An Invitation to HealthAn Invitation to HealthChapter 15Chapter 15

Lowering Your Risk of Cancer and Other Lowering Your Risk of Cancer and Other Major DiseasesMajor Diseases

Dr. Lana Zinger

©2004 Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Metastasis, Or Spread of Metastasis, Or Spread of CancerCancer

How Cancer Starts and How Cancer Starts and SpreadsSpreads

Sex Differences in Sex Differences in CancerCancer

Who Is at Risk for Who Is at Risk for Developing Cancer?Developing Cancer?

HeredityHeredity

ObesityObesity

Racial Racial and and

EthnicEthnicGroupsGroups

InfectiousInfectiousAgentsAgents

How Can I Reduce My How Can I Reduce My Cancer Risk?Cancer Risk?

Cancer-Smart NutritionCancer-Smart Nutrition Diet high in antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables.Diet high in antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables. Low fat diet.Low fat diet. Consider food-processing and preparation Consider food-processing and preparation

techniques.techniques. Tobacco SmokeTobacco Smoke

First-hand vs. environmental.First-hand vs. environmental. Environmental RisksEnvironmental Risks

Avoidance of carcinogens.Avoidance of carcinogens. Early DetectionEarly Detection

Screening examinations and self-examinations. ChemopreventionChemoprevention

Tamixofen, raloxifene (Evista), and Proscar.

Common Types of CancerCommon Types of Cancer

CarcinomaCarcinoma

SarcomaSarcomaLymphomaLymphoma

LeukemiaLeukemia

Skin CancerSkin CancerSquamous-Cell Cancer and Basal-Cell Squamous-Cell Cancer and Basal-Cell

CancerCancer CauseCause

UVA and UVB exposure. Sunlamps and tanning

salons. Smoking and exposure to

certain chemicals. Inherited skin disorders.

TreatmentsTreatments Surgical removal,

cryosurgery, electrodesiccation, topical chemotherapy, and removal with lasers, chemical peels, or dermabrasion.

Skin CancerSkin CancerMelanoma – The deadliest type of skin Melanoma – The deadliest type of skin

cancercancer CauseCause Exposure to UV

radiation. Use of tanning beds.

RisksRisks Fair skin Freckles A history of childhood

sunburn’ A personal or family

history A large number of

moles

DetectionDetection Change in an existing

mole. Development of a

new and changing pigmented mole.

Change in color. An increase in

diameter. Changes in borders

of the mole. TreatmentTreatment

Surgery; Chemotherapy

ABCD: The Warning Signs Of ABCD: The Warning Signs Of MelanomaMelanoma

Self-exam for Skin CancerSelf-exam for Skin Cancer

Risk Factors for Breast Risk Factors for Breast CancerCancer

AgeAgeFamily HistoryFamily History

Age at MenarcheAge at MenarcheAge at Birth of First ChildAge at Birth of First Child

Breast BiopsiesBreast BiopsiesRaceRace

OccupationOccupationAlcoholAlcohol

Hormone Replacement Hormone Replacement TherapyTherapy

Size of Tumors Found by Mammography Size of Tumors Found by Mammography and Breast Self-Examand Breast Self-Exam

Breast CancerBreast CancerDetectionDetection

Breast self-examination.

Clinical breast exam. Every 3 years for

women in their 20’s and 30’s.

Every year for women 40+years.

Mammogram For all women

starting at age 40. Education about breast

cancer symptoms.

TreatmentTreatment SurgerySurgery

Lumpectomy Mastectomy

RadiationRadiation DrugsDrugs

Chemotherapy Hormonal therapy Taxol, Taxotere Herceptin

Breast Self-ExamBreast Self-Exam

MammographyMammography

Colon CancerColon Cancer

RisksRisks Age, gender, personal or Age, gender, personal or

family history, polyps, family history, polyps, ulcerative colitis, ulcerative colitis, smoking, alcohol smoking, alcohol consumption, high-fat or consumption, high-fat or low-fiber diet, and low-fiber diet, and inadequate intake of inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables.fruits and vegetables.

Early SignsEarly Signs Bleeding from the Bleeding from the

rectum.rectum. Blood in the stool.Blood in the stool. Change in bowel habits.Change in bowel habits.

PreventionPrevention Screening starting at Screening starting at

age 50.age 50. Fecal occult blood Fecal occult blood

test.test. Sigmoidoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy,

colonoscopycolonoscopy

TreatmentTreatment Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy

Screening for Colon Screening for Colon CancerCancer

Testicular CancerTesticular Cancer

Early SignsEarly Signs Enlargement of one Enlargement of one

testicle.testicle. Dull ache in the lower Dull ache in the lower

abdomen or groin.abdomen or groin. Lumps on the Lumps on the

testicles.testicles.

