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Journal of Research in Biology An ornithological survey in the vicinity of Agartala city of Tripura state, north-eastern India Keywords: Avifauna, biodiversity hotspot, Agartala, Tripura, north-east India . ABSTRACT: North-east India is a part of Indo-Burma hotspot and among the richest bird zones in India. Tripura lies in the border of Indo-Burma global biodiversity hotspot area but is poorly covered by ornithological works. Avifauna of Tripura state is known by 277 species but there is lack of information about their distribution, particularly in and around Agartala city, which is the capital of Tripura state and is a tourist destination along the border of Bangladesh for its natural landscapes, inland water species, and strong presence of green flora. With a view to enhance its value for tourist attraction and naturalists, a study was conducted to record the species of birds that occur in and around the City. In the present study 73 bird species were recorded from Agartala city and its adjacent areas belonging to 41 families and 14 orders. 852-860 | JRB | 2013 | Vol 3 | No 3 This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited. www.jresearchbiology.com Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal Authors: Partha Pratim Bhattacharjee, Rahul Lodh, Dipten Laskar, Joydeb Majumder and Basant Kumar Agarwala. Institution: Ecology & Biodiversity Laboratories, Department of Zoology, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar-799 022, Tripura, India. Corresponding author: Basant Kumar Agarwala. Email: [email protected] Web Address: http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0328.pdf. Dates: Received: 28 Jan 2013 Accepted: 15 Feb 2013 Published: 10 Apr 2013 Article Citation: Partha Pratim Bhattacharjee, Rahul Lodh, Dipten Laskar, Joydeb Majumder and Basant Kumar Agarwala. An ornithological survey in the vicinity of Agartala city of Tripura state, north-eastern India. Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(3): 852-860 Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal Original Research

An Ornithological Survey in the Vicinity of Agartala City of Tripura State, North-eastern India

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North-east India is a part of Indo-Burma hotspot and among the richest bird zones in India. Tripura lies in the border of Indo-Burma global biodiversity hotspot area but is poorly covered by ornithological works. Avifauna of Tripura state is known by 277 species but there is lack of information about their distribution, particularly in and around Agartala city, which is the capital of Tripura state and is a tourist destination along the border of Bangladesh for its natural landscapes, inland water species, and strong presence of green flora. With a view to enhance its value for tourist attraction and naturalists, a study was conducted to record the species of birds that occur in and around the City. In the present study 73 bird species were recorded from Agartala city and its adjacent areas belonging to 41 families and 14 orders.Article Citation:Partha Pratim Bhattacharjee, Rahul Lodh, Dipten Laskar, Joydeb Majumder and Basant Kumar Agarwala.An ornithological survey in the vicinity of Agartala city of Tripura state, north-eastern India.Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(3): 852-860Full Text:http://jresearchbiology.com/documents/RA0328.pdf

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Biology

An ornithological survey in the vicinity of Agartala city of Tripura state,

north-eastern India

Keywords: Avifauna, biodiversity hotspot, Agartala, Tripura, north-east India .

ABSTRACT:

North-east India is a part of Indo-Burma hotspot and among the richest bird zones in India. Tripura lies in the border of Indo-Burma global biodiversity hotspot area but is poorly covered by ornithological works. Avifauna of Tripura state is known by 277 species but there is lack of information about their distribution, particularly in and around Agartala city, which is the capital of Tripura state and is a tourist destination along the border of Bangladesh for its natural landscapes, inland water species, and strong presence of green flora. With a view to enhance its value for tourist attraction and naturalists, a study was conducted to record the species of birds that occur in and around the City. In the present study 73 bird species were recorded from Agartala city and its adjacent areas belonging to 41 families and 14 orders.

852-860 | JRB | 2013 | Vol 3 | No 3

This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/

licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

www.jresearchbiology.com

Journal of Research in Biology

An International Scientific

Research Journal

Authors: Partha Pratim Bhattacharjee,

Rahul Lodh, Dipten Laskar,

Joydeb Majumder and

Basant Kumar Agarwala.

