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An Implanted, Stimulated Muscle Powered Piezoelectric Generator
Beth Lewandowski
NASA Glenn Research Center
A totally implantable piezoelectric generator system able to harness power from
electrically activated muscle could be used to augment the power systems of implanted
medical devices, such as neural prostheses, by reducing the number of battery
replacement surgeries or by allowing periods of untethered functionality. The features of
our generator design are no moving parts and the use of a portion of the generated power
for system operation and regulation. A software model of the system has been developed
and simulations have been performed to predict the output power as the system
parameters were varied within their constraints. Mechanical forces that mimic muscle
forces have been experimentally applied to a piezoelectric generator to verify the
accuracy of the simulations and to explore losses due to mechanical coupling. Depending
on the selection of system parameters, software simulations predict that this generator
concept can generate up to approximately 700 µW of power, which is greater than the
power necessary to drive the generator, conservatively estimated to be 50 μW. These
results suggest that this concept has the potential to be an implantable, self-replenishing
power source and further investigation is underway.
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070017901 2018-04-18T01:15:19+00:00Z
1
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AN
IMP
LAN
TED
, STI
MU
LATE
D M
US
CLE
P
OW
ER
ED
PIE
ZOE
LEC
TRIC
GE
NE
RA
TOR
UTA
Wor
ksho
p on
Pie
zoel
ectri
c E
nerg
y H
arve
stin
g1/
31/0
7
Bet
h Le
wan
dow
ski
Bio
scie
nce
and
Tech
nolo
gy B
ranc
hN
AS
A G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
r
2
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
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e Ad
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istra
tion
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CO
LLA
BO
RA
TIV
E P
RO
JEC
T
The
Cle
vela
nd F
unct
iona
l Ele
ctric
al
Stim
ulat
ion
(FE
S) C
ente
r is
dedi
cate
d to
th
e ad
vanc
emen
t of n
euro
-aug
men
tatio
n an
d ne
uro-
pros
thet
ic s
olut
ions
.
Cas
e W
este
rn
Res
erve
Uni
vers
ityM
etro
Hea
lth
Med
ical
Cen
ter
NA
SA
Gle
nn
Res
earc
h C
ente
r
Col
labo
rato
rs:
Bet
h Le
wan
dow
ski,
NA
SA
Gle
nn R
esea
rch
Cen
ter
Kev
in K
ilgor
e, M
etro
Hea
lth M
edic
al C
ente
rK
enne
th G
usta
fson
, Cas
e W
este
rn R
eser
ve U
nive
rsity
3
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iona
l Aer
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e Ad
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RA
TIO
NA
LE F
OR
PR
OJE
CT
•Fu
nctio
nal e
lect
rical
stim
ulat
ion
(FE
S) i
s a
met
hod
whe
re e
lect
rical
cu
rren
t is
appl
ied
to th
e ne
rvou
s sy
stem
to re
stor
e or
impr
ove
the
func
tion
of a
sys
tem
com
prom
ised
by
para
lysi
s–
Mot
or fu
nctio
n–
Res
pira
tion
–Bl
adde
r and
bow
el fu
nctio
n
•M
ost F
ES
dev
ices
are
impl
ante
d in
to th
e bo
dy a
nd
need
ele
ctric
al p
ower
for o
pera
tion.
•C
urre
nt p
ower
sou
rces
incl
ude:
–Im
plan
ted
batte
ries
–Tr
ansc
utan
eous
pow
er s
ourc
es
•A
reas
for i
mpr
ovem
ents
:–
Red
uce
repl
acem
ent s
urge
ries
–Al
low
tim
e w
ithou
t ext
erna
l equ
ipm
ent
•In
crea
se in
depe
nden
ce (a
llow
FE
S u
se in
a w
et e
nviro
nmen
t)•
Red
uce
equi
pmen
t mal
func
tion
(wire
con
nect
ions
, coi
l mis
alig
nmen
t)
4
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
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PR
OJE
CT
OB
JEC
TIV
E
Det
erm
ine
the
feas
ibili
ty o
f usi
ng s
timul
ated
m
uscl
e to
pow
er a
sel
f-sus
tain
ing,
tota
lly
impl
anta
ble
pow
er s
ourc
e fo
r im
plan
ted
FES
de
vice
s.
