AN INTRODUCTION TO INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

1.212SPRING 2003

Professor Joseph M. Sussman

Mon/Wed 1-2:30

BLOCK 1(Lectures 1, 2)

INTRODUCTION TO ITS

Basic Concepts

February 5, 2003

SPEAKER: Joseph M. SussmanMIT

DEFINITION OF ITS

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) apply well-established technologies of communications, control, electronics and computer hardware and software to the surface transportation system.

TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS

INSTITUTIONS

WHAT 1.212 IS ABOUT

It’s a transportation class, with all that impliesIt’s a policy class -- how transportation relates to major societal goalsIt’s a technology development and deployment classIt’s a complex system (CLIOS) classIt’s a “Regions” class

PlanningArchitecture

It’s an organizations/institutions classIt’s an advanced research ideas class

1.212 CLASS SYLLABUS

Spring 2003

Block Topic Lectures

1 Introduction to ITS, including where ITS fits; roles andresponsibilities

2

2 Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), includingfunctionality; business models; field trip to SmartRoute Systems

3

3 Advanced Transportation Management Systems (ATMS),including network operations; incident detection, metrics;example deployments

3

4 Fleet-oriented ITS services, including Advanced PublicTransportation Systems (APTS); Commercial Vehicle Operations(CVO); Intermodal Freight, including International Operations

3

5 ITS and Technology, including automated highway systems(AHS); sensors, electronic toll collection (ETC); dedicated shortrange communication

2

6 Regionally-scaled ITS deployment, including regionalarchitecture; organizational and institutional issues; standards;developed vs. developing countries; ITS and strategic regionaltransportation planning

6

7 Critical ITS Issues, including (as time permits) ITS and security;safety; human factors; privacy; sustainability; funding (ascontrasted with conventional infrastructure); technologydeployment/R&D/policy; other institutional issues

4

8 Conclusion, including regional architecture presentation; thefuture of ITS

3

1.212 CLASS SYLLABUS1.212 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

SPRING 2003

TEACHING GRID (ACTUAL) WEEK OF MONDAY WEDNESDAY

February 3 Registration Day 1 Intro to ITS, organization of subject, history, JS

February 10 2 Intro, JS 3 ATIS, JS

February 17 * Class actually scheduled for Tues, 2/18

ATIS--SmartRoute Systems Field Trip

SNOW DAY--CLASSES CANCELED

4 ATIS, JS

February 24 5 ATIS: What Information People Want and Use, Jane Lappin

6 ATIS SmartRoute Systems Field Trip

March 3 7 ATMS/ATIS, JS 8 ATMS: Dynamic Route Guidance -- Vehicle-centric, Jennifer Farver

March 10 9 Article for discussion: Congestion Pricing/London, JS

10 ATIS -- Reliability; debrief of Jennifer Farver’s talk, JS

March 17 11 CVO, Michael Wolfe 12 CVO, JS

March 24 SPRING BREAK

March 31 13 Technology/Sensors, Rory O'Connor

14 ITS-MA Annual Meeting -- Boston

April 7 15 ITS-MA debrief, JS 16 APTS, JS

April 14 17 Regions, Rebecca Dodder on Bay Area (Chisholm/informal coordination)

18 Regions, Matthew Edelman--Transcom and Blue Collar Regionalism

April 21 Patriot's Day--NO CLASS 19 Regions, Jonathan Gifford--Organizations and Operations

April 28 20 Regions, JS 21 Regions, JS

May 5 22 Individual meeting with the two groups -- Preliminary KL Architecture Ideas, JS

23 Regions, JS

May 12 24 Conclusions -- The future of ITS, JS; Student evaluations

25 Student KL Arch presentations; Closing Comments

STUDENT REQUIREMENTS

1. One short (7 pages) assignment.2. “Mini” Term Paper (about 10 pages -- topic to

be “negotiated” with Professor Sussman); submitted right after Spring Break.A. Critical review of selected ITS literatureB. A paper or analysis on some topic of interest to

you.3. Readings4. Group Regional Architecture Project (second

half of semester)5. Discussion Articles -- We will distribute several

articles that will be discussed (interactively) at the next lecture. We will ask you to write a brief summary of the article to be submitted before the discussion.

6. Class Participation

BIG ITS IDEAS

The ITS-4 TechnologiesThe ITS Insight: Linkage of Vehicle and InfrastructureRegionalismIntermodalismInformationMobilityThe Potential of PricingInstitution Building

andInstitutional ChangeNationally-Consistent SystemInternationally-Consistent System

THE FUNDAMENTAL ITS INSIGHT

Linkage of vehicle and transportation infrastructure through ITS infrastructure.

