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International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS) Available online at : http://euroasiapub.org/current.php?title=IJRESS Vol. 6 Issue 8, August , 2016, pp. 153~165 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.225 , | Thomson Reuters ID: L-5236-2015
International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences
Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org (An open access scholarly, online, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journals.)
153
TRAINING ADEQUACY AND JOB SATISFACTION AMONG WOMEN TECHNOPRENEURS
*Dr. P.N.Hari kumar,
Associate Professor & Head,
Post-graduate Department of Commerce & Tourism,
Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India.
**Dr. Susha D,
. Associate Professor,
Post-graduate Department of Mathematics,
Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India.
ABSTRACT : Kudumbashree is a novel woman based participatory programme launched by the
Government of Kerala in 1998 for wiping out absolute poverty from the State through concerted community action under the leadership of Local Self Governments. Kudumbashree is today the largest women-empowering project in India and also mighty women's movements in Asia with a full-time women membership of 3.7 million, engaged in an array of gainful activities covers more than 50% of the households in Kerala. During the late nineties Kudumbashree identified the potentiality of ICT based micro enterprises for empowering poor women flocks because of the significant improvement in the women literacy rate and better human development index of Kerala state. Today Micro ICT enterprises under the Kudumbashree is significantly contributing for empowering poor women flock and there by poverty eradication .This paper focused on the training analysis and job satisfaction of women core group members engaged in ICT microenterprise under Kudumbashree in Kerala.
KEY WORDS: ICT Enterprises, Kudumbashree, Poverty alleviation, Women Empowerment, Training,
Job Satisfaction
1. INTRODUCTION
Kudumbashree is a novel woman based participatory programme launched by the Government of
Kerala in 1998 for wiping out absolute poverty from the State through concerted community
action under the leadership of Local Self Governments, Kudumbashree is today the largest women-
empowering project in the country and also mighty women's movements in Asia with a full-time
women membership of 3.7 million, engaged in an array of gainful activities covers more than 50%
International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS) Vol. 6, Issue 8, August 2016 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.225
International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences
Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org
(An open access scholarly, online, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journals.)
154
of the households in Kerala. Built around three critical components–micro credit, entrepreneurship
and empowerment, the Kudumbashree initiative has today succeeded in addressing the basic needs
of the less privileged women – thus providing them a more dignified life and a better future.
Kudumbashree differs from conventional programmes in that it perceives poverty not just as
the deprivation of money, but also as the deprivation of basic rights. The poor need to find a
collective voice to help claim these rights. Kudumbashree plays a vital role in enhancing the
financial status of the less privileged women in the state through its thrift and credit societies.
These societies facilitate them to save and provide them with cost-effective and easy credit. The
savings of the women are pooled together and given out as loans to the most deserving. These
loans have been used for purpose ranging from covering hospital expenses to meeting working
capital needs for micro enterprises. The Community Development Societies facilitate bank linkages
for farming, micro housing and micro insurance. They also serve as the delivery point for skill up-
gradation and market development support to micro enterprises. Besides micro finance, micro
enterprise development, gainful wage employment and improved livelihood skills form the
cornerstones of Kudumbashree’s economic empowerment strategy. Kudumbashree has taken on
board the support and active collaboration of Local Self Governments, development agencies and
technical organizations in its effort to enhance the value of the services and products offered by the
poor. Today, Kudumbashree is on its way to developing a unique community brand that is ethnic,
homely and environment-friendly, while seeking no compromise on quality. One of the successful
strategies of Kudumbashree has been the conversion of social needs into business
opportunities. This approach has reaped good dividends in areas as diverse as solid waste
management, supplementary nutrition and Information communication technology (ICT).
1.1 Definition for Women’s ICT based enterprises
According to Hafkin & Taggart 2001 Women’s ICT-based enterprises can defined as those using
ICTs (Information, Communication and Technologies) for new economic activities that arise from
the advent of ICTs and are majority owned ,managed by women. There are three main categories.
ICTs as an enterprise output: Micro Enterprises that produce hardware, software and
telecommunications products.
ICTs as a primary processing technology: Micro Enterprises that provide data entry services,
ICT-based business services, software customization, ICT-based distance learning, etc.
Other ICT-related support activities: Micro Enterprises that provide computer training,
consultancy and other services.