5
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
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e Ad
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istra
tion
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PIE
ZOE
LEC
TRIC
GE
NE
RA
TOR
CO
NC
EP
T
Nerv
e
TendonB
one
Bon
e Muscle
Mus
cle Bon
e
Bon
e
Tend
on
6
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
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e Ad
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istra
tion
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PIE
ZOE
LEC
TRIC
GE
NE
RA
TOR
CO
NC
EP
T
Nerv
e
Bon
e
Bon
e Muscle Tendon
Mus
cle Bon
e
Bon
e
Tend
on
7
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
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e Ad
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istra
tion
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PIE
ZOE
LEC
TRIC
GE
NE
RA
TOR
CO
NC
EP
T
Nerv
e
Muscle
Pie
zoel
ectri
c ge
nera
tor
Bon
e
Bon
e Tendon
Stim
ulat
ed m
uscl
e po
wer
ed p
iezo
elec
tric
gene
rato
r
Mus
cle Bon
e
Bon
e
8
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
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e Ad
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tion
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PIE
ZOE
LEC
TRIC
GE
NE
RA
TOR
CO
NC
EP
T
Nerv
e Stim
ulat
or
nerve electrode lead
Muscle B
one
Bon
e
Pie
zoel
ectri
c ge
nera
tor
Tendon
Ner
ve e
lect
rode
Lead
to n
erve
el
ectro
de
Stim
ulat
ed m
uscl
e po
wer
ed p
iezo
elec
tric
gene
rato
r
Mus
cle Bon
e
Bon
e
9
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
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istra
tion
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Ner
ve e
lect
rode
Lead
to n
erve
el
ectro
de
Stim
ulat
ed m
uscl
e po
wer
ed p
iezo
elec
tric
gene
rato
r
PIE
ZOE
LEC
TRIC
GE
NE
RA
TOR
CO
NC
EP
T
Nerv
e Stim
ulat
or
nerve electrode lead
Muscle B
one
Bon
e
Mus
cle Bon
e
Bon
e
Ene
rgy
stor
age
circ
uitry
Pie
zoel
ectri
c ge
nera
tor
Tendon
10
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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Ner
ve e
lect
rode
Lead
to n
erve
el
ectro
de
Stim
ulat
ed m
uscl
e po
wer
ed p
iezo
elec
tric
gene
rato
r
Mus
cle
Bon
e
Bon
e
PIE
ZOE
LEC
TRIC
GE
NE
RA
TOR
CO
NC
EP
T
Nerv
e Stim
ulat
or
nerve electrode lead
Muscle B
one
Bon
e
Lead to application
Ene
rgy
stor
age
circ
uitry
Lead
to a
pplic
atio
nP
iezo
elec
tric
gene
rato
rTendon
Connection to stimulator
11
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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PR
OJE
CT
UN
IQU
EN
ES
S
•Th
e sy
stem
use
s no
mov
ing
parts
and
con
tain
s a
natu
ral
conn
ectio
n in
ser
ies
with
the
mus
cle
tend
on u
nit
–P
revi
ous
impl
ante
d ge
nera
tor d
esig
ns th
at u
se m
otio
n fo
r op
erat
ion
have
suf
fere
d fro
m re
duce
d ef
ficie
ncy
durin
g ch
roni
c op
erat
ion
•Th
e sy
stem
leve
rage
s th
e po
wer
am
plifi
catio
n ch
arac
teris
tic o
f mus
cle
–M
ore
outp
ut p
ower
is a
vaila
ble
from
a m
uscl
e th
an is
nee
ded
for
elec
trica
l stim
ulat
ion
of th
e m
otor
ner
ve–
Gai
n is
ach
ieve
d th
roug
h ch
emic
al e
nerg
y st
ored
in th
e m
uscl
e
•Fo
r neu
ral p
rost
hesi
s ap
plic
atio
n th
e co
ncep
t use
s a
para
lyze
d m
uscl
e fo
r whi
ch re
stor
atio
n of
func
tion
is n
ot
antic
ipat
ed.
