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Cp-Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
L. Sartori, Politecnico di Milano
5Β° Wind Energy Systems Engineering Workshop, Pamplona, Spain October, 4th 2019
-
RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Research framework
β’ Wind turbines are steadily upscaling
β’ Some design challenges:
o High flexibility of elements
o Unsteady, non-uniform inflow
o Increased aero-elastic couplings
o Increased dynamic complexity
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Research framework
β’ Multi-disciplinary design algorithms (MDO):
o Improve physical description (modelling fidelity)
o Implement a system-level design based on COE
o Manage a wide number of different variables
o Significant research in the last years
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
CP-MAX:
A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Cp-Max Timeline
2014: Roll-out of the 330kW-16m blade
2011: Roll-out of the 2MW-45m blade
2012: Roll-out of the 700kW-23m blade
2007: First implementation, parametric design only
2011: External 3D FEM module
2012 - 2015: Studies about aero-structural design
2016: Cp-Max in its new multi-level architecture
2017: Prebend design module
2017-2019: Extensive testing and design studies
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
Cp-Max development team
Prof. Carlo L. Bottasso
Chair of Wind Energy
Technisce UniversitΓ€t MΓΌnchen
Prof. Alessandro Croce
Head of PoliWind Lab
Politecnico di Milano
Luca Sartori
Post-doc researcher
Politecnico di Milano
Carlo R. Sucameli
PhD Candidate
Technisce UniversitΓ€t MΓΌnchen
Helena Canet TarrΓ©s
PhD Candidate
Technisce UniversitΓ€t MΓΌnchen
-
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
Software architecture
-
Multi-body modelling of wind turbines
Simulation tool: Cp-Lambda
β’ Multibody solver
β’ Lifting line + BEM Inflow
β’ Spatial grid + wind time history
β’ Nonlinear beam formulation (Bauchau et al. 2001)
β’ Fully-populated mass/stiffness matrix
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
MACRO DESIGN LOOP
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Macro Design Loop (MDL)
πΎ
β’ Optimizes global features of the turbine to minimize COE
β’ Macro design variables:
π π π π ππ= [ π , π», π, πΎ, ππ , ππ , ππ‘ , ππ‘ ]
π
Shape Rotor radius π» parameters
Hub height
Rotor tilt angle
π
Blade coning
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Macro Design Loop (MDL)
β’ The shape parameters are computed from chord and thickness distributions:
Ch
ord
c(r
) [m
]
r/R [-]
Ξ· [-]
Th
ickn
ess Ο
(Ξ·)
[-]
Rotor solidity π ππ =
π = Rotor tapering ππ
π Thickness solid area ππ‘
π
=
Thickness weighted area ππ‘ =
π 3 π π ππ
0
ππ 2
π ππ π ππ
0π
ππ π π 0
1 1 πππ π‘
100 0
1 πππ π‘π
01
πππ π‘ 0
β’ They link the MDL with the submodules
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Macro Design Loop (MDL)
β’ Simplified workflow of the MDL:
MDL (πΆππΈβ, πβπ) = ππππΆππΈ(ππ, ππ, ππ, ππ,π«)
β ADS ( ππ, π΄πΈπ
β) = πππ₯π΄πΈπ(ππ, ππ, ππ, ππ, π«) β CST ( πΞ΅
β) = πΆππππ‘ππΆπππ‘ππππΏππ€π ( ππ, ππ, ππ, ππ, π«) β β PDS ( ππ, π΄
βπΏ) = πππ‘ππππ§ππππππππ( ππ, ππ, ππ, ππ, π«, πΞ΅
β ) SDS β β β β ) ( ππ, πΌπΆπΆ
β) = ππππΌπΆπΆ( ππ, ππ , ππ, ππ,π«, πΞ΅
β β β πΆππΈ = πΆππ π‘πππππ(π΄πΈπβ, πΌπΆπΆβ, ππ , ππ , ππ , ππ, π«, πΞ΅β )
β’ Available cost models: Scaling (NREL, 2006), Industrial (SANDIA), Refined scaling (INNWIND)
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
DESIGN SUBMODULES
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Aerodynamic Design Submodule (ADS)
β’ Optimizes the aerodynamic design variables ππ of the rotor to maximize AEP