VEHICLE

ITS INFRASTRUCTURE

SENSORS

COMMUNICATIONS

IT

ALGORITHMS

TRANSPORTATION

INFRASTRUCTURE(BROADLY DEFINED)

THE ITS-4 TECHNOLOGIES

SensingCommunicationsComputingAlgorithms

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM DIMENSIONS

ORGANIZATIONAL SCALE

Integrated Supply Chain

Intermodal

Modal

GEOGRAPHICSCALE

Urban Regional National Global

Real-Time

TacticalPlanning

StrategicPlanning

TIME SCALEAPPROACHES

Quantitative Models (OR, Simulation, …)Qualitative Frameworks for AnalysisTransportation Domain Knowledge

DRIVING FACTORS IN TRANSPORTATION

TECHNOLOGIES

RESOURCES /EXTERNALITIES

ISSUESEconomic DevelopmentQuality of LifeSocial EquitySustainabilityEnvironmental Issues

INSTITUTIONAL AND

ORGANIZATIONAL REALITIES

BIG, WORLD-WIDE CHANGES

Mid-1980s to the Present --

WHERE DOES ITS (AND, MORE BROADLY, TRANSPORTATION) FIT?

CONTEXT

Transportation at a “Crossroads”(Congestion, Safety, Environment, Energy and Productivity)Can’t build our way out of itITS Addresses All These Key IssuesTechnology -- No Breakthrough NeededInstitutions -- PartnershipsTransportation -- Information InfrastructureBroad-based Set of Benefits

GOALS FOR ITS IN THE U.S.

Improved SafetyReduced CongestionIncreased and Higher Quality MobilityReduced Environmental ImpactImproved Energy EfficiencyImproved Economic ProductivityA Viable U.S.ITS Industry

VISION

A national system that operates consistently and efficiently across the U.S. to promote the safe, orderly and expeditious movement of people and goods.An efficient public system that interacts smoothly with improved highway operations.A vigorous U.S. ITS industry supplying both domestic and international needs.

ITS “RECENT”U.S. HISTORY

Early 1970s Electronic Route Guidance (ERGS)

1986 California (CALTRANS)1987 Federal government (FHWA)1990 Mobility 20001991 Formation of ITS America1991-2 Strategic Plan Development1991 ISTEA (Intermodal Surface

Transportation Efficiency Act)1994 ITS Architecture Contracts1996 Major Regional Initiatives1997 Automated Highway

Demonstration in San Diego1998 TEA-212002/3 Ten-Year ITS Plan2003/4 TEA-21 Reauthorization

FUNDAMENTAL ATMS/ATIS SYSTEMS

VEHICLE

INFRASTRUCTURE

V

I

TRANSPORTATION

OPERATIONS

CENTER

(TOC)

ATMS - - ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENTSYSTEM

(OPERATOR)

ATIS - - ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEM(CUSTOMER)

SOME FUNCTIONS

Manage and monitor the network traffic flowsProvide information on the state of the networkFleet management (vehicle location)

Trucks Buses

Monitoring vehicle condition and statusTrucks Buses

Autonomous systemsVehicle statusIntelligent cruise controlObstacle detection

SOME KEY ITS CONCEPTS (I)

The Need for Organization InnovationPublic/Private PartnershipAll Levels of GovernmentChanges in the Definition of a “Transportation Professional”Academic/Research Role

Building a U.S. ITS Industry/Test of the Marketplace

International Competition for the ITS MarketThe Role of the Auto ManufacturerThe Role of the Information Service ProvidersThe Size of the Public and Private MarketsITS as a National SystemStandards and Protocols

SOME KEY ITS CONCEPTS (II)

Productivity and International Competitiveness

CongestionSafetySustainability

EnvironmentEnergy

MobilityLimits on “Build More Highways” OptionITS as an Enabling Technology --

The TRANSPORTATION/ INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTUREAn Extended Definition of InfrastructureIntegration of IT, Communications, Sensors

Spending on Infrastructure WorksProductivity ImprovementsExamples:

Interstate SystemAir System

ITS and the Regional Scale

INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES

Privacy/enforcementAnti-trustWho is in Charge?

Public/Private PartnershipInternational CooperationTort LiabilityProcurementMarketplace

INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES

Interagency Coordination and Cooperation

Metropolitan Area Traffic ManagementFederal and State Departments and Agencies

Adaptation of Existing Posers and Organizational FormsCollaborative vs. Adversarial ApproachesPublic/Private Partnership Agreements

INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION

SYSTEMS (ITS)

VEHICLE

INFRASTRUCTURE

V

I

TRANSPORTATION

OPERATIONS

CENTER

(TOC)

ATMS - - ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENTSYSTEM

(OPERATOR)

ATIS - - ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEM(CUSTOMER)

DISCUSSION: What specific actions can ATMS take to improve network performance?

