planned in the comingmonths in Guyana and Liberia.

Other initiatives for information sharing are being carried out at the regional and local level, as is evidenced bythe work of the Coordinating Body for the Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon Basin (COICA). COICA, inconjunction with Amazon Alliance and the Institute for Environmental Research in the Amazon, an environmenta

research institution based in Brazil, held a workshop in August 2008 in Quito to bring together Amazonianindigenous leaders. At the workshop, these leaders learned about the impacts REDD and other climate initiativeshave on their communities and worked to devise responses to proposed policies. And in April 2008, indigenousleaders of Latin America, the DRC, and Indonesia met in Manaus, Brazil, to discuss the potential impacts of andbenefits from REDD on indigenous and traditional communities.

Technical capacities are also being supported and strengthened at different scales. At the global scale, the ClintonClimate Initiative is supporting the development of a Carbon Management Collaborative aimed at developinga freely available, robust, technology-based bio-carbon monitoring, measuring, and accounting system that wilenable the development of forest-based carbon projects and programs. The collaborative will be conductinglarge-scale tests of this monitoring system in several countries.

As an example of regional monitoring support initiatives, the Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC) has anongoing project to model and monitor forest carbon emissions and develop in-country monitoring capacity. Inparticular, WHRC has launched a program called INFORMS, an initiative to monitor land use and land coverchanges in the Congo Basin.

10


12/64

Section Two: A Sampling of REDD Projects

BELIZE: Rio Bravo Climate Action Project

Status: Implementation

Country: Belize

Location: Northwest Belize

Size: 21,000 ha

Emissions reductions: 8.8 MtCO2e over 40 years

Project activities: Sustainable forest management, education, restoration, capacity building, local economicdevelopment

Co-benefits: Biodiversity conservation, fire management, habitat conservation

Partners: The Nature Conservancy, Programme for Belize, Cinergy, Detroit Edison, Nexen, PacifiCorp,Suncor, Utilitree Carbon Company and Wisconsin Electric Power Company

Description: The Rio Bravo Climate Action Project involves the conservation and sustainable managementof mixed lowland, moist sub-tropical broadleaf forest in the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Areain northwest Belize. The area, situated amid the biologically rich Mayan forest, is part of a corridor that iskey to biodiversity conservation in Central America and one of the Nature Conservancys top conservationpriorities. It is estimated that the Project will reduce, avoid, or mitigate up to 8.8 million tons of carbondioxide over 40 years by preventing deforestation and ensuring sustainable forest management.

The Project is one of the first fully funded forest-sector projects implemented under the U.S. Initiative on Joint

Implementation. Programme for Belize, the Nature Conservancys partner organization in Belize, manages theProject and private reserve overall. Investors including Cinergy, Detroit Edison, Nexen, PacifiCorp, Suncor,Utilitree Carbon Company, and Wisconsin Electric Power Company provided $5.6 million in funding for thefirst 10 years of the 40-year Project.

Studies undertaken before the Project began indicated that without protection, up to 90 percent of theforest cover would have been converted to agricultural use. The Project prevents those losses by reducing,avoiding, or mitigating 7.2 MtCO

2e through prevention of deforestation on 13,400 hectares of upland forest,

and 600,000 tons of carbon sequestration through sustainable forest management and regeneration onapproximately 36,000 hectares of forested land.

Management practices include creation of undisturbed buffer areas and protection zones; reduced-impactharvesting techniques; and enhanced fire management and site security.

Other benefits include local economic development, increased forest resources and habitat conservation. Jobsand trainings in forestry, forest management and park security will benefit the local community. Improvedroad maintenance and other infrastructure improvements benefit communities that border the area.Increased protection and improved forest resource management ensures conservation of timber and non-timber resources. The forest management plan is certified under Forest Stewardship Council Principles andGuidelines by Smart Wood and Woodmark.1

1 Project description adapted from factsheet provided by The Nature Conservancy

11


13/64

BOLIVIA: Noel Kempff Climate Action Project


Country: Bolivia

Location: Northeastern Bolivia

Size: 642,500 ha

Emissions reductions: 5.8 MtCO2e over 30 years

Project activities: Land protection, organizational empowerment, land tenure development, education,sustainable forestry training, land use planning

Co-benefits: Wildlife habitat protection, decrease soil erosion, protect rivers, job creation, communitydevelopment

Partners: The Nature Conservancy, Fundacin Amigos de la Naturaleza, Government of Bolivia, American

Electric Power Company, BP America, PacifiCorp and Winrock International Institute for AgriculturalDevelopment

Description: In 1997, The Nature Conservancy and Fundacin Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN) created theNoel Kempff Climate Action Project to reduce climate change by protecting 642,500 hectares of tropicalforest that were threatened by timber harvesting and deforestation. Together with the Bolivian governmentand three energy companies, the partners terminated logging rights and incorporated land into Noel KempffMercado National Park. The partners also reduced slash-and-burn agriculture by enforcing a deforestation banin protected areas within the park and initiating alternative income programs for the surrounding communities

Noel Kempff is designed to simultaneously address climate change, conserve biodiversity and bring sustainable

benefits to local communities. By avoiding logging and agricultural conversion, the project is expected toprevent the release of up to 5.8 million tons of carbon dioxide over the next 30 years.

The projects carbon benefits are expected to last in perpetuity as the site lies within the newly expandednational park and a permanent endowment has been established to fund protection activities throughout the30-year life of the project and beyond. The project also includes a comprehensive plan to monitor the numberof trees in Noel Kempff, socioeconomic impacts, and rate of deforestation.

In 2005, Noel Kempff was the first forest emissions reduction project to be verified by a third-party usinginternational standards employed in the Kyoto Protocol. Monitoring and third-party verification revealed thatbetween 1997 and 2005, 1,034,137 metric tons of CO2 stored in the forest would have been released into the

atmosphere if not for the project.2

2 Project description adapted from factsheets provided by The Nature Conservancy

12


14/64

BRAZIL: Guaraquecaba Climate Action Project


Country: Brazil

Location: Southern Brazil

Size: 64,000 ha, mixed afforestation, reforestation, and avoided deforestation

Emissions reductions: 47 MtCO2e over 40 years

Project activities: Land protection, education, sustainable forestry training, land use planning, communitydevelopment

Co-benefits: Land tenure development, job creation, income generation through sustainable businesses

Partners: American Electric Power, The Nature Conservancy, and the Society for Wildlife Research andEnvironmental Education

Description: In 1998, American Electric Power, The Nature Conservancy, and the Society for WildlifeResearch and Environmental Education launched a project to protect the Atlantic Forest in the GuaraquecabaEnvironmental Protection Area. The project objective is to sequester carbon dioxide through new forestgrowth or the prevention of forest destruction; this goal is being realized by purchasing active buffalo ranchesand preserving their remaining trees, while returning their pastures to native forest. The project will alsofoster sustainable development in local communities by providing alternative income generating activities andeducation on the importance of environmental conservation.

In addition, neighboring buffalo ranchers are being shown more efficient ranching methods, thereby increasingproductivity and reducing harmful effects on the forest. There is also an endowment fund to operate the

preserve in perpetuity. Once purchased, the properties will be owned and managed by the Society for WildlifeResearch and Environmental Education.