12
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
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istra
tion
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STE
PS
TO
DE
TER
MIN
E F
EA
SIB
ILIT
Y
•A
sof
twar
e ci
rcui
t mod
el w
as d
evel
oped
and
use
d to
:–
Und
erst
and
syst
em p
aram
eter
s–
Est
imat
e ou
tput
pow
er
•M
echa
nica
l tes
ts w
ere
cond
ucte
d to
:–
Det
erm
ine
the
accu
racy
of t
he s
oftw
are
mod
el–
Test
a m
echa
nica
l hol
der f
or th
e pi
ezoe
lect
ric g
ener
ator
•Te
st in
an
acut
e an
imal
mod
el–
Dem
onst
rate
forc
e ap
plic
atio
n w
ith a
phy
siol
ogic
al s
ourc
e–
Dem
onst
rate
clo
sed-
loop
sys
tem
ope
ratio
n
13
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
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istra
tion
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SO
FTW
AR
E M
OD
EL
OF
SY
STE
M
Af
EtnE
Fg
fCV
Po
rm
pmp
opt
out
44
22
332
==
FAt
g 33
=
tA
EnE
or
=
LssL
out
RVP
2
=
+ V L -
Load
circ
uit
Inpu
t for
ce
from
mus
cle
Gen
erat
oran
d ci
rcui
t
Out
put
pow
er
14
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
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istra
tion
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SY
STE
M P
AR
AM
ETE
RS
14 –
54
mV
*m/N
g 33 an
d E r
have
an
inve
rse
rela
tions
hip
Ava
ilabi
lity
of m
ater
ial
Max
imiz
eg 3
3P
iezo
elec
tric
cons
tant
400
-580
0A
vaila
bilit
y of
mat
eria
l M
axim
ize
E rD
iele
ctric
co
nsta
nt
0.5
–2
Hz
F m a
nd f
have
an
inve
rse
rela
tions
hip
Mus
cle
fatig
ueM
axim
ize
fFr
eque
ncy
of
inpu
t for
ce
10 –
250
NF m
and
f ha
ve a
n in
vers
e re
latio
nshi
pS
ize
of m
uscl
e an
d st
imul
atio
n pa
ram
eter
sM
axim
ize
F mP
eak
inpu
t fo
rce
0.06
–4
cm2
Mus
t mai
ntai
n a
prop
er ra
tio w
ith L
Mus
t be
able
to b
e m
achi
ned
Min
imiz
eA
Are
a
50 –
200
mm
L =
n*t,
Mus
t mai
ntai
n a
prop
er ra
tio w
ith A
W
ill b
e ap
prox
imat
ely
the
leng
th o
f the
tend
onM
axim
ize
LLe
ngth
0.13
–2
mm
Can
be
used
to s
et
outp
ut v
olta
geS
pace
ava
ilabl
e fo
r im
plan
tatio
nM
axim
ize
tTh
ickn
ess
of
one
laye
r
25 -
1500
Can
be
used
to s
et
outp
ut v
olta
geS
pace
ava
ilabl
e fo
r im
plan
tatio
nM
axim
ize
nN
umbe
r of
laye
rs
Ran
ge o
f po
ssib
le
valu
es
Rel
atio
nshi
p w
ith
othe
r par
amet
ers
Phys
ical
or
phys
iolo
gica
l co
nstr
aint
s
Max
imiz
e or
m
inim
ize
for
max
pow
er
Sym
bol
Para
met
er
3371
187
,13
gr
eE
−=
15
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iona
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PR
ED
ICTE
D O
UTP
UT
PO
WE
R F
OR
TH
RE
E
SC
EN
AR
IOS
*Hig
h va
lue
calc
ulat
ed fr
om 5
00 μ
s, 1
mA
puls
es a
cros
s 10
00 Ω
at 3
0 H
z fo
r 250
ms
per c
ontra
ctio
n at
1 H
z.
Low
val
ue is
cal
cula
ted
from
sin
gle
puls
es o
f 500
μA
for 2
00 μ
s ac
ross
100
0 Ω
at 1
Hz.
*
16
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
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ME
CH
AN
ICA
L TE
ST
PR
OC
ED
UR
E
A M
TS m
achi
ne w
as u
sed
to a
pply
in
put f
orce
at 1
Hz
with
pea
k va
lues
of
25,
50,
100
, 150
, 200
and
250
N to
a
lead
zirc
onat
etit
anat
e(P
ZT)
piez
oele
ctric
sta
ck g
ener
ator
(par
t nu
mbe
r T18
-H5-
104,
Pie
zoS
yste
ms,
In
c. C
ambr
idge
, MA
).