Institution:

Ecology & Biodiversity

Laboratories, Department of

Zoology, Tripura University,

Suryamaninagar-799 022,

Tripura, India.

Corresponding author: Basant Kumar Agarwala.

Email: [email protected]

Web Address: http://jresearchbiology.com/documents/RA0328.pdf.

Dates: Received: 28 Jan 2013 Accepted: 15 Feb 2013 Published: 10 Apr 2013

Article Citation: Partha Pratim Bhattacharjee, Rahul Lodh, Dipten Laskar, Joydeb Majumder and Basant Kumar Agarwala. An ornithological survey in the vicinity of Agartala city of Tripura state, north-eastern India. Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(3): 852-860

Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

INTRODUCTION

Avifauna contributes most significantly to the

diversity of terrestrial vertebrates, which have a special

role in conservation of biodiversity of a particular area

(Daniels, 1994). Birds are very good indicator

of environmental changes as they respond in the minute

change in habitat structure and composition

(Robert et al., 2001). Indian subcontinent harbour nearly

1300 species of birds, which is more than 13% of total

bird species of the world (Grimmet et al., 2004), and

more than 60% of Indian birds are found in north-east

India (Choudhury, 2010). North-east India is one of the

most significant biodiversity hotspots of the world and

among the richest bird zones in India because of

convergence of the Indo-Malayan, Indo-Chinese and

Indian biogeographical realms. As a result, it is unique in

providing an abundance of habitats that harbour diverse

biota with a high degree of endemism (Chatterjee et al.,

2006; Narwade et al., 2011). Tripura (22°56´- 24°32´ N

and 91°10´- 92°21´ E, with an area of 10,490 km2) is a

small state of north-east India bounded by Bangladesh

on three sides and with Assam and Mizoram on the other

side. It lies in the border of Indo-Burma global

biodiversity hotspot area (Myers et al., 2000) but

very poorly covered by ornithological works

(Choudhury, 2010). Although avifaunal checklist for

Tripura state listed 277 species (Choudhury, 2010) but

little is known regarding the bird species found in the

vicinity of Agartala city, situated by international

boundary of Bangladesh.

STUDY SITES

Agartala city is situated in the western region of

Tripura state with the latitude of 23°45' North and

longitude of 91°45' East and an average elevation of

20.36 m above sea level. It is the capital town of Tripura

with a mix of urban and semi urban complex and a rich

green cover. Forests and farms adjoin the town on three

sides, and therefore, it is also called ‘Green City’. The

total city area is 62.02 km2 and is delimited on the west

side by international boundary with Bangladesh.

Climatic condition is of tropical monsoon type with an

average annual rainfall of 220 cm. Average minimum

and maximum temperature recorded in the region are

6.8°C in January and 37.70°C in June, respectively.

Present study was carried out in eleven

different sites (viz., College Tilla lake area, Golbazar,

Pratapgarh, Dashamighat, Arundhutinagar, Shanmura,

Bhubanban, Barjala, Jagannath Bari lake area, G B Bazar

and Nandannagar) (Table 1, Figure 1) covering different

sides of Agartala city and its adjacent areas.

METHODOLOGY

The study sites were visited fortnightly

throughout the study period from 2009-2011. Data on

Bhattacharjee et al., 2013

853 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(3): 852-860

Sl. No Sites Coordinates Altitude (m)