The project will capture or prevent the release of carbon dioxide in an amount equal to approximately 47million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent over the 40-year life of the project. 3

BRAZIL: The Juma Sustainable Development Reserve Project


Country: Brazil

Location: Amazonas

Size: 589,612 ha

Emissions reductions: 190 MtCO2e through 2050

3 Project description adapted from factsheets provided by The Nature Conservancy

13


15/64

Project activities: Financial growth, carbon offset sales, capacity building (technological and market-based),land tenure development, education, stakeholder processes

Co-benefits: Strengthening environmental monitoring and control, income generation through sustainablebusinesses, community development, sustainable resource management

Partners: Climate, Community and Biodiversity Alliance, Sustainable Amazonas Foundation, Secretariat ofEnvironment and Sustainable Development of the Government of the State of Amazonas, State Protected

Areas System within the Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development of the Government ofthe State of Amazonas, Instituto de Conservao e Desenvolvimento Sustentvel do Amazonas, MarriottInternational, Inc.

Description: The Juma Sustainable Development Reserve Project for Reducing Greenhouse Gases Emissionsfrom Deforestation aims to address deforestation and its resulting emission of greenhouse gases (GHG)in an area of the State of Amazonas that is under great land use pressure. Its implementation is part of awide strategy planned and initiated in 2003 by the Government of the State of Amazonas (GSA) to haltdeforestation and promote sustainable development in Amazonas by giving value to the environmental servicesprovided by its standing forests.

The Project is the first of its kind to be implemented since the creation and approval of the Laws for the StatePolicy for Climate Change and the State Protected Areas System. This legislation provides the legal frameworknecessary to implement projects to reduce GHG in the Amazonas.

The GSA established the Juma Sustainable Development Reserve in 2006 with the objective to protect speciesat risk of extinction while also preserving the quality of life of the hundreds of families that live in these areas.

The Project, created in an area of 589,612 hectares of Amazonian forest, involves the establishment of aprotected area for sustainable usein a region that would be almost completely deforested under a businessas usual scenario.

The GSA created a financial mechanism to generate income from reducing emissions from deforestation.The resources raised from the sale of emissions credits permits the GSA to implement measures necessaryto control and monitor deforestation within the project site, enforce laws, and improve the welfare of localcommunities.

The Amazonas Sustainable Foundation, in partnership with the State Secretariat for the Environment andSustainable Development of Amazonas and with technical assistance from the Institute for Conservation andSustainable Development of Amazonas (IDESAM), will implement the Project. IDESAM is responsible for thetechnical coordination of the development process for baseline methodology and monitoring as well as theProject Design Document. The Project implementers will provide investors and donors with a guarantee thatthe execution and completion of the Project will be done in a manner that complies with all of the relevant

legal, governmental, and regulatory structures. The Project was designed through a transparent processinvolving participatory workshops and political consultations in order to guarantee the involvement andcommitment of all the local stakeholders.4

4 Project description adapted from Project Design Document submitted by the Sustainable Amazonas Foundation to the Climate,Community and Biodiversity Alliance

14


16/64

COLOMBIA: San Nicols Agroforestry


Country: Colombia

Location: Valley of San Nicols

Size: 5,000 ha of avoided deforestation and 1,400 ha afforestation

Emissions reductions: 0.20 Mt CO2e by 2017 from afforestation and reforestation. A smaller amount willalso be credited to the avoided deforestation component.

Project activities: Capacity building, education, land use planning, carbon offset sales, communitydevelopment, habitat conservation, education, stakeholder processes

Co-benefits: Biodiversity conservation, wildlife habitat creation, financial growth, water resource protection

Partners: Corporation for Sustainable Management of the Forests, The Autonomous Regional Corporation

for the Rionegro-Nare RegionDescription: The Colombia San Nicols Carbon Sink and Arboreal Species Recovery Project aims topioneer carbon sinks in Colombia by reversing land degradation. It has two main components: afforestationand reforestation of roughly 1,400 hectares of abandoned pastures, and avoided deforestation and inducedregeneration on another 5,000 hectares. This will create a sink for carbon and in the process improve theincome of small landowners, through the sale of timber and non-timber products. It will include training andcapacity building of local stakeholders to ensure sustainable management.

The Project is expected to sequester approximately 0.20 Mt CO2e by 2017 through afforestation andreforestation, while a smaller amount will also be credited to the avoided deforestation component. It will

deliver other benefits as well, including watershed and soil protection and conservation of biodiversity. Inthe plantation areas, the Project will deliver increased revenue for landowners from growing produce. Othersocial benefits will come from direct and indirect employment from the Project, increase in food safety inthe region, and capacity building activities. An extensive consultation process that involved nearly all localstakeholders was carried out in the development of the Project. Local landowners made final decisions onland use through a participatory process, and this should help avoid future leakage associated with the Project.

CORNARE, a regional environment agency, will finance afforestation/reforestation activities, while theCorporation for Sustainable Management of the Forests (MASBOSQUES) will contribute in-kind throughthe development of the Project for qualified work. MASBOSQUES is a public-private partnership involvinggovernment (regional and local), business associations, local farmers, non-governmental organizations, and the

academic sector.5

5 Project description adapted from World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership FacilityBioCarbon Fund materials.

15


17/64

GUATEMALA: Maya Biosphere Reserve

Status: Design

Country: Guatemala

Location: Maya Biosphere Reserve

Size: 150,000 ha

Emissions reductions:

Project activities: Capacity building, community land use planning, sustainable land management

Co-benefits: Biodiversity conservation, sustainable development,

Partners: Conservation International, Guatemalan government, Wildlife Conservation Society

Description: The Maya Biosphere Reserve is the epicenter of the ancient Maya civilization and CentralAmericas largest protected area, covering roughly 2.1 million hectares. Established in 1990, the Reserve

is part of a tri-national system of protected areas in Guatemala, Belize, and Mexico. Despite having legalprotection, the Reserve is under increasing threat from agricultural encroachment and illegal logging thatreduces forest cover, increases fragmentation and diminishes the biological diversity of the park. In addition,the use of fire to clear land causes large emissions of carbon into the atmosphere, contributing to climatechange. In response, the Wildlife Conservation Society, Conservation International, and other NGO partners,in collaboration with the Guatemalan government, are designing a project that reduces deforestation rates andimproves the management of protected areas within the Maya Biosphere Reserve. Through the sale of carbonoffsets, the project seeks to mitigate management problems in the national park units caused by a lack offinancial resources. While initially focusing on the threatened eastern portion of the Laguna del Tigre NationalPark, at full implementation the project will include other areas and also will reforest private lands along theMaya Jaguar Corridor to provide additional habitat for wildlife, increase carbon sequestration and improve thelivelihoods of local communities.6

HONDURAS: Pico Bonito Forest Restoration


Country: Honduras

Location: Northern Honduras

Emissions reductions: 0.5 Mt CO2e from avoided deforestation

Project activities: Reforestation, protected area enforcement, sustainable forest management, carbon offsetsales, avoided deforestation

Co-benefits: Reduced soil erosion, clean water benefits, biodiversity protection, sustainable development,alternative livelihoods creation, income generation for communities

6 Project description adapted from factsheet provided by Conservation International

16


18/64

Partners: Pico Bonito National Park Foundation (FUPNAPIB), Ecologic Development Fund, Bosques PicoBonito, Brinkman Associates.