ππ β , π΄πΈπβ = max
ππ (π΄πΈπ ππ , ππ, ππ, ππ )
s.t.:
ππππ β€ ππππ πππ
ππ ππ , ππ β€ π
Design variables:
β’ Chord
β’ Twist
β’ Thickness (position of airfoils)
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Aerodynamic Design Submodule (ADS)
Chord, twist and thickness are parameterized by multiplicative/additive bumping functions
π Ξ· = π π(Ξ·)πππ(Ξ·) π Ξ· = π π(Ξ·)πππ(Ξ·) π‘ Ξ· = π π‘(Ξ·)π‘ππ(Ξ·)
π π(Ξ·) = ππ Ξ· π π π(Ξ·) = ππ(Ξ·)π½ π π‘(Ξ·) = ππ‘ Ξ· π
n are spline shape functions
ΞΈ, c and t are the associated nodal parameters
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Aerodynamic Design Submodule (ADS)
β’ Theoretical AEP from flexible Cp-TSR curves
β’ The structure is frozen
β’ Blade shape and thickness constrained
by the MDL: π΄πππ(π Ξ· , π ) = π ππ ππ π΄πππ(π Ξ· , Ξ·, π ) = π ππ ππ π΄πππ(π‘ Ξ· , π ) = π ππ‘ ππ‘ π΄πππ(π‘ Ξ· , Ξ·, π ) = π ππ‘ ππ‘
β’ Other constraints on max chord, tip speed, shape regularity
Ch
ord
c(r
) [m
]
r/R [-]
Ξ· [-]
Th
ickn
ess Ο
(Ξ·)
[-]
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Control Synthesis Tool (CST)
β β’ Determines the control laws ππΊ of the turbine
β’ Required to perform DLC simulations
β’ Available options:
o PID on pitch + LUT on torque
o PID on pitch + PID on torque (DTU)
o MIMO-LQR model based
o Individual Pitch Control
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
No torque to promote rotor acceleration
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
ππ β , π΄πΏ
β = min ππ
(π΄πΏ β ππ
β , ππ, ππ, ππ, ππ β )
s.t.:
ππ ππ , ππ β€ π
Design variables:
β’ Prebend shape
Prebend Design Submodule (PDS)
β’ Optimizes prebend to maximize the deformed swept area
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Prebend Design Submodule (PDS)
β’ Prebend is parameterized by a BΓ©zier curve
β’ Static analysis at rated conditions
β’ Possible constraints on:
o Max tip prebend
o Max steepness
o Shape regularity
Max (+) prebend
Max (-) prebend
Max steepness
β’ No associated variables in the MDL Horizontal tangent
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Structural Design Submodule (SDS)
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
β’ Optimizes internal structure of blade, tower to minimize the ICC
ππ β , πΌπΆπΆβ = min
ππ (πΌπΆπΆ ππ
β , ππ β , ππ, ππ, ππ
β )
s.t.:
ππ ππ β , ππ
β , ππ, ππ, ππ β β€ π
Design variables:
β’ Thickness of blade structural components
β’ Wall thickness of tower segments
β’ Diameter of tower segments
-
Structural Design Submodule (SDS)
β’ Thickness of elements is defined at β’ Sectors defined along tower height selected stations
β’ Mass, stiffness, stress/strain and β’ Sectional mass, stiffness computed by buckling computed analytically
ANBA
β’ Loads and deformations from
Cp-Lambda sensors
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Structural Design Submodule (SDS)
Computation of DLC
Aero-elastic optimization
3D FEM verification
Coarse solution
Loads Displacements
Refined solution
Constraints:
Blade tip deflection
Frequencies
Manufacturing limits
Ultimate stress, strain
Fatigue damage
Buckling
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
AN EXAMPLE: DESIGN OF THE POLIMI
20MW BASELINE WT
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Definition of the initial 20 MW model
β’ Initial aeroelastic definition obtained from upscaling the INNWIND.EU 10 MW
Rated power 20 MW Rotor radius 126 m
IEC Class IC Hub radius 3.95 m
Rotor orientation Clockwise, upwind Hub height 168 m
Control Variable speed Tower height 163 m
Cut-In speed 4 m/s Blade mass 118 ton
Cut-Out speed 25 m/s Hub mass 278 ton
