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AN OVERVIEW OF LABOR MARKET. Hewi-Lin Chuang, Ph.D. 2014/02/26. Highlights. Labor economics studies how labor markets work. Models in labor economics typically contain three actors: workers, firms, and governments. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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AN OVERVIEW OF LABOR MARKET
1 Hewi-Lin Chuang, Ph.D.
2014/02/26
HIGHLIGHTS Labor economics studies how labor
markets work. Models in labor economics typically
contain three actors: workers, firms, and governments.
A good theory should have realistic assumptions and can be tested with real-world data.
The tools of economics are helpful in answering positive questions. 2
AN OVERVIEW OF LABOR MARKET
Labor Force: All those over 15 years of age who are either employed, actively seeking work, or awaiting recall from a layoff. (The age may vary in different countries. For example, it is 16 years of age for the U.S.)
Labor Force Participation Rate: The ratio of the labor force to those of age over 15.
Science is built up with facts, as a house is with stones. But a collection of factsis no more a science than a heap of stones is a house. -Jules Henri Poincar’e-
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Unemployment: Those in the labor force who are not employed(for pay).
Unemployment Rate: The ratio of those unemployed to those in the labor force. This is the most widely cited measure of labor market condition.
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Wage Rate: The price of labor per working hour.
Wage rate × Units of time worked = Earnings.
Earnings + Fringe benefit = Compensation.
Compensation + Unearned income (interest, dividends, transfer payments etc.) = Income
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Population(Age 15 and
over)
Labor Force(Employed plus Unemployed)
Not in Labor Force
New EntrantsReentrants
DropoutsRetirements
Employed
Unemployed(Not employed, butlooking for work or
awaiting recall)
LayoffsQuits
New HireRecalls
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§ DEMAND FOR LABOR
Product demandWages, amount of KChoice of technologies
Determines number of workers employed
Wage Changes: (1) Scale Effect (2) Substitution Effect
A demand curve for labor tells us howthe desired level of employment varieswith changes in the price of labor whenthe other factors affecting demand are held constant.
Wages
# of workers
D
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§ SUPPLY OF LABORMarket Supply: The supply of labor to a particular market is positively related to the wage rate prevailing in that market holding other wages constant.
Wages Wages
# of workers # of workers
S S2
S1
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Supply to Firms:The supply to a firm would be a horizontal line since each firm is a price taker in the competitive labor market .
Wages
# of workers
W*
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§ DETERMINATION OF THE WAGES
Wages
# of workers
Demand
Supply
W2
W*
W1
W1 ： demand exceeds supply
W2 ： supply exceeds demand
W* ： Market-Clearing Wage
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DETERMINATION OF THE WAGES
Labor market equilibrium coordinates the desires of
firms and workers, determining the wage and
employment observed in the labor market.