1. College Tilla lake area 23°49'35.45" N; 91°17'42.28" E 17

2. Golbazar 23°49'38.30" N ; 91°16'57.15" E 16

3. Pratapgarh 23°49'08.98" N ; 91°17'17.10" E 16

4. Dashamighat 23°49'46.34" N ; 91°15'51.45" E 16

5. Arundhutinagar 23°49'01.44" N ; 91°16'21.68" E 31

6. Shanmura 23°50'51.98" N ; 91°16'07.20" E 15

7. Bhubanban 23°51'56.50" N; 91°15'73.70" E 21

8. Barjala 23°52'05.05" N ; 91°16'32.13" E 23

9. Jagannath Bari lake area 23°50'05.43" N; 91°16'53.70" E 14

10. G B Bazar 23°51'33.74" N ; 91°17'33.97" E 27

11. Nandannagar 23°51'43.68" N ; 91°17'57.00" E 28

Table 1: Geo-coordinate details of the study sites

present bird species were collected by direct observations

with the help of binoculars (VISTA LE 8 X 40). Almost

all the species mentioned in the checklist were

photographed. For this purpose, digital cameras of Canon

Power shot SX 200 IS (12 X Digital zoom), Cannon SRL

EOS 50D and Panasonic Lumix DMC FZ 40 were used.

In lake areas birds were observed from the bank,

peripheral areas, and urban areas were surveyed on foot

regularly. Farm and forested areas in the vicinity of the

city were surveyed to record the assemblages of different

bird species. Most of visits were made in morning and

afternoon time when birds are most active. Identification

of birds was based on the field guides produced by Ali

and Ripley (1995), Ali (1996 and 2002) and Grimmett et

al., (2003).

Status of the birds was classified as C-Common,

MC-Most common, NC-Not common, S-Singleton,

W- Winter visitor.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the present study 73 bird species were

recorded from Agartala city and its adjacent areas

belonging to 41 families and 14 orders (Table 2, Plate 1

and 2). There is no authentic information about the

avifauna of Tripura except that by Blyth (1845, 1846),

Ali and Ripley (1968-74) and International Waterfowl

and Wetlands Research Bureau on Asian Waterfowl

Census, 1989 (Scott and Rose 1989). Majumdar et al.,

(2002) recorded 259 species of birds, belonging to

56 families and 16 orders. Recently Choudhury (2010)

recorded 277 species of birds, in the annotated checklist

from Tripura, but avifaunal diversity of Agartala city is

not yet available. Out of 14 orders. Passeriformes was

found dominant with 22 families followed by

Coraciiformes with 3 families and Pelecaniformes and

Piciformes with 2 families each. Dominance of

Passeriformes was also recorded by Choudhury (2010)

and Majumdar et al., (2002) from the state and from

Nagpur district of central India (Chinchkhede and Kedar,

2012). The resident birds such as Pond heron, Cattle

egret, Lapwing, Blue rock pigeon, Spotted dove,

Parakeets, Asian koel, Kingfisher, Bee eater, Lineated

barbet, Woodpecker, Bush lark, Bulbul, Shrike, Robin,

Tailorbird, Cinereous tit, Sunbird, Sparrow, Starling,

Myna, Oriole, Black drongo and Crow etc were found

regularly throughout the study period. Little Cormorant,

Asian Openbill-Stork, Black headed Ibis, Lesser

Whistling Duck, Crested Serpent Eagle, Red Junglefowl,

Red Collared Dove, Yellow-footed Green Pigeon, Brown

Fish Owl, Asian Palm Swift, Indian Roller, Coppersmith

Barbet, Orange headed Thrush, Blue Rock Thrush,

White-rumped Shama, Scarlet-backed Flower pecker,

Tricoloured Munia etc were found less common in this

study. Common Sandpiper and Black headed Ibis were

observed during the winter season only in the paddy

fields of peripheral areas of the city. Common Hoopoe

Bhattacharjee et al., 2013

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(3): 852-860 854

Figure 1. Showing the study sites in and around Agartala City.

Bhattacharjee et al., 2013

855 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(3): 852-860

Sl.