Description: Pico Bonito National Park is an essential part of the Meso-American Biological Corridor,and home to many significant species, but is threatened by encroaching agriculture, cattle grazing, and illegallogging.

This forest carbon project, developed by EcoLogic, is expected to sequester at least 0.45 to 0.55 Mt CO2e by

2017. In addition, the Project is piloting an avoided deforestation component, which is expected to sequesteraround 0.5 Mt CO2e.

The Project will ultimately employ hundreds of local people to establish a Forest Stewardship Council-certifiedplantation, as well as to reforest degraded lands in the parks buffer zone for conservation purposes. It alsobrings social benefits to the park buffer zone through training in sustainable forestry and agricultural practices,sustainable development, and permanent sharing of profits for community investment. The Project will employlocal community members as park rangers, reducing the risk of illegal logging.

The project developers and sponsors have created Bosques Pico Bonito, a for-profit company, to managethe Project own the emission reductions. The community will be part owner and share in the profits, which

in turn will be ploughed back into investments that benefit the community as a whole. Bosques Pico Bonitowill also include representatives from the communities. Fundacin Parque Nacional Pico Bonito (FUPNAPIB),a Honduran NGO, will also sponsor the Project and will be assisted by Bosques Pico Bonito to handle theagroforestry and conservation components.7

INDONESIA: Berau, East Kalimantan

Status: Design

Country: IndonesiaLocation: Borneo, Berau district

Size: 971,000 ha

Emissions reductions: 5 MtCO2e per year

Project activities: Forest management, wildlife protection, local economic development, capacity building,land use planning, habitat conservation, carbon offset sales

Co-benefits: Water resource protection, food security, financial growth

Partners: indigenous groups, government agencies, The Nature Conservancy and other international NGOs,local and global businesses

Description: Logging, mining and the rapidly growing oil palm industry are killing off the forests of Indonesiafaster than anywhere else on earth. The destruction of these forests produces 80 percent of Indonesiascarbon emissions, placing it among the worlds top emitters of climate changing greenhouse gases, alongsidethe United States and China.

7 Project description adapted from World Bank BioCarbon Fund materials.

17


19/64

On Indonesias island of Borneo, the district of Berau, which spans 2.2 million hectares, 75 percent of which iscovered by forest, is working to become the first municipality to implement new conservation strategies andmeasurably reduce the amount of carbon it emits into the atmosphere.

Collaborating with indigenous groups, government agencies, global businesses and international NGOs, Berauis developing plans to combine on-the-ground conservation, financial incentives, scientific monitoring, andsustainable economic activities to protect its natural resources.

Plans include improved management and conservation of 1 million hectares of forest resulting in the reductionof carbon emissions by some 5 million tons each year, increased protection for one of the worlds largestpopulations of orangutans, stronger local and national economies and the insurance of the long-term health ofthe regions water and food resources.

Initial Project activities include forest surveys to identify areas at risk for illegal logging, develop a baselineto measure deforestation and create an inventory of stored forest carbon. Implementation plans includeemploying efficient logging practices that reduce forest destruction and carbon emissions, using land swapsto develop palm oil plantations on already degraded lands, and avoiding the development of healthy andundisturbed forests. These practices will allow for the creation of educational training opportunities. They willalso allow Berau to sell emissions reductions credits to voluntary carbon market buyers. Illegal logging costs

Indonesia up to $4 billion a year in lost revenue. Local communities often have no land rights and thereforeare never paid for logging that occurs in their forests. By selling emissions credits and developing a method toequitably distribute income from carbon markets to all stakeholders, Berau will strengthen its local economy.

Finally, the Project stakeholders aim to develop an internationally-recognized carbon monitoring andverification system to measure changes in carbon storage over time.

By implementing a broad range of conservation strategies, working on a government-wide scale, and bringingtogether local as well as international partners, the Berau program will serve as a model of how developingcountries and industrialized nations can join forces to fight climate change by preventing the destruction of theworlds forests.8

INDONESIA: Ulu Masen Ecosystem, Aceh Province


Country: Indonesia

Location: Ulu Masen Ecosystem, Aceh

Size: + 750,000 ha

Emissions reductions: 3.369 MtCO2e per year / 100 MtCO

2e over 30 years

Project activities: Avoided deforestation in conjunction with Land use planning, restoration,reforestation, carbon offset sales, community development, stakeholder processes

Co-benefits: Local economic development, capacity building and alternative livelihoods

8 Project description adapted from factsheet provided by The Nature Conservancy

18


20/64

Partners: Fauna and Flora International, Government of Aceh, Carbon Conservation

Description: Using avoided deforestation in conjunction with land use planning and reclassification, increasedmonitoring and law enforcement, reforestation, restoration, and sustainable community logging, this Projectwill protect and manage 750,000 ha of forest in the Ulu Masen Ecosystem and peripheral forest blocks locatedin the Indonesian Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (Aceh Province). By reducing deforestation by 85%,3,369,848 tons of CO

2emissions are expected to be avoided each year.

The Project is being undertaken by the Government of Aceh and its institutions. It is supported by a tri-partnership of government, nongovernmental/civil-society organizations (NGOs/CSOs), and the CarbonConservation representing the private sector. Fauna and Flora International (FFI), its NGO partners, andlocally based CSOs will facilitate participatory processes for community development, spatial and land useplanning, biodiversity conservation, collaborative law enforcement, and community-based forest management.Project plans include developing and testing carbon finance mechanisms to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,contributing to sustainable economic and social development and conserving biodiversity over the next 30years.

Carbon Conservation is a private company assisting with project design, development, start-up and carbonfinance at the request of Governor Irwandis office. The project is closely associated with, and builds off the

work of the World Bank Multi-Donor Funds Aceh Environment and Forest project (AFEP) which called foramong other tasks, development of sustainable ecosystem service finance (including carbon credits. All projectproponents are committed to ensuring that benefits are equitably shared among stakeholders, including forestdependent communities and those with customary (adat) rights to forest land.

The project has been conceived to ensure that stakeholder confidence and commitment will be built througha participatory and transparent process. A broad range of government and civil society organizations havebeen invited to contribute to the implementation of project activities and the initial community consultationshave begun. In particular, traditionalMukim leaders, once undermined during years of conflict, now have anopportunity to play a critical role in the management of land and forest resources in Acehs rural communities

Project development, design and early implementation will be initially funded from official development aid(ODA) funds, strategic first partners and the sale of Verified Emission Reductions (VERs). After the initialphase of the project, further carbon finance from sale of VERs will secure ongoing and substantial incentivepayments to relevant stakeholders who help the project area arrest deforestation and increase forestprotection.9

9 Project description adapted from Ulu Masen Ecosystem Project Design Note, available from Climate, Community, and BiodiversityAlliance.

19


21/64

MADAGASCAR: The Makira Forest Project


Country: Madagascar

Location: Northeastern region, Makira Forest

Size: 350,000 ha

Emissions reductions: up to 9.5 MtCO2e over lifetime

Project activities: Capacity building, sustainable resource management, land use planning, ecotourism

Co-benefits: Biodiversity conservation, sustainable development

Partners: Wildlife Conservation Society, government of Madagascar, Conservation International

Description: The government of Madagascar is working with the Wildlife Conservation Society andConservation International to implement the Makira Forest Project in the countrys northeastern forestregion. This venture seeks to conserve a 4,600-square-kilometer region by promoting sustainable naturalresource management and legal forest protection measures. By reducing deforestation from agriculturalencroachment in the 350,000-hectare Makira Forest, a protected conservation area that preserves thebiological richness of Makira and guarantees long-term connectivity to other protected forests will result. Inaddition, the Project seeks to promote private sector initiatives such as ecotourism, stabilize natural resourcesin the area through responsible land use planning, and identify and implement innovative financing mechanisms.