1.2 Kudumbashree and Women’s ICT based projects
During the period 1999 -2000 Kudumbashree officials identified the potentiality of ICT based micro
enterprises for empowering poor women flocks because of the significant improvement in the
Demographic and Socio- health indicators of Kerala State). The Kudumbashree initiated Women ICT
International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS) Vol. 6, Issue 8, August 2016 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.225
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based enterprises in Kerala with the financial support from the central government schemes called
Development of Women and Children in the Urban Areas (DWCUA) under Swarna Jayanti Shahari
Rojgar Yojana (SJSRY)). Because of the lack of awareness, skills and confidence it was very difficult
to materialize the ICT based projects and needed a top-down push. The first unit was started on
15th Sept 1999, when Kudumbashree management identified a market opportunity in data entry
work of government records. The Kudumbashree team identified potential women from below
poverty line (BPL) families to join the micro ICT unit and financial requirements proposed and
adequate training and development progarmmes were initiated with the help experts from the
entrepreneurship development institute of India (EDI). Because of the sincere team work, the first
data entry job went successfully and that brought goodwill and reputation. Kudumbashree central
team requested the district officials to formally visit he first ICT unit and the result was that the
Kudumbashree team set a target to setup 36 ICT units by 31st March 2010, but fortunately they
managed to setup 48 micro ICT units. Meanwhile Kudumbashree central official’s team invited
women members of the Community Development Societies (CDSs) to visit the first ICT unit, and
they got 2-3 day attachments with the unit for a few other potential unit founders. In addition,
there was significant exposure within the media about the ICT unit. As a result, after just a very few
more ICT units had been set up, there started to be much more bottom-up interest and then
demand for creation of ICT units from the CDSs.
Demand for women's ICT units further got momentum during the period 2001-2004 when the state
government ICT department agreed to give an order that state government departments could give
orders for ICT services direct to Kudumbashree without need for tendering. Subsequently a similar
order was issued for local governments throughout Kerala. Currently under the Kudumbashree
movement there are 72 ICT micro enterprises are operating across Kerala and significantly
contributing for eradicating poverty by empowering women community. The natures of job
undertaken by ICT enterprises are only data entry work contract getting from government
departments. The present study is critically evaluating the training adequacy and job satisfaction
level of core women group members working in Women micro ICT enterprises under
Kudumbashree.
1.3 Objective of the study
1. To analyze the educational qualification and experience of Women core group members working in women Micro ICT enterprises.
2. To analyze whether the training obtained from various agencies are adequate to run the ICT micro Enterprises by the members .
3. To assess the job satisfaction level of core group members working in women Micro ICT enterprises.
4. To study the relationship between the job experience and training adequacy. 5. To study the relationship between the job experience and job satisfaction.
International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS) Vol. 6, Issue 8, August 2016 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.225
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1.5 Hypotheses for the study
1. There is no difference in perception about training received among members with different qualifications.
2. There is no difference in perception on job satisfaction of members with different qualifications.
1.6 Research Methodology
The exploratory study was conducted through collecting primary and secondary data. The primary
data needed for the study was collected through a systematic survey using a structured
questionnaire covering Kudumbashree ICT enterprises, ICT unit members and secondary data
relevant for the study was collected from books, journals and research publications pertaining to
the subject and from related. A sample of 36(50%) of the total 72(100%) data processing units
across central, south and north Kerala were selected for the study and from the selected sample 95
women core group members were selected for the individual survey. A stratified simple random
sampling survey was carried for selecting sample for survey by considering number of units in each
district. The non-parametric Kruskal Wallis Test, Spearman’s rank correlations and descriptive
statistics were used for statistical inferences.
3. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION CORE GROUP MEMBERS
Table -1: Educational Qualification
The Table -1 shows the educational qualification core group members working ICT enterprises. From the table it is understood that majority of members are well educates with qualification above higher secondary. 34.70% are graduates /diploma holders, about the same percentage have got higher secondary level qualification; only 9.50% got post graduation level of education. However it is to be noted that 21.10% members working in ICT enterprises got only senior secondary level of education.
