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EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
An Introduction to VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated)
Circuit Design
Presented at EE1001 Oct. 16th, 2012
By Hua Tang
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction 2
The First Computer
The BabbageDifference Engine(1832)
25,000 parts
cost: £17,470
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction 3
The first electronic computer (1946)
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
First transistor
Bell Labs, 1948
First Transistor (Bipolar)
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction 5
The First Integrated Circuits
Bipolar logic
1960’s
ECL 3-input Gate
Motorola 1966
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Basic IC circuit component: MOS transistor MOS: Metal Oxide Semiconductor
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction 7
Intel 4004 Micro-Processor
1971
1000 transistors
< 1MHz operation
10μm technology
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction 8
Intel Pentium (IV) microprocessor
2001
42 Million transistors
1.5 GHz operation
0.18μm technology
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction 9
More recent Processors 2006
291 Million transistors
3 GHz operation
65nm technology
2007
800 Million transistors
2 GHz operation
45nm technology (the biggest change in CMOS transistor
technologies in 40 years)
2010 Core i7
1.2 Billion transistors
3.3 GHz operation
32nm technology
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Moore’s Law
In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the
number of transistors on a chip doubled
every 18 to 24 months.
He made a prediction that
semiconductor technology will double its
effectiveness every 18 months
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Moore’s law in Microprocessors
4004 8008
8080 8085 8086
286 386
486 Pentium® proc
P6
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Tra
nsis
tors
(M
T)
2X growth in 1.96 years!
Transistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 years
Courtesy, Intel
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Frequency
P6
Pentium ® proc 486
386 286 8086 8085
8080
8008 4004
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Fre
qu
en
cy (
Mh
z)
Lead Microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 years
Doubles every
2 years
Courtesy, Intel
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Not Only Microprocessors
Analog
Baseband
Digital Baseband
(DSP + MCU)
Power
Management
Small
Signal RF Power
RF
Cell Phone
HDTV
PDA
….
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
What is a MOS Transistor?
VGS VT
Ron
S D
A Switch!
|V GS |
An MOS Transistor
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
MOS Transistors - Types and Symbols
D
S
G
G
S
D
NMOS
PMOS
if G=“0” or ground
switch on
if G=“1” or Vdd
switch on
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
The CMOS Inverter: A First Glance
V in V out
C L
V DD
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
CMOS Inverter
First-Order DC Analysis
V DD V DD
V in = V DD V in = 0
V =0 out
V =V out
R n
R p
DD
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
x 10-10
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
t (sec)
Vout(V
)
Transient Response
tpLH tpHL
The delay
Essentially
determines the
clock speed of the
processor
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Static CMOS (Complementary MOS) VDD
F(In1,In2,…InN)
In1
In2
InN
In1
In2
InN
PUN
PDN
PMOS only
NMOS only
PUN and PDN are dual logic networks
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
NMOS Transistors
in Series/Parallel Connection
Transistors can be thought as a switch controlled by its gate signal
NMOS switch closes when switch control input is high
X Y
A B
Y = X if A and B
XY
A
B Y = X if A OR B
NMOS Transistors pass a “strong” 0 but a “weak” 1
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
PMOS Transistors
in Series/Parallel Connection
X Y
A B
Y = X if A AND B = A + B
XY
A
B Y = X if A OR B = AB
PMOS Transistors pass a “strong” 1 but a “weak” 0
PMOS switch closes when switch control input is low
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Example Gate: NAND
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Example Gate: NOR
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Full-Adder A B
Cout
Sum
Cin Fulladder
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
The Binary Adder
S A B Ci
=
A= BCi ABCi ABCi
ABCi
+ + +
Co
AB BCi
ACi
+ +=
A B
Cout
Sum
Cin Fulladder
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Complimentary Static CMOS Full Adder
28 Transistors
A B
B
A
Ci
Ci A
X
VDD
VDD
A B
Ci BA
B VDD
A
B
Ci
Ci
A
B
A CiB
Co
VDD
S
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
The Ripple-Carry Adder
FA FA FA FA
A0 B0
S0
A1 B1
S1
A2 B2
S2
A3 B3
S3
Ci,0 Co,0
(= Ci,1)
Co,1 Co,2 Co,3
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
SRAM Memory cell
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
The add-up
32-bit adder: >3,000
32-bit comparator: >3,000
32-bit multiplier: >50,000
1k SRAM: 6,000
…
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Design Metrics
How to evaluate performance of a digital circuit (gate, block, …)?
Cost
Reliability
Scalability
Speed (delay, operating frequency)
Power dissipation
Energy to perform a function
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Future Design Challenges
Processor architecture (multiple-core; interconnections)
Semi-conductor materials (current leakage; process variation)
Power consumption (power density; thermal dissipation)
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Career in VLSI design VLSI circuit design and design automation
Intel, IBM, AMD, Texas Ins., Agilent,…
Qualcomm, Broadcom, Samsung,…
Micron, Seagate, WesternDigital…
Cadence, Synopsys, MentorGraphics…
Xilinx, Altera, ….
....
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
VLSI Design: FFT Butterfly
Widely used in signal
processing
Design Butterfly Unit
for 2-point FFT
Components include
multiplier, adder,
subtractor, and data
management
8-point FFT composed of 12 butterflies
Image from www.cmlab.csie.ntu.edu.tw/cml/dsp/training/coding/transform/fft.html
By: Spencer Strunic
Matt Webb
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
FFT Butterfly Unit Layout
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Registers
Store data
Manipulate data
ALU
Select between many different operations to output
Adder
Adds two 8-bit numbers
Multiplier
Multiplies two 8-bit numbers
By: Brian Linder
Matt Leines
VLSI Design: 8-bit CPU
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
8-bit CPU Layout
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
FIR Filter
FIR – Finite-Impulse Response Involves calculations of finite convolution
sums in discrete-time systems Useful for Digital Signal Processing Equation -
x is the input signal, h is the finite impulse response, y is the sum output and N is the order of the filter
By: Craig Bristow
Joliot Chu
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
FIR Filter System Design
x[n]h[k]:
CONT
ROL
Module 1 – Control Module
INPUT STORAGE
Module 2 – Input Module
COEFFICIENTS
STORAGE
Module 3 – Coefficients Module
ARITHMETIC
Module 4 – Arithmetic Module
RESULTS
STORAGE
Module 5 – Results Storage
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
A Delta-Sigma Converter for WCDMA
By: Matt Webb, Hairong Chang
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Nowdays, many electronic systems on a single chip have both analog and digital (called Mixed-signal SoC (System on Chip))
From Texas
Instruments
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction 41
EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction
Contact Information:
Office: MWAH 276
Hour: 3-5pm MW
Phone: 726-7095
Email: [email protected]
Http: www.d.umn.edu/~htang