Protecting the remaining forests and reducing the rate of forest loss in Madagascar reduces the quantity ofCO2 released into the atmosphere. Specific activities to reduce deforestation include forest conservationmeasures and permaculture practices trainings to teach farmers to continually produce good harvests from

the same land rather than cut new fields every few years.10


20


22/64

MADAGASCAR: The Ankeneny-Mantadia-Zahamena Corridor Project


Country: Madagascar

Location: East-central Madagascar

Size: roughly 425,000 haEmissions reductions: at least 10 MtCO

2e over lifetime

Project activities: Sustainable forest management, reforestation, ecotourism

Co-benefits: Biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, income generation through sustainablebusinesses, restoration

Partners: Conservation International, government of Madagascar, local NGOs and communities, World Bank

Description: The Ankeneny-Zahamena-Mantadia Biodiversity Conservation Corridor and Restoration

Project in east-central Madagascar links three crucial national parks to benefit flora and fauna, as well as humanpopulations. Conceived and implemented in close partnership with the government of Madagascar and localcommunities, the Project combines reduced deforestation activities in a core forest area with reforestationand agroforestry systems on previously degraded lands. The Projects goals are to sustain local livelihoods andnative biological diversity while mitigating climate change. It will include components eligible for both Certified(Clean Development Mechanism) and Voluntary Emissions Reductions. The World Bank BioCarbon Fund haspurchased some of the Projects initial carbon credits from both forest restoration and conservation activities.The income from selling carbon offsets will provide incentive for the government and local communities toprotect the remaining forests and the services they provide to local residents. Under the Project, more than425,000 hectares of standing rainforest are being protected, while another 3,000 hectares are being reforested

with native species. In addition, fruit gardens and fuelwood plots will be planted in adjacent areas to reducepressure on the remaining natural forests. These conservation steps will help protect threatened species ofamphibians, birds and mammals, including lemurs found only on Madagascar, while also improving agricultureproductivity, developing ecotourism, and increasing the sustainable production and sale of fuel-wood, fruits,and high-value timber.11


21


23/64

PERU: Alto Mayo Protected Forest

Status: Design

Country: Peru

Location: San Martin Province in northern Peru

Size: 180,000 ha

Project activities: Technical capacity building, improved protected area management,

Co-benefits: Water resource protection, biodiversity conservation, payments for ecosystem services,sustainable development

Partners: Conservation International, INRENA, PEAM, GTZ

Description: The Alto Mayo River, flowing through the province of San Martin in northern Peru, passesthrough Andean forest areas of high biological diversity on its way to the Amazon basin. Within the upper

elevation areas of the watershed, the Alto Mayo Protected Forest contains habitat for many endemic speciesthat are under threat from illegal land clearing. Stresses on the lower elevation portions of the basin havealso dramatically affected the availability of fresh water for municipal use and downstream agriculture. GTZ,the German development agency, has been working in the sub-watersheds of the Alto Mayo to combatdeforestation and improve water supplies through a Payment for Environmental Services initiative. GTZ,Conservation International, and local and provincial governments are working together to design a projectfocusing on reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and land use change in the watershed. Theproject will reduce deforestation by negotiating conservation agreements with local inhabitants encroaching onintact forests, planting native species on deforested areas, and designing agroforestry systems to expand treecover and carbon stocks throughout the watershed. Current activities include updating deforestation analyses,identifying priority areas for conservation and reforestation, and measuring forest carbon stocks.12


22


24/64

Section Three: Sectoral-Level Readiness

Argentina1

The replacement of native forest at present is mainlydue to the expansion of soy plantations. Forestdegradation is caused by fires, cattle over population,overexploitation of forest resources. Between 1998and 2002, the area of native forests in Argentinahas shown a reduction of approximately 920,000ha. Preliminary results for year 2006 show that theloss of native forest has increased dramatically in keyprovinces.

Forest Monitoring and AssessmentArgentina submitted its First and Second National

Communications National GHG inventories corresponding to 1990, 1994, 1997 and 2000 that include theLULUCF (Land use, land-use change and forestry) sector.

Policy and Stakeholder EngagementWith strong political support for a comprehensive forest strategy, in November 2007 the ArgentineanCongress passed the Law of Minimum Requirements for the Environmental Protection of Native Forests; itwas ratified in December 2007. This law establishes rules for the enrichment, restoration, conservation, useand sustainable management of native forest as well as for the environmental services they provide to thesociety. It addresses most of the major REDD issues, and will serve as a strong legal framework for the designand implementation of a REDD program.

The law establishes participatory territorial planning, suspends the authorization for the clear-cuttingof forests, creates a National Registry of Law Violators, establishes mandatory Environmental ImpactAssessments prior to forest clear-cutting, creates measures to guarantee the sustainability of native forestsutilization, promotes reforestation and restoration plans for degraded native forests, and to keep informationupdated on native forests and state of conservation of covered area. Furthermore, the law requireseach province to have in place a stakeholder consultation process related to the territory planning. Thisconsultation process should include at least, the organization of workshops and the reporting and publicity ofthe consultation process outcomes.

Contact InformationContact: Secretary of Environment and Sustainable DevelopmentTitle: Climate Change DirectorContact Information: www.ambiente.gov.ar

23

1 Text drawn and adapted from Argentinas Readiness Project Idea Note, submitted to the World Bank.


25/64

Bolivia2

The National Development Plan (NDP) is thegovernments main framework for action. The NDPresulted from a participatory process that involved thegovernment, grassroots organizations, and civil society

The National Development Plan includes a policy(No. 4) on Carbon Sequestration and GHG reductionpolicy.

Forest Monitoring and AssessmentSeveral activities have been undertaken to support a

REDD strategy through the design of a national biomass inventory system, based on a network of institutionswith forest data.

The Netherlands Cooperation and the German Cooperation are supporting the development of a

methodological study for measurement and monitoring of degradation in specific areas of Bolivia. This projectis being implemented by a national team with the support of the German Agency for Technical Cooperation(GTZ) and national technical entities in coordination with PNCC-ODL (Programa Nacional de CambiosClimticos Oficina de Desarrollo Limpio).

The Netherlands Development Cooperation is funding a feasibility study to detect the degradation patternsthrough satellite imagery and the corresponding emissions in three different sites.

The Natural History Museum Noel Kempff Mercado (MHNNKM), together with Conservation International,measured land use change in 1990, 2000 and 2004. The European Space Agency (ESA) supported theprocessing of 56 LANDSAT images and 3 AWIFS (Advanced Wide Field Sensor) scenes to homogenize the

temporal cover of GeoCover 1990 and the data from 2004/2005 processed by the MHNNKM.

Policy and Stakeholder EngagementNational consultations were made during the elaboration process of the national and joint positions onREDD under the process of UNFCCC. Participating stakeholders include members of the Policy Committee,REDD technicians and other actors from the forestry sector, National Forestry Chamber, representatives ofgrassroots organizations and from the Foreign Affairs Ministry.