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Wage rates are determined by the market and announced to individual firm.
Wages
# of workers
Demand
Supply
W*
Wages
# of workers
DA
W* SA
Market A Typical Firm 12
人力資源調查
目的：為瞭解民間人力供給情況，凡年滿十五歲具有工作能力與意願之經濟活動人口，定期予以調查與分析。
創始於民國五十一年四月。
本處查編臺灣地區人力資源統計，係以家庭為對象，透過抽樣調查，蒐集民間十五歲以上人口之品質、數量、勞動力結構、就業、失業、失業原因、非勞動力構成等有關基本資料。
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人力資源調查
為應各機關人力資源運用與經社決策施政需要，獲取較為詳細資料，乃於六十七年至八十年間利用同一樣本附帶舉辦下列十四種專案調查。
包括：人力運用、工作經驗、住宅狀況、婦女婚育與就業、傷病醫療與就業、國內遷徙、職業訓練、青少年狀況、老人狀況、時間運用、國民休閒生活、工作期望、國民文化活動需要、國民生活型態與倫理等。
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重要人力指標項目別 總計 男性 女性年度( 民國 )
經濟成長率(%)
勞動力 ( 千人 )
就業者( 千人 )
失業者( 千人 )
勞動力參與率(%)
勞動力( 千人 )
就業者( 千人 )
失業者( 千人 )
勞動力參與率(%)
勞動力( 千人 )
就業者( 千人 )
失業者( 千人 )
勞動力參與率(%)
67 13.49 6337 6231 10658.76
4250 4183 6777.96
2087 2048 3939.13
68 8.01 6515 6432 8358.73
4356 4306 5077.95
2159 2126 3339.23
69 7.32 6629 6547 8258.26
4406 4357 4977.11
2223 2191 3339.25
70 6.46 6764 6672 9257.82
4503 4448 5576.78
2261 2224 3738.76
71 3.97 6959 6811 14957.93
4605 4509 9676.47
2354 2301 5339.30
72 8.32 7266 7070 19759.26
4687 4561 12676.36
2580 2509 7142.12
73 9.32 7491 7308 18359.72
4778 4661 11676.11
2713 2647 6743.30
74 4.07 7651 7428 22259.49
4860 4719 14175.47
2790 2709 8143.46
75 11 7945 7733 21260.37
4957 4821 13675.15
2988 2912 7545.51
76 10.68 8183 8022 16160.93
5065 4966 10075.24
3118 3057 6146.54
77 5.57 8247 8107 13960.21
5130 5043 8774.83
3116 3064 5245.56
78 10.28 8390 8258 13260.12
5231 5149 8274.84
3159 3110 4945.35
79 6.87 8423 8283 14052.94
5263 5175 8873.96
3160 3108 5244.50
80 7.88 8569 8439 13059.11
5355 5274 8073.80
3214 3165 4944.39
81 7.56 8765 8632 13259.34
5460 5380 8173.78
33.4 3252 5244.83
82 6.73 8874 8745 12858.82
5497 5422 7572.67
3377 3323 5444.89
83 7.59 9081 8939 14258.96
5595 5511 8472.44
3485 3428 5845.40
84 6.38 9210 9045 16558.71
5659 5558 10172.03
3551 3487 6445.34
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重要人力指標 ( 續 )項目別 總計 男性 女性
年度 ( 民國 )
經濟成長率(%)
勞動力 ( 千人 )
就業者( 千人 )
失業者( 千人 )
勞動力參與率(%)
勞動力( 千人 )
就業者( 千人 )
失業者( 千人 )
勞動力參與率(%)
勞動力( 千人 )
就業者( 千人 )
失業者( 千人 )
勞動力參與率(%)
85 5.54 9310 9068 242 58.44 5662 5508 154 71.13 3648 3560 88 45.76
86 5.48 9432 9176 256 58.33 5731 5562 169 71.09 3701 3613 88 45.64
87 3.47 9546 9289 257 58.04 5780 5610 169 70.58 3767 3679 88 45.60
88 5.97 9668 9385 283 57.93 5812 5624 188 69.93 3856 3761 95 46.03
89 5.8 9784 9491 293 57.68 5867 5670 197 69.42 3917 3821 95 46.02
90 -1.65 9832 9383 450 57.23 5855 5553 302 68.47 3977 3830 148 46.10
91 5.26 9969 9454 515 57.34 5896 5547 348 68.22 4074 3907 167 46.59
92 3.671007
69573 503 57.34 5904 5579 326 67.69 4172 3994 177 47.14
93 6.191024
09786 454 57.66 5968 5680 288 67.78 4272 4106 166 47.71
94 4.71037
19942 428 57.78 6012 5753 259 67.62 4359 4190 169 48.12
95 5.441052
21011
1411 57.92 6056 5810 245 67.35 4467 4301 166 48.68
96 5.981071
31029
4419 58.25 6116 5868 248 67.24 4597 4426 171 49.44
97 0.731085
31040
3450 58.28 6173 5902 271 67.09 4680 4501 179 49.67
98 -1.811091
71027
9639 57.90 6180 5776 404 66.40 4737 4502 235 49.62
99 10.721107
01049
3577 58.07 6242 5880 362 66.51 4828 4613 215 49.89
100 4.1911
20010
709 491 58.17 6 304 6 006 297 66.67 4896 4 702 194 49.97
101 1.4811
34110
860 481 58.35 6 369 6 083 286 66.83 4 972 4 777 195 50.19
102 2.1111
44510
967 478 58.43 6 402 6 116 28666.74 5 043 4 851 192 50.46
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