Qualification Frequency Percent
SSLC 20 21.1
HSC 33 34.7
UG/Diploma 33 34.7
PG 9 9.5
Total 95 100.0
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4. EXPERIENCE OF CORE GROUP MEMBERS
Table -2 : Experience of core group member with in ICT based Enterprises The Table-2 shows the years of experience the core group members got in ICT based enterprises. From the table it is understood that 55.80% got experience of 2-3years. 31.60% got experience of 3-4years, 5.30% got experience of 4-5year and 1-2 years respectively. However 2.10% of members are highly experienced, that is they got more than 5years of experience in ICT enterprises. From the discussion with the members it is understood that even though the members got high level of experience in data entry operations, they are not exposed to modern software’s tools for future sustainability and opportunities in computer related services in the market.
5. TRAINING ANALYSIS
5.1 Organizations supported for technical training
Table -3 : Organizations Supported For Technical Training.
Organisation Frequency Percent
Kudumbashree 56 58.9
Private institutions 25 26.3
On the job 14 14.7
Total 95 100.0
Table -3 shows that 58.90% of members received technical training from Kudumbashree (agency), in addition to the trainings received from the agency around 26.30% received training from private organizations too. 14.70% reported that they learned the computer lessons and training in data entry, application packages from the enterprise itself (on the job training). From the discussion with the member’s it was understood that, for each new data enter work ,the agency will provides necessary training and support related with the nature of job ,and application package to be used for the job.
Experience Frequency Percent
1 - 2 years 5 5.3
2 - 3 years 53 55.8
3 - 4 years 30 31.6
4 - 5 years 5 5.3
> 5 years 2 2.1
Total 95 100.0
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5.2 Organizations supported for managerial/entrepreneurial training
Table -4: Organizations Supported For Managerial/ Entrepreneurial Training
Organisation Frequency Percentage
Kudumbashree 95 100
As mentioned in the above Table -4, all the core group members are supported by the Kudumbashree (agency) for necessary managerial and entrepreneurial training for running ICT based enterprises in Kerala.
5.3 Organizations supported for financial/marketing training
Table -5: Organizations Supported For Financial/Marketing Training
From the Table -5 it is clear that 85.3% members were received training in financial and marketing from Kudumbashree, 9.5% received training from community development societies(CDS) apart of received the same from the agency .However 5.3% received training from the enterprises itself(on the job training).
Organisation Frequency Percentage
CDS 9 9.5
Kudumbashree 81 85.3
On the job 5 5.3
Total 95 100.0
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6. OPINIONS OF THE CORE MEMBERS ABOUT TRAINING RECEIVED
Table -6 : Opinions of the core members about training they received
Factors
Opinion (Frequency (% ))
Total
Strongly
Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree
Strongly
Agree
I got adequate training in
technical skills to sustain in the
contemporary business
27
(28.4)
66
(69.5)
2
(2.1)
95
(100.0)
The management/ entrepreneurial
training I received is adequate to
do the day to day business
95
(100.0)
95
(100.0)
The training provided me enough
exposure in financial and
marketing aspects of business
2
(2.1)
42
(44.2)
11
(11.6)
28
(29.5)
12
(12.6)
95
(100.0)
Performance improvement
programme of Kudumbashree is
highly useful to improve the
enterprise productivity.
61
(64.2)
34
(35.8)
95
(100.0)
The Table -6 shows the opinions of the core members about training they received. From the table it is understood that 69.5% members agreed that they received adequate technical training, 28.4% was neutral about the statement and 2.1% strongly agreed on the statement. In the case of managerial/entrepreneurial training, all the respondents were agreed that the training received is adequate. About the training in financial and marketing aspect, there was a mixed opinion, that is 29.5% agreed on the statement that the training was adequate, 12.6% strongly agreed on the statement, 11.6% were neutral, but very surprisingly 44.2% disagreed on the statement, that is training they received on financial and marketing aspects are not adequate, also 2.1% strongly disagreed that the training is not adequate. In the case of performance improvement programme organized by Kudumbashree, 64.2% agreed that the training was useful for improvement in their career and 35.8% agreed that the performance improvement progarmme was very useful.
6.1 Kruskal Wallis Test to test the difference in perception about training among women core group members with different qualifications
The null and alternate hypothesis formulated for the study is given below:
H0: There is no difference in perception about training received among members with different qualifications. H1: There is a difference in perception about training received among members with different qualifications.