Since 2006, five national technical consultations were held in order to develop the documents on the countryposition. These consultations were organized by the Clean Development Office from the National ClimateChange Program. Since 2007, five meetings of the policy committee were held, as well as five meetings of thetechnical committee.

The national coordination strategy includes consultation with the indigenous sector at a national, regional andspecific indigenous group levels, and the government is carrying out a training process on Climate Change andREDD for indigenous peoples.

24

2 Text drawn and adapted from Bolivias Readiness Project Idea Note, submitted to the World Bank.


26/64


27/64

The Aliana dos Povos da Floresta (the Forest Peoples Alliance) has defi ned several forms of compensation

that it expects from a REDD program. These forms of compensation include economic incentives for forest-based livelihoods, improved health, education, technical assistance services, and payments for patrollingreserve perimeters, timber forest products such as have already been established in Acre and the Amazon.Direct payments to forest families also have a precedent in the Amazon through the Proambiente programand, more recently, through the Amazonas state bolsa fi orestal program

In Brazil, Indigenous communities inhibit deforestation at the same level as biological reserves and parks,

providing an important rationale for strengthening their role as stewards of these public forests. This rationaleis further supported by the fact that 25% of current Brazilian Amazon forests are allocated to some form ofsocial forest use (indigenous land, extractive reserve, sustainable development reserve), and these socialreserves are much more common in active deforestation frontiers than are biological reserves and parks.

REDD Participation

In August 2008, Brazil participated in a Workshop on Climate Change and REDD in Quito, Ecuador entitledDiagnostic of the Current Situation and Development of Strategic Action. Hosted by the Coordinator ofIndigenous Organizations of the Amazon Basin (COICA) with collaboration of IPAM and Amazon Alliance, theworkshop had the participation of approximately 30 representatives from indigenous groups organizations

of 8 Amazon Basin Countries. This workshop was an important wrap-up of what happened in the previousManaus Workshop, early April 2008, which generated the Manaus declaration5 and an invitation for a broaderalliance uniting Indigenous Peoples and Traditional Communities of the Forest in all three continents

The Parliamentary Commission on Climate Change in the National Congress held several public hearings ondeforestation and climate change. The public hearings were attended by members of the National Congress,State Deputies, Executive and civil society. The Parliamentary Commission launched its report that provides thefoundation for a national policy related to climate change in which the REDD was cited as a way to create aneconomic dynamic in favor of forest6.

Demonstration Activities

In August 2008, the Brazilian government launched the Amazon Fund of positive incentives for deforestationreduction (in Brazil, 75% of national emissions is due deforestation in Amazon). This Fund can be identified asthe first large scale REDD regime implemented in a developing country. As one of the first donors, Norwaywill give up to US$1 billion to the fund through 2015, with the amount of the support contingent upon theBrazils continued and demonstrable success in reducing deforestation.

In the State of Amazonas, a demonstration REDD project known as the Juma Sustainable DevelopmentReserve Project aims to protect nearly 600,000 ha of Amazon forest, avoiding the release of an estimated 190MtCO2e through 2050.

5http://www.climaedesmatamento.org.br/files/general/Manaus_Declaration-revisedFinal.pdf.

6 Final report available at http://www.senado.gov.br/web/comissoes/documentos/SSCEPI/RelatorioFinalMC.pdf

26


28/64


29/64

management are the targeted objectives of this program.Contact Information

Contact person: M. Joseph Armath AmougouTitle: Focal Point for FCPFContact information: Ministry of the Environment and Nature Protection (MINEP) EcologicalMonitoring and Control Unit

Colombia8

The different land tenure dynamics (public, communalor private) have led to the fragmentation and/or lossof natural ecosystems in Colombia in the past century,principally forest ecosystems. Recently, the Hydrology,Meteorology and Environmental Studies Institute(IDEAM) has established an official deforestation rateof 101, 303 ha/yr, for the period from 1994 and 2001,based on a visual classification of LANDSAT images.

This is the equivalent to the yearly reduction of 0.18%of the national forest cover. However, this data doesnot reflect annual regional variations. The harvesting

of natural forests is the most important wood source for the furniture industry and construction in Colombia.It is estimated that between these two productive sectors approximately 3 million square meters of woodare consumed annually (IDEAM, 2006, National Forestry Information System). The harvesting is conducted byselective logging in many cases, in low-income environments, with complex processes of commercializationthat do not favor the sustainable management of forests. Quite the contrary, they incentivize forestdegradation and deforestation. Much of the income generated by these activities is not left to the localcommunities or forest dwellers, but instead to intermediaries and buyers that re-sell the wood or harvestedwood products in towns and cities.

Forest Monitoring and Assessment

The country has its Environmental Research Institutes that are coordinated by IDEAM, and these entitiesretrieve and analyze the countrys vegetation cover. A study conducted by IDEAM and published in theAnnual Natural Renewable Resources and Environment Assessment in Colombia for 2004, indicates that ofthe national land area, 49% or 55,882,000 hectares are forests (natural and plantations), and that of this area77,000 hectares/year was lost between 1986 and 1994 and 101,000 hectares/year for the period between1994 and 2001.

Policy and Stakeholder Engagement

The National Forestry Development Plan (NFDP) was designed to incorporate the forestry sector into thenational economy, improving the livelihood of communities by offering productive alternatives that contributeto sustainable development and peace.The plan was developed through a participative institutional and sectoral process and with therecommendations by the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF).

Colombia also has a National Strategy for Payment for Environmental Services developed with theparticipation of the private sector, regional environmental authorities, research institutes, and internationalNGOs such as The Nature Conservancy, World Wildlife Fund, and Conservation International.8 Text drawn and adapted from Colombias Readiness Project Idea Note, submitted to the World Bank..

28


30/64

Colombia is working on a national policy on climate change at the highest level of Ministerial consultations. Inthis document, one of the sectors to be treated is the forestry sector. As with all other sectors, a vulnerabilityto climate change study will be mandated, as will be a study on mitigation potential (including REDD). Theresult will be an adaptation and a mitigation plan for the sector.


There is a small-scale pilot project financed by the World Bank in Antioquia (San Nicolas), which is allowing

the Ministry to test REDD options and a new methodology is being implemented for this purpose.

Contact information:

Contact: Andrea Garca GuerreroTitle: Ministers AdvisorContact information: Ministry of Environment, Housing, and Territorial Development

Costa Rica

9

During the period 2000-2005 the gross loss offorest cover was 23,689 ha which is equivalent toapproximately 4,600 ha per year (0.09%) while forestcover recovery showed an increase of 169,000 ha inthe national territory, representing approximately33,980 ha per year (0.66), The net forest change thenwas of +0.57% per year during that period, accordingto the Forest Cover Monitoring Study of Costa Rica2005. Deforestation strongly decreased in the last

decade as compared to previous decades; however, the country does not currently have a series of historicaldata produced using a consistent methodology. Therefore, the estimates in the forest cover change andconsequently, the existence of carbon, are rather uncertain.

Studies suggest that the country is recovering large extensions of forests; however, the age of these newforests and their carbon capture rate have yet to be studied.


