An Kit Biometrics

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Security That WorksBIOMETRICS

Made By:-

AKSHAY DUGGAL

MCA(3RD SEM)


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DEFINITION

The term Biometric is derived from the Greek wordsbio(= life) and metric (= to measure).

"Biometric" technology, which can recognize people from

their fingerprints, eyes or other bodily characteristics,is becoming cheaper and more powerful.

In IT, biometrics refers to technologies for measuringand analyzing human body characteristics for

authentication purposes.


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BEING DIGITAL

Modern computer based biometric systems are employedfor two basic functions.

The first is identification- a one to many comparison.

The second is verification -a one to one comparison.


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BIOMETRIC METHODS

Static(also called physiological)measurement of apart of a persons anatomy.

FOR EXAMPLE:

FingerprintRetinal scanIris scanHand geometry

((contd))


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((contd))

BIOMETRIC METHODS

Dynamic(also called behavioural) measurement of anaction performed by a person.

FOR EXAMPLE:

SignatureSpeakerKeystroke dynamics


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Working of biometrics

Although biometric technologies differ, they all work in asimilar fashion:

The user submits a sample that is an identifiable,unprocessed image or recording of the physiological or

behavioral biometric via an acquisition device (forexample, a scanner or camera).

This biometric is then processed to extract informationabout distinctive features to create a trial template or

verification template.

Templates are large number sequences. The trialtemplate is the users password.


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Iris Technology

This recognition method uses the iris of the eye - colored area

that surrounds the pupil.

Iris patterns are unique.

The iris patterns are obtained through a video-based image

acquisition system. .

The technology work well in both verification andidentification modes


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Iris structure


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Algorithms For Biometrics

Algorithm - a series of directives that tell a biometricsystem how to interpret a specific problem.

Algorithms have a number of steps and are used by the

biometric system to determine if a biometric sample and

record is a match


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Daugmans Algorithm For Iris

Technology

In Daugman's algorithms, most

amplitude information is discarded

2048 bits representing an iris pattern

consist of phase information .

Discarding the amplitude information

ensures that the template remains largely

unaffected by changes in illumination

For identification or verification a

template created by imaging an iris iscompared to stored template(s) in a

database. .


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Contd..

Hamming distance is found by appyling xor

gate between two strings.

Eg.

String A 1101

String B 1001Result 0100

If the Hamming distance is below the decision

threshold, a positive identification has

effectively been made .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_distancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_distance


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Contd..

In image processing, a Gabor filter

is a linear filterused for edge

detection.

They have been found to be

particularly appropriate for texturerepresentation and discrimination.

In the spatial domain, a 2D Gabor

filter is a function.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processing


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ContdThe iris is encoded to a unique set of 2048 bits whichserve as the fundamental identication of that person's

particular iris.

These iris bit codes can be stored in a database

Then compared to uniquely identify a person. The size of2048 is sufficiently largeto store the data of several individuals

We wish to extract phase information from the iris asopposed to amplitude information . We use Gabor filtersto extract this


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BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGIES

Fingerprint Biometrics

Hand geometry reading

Retinal scan

Iris scan

Face recognition

Signature recognition

Voice recognition


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FINGERPRINT BIOMETRICS

Fingerprints are the most widely used biometric.

Ink based fingerprints have been in use for over acentury, but in recent years they have gone digital.

This can be compared with a database in seconds andwith an extraordinary degree of accuracy.

Fingerprints have the advantage of being cheaper and

simpler than most other biometrics, and account foraround 40% of the market. ((contd))


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finger should be put

here

((contd.))


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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF

FINGERPRINT BIOMETRICS

ADVANTAGESMature technology.Easy to use /nonintrusive .High accuracy(comparableto PIN authentication).Long-term stability.multiple fingers.

Comparatively low cost

DISADVANTAGESInability to enrollsome users

Affected by skincondition

Sensor may get dirty


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HAND GEOMETRY READING

Hand geometrysystems are already used to controlaccess and verify identities at many airports, offices,factories, schools, hospitals, nuclear power plants and highsecurity government buildings.