Rated wind speed 11.4 m/s Nacelle mass 1098 ton
Max tip speed 90 m/s Tower mass 1779 ton
Cone angle 2.5Β° Generator Inertia 8488 kg/m2
Tilt angle 5Β° Generator efficiency 94%
Reference: INNWIND Deliverable 1.25: PI-based assessment (application) on the results of WP2-WP4 for 20 MW wind turbines, June 2017
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
http:INNWIND.EU
-
Design assumptions
β’ Classic spar-box layout
β’ No initial prebend
β’ Fixed-radius optimization
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Baseline vs. Redesign comparison
Chord Prebend
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Baseline vs. Redesign comparison
PS Spar Cap thickness SS Spar Cap thickness
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Structural solution of the redesigned rotor
Shell Panels LE Panels
Spar Panels Shear Webs
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Baseline vs. Redesign comparison
Units Baseline 20 MW Redesign 20 MW Var. %
Rotor speed [RPM] 6.77 6.82 + 0.74
Regulation Max tip speed
Optimal TSR
[m/s]
[-]
89.4
7.73
89.93
7.86
+ 0.59
+ 1.68
Rated wind speed [m/s] 11.56 11.45 - 0.95
Design parameters
Max chord
Prebend at tip
Spar caps fiber angle
[m]
[m]
[deg]
8.77
0
0
8.27
4
6
- 5.70
-
-
Total blade mass [ton] 113.5 107.8 - 5.05
KPIs AEP [GWh/yr] 91.63 91.74 + 0.12
COE [β¬/MWh] 84.92 84.56 - 0.42
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Baseline vs. Redesign comparison
Ultimate loads Fatigue loads
BR Blade Root
HC Hub Center
TT Tower Top
TB Tower Base
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
STATE OF THE ART AND OUTLOOK
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Completed research projects
β’ Definition of 10~20 MW reference wind turbines
β’ Definition of a 3.4 MW reference WT for the IEA-Task 37 project
β’ Integration of active/passive load mitigation in the design
β’ Development of upwind/downwind two-bladed rotors
β’ Study of the impact of WF control on a single WT design
β’ Global WT design with noise emissions constraints
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
Completed industrial projects
2MW - 45m
300kW - 16m 700kW - 24m
100kW - 10m
1m (for wind tunnel)
-
Ongoing activities
β’ Integration of airfoil design
β’ Development of numerical tools for aero-acoustic modelling and design
β’ Application of the design to down-scaled WTs for wind tunnel
β’ Integration of WF-level simulation and design modules
β’ Integration of additional sub-component design modules (DT & generator, support structure)
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
Selected references
P. Bortolotti, C.L. Bottasso, A. Croce, L. Sartori: Integration of multiple passive load mitigation technologies by automated design
optimizationβThe case study of a mediumβsize onshore wind turbine. Wind Energy, 2019, 22: 65β79, doi:10.1002/we.2270
H. Canet, P. Bortolotti, C.L. Bottasso: Gravo-aeroelastic scaling of very large wind turbines to wind tunnel size.
J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2018, 1037, 042006, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1037/4/042006
P. Bortolotti, C.R. Sucameli, A. Croce, C.L. Bottasso: Integrated design optimization of wind turbines with noise emission constraints.
J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2018, 1037, 042005, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1037/4/042005
L. Sartori, P. Bortolotti, A. Croce, C.L. Bottasso: Integration of prebend optimization in a holistic wind turbine design tool.
J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2016, 753, 062006, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/753/6/062006