PreventionPrevention Monthly testicular Monthly testicular

self-examsself-exams

TreatmentTreatment Surgery Removal of nearby

lymph nodes Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Testosterone

injections

Other Common Other Common CancersCancers

Cervical CancerCervical Cancer

Oral CancerOral Cancer

Lung Lung

Cancer Cancer

LeukemiaLeukemia

ProstateProstate CancerCancer

OvarianOvarian

CancerCancer

New Hope Against CancerNew Hope Against Cancer

SurgerySurgeryRadiationRadiationTherapyTherapy

ChemotherapyChemotherapy

BiologicalBiologicalTherapiesTherapies

Bone-MarrowBone-MarrowTransplantationTransplantation

Gene TherapyGene Therapy

Types of Diabetes MellitusTypes of Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 DiabetesType 1 Diabetes The pancreas is not The pancreas is not

producing insulin and producing insulin and the patient requires the patient requires regular insulin regular insulin injections.injections.

Only 5% of all Only 5% of all diabetics.diabetics.

CausesCauses ?viral and genetics.?viral and genetics.

Type 2 DiabetesType 2 Diabetes The body is producing The body is producing

some insulin, but is some insulin, but is not responding to it not responding to it properly.properly.

95% of all diabetics 95% of all diabetics over age 20over age 20

CausesCauses= = Excess Excess body fat, inactivity body fat, inactivity and genetics.and genetics.

Roles of InsulinRoles of Insulin

ROLE #1ROLE #1 To move glucose from the blood to

the cells of the bodywhere it is used

for energy.

ROLE #2ROLE #2 To convert excess

glucose to glycogen, stored as an energyreserve in the liver

and muscles.

InsulinInsulin: A hormone essential for processing glucose in the body. It is produced in the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas.

Signs and Symptoms of Signs and Symptoms of DiabetesDiabetes

Type 1 DiabetesType 1 Diabetes Sudden and dramatic Sudden and dramatic

onset of symptoms.onset of symptoms. SymptomsSymptoms

Fatigue, irritability, Fatigue, irritability, abnormal hunger abnormal hunger and thirst, frequent and thirst, frequent urination, and urination, and weight loss.weight loss.

Life-threatening Life-threatening complicationscomplications Diabetic coma, Diabetic coma,

insulin reaction.insulin reaction.

Type 2 DiabetesType 2 Diabetes Onset of symptoms are Onset of symptoms are

more gradual.more gradual. SymptomsSymptoms

Same type 1 Same type 1 diabetes plus diabetes plus drowsiness, blurred drowsiness, blurred vision, itching, slow vision, itching, slow healing cuts, skin healing cuts, skin infections, and infections, and numbness of fingers numbness of fingers and toesand toes

Treatment for Diabetes Treatment for Diabetes MellitusMellitus

Type 1 DiabetesType 1 Diabetes Insulin injections Home glucose

monitoring Well-balanced diet Exercise Weight

management

Type 2 DiabetesType 2 Diabetes Oral hypoglycemic

medications Home glucose

monitoring Well-balanced diet Exercise Weight

management

Long Term Complications of Long Term Complications of DiabetesDiabetes

Kidney Kidney DiseaseDisease

Cardiovascular Cardiovascular ComplicationsComplications

Diabetic Diabetic NeuropathyNeuropathy

Diabetic Diabetic RetinopathyRetinopathy

Epilepsy and Seizure DisordersEpilepsy and Seizure Disorders

Respiratory DiseasesRespiratory DiseasesAsthma and Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COLD)Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COLD)

AnemiasAnemiasIron Deficiency, Sickle Cell, Pernicious Anemia and Aplastic Iron Deficiency, Sickle Cell, Pernicious Anemia and Aplastic

AnemiaAnemia

Liver DisordersLiver DisordersCirrhosisCirrhosis

Kidney DiseasesKidney DiseasesNephrosis and Kidney StonesNephrosis and Kidney Stones

Digestive DiseasesDigestive DiseasesUlcers, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Irritable Bowel Disease Ulcers, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Irritable Bowel Disease

and Gallstonesand Gallstones

Disorders of the Muscles, Joints, and BonesDisorders of the Muscles, Joints, and BonesArthritis, Hernias, and Back AchesArthritis, Hernias, and Back Aches

Skin DisordersSkin DisordersEczema, Dermatitis and PsoriasisEczema, Dermatitis and Psoriasis

Protecting Yourself From Protecting Yourself From Cancer and Major IllnessesCancer and Major Illnesses

Avoid excessive exposure to UV lightAvoid excessive exposure to UV light

Avoid obvious cancer risksAvoid obvious cancer risks

Eat a variety of healthful foodsEat a variety of healthful foods

Keep movingKeep moving

Watch your weightWatch your weight

Limit consumption of alcoholic Limit consumption of alcoholic beveragesbeverages

Be alert to changes in your bodyBe alert to changes in your body