Com
pres
sive
forc
e w
as a
pplie
d di
rect
ly to
the
stac
k an
d te
nsile
forc
e w
as a
pplie
d to
a h
olde
r for
the
piez
oele
ctric
sta
ck.
In v
ivo,
the
hold
er w
ill a
ttach
the
piez
oele
ctric
sta
ck to
the
tend
on a
nd to
th
e bo
ne.
The
tens
ile fo
rce
from
the
mus
cle
will
pu
ll on
the
hold
er, w
hich
will
cau
se
com
pres
sive
forc
e to
be
appl
ied
to th
e st
ack
betw
een
the
two
plat
es.
Mec
hani
cal t
ests
wer
e pe
rform
ed to
de
term
ine
if th
ere
are
loss
es a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
e m
echa
nica
l cou
plin
g
17
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
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ME
CH
AN
ICA
L TE
ST
RE
SU
LTS
Sim
ulat
ion
resu
lts
mat
ch
expe
rimen
tal
resu
lts, v
erify
ing
accu
racy
of
mod
el
Ver
y lit
tle
mec
hani
cal
coup
ling
loss
es
occu
r whe
nus
ing
hold
er
The
stac
k w
as
conn
ecte
d to
the
diod
e br
idge
and
load
circ
uit
and
outp
ut v
olta
ge w
as
mea
sure
d ac
ross
the
load
resi
stor
LssL
out
RVP
2
=
The
stea
dy s
tate
vo
ltage
was
use
d to
ca
lcul
ate
outp
ut
pow
er
18
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
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AN
IMA
L TE
ST
PR
EP
AR
ATI
ON
S•
The
rabb
it qu
adric
eps
is b
eing
use
d as
the
anim
al
mus
cle
mod
el–
The
twitc
h fo
rce
has
been
ver
ified
to b
e be
twee
n 30
and
50
N.
•Th
e te
st s
tand
and
con
nect
ion
to te
ndon
can
with
stan
d:–
15 lb
s (6
7 N
) of s
tatic
wei
ght
–D
ynam
ic fo
rces
con
sist
ing
of p
eak
forc
es o
f 60
N
•B
lock
dia
gram
of t
he te
st s
tand
:
Test stand baseForce
transducer
Pie
zoel
ectri
c ge
nera
tor i
n ho
lder
Turn
buck
leM
uscl
e
Test stand support
Rab
bit
19
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
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e Ad
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istra
tion
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AN
IMA
L TE
ST
PR
OTO
CO
L•
Set
up
test
sta
nd–
Forc
e tra
nsdu
cer
–Pi
ezoe
lect
ric g
ener
ator
in h
olde
r, a
Lead
Mag
nesi
um N
ioba
test
ack
gene
rato
r was
use
d (T
RS
C
eram
ics,
PM
N 3
2%PT
Act
uato
r)–
Con
nect
the
piez
oele
ctric
gen
erat
or to
the
stor
age
circ
uit
•P
erfo
rm s
urge
ry–
Expo
se p
atel
lar t
endo
n, d
isco
nnec
t fro
m ti
bia,
dril
l hol
e th
roug
h pa
tella
, pul
l wire
thro
ugh
hole
an
d cr
imp
–Ex
pose
the
fem
oral
ner
ve a
nd p
lace
a c
uff e
lect
rode
aro
und
the
nerv
e
•C
onne
ct ra
bbit
to te
st s
tand
–C
onne
ct w
ire b
etw
een
pate
lla a
nd tu
rnbu
ckle
/gen
erat
or/fo
rce
trans
duce
r–
Use
tie
wra
p to
con
nect
the
tibia
/fem
ur to
the
test
sta
nd
•Fi
nd s
timul
atio
n pa
ram
eter
s–
Adju
st th
e m
uscl
e le
ngth
to th
at w
hich
pro
duce
s m
axim
um fo
rce
–Fi
nd th
e th
resh
old
curre
nt fo
r pro
duci
ng m
axim
um tw
itch
forc
e
•R
un E
xper
imen
t–
Stim
ulat
e fe
mor
al n
erve
–
Rec
ord
the
volta
ge a
cros
s th
e lo
ad re
sist
or
20
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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w.n
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AN
IMA
L TE
ST
RE
SU
LTS
Ave
rage
pea
k fo
rce
= 32
NV
olta
ge g
ain
= 0.