Forest cover studies for the year 2000 and 2005 have been conducted using Landsat satellite images. TheNational Center of High Technology (CENAT) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) of the United States launched the CARTA Mission Project 2003 in the frame of a bilateral agreementof cooperation. The objective was to renew the geographic, atmospheric and environmental information ofCosta Rica using, among others, remote sensing to cover 70% of the national territory. For the year 2005, theCARTA Mission Project covered the remaining 30% of the country, which during the first phase of the projectwas covered by clouds.

At the national level, there is a significant level of information on the location of indigenous reserves(inhabitants and area) as well as the management by these communities of their territory from a communal,physical and legal point of view.

29

9 Text drawn and adapted from Costa Ricas Readiness Project Idea Note, submitted to the World Bank.


31/64


32/64

Democratic Republic of Congo10

Most of the land in Congo is state-owned even ifcertain areas (in the Batk plateau for example)are under traditional property rights. There is nospecial land tenure associated with deforestationand degradation (DD), which occurs everywherewithin the country. The annual deforestation rate

is estimated at 0.20% / year by CARPE (The CentralAfrican Regional Program for the Environment) (2008)and 0.3% / year by the FAO, which also estimateddegradation at 0.15%. Massive industrial deforestationhas never occurred in the DRC.

DD in DRC is occurring under two main proximate causes: firstly, the gathering of wood around large humanareas and secondly, the extension of agriculture (food-producing and subsistence agriculture) in the forestzone under shifting cultivation practices.

Data on forest dwellers is incomplete and heterogeneous depending on the area. This data is collected by theState through census. The State of the Forest 2006 report provides a population density map covering theentire Congo basin. DRC forests are traditionally inhabited by Pygmies, who live on picking and hunting. Dueto the extension of some ethnic groups, there is an increasing occupation of the savannas and others zonesclose to the forest by farmers, putting a higher pressure on the resource. The State of the Forest counts 150ethnic groups living in the Congo Basin Forest.

The six forest-rich countries (Cameroon, CAR, Congo, DRC, Eq. Guinea, and Gabon) of the COMIFAC (TheCentral African Forest Commission) have clearly indicated that they want to position themselves at a regionallevel in the international debate on climate change and have already done so, by regularly submitting jointproposals to UNFCCC.


OFAC (Central Africa Forest Observatory), under the COMIFAC guidance, is currently monitoring the forestcover of the whole Congo Basin. The FORAF Project is currently monitoring deforestation rate between 1990up to 2000 and between 2000 up to 2005. This FORAF (Forests of Africa) project analyses Landsat TM andETM+ images using segmentation at two levels, on a systematic degree sampling grid of 20*20 km (covering4%). It evaluates deforestation / reforestation and tries to monitor the dynamics of degradation / regenerationIts main limitation for DRC monitoring is the lack of sampling plots in the south of the country. CARPE hasconducted monitoring over the period 1990-2000 by automatic processing of satellite imagery from MODIS,ETM+ and TM, applied on a wall-to-wall basis.


In the DRC, the discussions on REDD are regular and were held at several national and internationalworkshops and seminars. A consultation workshop was organized from 14 to 17 April 2008 in Kinshasain order to finalize the R-PIN; this workshop gathered officials from the Ministries of Environment NatureConservation and Tourism, Agriculture and Rural Development, Mines, Landhold Affairs, Interior, Finance,the environmental platforms of numerous national and international non-governmental organizations (WWF,

10 Text drawn and adapted from Democratic Republic of Congos Readiness Project Idea Note, submitted to the World Bank.

31


33/64

WCS, OSFAC) and the National Satellite Remote Sensing Agency (METTELSAT). We must also mention theMembers of Parliament Network for the sustainable management of the forest ecosystems of Central Africa(REPAC) of which the Parliament of the DRC is an active member. This network deals with forest governanceincluding problems inherent to deforestation.

DRC also elaborated ambitious programs for reserve and protected areas: the Belgian royal family offeredfinancial help to create conservation areas and a US$ 16 million program was launched by the CongoleseInstitute for Nature Conservation (ICCN) to rehabilitate protected areas. DRC also opened discussions for

an engagement in FLEGT (Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade), an ambitious European fundedprogram targeting improvement in forest governance.

After the organization of the workshop in Kinshasa in April 2008, a tripartite delegation (The Woods HoleResearch Center, Ministry of Environment and Parliament) went to Bikoro in the Equateur province toevaluate in the field the appropriation of REDD by the stakeholders. A document entitled The Foundations ofREDD in the DRC was subsequently prepared by the same parties on 14 June 2008.

Two delegates of the Pygmies league represented the DRC at a Latin-American workshop on Climate Changewhich was held in Manaus (Brazil) on 4 April 2008 and brought together native peoples and traditional

communities from the three large forest blocks of the Amazon and Congo basins, as well as from Borneo andPapua New Guinea. The same Pygmies organized, in October 2008, a workshop on the carbon market and theforests for the native peoples of Africa, with a particular emphasis on the REDD mechanism.


Contact: Mr Vincent KASULU SEYA MAKONGAContact information: MECNT, Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Tourism

Ethiopia11

The total area under natural high forest is estimatedto be 4.07million hectares or 3.56 % of the area of thecountry.

The REDD program in Ethiopia will be managed bythe Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Developmentin collaboration with other sectoral agencies at thefederal and regional levels including the organizedlocal communities and civil societies working in theforestry sector. EPA will coordinate all the relevantstakeholders working in the implementation of theREDD program in Ethiopia.


Currently, the LULUCF sector is a significant sink of CO2

in Ethiopia rather than a source of emissions toatmosphere. However, this sink capacity is decreasing rapidly.

11 Text drawn and adapted from Ethiopias Readiness Project Idea Note, submitted to the World Bank.

32


34/64

The Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project did an analysis in districts where there was highnatural forests to arrive at rates of deforestation caused by increasing population and its need for agriculturalland in the three main forested regions. The results show that approximately 1.33 million hectares of naturalforests are forecast to be destroyed between 1990 and 2020; this loss accounts for about one third of theforest resources in the country.


The Forest Proclamation of 2007recognizes two types of ownership--private forest and state forest. The

proclamation has provisions on the promotion of private forest development, conservation and utilization.The Forest Policy of 2007 had the overall objective to conserve and develop forest resources properly so thatthere could be sustainable supply of forest products to the society and contribute to the development of thenational economy.

The Government of Ethiopia has signed a project document with the National Forest Program Facility, hostedby the FAO, for the development and implementation of a National Forest Program in 2008. The purpose ofthe project is to increasing the contribution of the forestry sector to attain Millennium Development Goals.

Ethiopia began Participatory Forest Management 10 years ago in high forest priority areas. The program

is supported by Farm Africa and GTZ and is being implemented by the Oromia and Southern NationsNationalities and Peoples Regional States Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development.

The 1997 Environmental Policy contains sectoral policies is on forest, wood lands and tree resources underwhich the policy addresses issues such as complementary roles of communities, private entrepreneurs andthe state in forestry development; integration of forestry development with land ,water, energy resources,ecosystem and genetic resources development in addition to crop and livestock production

In addition to these policies and programs, there are a number of forest management programs in place topromote sustainable resource use.Like in most African countries REDD is a new concept in Ethiopia. In the preparation of the R-PIN, technical

meetings were held with relevant stakeholders. National level consultations for reducing deforestation anddegradation are also being carried out in the country.Demonstration Activities

The Farm Africa-SOS Sahel Ethiopia-Bale-Eco Region Sustainable Program (BESMP) has submitted a REDDProject Idea Note for a project entitled Bale Mountain Ecoregion Emission Reduction Assets: A large scalecommunity based Carbon Finance Project for the voluntary carbon market reducing emissions from the forestdegradation and deforestation.Moreover, there are many forestry projects in the country which can create favorable environment for thefuture REDD program implementation, including community forest management projects.

