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An Introduction toPromise Scholarship Programs
Michelle Miller-Adams, Research FellowW.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research
October 11, 2013
Presentation at Lumina Foundation, Indianapolis, IN
Defining Promise Programs
2
Promise programs seek to change a community, not simply award scholarships. They are:
• Place-based – focus on a geographically bounded community (usually a school district)
• Long-term – allow time for people to make choices based on the program’s benefits
• Share common goals:
• Access to post-secondary education
• Creation of college-going culture
• Community transformation
Defining Promise programs… is harder than it seems
3
Models vary by:– Student eligibility
• Universal (all graduates eligible) OR• Merit requirements (GPA and attendance)
– Eligible post-secondary institutions• Local only, in-state public, or any institution (with tuition
cap)• 2-year only, 4-year included• Public or private (with tuition cap)
– First, middle, or last dollar– Level of student support services provided
A working definition
4
Promise communities are those that seek to transform themselves by making a long-term investment in education through place-based scholarships. While these programs vary in their structure, they all seek to expand access to and success in higher education, deepen the college-going culture in K-12 systems, and support local economic development.
The Promise movement
5
• Since the Kalamazoo Promise was announced in 2005, more than 30 communities have created Promise programs, with at least 10 others in the planning stages.
• Past PromiseNet conferences have drawn representatives from more than 50 communities.
• Promise programs exist in all parts of the United States, in communities of varying sizes and types.
Promise Scholarship Programs(by date announced)
Kalamazoo Promise
College Bound
Denver Scholarship Foundation
El Dorado Promise
Jackson Legacy
Pittsburgh Promise
Peoria Promise
Bay Commitment
Baldwin Promise
Syracuse Say Yes to Education
Garrett County
New Haven Promise
Arkadelphia Promise
Great River PromiseSparkman Promise
Benton Harbor Promise
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20112005
Leopard Challenge
Northport Promise
San Francisco Promise
Ventura Promise
Promise for the Future
Hopkinsville Rotary Scholars
Rockford Promise
Promise Scholarship Programs(as of 2013)
Kalamazoo Promise
College Bound
Denver Scholarship Foundation
El Dorado Promise
Pittsburgh Promise
Peoria Promise
Bay Commitment
Baldwin Promise
Syracuse Say Yes to Education
Garrett County
New Haven Promise
Arkadelphia Promise
Great River PromiseSparkman Promise
Benton Harbor PromisePontiac Promise
Leopard Challenge
Northport Promise
San Francisco Promise
Ventura Promise
Promise for the Future
Hopkinsville Rotary Scholars
LaCrosse PromiseSaginaw Promise
Lansing Promise
Pensacola Pledge Scholars
Detroit Scholarship
Jackson Legacy
Student Eligibility
Limited** Universal
College and Universities
Restrictive*
Peoria Promise Bay Commitment Jackson Legacy
Rockford Promise Ventura Promise
Promise for the Future Great River Promise
Hopkinsville Rotary Scholars Pensacola Pledge Scholars
Montgomery County (OH) Promise Detroit Scholarship Fund
Expansive
College Bound Kalamazoo Promise
Denver Scholarship Foundation El Dorado Promise
Pittsburgh Promise Syracuse Say Yes to Education
New Haven Promise Michigan Promise Zones (5)
Arkadelphia Promise Northport Promise
Sparkman Promise LaCrosse Promise
Leopard Challenge
*Scholarship can only be used at one school/college
**GPA and/or attendance requirements; in a few cases, income limitations
A possible typology of Promise programsfor comparative analysis
The problem – a disjunct between policy and research
• Research to date is limited and non-comparative.• Communities are replicating the Promise model
without an empirical basis for doing so.• Programs are being created without a good
understanding of how program design relates to goals and outcomes.
• Stakeholders are eager for data and findings that do not yet exist.
• Strong danger that programs will over-promise and under-deliver.
How we can help – developing a Promise research agenda
10
• Theme 1 – Students and Schools (K-12)– Bartik, Gonzalez, Kelaher-Young, Ritter
• Theme 2 – Post-secondary Education– Andrews/Desjardins, Iriti, Bozick
• Theme 3 – Community transformation– Hershbein, Miller, Miller-Adams
• Dissemination
K-12 Achievement EffectsAnd Attitudinal Changes
Post-Secondary Access, Choice, Persistence, and/or Completion
Economic Development – Enrollment, Migration, Housing
Kalamazoo Promise Bartik /Lachowska 2012
Bartik/Eberts/Huang 2010
Miron et al. 2011
Andrews/DesJardins 2010
Miller-Adams/Timmeney 2013
Bartik/Eberts/Huang 2010
Hershbein 2013
Miller-Adams 2013
Pittsburgh Promise Gonzalez et al. 2011 Iriti et al. 2012
Gonzalez et al. 2011
Bozick 2012
Gonzalez et al. 2011
El Dorado Promise Ritter et al. under way
Other / Multiple Programs
Harris 2012(Milwaukee)
Bifulco and Rubenstein 2011 (Syracuse)