3 V
Out
put p
ower
= 3
0 nW
Cha
rgin
g tim
e =
74 s
ec
Ave
rage
pea
k fo
rce
= 60
NV
olta
ge g
ain
= 1.
7 V
Out
put p
ower
= 1
µW
Cha
rgin
g tim
e =
85 s
ec
Twitc
h C
ontr
actio
ns
Teta
nic
Con
trac
tions
The
prot
otyp
e ge
nera
tor s
yste
m w
as c
harg
ed
with
a p
hysi
olog
ical
mus
cle
21
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
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IMP
RO
VE
ME
NTS
/FU
TUR
E W
OR
K•
Cur
rent
out
put p
ower
leve
ls a
re b
elow
pre
dict
ed v
alue
s.
Impr
ovem
ents
that
can
be
mad
e to
impr
ove
outp
ut p
ower
.–
Nee
d to
ens
ure
piez
oele
ctric
gen
erat
or is
squ
are
with
hol
der a
ndfo
rce
is o
nly
appl
ied
in d
irect
ion
norm
al to
the
cros
s se
ctio
nala
rea
of th
e ge
nera
tor.
–U
se lo
w p
ower
dio
des
in a
n ef
fort
to in
crea
se o
utpu
t pow
er le
vels
.–
Exp
lore
stim
ulat
ion
para
met
ers
to m
axim
ize
outp
ut p
ower
. A tr
ade-
off e
xist
s be
twee
n in
put s
timul
atio
n po
wer
and
out
put f
orce
pr
oduc
ed b
y th
e m
uscl
e.
•Th
e in
put p
ower
nec
essa
ry fo
r the
mot
or n
erve
stim
ulat
ions
was
gr
eate
r tha
n th
e ou
tput
pow
er d
urin
g th
e fir
st a
nim
al e
xper
imen
t.
–A
siz
e co
rrec
tion
and
impr
ovem
ent i
n el
ectro
de p
lace
men
t will
re
duce
the
amou
nt o
f stim
ulat
ion
inpu
t pow
er n
eede
d.
•U
se a
low
pow
ered
stim
ulat
or a
nd c
ircui
try to
dem
onst
rate
sel
f-su
stai
ning
stim
ulat
ed m
uscl
e co
ntra
ctio
ns a
nd p
ower
ge
nera
tion.
22
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
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w.n
asa.
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AC
KN
OW
LED
GE
ME
NTS
•C
omm
ittee
:–
Dr.
Ken
Gus
tafs
on, C
WR
U B
ME
Dep
artm
ent
–D
r. K
evin
Kilg
ore,
CW
RU
BM
E D
epar
tmen
t–
Dr.
Ste
ve G
arve
rick,
CW
RU
EE
CS
Dep
artm
ent
–D
r. B
ob K
irsch
, CW
RU
BM
E D
epar
tmen
t–
Dr.
Dus
tin T
yler
, CW
RU
BM
E D
epar
tmen
t
•In
add
ition
:–
Mr.
Fred
Mon
tagu
e, C
ase
Tech
nica
l Dev
elop
men
t Lab
orat
ory
–M
s. K
atie
Hal
laha
n, C
WR
U S
tude
nt–
Mr.
Ale
x Fr
ayna
, CW
RU
Stu
dent
–D
r. Y
orda
nK
osto
v, U
MB
C C
hem
ical
& B
ioch
emic
al E
ngin
eerin
g–
Mr.
Rog
er D
iam
ond,
LC
CC
Eng
inee
ring
Dep
artm
ent
–D
r. S
kip
Lew
ando
wsk
i, B
W B
usin
ess
Div
isio
n
•Fu
ndin
g:–
This
pro
ject
is fu
nded
by
NA
SA
Gle
nn R
esea
rch
Cen
ter’s
Hum
an R
esea
rch
Pro
gram
of t
he E
xplo
ratio
n S
yste
ms
Div
isio
n an
d by
the
Mic
rogr
avity
Sc
ienc
e D
ivis
ion,
NIH
HD
4029
8 an
d Th
e S
tate
of O
hio
BR
TT 0
3-10
.
23
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spac
e Ad
min
istra
tion
ww
w.n
asa.
gov
QU
ES
TIO
NS
AN
D C
OM
ME
NTS
?