No. Common name Scientific name

Status

IUCN Abundance

Cormorants [Phalacrocoracidae]

1. Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger Vieillot, 1817 LC NC

Herons & Egrets [Ardeidae]

2. Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii (Sykes, 1832) LC MC

3. Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) LC MC

4. Median Egret Mesophoyx intermedia (Wagler, 1827) LC C

Storks [Ciconiidae]

5. Asian Openbill-Stork Anastomus oscitans Boddaert, 1783 LC NC

6. Black headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus (Latham, 1790) NT W, NC

Ducks [Anatidae]

7. Lesser Whistling Duck Dendrocygna javanica (Horsfield, 1821) LC NC

Hawks & Eagles [Accipitridae]

8. Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela Latham, 1790 LC NC

9. Black Kite Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783) LC C

Pheasants [Phasianidae]

10. Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) LC NC

Rails & Coots [Rallidae]

11. White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus Pennant, 1769 LC C

Lapwings [Charadriidae]

12. Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus (Boddaert, 1783) LC MC

Sandpipers [Scolopacidae]

13. Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758) LC W, C

Pigeons & Doves [Columbidae]

14. Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 LC MC

15. Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis (Scopoli, 1768) LC MC

16. Red Collared Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica (Hermann, 1804) LC NC

17. Orange-breasted Green

Pigeon Treron bicinctus (Jerdon, 1840) LC C

18. Yellow-footed Green Pigeon Treron phoenicoptera (Latham, 1790) LC NC

Parakeets [Psittacidae]

19. Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769) LC C

20. Red-breasted Parakeet Psittacula alexandri (Linnaeus, 1758) LC C

Cuckoos & Coucals [Cuculidae]

21. Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) LC MC

22. Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis (Stephens, 1815) LC C

Owls [Strigidae]

23. Collared Scops Owl Otus lettia Hodgson, 1836 LC S

24. Spotted Owlet Athene brama (Temminck, 1821) LC C

25. Brown Fish Owl Bubo zeylonensis (Gmelin, 1788) LC NC

Table 2: List of birds in and around Agartala city during 2009-2011

Bhattacharjee et al., 2013

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(3): 852-860 856

Swifts [Apodidae]

26. Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis Gray, 1829 LC NC

27. House Swift Apus affinis (J E Gray, 1830) LC C

Kingfishers [Alcedinidae]

28. Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758) LC MC

29. Stork-billed Kingfisher Halcyon capensis (Linnaeus, 1766) LC C

30. White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus, 1758) LC MC

Bee-eaters [Meropidae]

31. Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis Latham, 1802 LC MC

Rollers [Coraciidae]

32. Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) LC NC

Hoopoe [Upupidae]

33. Common Hoopoe Upupa epops Linnaeus, 1758 LC S

Barbets [Capitonidae]

34. Lineated Barbet Megalaima lineata (Vieillot, 1816) LC MC

35. Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala Muller, 1776 LC NC

Woodpeckers [Picidae]

36. Rufous Woodpecker Celeus brachyurus (Vieillot, 1818) LC C

37. Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes lucidus (Scopoli, 1786) LC C

38. Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker Dendrocopos macei (Vieillot, 1818) LC C

Larks [Alaudidae]

39. Singing bush lark Mirafra cantillans Blyth, 1844 LC C

Pipits & Wagtails [Motacillidae]

40. Paddy field Pipit Anthus rufulus Vieillot, 1818 LC C

41. White Wagtail Motacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758 LC W,C

Bulbuls [Pycnonotidae]

42. Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758) LC C

43. Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766) LC MC

Loras [Irenidae]

44. Common Lora Aegithina tiphia (Linnaeus, 1758) LC C

Shrikes [Laniidae]

45. Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 LC W, MC

46. Grey-backed Shrike Lanius tephronotus (Vigors, 1831) LC W, C

Thrushes [Turdidae]

47. Orange headed Thrush Zoothera citrina (Latham, 1790) LC NC

Flycatchers [Muscicapidae]

48. Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius (Linnaeus, 1758) LC NC

49. White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus (Scopoli, 1786) LC NC

50. Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis (Linnaeus, 1758) LC MC

Bhattacharjee et al., 2013

857 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(3): 852-860

Babblers [Timaliidae]