P. Bortolotti, A. Croce, and C.L. Bottasso: Combined preliminaryβdetailed design of wind turbines.
Wind Energ. Sci., 1, 1β18, 2016, doi:10.5194/wes-1-1-2016
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
-
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
L. Sartori
Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines
Cp-Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Cp-Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines L. Sartori, Politecnico di Milano 5Β° Wind Energy Systems Engineering Workshop, Pamplona, Spain October, 42019 th
FigureRESEARCH FRAMEWORK L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Research frameworkβ’ β’ Wind turbines are steadily upscaling
β’ β’ β’ Some design challenges:
o o o High flexibility of elements
o o Unsteady, non-uniform inflow
o o Increased aero-elastic couplings
o o Increased dynamic complexity
FigureL. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Research framework β’ Multi-disciplinary design algorithms (MDO): o o o Improve physical description (modelling fidelity)
o o Implement a system-level design based on COE
o o Manage a wide number of different variables
o o Significant research in the last years
FigureL. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines FigureCP-MAX: A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY DESIGN PHILOSOPHY L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Cp-Max Timeline 2014: Roll-out of the 330kW-16m blade 2011: Roll-out of the 2MW-45m blade 2012: Roll-out of the 700kW-23m blade 2007: First implementation, parametric design only 2011: External 3D FEM module 2012 -2015: Studies about aero-structural design 2012 -2015: Studies about aero-structural design 2016: Cp-Max in its new multi-level architecture 2017: Prebend design module 2017-2019: Extensive testing and design studies L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Cp-Max development team Prof. Carlo L. Bottasso Chair of Wind Energy Technisce UniversitΓ€t Mchen [email protected] Prof. Alessandro Croce Head of PoliWind Lab Politecnico di Milano [email protected] Luca Sartori Post-doc researcher Politecnico di Milano [email protected] Carlo R. Sucameli PhD Candidate Technisce UniversitΓ€t Mchen [email protected] Helena Canet TarrΓ©s PhD Candidate Technisce UniversitΓ€t Mchen helena.canL. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Software architecture Multi-body modelling of wind turbines Simulation tool: Cp-Lambda β’ β’ β’ Multibody solver
β’ β’ Lifting line + BEM Inflow
β’ β’ Spatial grid + wind time history
β’ β’ Nonlinear beam formulation (Bauchau et al. 2001)
β’ β’ Fully-populated mass/stiffness matrix
FigureL. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines FigureMACRO DESIGN LOOP L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines FigureMacro Design Loop (MDL) πΎ β’ β’ β’ Optimizes global features of the turbine to minimize COE
β’ β’ Macro design variables:
ππ ππ π= [ π , π», π, πΎ, π, π, π, π] Figureππ π π‘ π‘
π Figure
Shape Rotor radius π» parameters Hub height Rotor tilt angle Figureπ L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Blade coning Blade coning Blade coning
Macro Design Loop (MDL) β’ The shape parameters are computed from chord and thickness distributions: Chord c(r) [m] r/R [-] Ξ· [-] Thickness Ο(Ξ·) [-] Rotor solidity π
π= π
π = Rotor tapering ππ π
Thickness solid area ππ π‘
= Thickness weighted area π= π‘
π 3 π π ππ Figure
00
ππ 2
π ππ π ππ Figure0
π ππ π π Figure0
11 πππ π‘Figure
100 0 1 πππ π‘πFigure0
1 πππ π‘ Figure0
β’ They link the MDL with the submodules L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Macro Design Loop (MDL) β’ Simplified workflow of the MDL: MDL (πΆππΈ, π) = ππππΆππΈ(π,π,π,π,π«) β ββπππππ
( π, π΄πΈπ) = πππ₯π΄πΈπ(π, π, π, π, π«) ADS πβππππ
β CST ( π) = πΆππππ‘ππΆπππ‘ππππΏππ€π ( π, π, π, π, π«) Ξ΅βππππ
ββ PDS (π,π΄) = πππ‘ππππ§ππππππππ(π,π,π,π,π«, π) β ββ βπβπΏππππΞ΅βSDS )
(π,πΌπΆπΆ) = ππππΌπΆπΆ(π, π,π,π,π«, ππβππππΞ΅
βββ πΆππΈ = πΆππ π‘πππππ(π΄πΈπ,πΌπΆπΆ, π, π, π,π,π«, π) ββππππΞ΅β