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Table -7: Kruskal Wallis Test to Test the Difference in Perception About Training Received among Members With Different Qualifications
Table -7 shows the difference in perception about training received among members with different qualifications. From the table it is understood that mean score of opinion about “technical skill training” are 3.75, 3.64, 3.91, and 3.44 for the education groups SSLC, HSC, UG and PG respectively. It is to be noted that all the scores are above 3, which shows a strong agreement on the statement but it is significantly different at 5% level of sig. ( p-value = 0.038). The UG group having high level of agreement and the lowest for PG. In the case of “managerial /entrepreneurial training” there is a
Factors Qualification Mean SD Kruskal Wallis Test
Chi square p-value
I got adequate training in technical skills to
sustain in the contemporary business
SSLC 3.75 .444
8.448 0.038*
HSC 3.64 .489
UG/Diploma 3.91 .459
PG 3.44 .527
Total 3.74 .488
The management/ entrepreneurial training I
received is adequate to do the day to day
business
SSLC 4.00 .000
0.000 1.000
HSC 4.00 .000
UG/Diploma 4.00 .000
PG 4.00 .000
Total 4.00 .000
The training provided me enough exposure
in financial and marketing aspects of
business
SSLC 3.25 1.251
1.809 0.613
HSC 2.85 1.121
UG/Diploma 3.15 1.149
PG 3.11 1.167
Total 3.06 1.156
Performance improvement programme of
Kudumbashree is highly useful to improve
the enterprise productivity
SSLC 4.15 .366
9.78 0.021*
HSC 4.39 .496
UG/Diploma 4.52 .508
PG 4.11 .333
Total 4.36 .482
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homogeneity mean score; hence we could say there is no difference in opinion among members with different qualification. In the case of “training in financial/marketing” we could see the same phenomena that there exist a homogeneity among mean score that means there is no difference in opinion among members with different. The means cores of opinion about “performance in improvement programme” are 4.15, 4.39, 4.52 and 4.11 for the education groups SSLC, HSC, UG and PG respectively. All the scores are above 4, which shows a strong agreement on the statement but it is significantly different at 5% level of sig. (p-value = 0.021). Here also UG group having high level of agreement and the lowest for PG. Hence we could conclude that there is a difference in opinion only on “training in technical skills” and “performance improvement programme of Kudumbashree” at 5% level of significance.
6.2 Correlation between experience and training adequacy
Table -8 shows the correlation between experience and training adequacy. From the table it is understood that there exist a negative correlations(r=-0.206, p= 0.045) for the factor “The training provided me enough exposure in financial and marketing aspects of business” is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) and all other factors are not significant.
Table -8: Spearman’s Rank Correlations between Core Members Experience and Training Adequacy
Spearman’s Rank Correlations
I got adequate training in
technical skills to sustain in the contemporary
business
The training provided me enough exposure
in financial and marketing aspects of
business
Performance improvement programme of
Kudumbashree is highly useful to
improve the enterprise
productivity
Experience
Correlation Coefficient(r)
-.132 -.206* .142
Sig. (2-tailed) .202 .045 .169 *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
7. JOB SATISFACTION
7.1 Evaluation of job satisfaction level of core members working ICT enterprises
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Table -9 : Evaluation of job satisfaction level of core members working ICT enterprises
Parameters
Opinion (Frequency (% ))
Total Strongly
Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree
Strongly
Agree
The working
environment and nature
of work is favorable
3
(3.2)
10
(10.5)
72
(75.8)
10
(10.5)
95
(100.0)
There is harmony in
group activities
1
(1.1)
5
(5.3)
15
(15.8)
67
(70.5)
7
(7.4)
95
(100.0)
The enterprise providing
me sufficient financial
support
1
(1.1
44
(46.3)
30
(31.6)
18
(18.9)
2
(2.1)
95
(100.0)
The group members are
highly supportive
16
(16.8)
52
(54.7)
27
(28.4)
95
(100.0)
There is employment
stability in ICT
enterprise
39
(41.1)
33
(34.7)
21
(22.1)
2
(2.1)
95
(100.0)
The Table -9 shows the opinion of job satisfaction level among core group members working ICT enterprises. From the table it is understood that 75.8% agreed that the work environment and nature of work is favorable, 10.5% strongly agreed on the statement and another 10.5% neutral, however 3.2 % members disagreed that the work environment and nature of work is favorable. In the case of harmony in group activity, 70.5% members agreed that there is a harmony in group activity, 7.4% strongly agreed, and 15.8% stand neutral, 5.3% disagreed that there is harmony in group activity and also 1% strongly disagreed. In the statement “the enterprise proves sufficient financial support”, 46.8% members disagreed, 31.6% of members stand neutral, 18.9% agreed that the ICT enterprise provides good financial support; also 2.1% strongly agreed on the statement and hardly 1.1% strongly disagreed. In the case of statement “The group members are highly supportive”, 54.7% agreed that the group member’s are supportive, and also 28.4% strongly agreed, however 16.8% stand neutral. In the case of employment stability, 41.1% disagreed that there is job stability in ICT enterprises, for the same statement 34.7% stand neutral, 22.1% agreed that there is job stability in ICT enterprises, and also 2.1% strongly agreed.