51. Rufous-necked Laughing-

thrush

Garrulax ruficollis (Jardine & Selby, 1838) LC C

Warblers [Sylviidae]

52. Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius (Pennant, 1769) LC MC

Flycatchers [Stenostiridae]

53. Grey-headed Canary-

flycatcher

Culicicapa ceylonensis (Swainson, 1820) LC W, C

Tits [Paridae]

54. Cinereous Tit Parus cinereus Vieillot, 1818 LC MC

Flowerpeckers [Dicaeidae]

55. Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker Dicaeum cruentatum (Linnaeus, 1758) LC NC

Sunbirds [Nectariniidae]

56. Ruby-cheeked Sunbird Anthreptes singalensis (Gmelin, 1788) LC C

57. Purple-rumped Sunbird Nectarinia zeylonica (Linnaeus, 1766) LC C

58. Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus Latham, 1790 LC MC

White-eyes [Zosteropidae]

59. Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosus (Temminck, 1824) LC C

Munias [Estrildidae]

60. Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus, 1758) LC C

61. Tricoloured Munia Lonchura malacca (Linnaeus, 1766) LC NC

Sparrows [Passerinae]

62. House Sparrow Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) LC MC

Weavers [Ploceidae]

63. Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766) LC C

Starlings & Mynas [Sturnidae]

64. Chestnut-tailed Starling Sturnus malabaricus (Gmelin, 1789) LC C

65. Asian Pied Starling Gracupica contra (Linnaeus, 1758) LC MC

66. Common Myna Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766) LC MC

67. Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus (Wagler, 1827) LC MC

Orioles [Oriolidae]

68. Black-hooded Oriole Oriolus xanthornus (Linnaeus, 1758) LC MC

Drongos [Dicruridae]

69. Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus (Vieillot, 1817) LC MC

70. Greater racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1766 LC NC

Crows & Treepie [Corvidae]

71. Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda (Latham, 1790) LC C

72. House Crow Corvus splendens Vieillot, 1817 LC MC

73. Jungle Crow Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler, 1827 LC MC

Abbreviations:

Status: LC = least concern; NT = near threatened; C = common; MC = most common; NC = not common;

S = singleton; W = winter visitor.

Bhattacharjee et al., 2013

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(3): 852-860 858

Plate 1. A-Lineated barbet, B-Cattle egret, C-Red-wattled Lapwing, D-Common Hoope, E-Little cormorant,

F-Stripe-breasted woodpecker, G-Rufous woodpecker, H-White throated kingfisher, I-Yellow footed green

pegion, J-Asian open bill stork, K-Chestnut-tailed starling, L-Collared scops owl.

Plate 2: M-Asian Koel, N-Crested serpent eagle, O-Common Tailorbird, P-Cinereous Tit, Q-Emerald dove,

R-Little green bee-eater, S-Grey-baked shrike, T-Indian pond heron, U-Red collared dove, V-White-rumped

shama, W-Singing bush lark, X-Black headed ibis.

and Collared Scops Owl were sighted only once in the

two years study. Brown Shrike, Grey-backed Shrike,

Grey-headed Canary-flycatcher were observed in the

winter season only (Table 2), which corroborates with

the findings of Choudhury (2010) and Majumdar et al.,

(2002).

CONCLUSION

The present avifaunal survey of Agartala city and

its adjacent areas revealed 73 bird species which is very

important as it is the first ornithological record of the city

and will give a baseline data for future study. Rich bird

diversity is influenced by the topographical location of

the city and adjacent areas of Bangladesh.

Expansion of the city by construction activities,

reducing forest and farm areas with population pressure,

filling of pond and lake areas, dumping of wastes and

garbage in the low lands, use of chemical pesticides in

agricultural fields and hunting of birds are the major

threats to the avifaunal diversity here which needs proper

conservation management practices.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are thankful to Mr. Dipankar Kishore

Sinha for his constant services, tireless field assistance

and in capturing photographs during the study.

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