β’ Available cost models: Scaling (NREL, 2006), Industrial (SANDIA), Refined scaling (INNWIND) L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines FigureDESIGN SUBMODULES L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Aerodynamic Design Submodule (ADS) β’ Optimizes the aerodynamic design variables πof the rotor to maximize AEP π
ππ β , π΄πΈπβ = max ππ (π΄πΈπ ππ , ππ, ππ, ππ ) s.t.: ππππ β€ ππππ πππ ππ ππ , ππ β€ π Design variables: β’ Chord β’ Twist β’ Thickness (position of airfoils) L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Aerodynamic Design Submodule (ADS) Chord, twist and thickness are parameterized by multiplicative/additive bumping functions π Ξ· Figure
ππππ Ξ· = π (Ξ·)π(Ξ·)
ππππ‘ Ξ· = π (Ξ·)π(Ξ·)
π‘ππ= π (Ξ·)π‘(Ξ·)
π (Ξ·) = πΞ· π ππ Figure
π (Ξ·) = π(Ξ·)π½ ππ
π (Ξ·) = πΞ· π π‘π‘ Figure
Figuren are spline shape functions ΞΈ, c and t are the associated nodal parameters FigureL. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Aerodynamic Design Submodule (ADS) β’ β’ β’ Theoretical AEP from flexible Cp-TSR curves
β’ β’ The structure is frozen
β’ β’ Blade shape and thickness constrained by the MDL:
π΄πππ(π Ξ· , π ) = Figureπ
ππ π΄πππππ (π Ξ· , Ξ·, π ) = Figureπ
ππ π΄πππππ (π‘ Ξ· , π ) = Figureπ
πππ‘
π΄πππππ‘ (π‘ Ξ· , Ξ·, π ) = Figureπ
ππππ‘
πππ‘
β’ Other constraints on max chord, tip speed, shape regularity Chord c(r) [m] r/R [-] Ξ· [-] Thickness Ο(Ξ·) [-] L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Control Synthesis Tool (CST) β β’ β’ β’ Determines the control laws πof the turbine πΊ
β’ β’ Required to perform DLC simulations
β’ β’ β’ Available options:
o o o PID on pitch + LUT on torque
o o PID on pitch + PID on torque (DTU)
o o MIMO-LQR model based
o o Individual Pitch Control
No torque to promote rotor acceleration L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines ππ β , π΄πΏ β = min ππ (π΄πΏ β ππ β , ππ, ππ, ππ, ππ β ) s.t.: ππ ππ , ππ β€ π Design variables: β’ Prebend shape Prebend Design Submodule (PDS) β’ β’ β’ Optimizes prebend to maximize the deformed swept area
β’ β’ Prebend is parameterized by a BΓ©zier curve
β’ β’ Static analysis at rated conditions
β’ β’ β’ Possible constraints on:
o o o Max tip prebend
o o Max steepness
o o Shape regularity
L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Prebend Design Submodule (PDS) FigureMax (+) prebend Max (-) prebend Max steepness Figureβ’ Horizontal tangent No associated variables in the MDL
L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Structural Design Submodule (SDS) L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines β’ Optimizes internal structure of blade, tower to minimize the ICC ππ β , πΌπΆπΆβ = min ππ (πΌπΆπΆ ππ β , ππ β , ππ, ππ, ππ β ) s.t.: ππ ππ β , ππ β , ππ, ππ, ππ β β€ π Design variables: β’ Thickness of blade structural components β’ Wall thickness of tower segments β’ Diameter of tower segments Structural Design Submodule (SDS) β’ β’ β’ β’ Thickness of elements is defined at β’ Sectors defined along tower height selected stations
β’ Mass, stiffness, stress/strain and
β’ β’ Sectional mass, stiffness computed by
buckling computed analytically ANBA β’ Loads and deformations from Cp-Lambda sensors FigureFigureFigureL. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Structural Design Submodule (SDS) Computation of DLC Aero-elastic optimization 3D FEM verification Coarse solution Loads Displacements Refined solution Constraints: Blade tip deflection Frequencies Manufacturing limits Ultimate stress, strain Fatigue damage Buckling L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines FigureAN EXAMPLE: DESIGN OF THE POLIMI 20MW BASELINE WT L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Definition of the initial 20 MW model β’ Initial aeroelastic definition obtained from upscaling the INNWIND.EU 10 MW
Rated power Rated power Rated power 20 MW Rotor radius 126 m
IEC Class IEC Class IC Hub radius 3.95 m
Rotor orientation Rotor orientation Clockwise, upwind Hub height 168 m
Control Control Variable speed Tower height 163 m
Cut-In speed Cut-In speed 4 m/s Blade mass 118 ton
Cut-Out speed Cut-Out speed 25 m/s Hub mass 278 ton
Rated wind speed Rated wind speed 11.4 m/s Nacelle mass 1098 ton