7.2 Kruskal Wallis test to test the difference in perception on job satisfaction of members with different qualifications. The null and alternate hypothesis formulated for the study is given below:
H0: There is no difference in perception on job satisfaction of members with different qualifications. H1: There is a difference in perception on job satisfaction of members with different qualifications.
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Table -10 below shows the difference in perception on job satisfaction of members with different qualifications. From the table it is understood that the mean score of opinion about “working environment and nature of work is favorable” are 3.95, 3.97, 3.88 and 4.00 for the education groups SSLC, HSC, UG and PG respectively. It is to be noted that all the scores are almost same around value 4. The test shows there is no significant difference in perception on job satisfaction of members with different qualifications at 5% level of significance (p-value =0.952). In the case of other statements, that is “harmony in group activities” , “sufficient financial support”, “group members are highly supportive” and “employment stability in ICT enterprise” we could see that just like above case there exist a homogeneity among respective mean scores, that means there is no difference in opinion among members with different qualifications. Hence we could accept the null hypothesis, “There is no difference in perception on job satisfaction of members with different qualifications.
Table -10: Kruskal Wallis test to test the difference in perception on job satisfaction of members with different qualifications
Factors Qualification Mean SD
Kruskal Wallis Test
Chi
Square p-value
The working environment and
nature of work is favorable
SSLC 3.95 .605
.339 .952
HSC 3.97 .529
UG/Diploma 3.88 .650
PG 4.00 .500
Total 3.94 .580
There is harmony in group activities
SSLC 3.90 .447
HSC 3.73 .801
1.544 .672
UG/Diploma 3.70 .728
PG 4.00 .707
Total 3.78 .702
The enterprise providing me
sufficient financial support
SSLC 2.70 .865
HSC 3.00 .866
4.892 .180 UG/Diploma 2.58 .792
PG 2.56 .882
Total 2.75 .850
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The group members are highly
supportive
SSLC 4.10 .553
HSC 4.09 .765
1.826 .609 UG/Diploma 4.21 .650
PG 3.89 .601
Total 4.12 .666
There is employment stability in
ICT enterprise
SSLC 2.75 .851
3.956 .266
HSC 2.88 .893
UG/Diploma 3.00 .791
PG 2.44 .726
Total 2.85 .838
7.3 Correlation between experience and job Satisfaction
From the Table -11 it is understood that there is no significant correlation exist between the work experience of the ICT women core group members and job satisfaction factors.
Table -11: Spearman’s rank correlations between experience and Job satisfaction
Spearman’s rank correlations
The working environment in
conducive
There is harmony in group activities
The enterprise
providing me sufficient financial support
The group members are
highly supportive
There is employment stability in
ICT enterprise
Work Experience of ICT core members
Correlation Coefficient
(r) .121 .007 -.111 -.010 -.002
Sig. .244 .944 .284 .923 .984
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level
Conclusion
The study of women ICT based micro enterprises under Kudumbashree in Kerala clearly shows that majority of core group members having higher secondary level educational qualification and above and also it indicates that significant number of members having experience more than two years. In this study perception about training received among members with different qualifications shows that for various factors under graduate members having high level of agreement and the lowest for post graduates. In the case of managerial, entrepreneurial training and training in
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financial/marketing there is homogeneity in the inference, hence we could say there is no difference in opinion among members with different qualification. The study also shows that there is no significant difference in perception on job satisfaction of women core group members working in ICT micro enterprises with different qualifications. References
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