STATIC INFORMATION SEMIDYNAMIC (E.G., NETWORK INFORMATION TOPOGRAPHY) (E.G., CONSTRUCTION)

DYNAMIC INFORMATION “E”-INFORMATION FROM

ATMS FIELD IN REAL-TIME - - - - - - - - - E.G., VOLUMES ESTIMATE SPEEDS NETWORK STATE QUEUES

NON-“E”-INFORMATION E.G., SPOTTER AIRCRAFT STATE POLICE

GENERATE ATIS NETWORK - - - - - - - - - STRATEGIES INFORMATION TO TRAVELERS E.G., DYNAMIC ROUTING

INFORMATION TO PREDICTION OF FUTURE INDIVIDUAL VEHICLES NETWORK STATE AS E.G., VARIABLE MESSAGE F (STRATEGY) SIGNS INCLUDING “GUESSES” ABOUT TRAVELER REACTION TO ATIS ACTUAL CHANGE IN TRAVELER BEHAVIOR? SELECT AND DEPLOY STRATEGY

TRANSPORTATION AND CHANGE

Our transportation system provides fundamental and basic services to society, and has done so for thousands of years.

However, as we begin the 21st century, the field is subject to many changes. These transitions occur on the dimensions of technology, systems and institutions and characterize the field in its broadest sense.

TRANSITIONS

What are these transitions?

What do they mean for the education of the “New Transportation Professional”?

CLIOS

ComplexLarge-scaleIntegratedOpenSystems

COMPLEXITY

Complexity as in CLIOS (Sussman, “The New Transportation Faculty: The Evolution to Engineering Systems”, Transportation Quarterly, Summer 1999):A system is complex when it is composed of a group of related units (subsystems), for which the degree and nature of the relationships is imperfectly known. Its overall behavior is difficult to predict, even when subsystem behavior is readily predictable. Further, the time-scales of various subsystems may be very different (as we can see in transportation -- land-use changes, for example, vs. operating decisions).

NESTED COMPLEXITY

Policy System

Physical System

SUMMARY OF TRANSITIONS

FROM TO

1. CAPITAL M ANAGEMENT

PLANNING AND OPERATIONS

FOCUS

2. LONG REAL-TIME

TIMEFRAMES CONTROL

3. URBAN SCALE REGIONAL SCALE

PLANNING PLANNING

AND OPERATIONS AND OPERATIONS

4. EMPHASIS ON EMPHASIS ON

M OBILITY ACCESSIBILITY(THE TRANSPORTATION /LAND-USE CONNECTION )

5. CUSTOMER

“O NE SIZE ORIENTATION

FITS ALL” QUALITY

SERVICE PRICING FOR

SERVICE

FROM TO

6. ALLOCATE ALLOCATE

CAPACITY CAPACITY

BY QUEUING BY PRICING

7. AGGREGATE DISAGGREGATE

METHODS FOR METHODS FOR

DEMAND PREDICTION DEMAND PREDICTION

8. EPISODIC DATA DYNAMIC DATA

FOR FOR

INVESTMENT PLANNING INVESTMENT PLANNING(AND OPERATIONS)

9. PRIVATE AND PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS

PUBLIC FINANCING FOR FINANCING

FOR OF INFRASTRUCTURE

INFRASTRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS

AND OPERATIONS USING HYBRID RETURN

ON INVESTMENT

MEASURES

10. INFRASTRUCTURE NEW HIGH-CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

MAINTENANCE PROVIDERS PLAYERS

FROM TO

11. STATIC DYNAMIC

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

AND INSTITUTIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL

RELATIONSHIPS RELATIONSHIPS

12. PROFESSIONAL

PROFESSIONAL EMPHASIS ON

EMPHASIS ON TRANSPORTATION

DESIGN OF PHYSICAL AS A COMPLEX ,INFRASTRUCTURE LARGE-SCALE,

INTEGRATED, OPEN

SYSTEM (CLIOS)

13. ECONOMIC SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT

14. COMPUTERS ARE UBIQUITOUS

“JUST A TOOL” COMPUTING

15. FROM TO AND ON TO

SUPPLY-SIDE SUPPLY/DEMAND SYSTEMS THAT

PERSPECTIVE EQUILIBRIUM NEVER REACH

FRAMEWORK EQUILIBRIUM

FROM TO

16. INDEPENDENT LINKED ADVANCED

CONVENTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE

INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS REQUIRING

PROJECTS A SYSTEM

ARCHITECTURE

17. VEHICLES AND VEHICLES AND

INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE AS

AS INDEPENDENT ELECTRONICALLY

LINKED

18. REDUCING

CONSEQUENCES CRASH AVOIDANCE

OF CRASHES

19. FROM TO AND ON TO

MODAL INTERMODAL SUPPLY CHAIN

PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE MANAGEMENT

20. NARROW THE NEW

TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION

SPECIALISTS PROFESSIONAL

NESTED COMPLEXITY

Policy System

Physical System

THE T-SHAPED TRANSPORTATION

PROFESSIONAL

BREADTH IN:♦ TRANSPORTATION

FUNDAMENTALS IN-DEPTH KNOWLEDGE

♦ TECHNOLOGY WITHIN A

♦ SYSTEMS TRANSPORTATION

♦ INSTITUTIONS SPECIALTY