Max tip speed Max tip speed 90 m/s Tower mass 1779 ton
Cone angle Cone angle 2.5Β° Generator Inertia 8488 kg/m2
Tilt angle Tilt angle 5Β° Generator efficiency 94%
Reference: INNWIND Deliverable 1.25: PI-based assessment (application) on the results of WP2-WP4 for 20 MW wind turbines, June 2017 L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Design assumptions β’ β’ β’ Classic spar-box layout
β’ β’ No initial prebend
β’ β’ Fixed-radius optimization
FigureFigureL. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Baseline vs. Redesign comparison Chord Prebend FigureL. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Baseline vs. Redesign comparison PS Spar Cap thickness SS Spar Cap thickness FigureL. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Structural solution of the redesigned rotor Shell Panels LE Panels FigureSpar Panels Shear Webs FigureL. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Baseline vs. Redesign comparison Units Units Units Baseline 20 MW Redesign 20 MW Var. %
Rotor speed Rotor speed [RPM] 6.77 6.82 + 0.74
Regulation Regulation Max tip speed Optimal TSR [m/s] [-] 89.4 7.73 89.93 7.86 + 0.59 + 1.68
TRRated wind speed [m/s] 11.56 11.45 -0.95
Design parameters Design parameters Max chord Prebend at tip Spar caps fiber angle [m] [m] [deg] 8.77 0 0 8.27 4 6 -5.70 --
TRTotal blade mass [ton] 113.5 107.8 -5.05
KPIs KPIs AEP [GWh/yr] 91.63 91.74 + 0.12
TRCOE [β¬/MWh] 84.92 84.56 -0.42
L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Baseline vs. Redesign comparison FigureUltimate loads Fatigue loads
BR Blade Root HC Hub Center TT Tower Top TB Tower Base FigureFigureL. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines FigureSTATE OF THE ART AND OUTLOOK L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Completed research projects β’ β’ β’ Definition of 10~20 MW reference wind turbines
β’ β’ Definition of a 3.4 MW reference WT for the IEA-Task 37 project
β’ β’ Integration of active/passive load mitigation in the design
β’ β’ Development of upwind/downwind two-bladed rotors
β’ β’ Study of the impact of WF control on a single WT design
β’ β’ Global WT design with noise emissions constraints
β’ β’ Integration of airfoil design
β’ β’ Development of numerical tools for aero-acoustic modelling and design
β’ β’ Application of the design to down-scaled WTs for wind tunnel
β’ β’ Integration of WF-level simulation and design modules
β’ β’ Integration of additional sub-component design modules (DT & generator, support structure)
FigureL. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Completed industrial projects 2MW -45m 300kW -16m 700kW -24m 100kW -10m 1m (for wind tunnel) Ongoing activities L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines Selected references FigureP. Bortolotti, C.L. Bottasso, A. Croce, L. Sartori: Integration of multiple passive load mitigation technologies by automated design optimizationβThe case study of a mediumβsize onshore wind turbine. Wind Energy, 2019, 22: 65β79, doi:10.1002/we.2270 H. Canet, P. Bortolotti, C.L. Bottasso: Gravo-aeroelastic scaling of very large wind turbines to wind tunnel size. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2018, 1037, 042006, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1037/4/042006 P. Bortolotti, C.R. Sucameli, A. Croce, C.L. Bottasso: Integrated design optimization of wind turbines with noise emission constraints. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2018, 1037, 042005, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1037/4/042005 L. Sartori, P. Bortolotti, A. Croce, C.L. Bottasso: Integration of prebend optimization in a holistic wind turbine design tool. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2016, 753, 062006, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/753/6/062006 P. Bortolotti, A. Croce, and C.L. Bottasso: Combined preliminaryβdetailed design of wind turbines. Wind Energ. Sci., 1, 1β18, 2016, doi:10.5194/wes-1-1-2016 L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines FigureTHANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION L. Sartori Cp Max: an MDO framework for the design of wind turbines