Contact Information

Contact institution: Federal Environmental Protection Authority

33


35/64


36/64


Under law n16/2001, there is no more distinction between private and public domain. Article 13 notes thatany forest falls under the national domain and constitutes the exclusive property of the State .

Gabon created a National Commission on Sustainable Development (CNDD) including representatives ofpublic and private institutions and NGOs. The CNDD can be mandated to implement the forest sectoralpolicy or to introduce the strategy to the main logging operators, local communities or stakeholders from themining sector, etc.

The weak organization of rural communities (few community associations, few local NGOs, etc.) limits theeffectiveness of participatory processes to formulate sectoral policies in Gabon. It is clear that the involvementof civil society in a REDD process is crucial to ensure the transfer of carbon benefits to rural populations, toguarantee economic development of these populations, and to encourage communities to sustainably managetheir forest resources.

Since 2005, about 44% of all forest concessions have a sustainable management plan. Production forests inGabon cover about 13 million hectares. FCSM (about 7 million hectares) represent about 30% of the nationalforest area. The remaining 5 to 6 millions of hectares are granted small-scale permits. The underlying idea is

to change these degradation-causing areas, where logging is not very profitable due to their small size, to agrouping of small concessions under sustainable management. This project currently includes 71 registeredpermits covering a total area of 800,000 hectares.

Gabon has expressed an interest in negotiating a FLEGT Voluntary Partnership Agreement with the EuropeanCommunity. A local certification system (PAFC) is also under development. WCS set up a program called People and Parks with the objective of assessing the negative and positive impacts of the creation ofnational parks on forest populations (job opportunity, tourism development, opening up remote areas,restriction of access to resources etc.).


Contact: Etienne Massard K. MakagaTitle: Direction Gnrale de lEnvironnement et de la Protection de la NatureContact information: Direction de lEnvironnement et de la Nature, Ministre de LEconomieForestire, des Eaux & de la Pche

35


37/64


38/64

Regional Forest Forums (RFF) were first established in the ten regions of Ghana and delegates selected toconstitute the National Forest Forum (NFF). The aim of the National Forest Forum was to bring togetherall the regional delegates as well as national level stakeholders to discuss and devise solutions to prioritizednational and regional forestry issues on a neutral platform together with technocrats and policy makers.


Contact: Mr. Robert K. BamfoTitle: Head, Climate Change

Contact information: www.fcghana.com

Guyana17

The Guiana Shield Initiative, funded by IUCNNetherlands, has started work at Iwokrama in Guyanaas a pilot site to test compensation mechanisms forprovision of environmental services.


In Mabura and Pibiri, there are several permanentsampling plots (PSPs) that were established forresearch purposes. PSPs have also been establishedin the Iwokrama Reserve that include measurementof carbon fluxes. Comprehensive estimates of forestbiomass have been established and satellite images

(LANDSAT and CBERS) are in the process of being utilized to determine forest cover with the intent tomonitor every 3 to 5 years with supplementary forest inventory assessment to obtain percent forest coverchanges. In addition, RADAR data, from the Japanese-US sensor ALOS are being acquired and analyzed by

colleagues at Waaginen University and SARvision in the Netherlands.

There are several initiatives undertaken to monitor biodiversity in the forested regions of the country.Initiatives have been undertaken by the Government of Guyana and organizations such World Wildlife Fund(WFF), The Iwokrama Rainforest Programme and Conservation International (CI).

Approximately 50% of Guyanas State Forest Estate has been allocated to sustainable utilization even thoughonly a small fraction has actually been disturbed. Approximately 39% of the State Forest is unallocated andconsists mainly of primary forest lands. The areas allocated to sustainable utilization are based on a rotationsystem with at least 30-40% of allocated concessions still consisting of primary forests.

The GFC is also providing training to Community Forestry Organizations (CFO) and Amerindian Communitieson Reduced Impact Logging via a Forestry Training Centre which is funded by the Government of Guyana incollaboration with the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO).

Under the Amerindian Act, communities can manage areas of their titled land under different regimes,and they are allowed to declare portions of their land as conservation areas. For example, the Wai WaiCommunity declared their land area of 625,000 hectares as a community owned protected area, which shouldreduce emissions from deforestation because certain activities are restricted or disallowed altogether.

17 Text drawn and adapted from Guyanas Readiness Project Idea Note, submitted to the World Bank.

37


39/64

The Guyana Forestry Commission (GFC) has a National Log Tagging and Log Tracking System that tracks andverifies the origin of logs and lumber. The GFC worked with the ITTO and FAO to establish procedures andguidelines for SFM that included a Code of Practice for Harvesting Operations and annual management plans.The GFC has also issued concessions for conservation purposes under its present regime. The 80,000 hectareUpper Essequibo Conservation Concession (UECC) managed by Conservation International in collaborationwith local communities is one example that reduces deforestation threats in both the short and long-term.

Policy and Stakeholder EngagementA new Forests Bill is currently being considered by the select Committee of Parliament. Eleven years ofextensive consultation that began in 1996 and ended in September 2007 has resulted in a revised draft ForestsBill. The process included consultations with more than 23 entities including representative AmerindianAssociations, local communities, private sector entities in particular those in the forestry sector, and inconjunction with the World Bank.

The revised Forests Bill allows for forest conservation activities which include the preservation of forests forthe purpose of carbon sequestration or any other form of environmental services. Investors therefore havethe opportunity to invest in this area in accordance with the Government of Guyana guidelines that would be

established to govern this.In addition to the existing Forest Law, there is existing legislation governing forest reserves. Potential newcarbon and biodiversity reserves include the Kaieteur National Park Act of 1929 (as amended 1999) whichestablishes the 63,000 hectare Kaieteur National Park, and the Iwokrama Act (1996) that establishes the371,000 hectare Iwokrama Programme.

Protected Areas Legislation is now being drafted, with the first round of consultations that concluded in March2008. This legislation will establish the framework for establishment of protected areas which will be part ofthe national initiative to maintain carbon reserves in areas of high known biodiversity value.

More recently in 2007, Guyana took steps to initiate the REDD process. Consultations have been held at thenational, regional and local levels with stakeholders that included national ministries, organizations, NGOs,communities and individuals (at least 23 groups consulted). A Special High-level Committee was set-up by theGovernment in 2007 to address issues related to REDD. The group includes key sectors such as the ClimateChange focal points, the Land Use planning sector, the Guyana Forestry Commission and the Office of thePresident and NGOs such as Conservation International.

Contact information

Contact person: Mr. James SinghTitle: Commissioner of Forests, Guyana Forest CommissionContact information: www.forestry.gov.gy

38


40/64

Indonesia18

Indonesia has roughly 100 million ha of forested land,and forest loss in Indonesia averages between 1-2million ha/year.19

Forest Monitoring and AssessmentThe country is currently completing the initial phase

of developing a national Forest Resource InformationSystem to facilitate sustainable forest management, andmaintain accurate forest carbon accounting.20

Policy and Stakeholder EngagementIndonesia presently has five forest policy priorities:

fight illegal logging, conservation and rehabilitation of forest land, restructuring of the forest sector, communityengagement and empowerment, and land tenure establishment. Each of these initiatives is significant in thedevelopment of national capacity for REDD.