They are also used in "time and attendance" systems, inwhich shift workers clock on and off using their handprintspreventing time card fraud through "buddy punching".

((contd))


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((Contd.))

HAND GEOMETRY MACHINE


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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF HAND

GEOMETRY

ADVANTAGESMature Technology

Non-intrusive

High User Acceptance

DISADVANTAGESLow accuracy

High cost

Relatively large readers


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RETINAL SCAN

Retinal scanning analyses the layer of blood vessels at theback of the eye. The user looks through a small openingin the device at a small green light. The user must keeptheir head still and eye focused on the light for severalseconds during which time the device will verify his identity.This process takes about 10 to 15 seconds total.

Retina scan is used almost exclusively in high-end securityapplications. It is used for controlling access to areas or

rooms in military installations, power plants, and the likethat are considered high risk security areas.

((contd))


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((contd))

RETINAL SCAN

User looks inthe device at asmall green light


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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGESOF

RETINAL SCANNING

ADVANTAGESPotential for highaccuracy

Long term stability

Feature is protectedfrom variations

Genetic Independence

DISADVANTAGESDifficult to use intrusive

High sensor cost

Preceived health threat


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FACE RECOGNITION

It works by analysing a video image or photograph andidentifying the positions of several dozen fixed"nodal points" on a person's face. These nodal points, mostlybetween the forehead and the upper lip.

Facial recognitionis becoming more widespread becauseit can make use of existing cameras and existing databasesof facial images from driving licences and passports.

Facial recognitioncan also operate "passively" i.e.,without people realising they are being scanned. It can thushelp to spot terrorists at airports ,metro stations and manyother places. ((contd))


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((contd))FACE RECOGNITION SYSTEM


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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF FACE

RECOGNITION

ADVANTAGES

Low cost

Non-intrusive

Ability to operatecovertly

DISADVANTAGES

Low accuracy

Identical twins attack

Potential for privacyabuse

Affected by appearance& environment


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SIGNATURE RECOGNITION

Ahandwritten signaturecan also be a biometric,because how you sign your name is a "behavioral"characteristic.

As pen based computers and personal organisers becomemore popular, the hardware required to capture asignature is increasingly available.

Several firms are usingsignature recognitionas a

friendly biometric that can be introduced whereversignatures are already used

((contd))


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((contd))

ELECTRONIC PEN FOR SIGNATURE PURPOSE


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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF

SIGNATURE RECOGNITION

ADVANTAGES

Widely accepted

Non-Intrusive

No record of thesignature

DISADVANTAGES

Signatureinconsistencies

Difficult to use

Problem of trivialsignatures


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VOICE RECOGNITION

Another form of biometric that does not require specialequipment isvoice recognitionwhich works by analysingan individual's fundamental vocal characteristics.

But while this technology is cheap, it is less reliable than

other biometrics, particularly when only a few seconds ofspeech are available.

The market share of voice recognition has fallen over

the past two years, while that of facial recognition hasgrown.

((contd))


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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF VIOCE

RECOGNITION

ADVANTAGES

Use simple micro phone

East to use/non-

intrusive/hands free

No negative association

DISADVANTAGES

Pre-recorded attack

Affected by background

voiceLow accuracy

Variability of voice ((illor drunk))


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Biometrics hold for Privacy

Increased Security

Biometric cannot be lost, stolen or forgotten; it cannotbe written down and stolen.

By implementing biometrics organizations can positivelyverify users identities, improving personal accountability.

In conjunction with smart cards biometrics can

provide strong security for Public Key Infrastructure(PKI).


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ConclusionAll authentication methods are prone to errors.Nevertheless, reliable user authentication must ensure

that an attacker cannot have mallicious access

Biometrics is uniquely bound to individuals and mayoffer organizations a stronger method ofauthentication.

Biometric systems are not foolproof; they can becompromised by:

Submission of another persons biometric

.

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An Kit Biometrics