The country has established a National Council on Climate Change established, and is working on a REDDcommission and a set of guidelines relating to the issue. At the provincial level, REDD working groups havebeen established.

In 2007, in preparation for REDD activities, the Indonesia Forest Climate Alliance was created to facilitatestakeholder communication and consultation. The alliance, supported by the World Bank, the UKDepartment for International Development (DFID), the Australian Government and Deutche Gesellschaftfur Technische Zusammernarbeit (GTZ), is comprised of ministry experts and a range of national andinternational researchers. Through this alliance, Indonesia undertook an analysis of the major issuessurrounding the implementation of REDD in the country. Issues included: technical capacities, financing andpayment mechanisms, and strategies for addressing the drivers of forest emissions.

Australia and Indonesia have developed a unique partnership to support the development of REDD, andpresently, the two governments are working on a roadmap for Indonesia to develop the necessary capacitiesto access the international carbon markets through REDD. In demonstration, the two countries have launchedthe Kalimantan Forest Carbon Partnership (KFCP), which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions fromdeforestation, drying and burning of peatlands by up to 700 MtCO

2e over 30 years.21

18 Indonesia description was written drawing from a number of sources, and guided by a presentation from Nur Masripatin,Secretary for Forestry Research and Development Agency, Climate Change Working Group, Ministry of Forestry, Secretariat of

Indonesia Forest Climate Alliance (IFCA), presented at the Organizational Meeting, of the World Bank Forest Carbon PartnershipFacility, Washington DC, 20 October 2008

19 FWI/GFW. 2002. The State of the Forest: Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Watch Indonesia, and Washington DC: Global ForestWatch.

20 Information available from the Centre of Forest Inventory and Mapping, Forest Planning Agency, Ministry of Forestry Republic ofIndonesia.

21 More information available at http://www.climatechange.gov.au/international/publications/fs-ifci.html.

39


41/64


42/64


The Forest Act of 2005 broadened the scope of forest management, providing stringent regulatory practiceswhile opening up forest management to the private sector and communities. In order to fulfill its governingrole, KFS received a respective mandate from the Government and was established as a semi- autonomousGovernment institution. Following this, the 2008 Draft Forest Policy highlights the need to revitalize forestincome generation, and engages communities in forest protection and management.

REDD is not explicitly mentioned in the broader development agenda but forest conservation and community

participation in natural resource management is a pillar of Kenyas development policy vision 2030, which isthe blueprint for Kenyas economic development road map.A first stakeholder consultation workshop was conducted on April 21-22, 2008 and in addition technicalmeetings with agencies, NGOs and research organizations took place to prepare the R-PIN for submission tothe World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. In addition to the specific REDD consultation, there havebeen a number of stakeholder consultations in reducing deforestation.


The Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources is strongly supporting the development of CDM projectsand in particular, the land-use sector is considering the sequestration potential and co-benefits. With support

from the Ministry and the World Bank BioCarbon Fund, a CDM afforestation/reforestation project has beensuccessfully developed by The Green Belt Movement supporting Community Forest Associations in 7 projectsites in Kenya. Currently, the first agricultural land use carbon finance methodology is being developed inKenya, together with two pilot projects for the voluntary carbon standard with support from the World BankBioCarbon Fund. The methodology will provide a baseline and a monitoring methodology for SustainableLand Management activities adopted by smallholder farmers in Western Kenya and for smallholder coffee,turning sun grown coffee into shade coffee. Both projects will have strong adaptation benefits and will reducedeforestation and forest degradation in the vicinity to the project area.


Contact: Professor James Ole Kiyiapi

Title: Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Mineral ResourcesContact Information: www.kfs.go.ke

Lao Peoples Democratic Republic25

Comparison of forest distribution maps for 1992and 2002 indicates deforestation took place all overthe country. In the northern region of the country,where mountainous landscape dominates, mostdeforestation results from expansion of shiftingcultivation, both subsistent and commercial with orwithout initial logging. Commercial tree plantationssuch as rubber and agar-wood, which are expandingrapidly, also contribute to deforestation. In relativelyflat areas along the Mekong River in the central andsouthern regions, conversion to agricultural land is

25 Text drawn and adapted from Lao Peoples Democratic Republics Readiness Project Idea Note, submitted to the World Bank.

41


43/64

also prominent. Other visible deforestation areas are along the borders with neighboring countries and thisindicates heavy logging and expansion of commercial crops on slope land. According to the Forest Cover andLand Use Survey conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF), the current forest decreasedto 9.8 million ha in 2002 from 11.2 million ha in 1992 with an average loss of 134,000 ha per annum equivalentto 0.6% of the total land area.


Forest cover and land use has been assessed three times i.e. in 1982, 1992 and 2002. All these assessments

were made by the Department of Forestry (DOF). DOF also implemented the National Forest Inventory in1993-1999 by cluster sampling. The inventory included trees and some non- timber forest products like rattanand bamboo. Stand volume was estimated for different forest categories (forest type, canopy density, slope,etc.) and reported by province.


There are three forest categories i.e. Conservation, Protection and Production Forests. 21 ConservationForests at the national level are officially established with the total area of 3.5 million ha. ProtectionForests have been identified on maps with the total area of 4.5 million ha and field survey for their officialestablishment has been carried out.

Out of 54 Production Forest areas identified and surveyed with a total area of 3.4 million ha, 37 have beenofficially established and sustainable management has been introduced in them, with the assistance from theSustainable Forestry and Rural Development Project (World Bank/Finland). In Production Forest areas, localvillages participate in all aspects of production forest management based on contracts with local authoritiesand they receive benefits from log sales.

The Forestry Strategy 2020 (FS 2020) was formulated by a multi-Ministerial Senior Staff Committee beforeendorsement by the Prime Minister, and there were 3 open consultations with stakeholders including donors,private sector and NGOs on main issues and drafts. An annual stakeholder consultation on implementationof FS 2020 was held in November 2007. The Government-Donor Working Group on Forestry (FSWG,

consisting of concerned government organizations, main donors, NGO representatives and private sectorrepresentatives) has been a forum for consultation on implementation of FS 2020 and forestry issues since Jun2006. Recent FSWG meetings were focusing on REDD and FCPF related issues.

Strengthening of the Forestry Law and enactment of the Wildlife Law occurred in December 2007. A banon log and lumber export has also been enacted. In January 2008 the Department of Forest Inspection wasestablished, including authority to arrest and file charges against those not in compliance with the ForestryLaw.

Other policy initiatives related to REDD include improvements in forest zoning and management withparticipation of local communities, as well as support for alternative production systems to replace pioneeringshifting cultivation, a main driver of deforestation. Additionally a legal guidebook has been created on rightsand responsibilities of land and forest resources at the local level.

Contact Information:

Contact: Mr. Oupakone AlounsavathTitle: Director, Planning DivisionContact information: Department of Forestry (DOF), Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF)

42


44/64

Liberia26

Liberia contains 4.5 million hectares of lowland tropicaforest that comprises 43% of the remainin

Documents

An Overview of Readiness for REDD: A