An Evaluation of Seasonal Variation in Physico-chemical ... Conf/44.pdf · PDEA’s Waghire College, Saswad 2. Shrikrishna Mahavidyalaya, Gunjoti ABTRACT: ... The conductivity of

Proceeding of National Conference on Environment and Development, 9th and 10th Sept. 2016 Conference Organised by, Dr. B. N. P. Arts, Smt. S. G. G. Com, & Sci. College, Lonavala

http://rutpp.com; 179 ISBN: 978-93-84663-10-0

An Evaluation of Seasonal Variation in Physico-chemical Parameters

of Borewell Water from Purandar Tehsil, Dist: Pune, (M.S.) India

B. L. Shinde1, B. U. Mane

1, K. S. Lohar

2

1. PDEA’s Waghire College, Saswad

2. Shrikrishna Mahavidyalaya, Gunjoti

ABTRACT:

The present study was carried on seasonal variation of physico-chemical parameters of

Bore-well Water from Purandar Tehsil, Dist: Pune, (M.S.) India. Overall, 20 samples were

collected during three seasons i) monsoon of 2013, ii) winter of 2013 and iii) summer of

2014 from the bore wells of various places of Purandhar Tehsil. The major water quality

parameters considered for the examination in this study are Temperature, pH, electrical

conductivity, total alkalinity, total dissolved salts, chlorine, dissolved oxygen, calcium

hardness, magnesium hardness and total hardness. The collected water samples were

analyzed and results obtained were compared with standards prescribed by WHO, and

Indian Standard Drinking Water specification IS: 10500-2012. It was found that the all

parameters were within permissible limit and bore well water is safe for drinking purpose.

Key Words: Bore Well water, Physico-chemical parameter, water quality.

INTRODUCTION

In different form water exists in nature such as cloud, rain, snow, ice and fog. Chemically pure water

does not be present for any appreciable duration in nature. It gets polluted as it reaches us. It cannot remain

pure during raining. It picks up small quantity of gases, ions, dust and particular matter from the atmosphere.

The quantity as well as the quality of water at given time and given space is very important in relation to the

life at that location at that time1. Groundwater is used for domestic and industrial water supply and also for

irrigation purposes in all over the world. In the last few decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the

demand for fresh water due to rapid growth of population and the accelerated pace of industrialization2.

According to WHO organization, about 80% of all the diseases in human beings are caused by water. Water

quality becomes an important parameter for the assessment and management of groundwater. The greater

part of the soluble constituents in ground water comes from soluble minerals in soils and sedimentary rocks.

The more common soluble constituents include calcium, sodium, bicarbonate and sulphate ions. Water

sources available for drinking and other domestic purpose must possess high degree of purity, free from

chemical contamination and micro-organism. The potential and quality of bore-well water, is an economic

resource and essential component of our life, is getting deteriorated in major rural centers due to pollution

caused by population explosion, ruralization and industrialization3.

Studies on bore well water here we reported the seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters of

bore wells water from Purandhar Tehsil. Purandar is the rural and hilly area comes in shadow of rainfall.

Thus to complete needs of water number of bore-wells were constructed. Bore-wells are of different depths

ranging from 200 to 500 feet, thus Bore-well water contains number of salts along with hazardous heavy

metals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study area, the Purandar Tehsil is situated in Pune district . Overall, 20 samples were collected

during three seasons i) monsoon of 2013, ii) winter of 2013 and iii) summer of 2014 from the bore wells of

various places of Purandhar Tehsil. The samples collected B-1 to B-20 from villages of Purandhar Tehsil

were Saswad, Kalewadi, Zendewadi, Dive, Khalad, Shivri, Jejuri, Nira, Veer, Parinche, Malshiras,

Waghapur, Shingapur, Vanpuri, Bhiwadi, Narayanpur, Chivewadi, Garade, Chambli and Bhivari

respectively. These samples were collected in clean and dry polyethylene bottle from bore wells after



running them from 5 minutes. All the collection of samples are processed for the different analysis within 6

to 12 hours after collection. In this present study various physical and chemical parameters of water samples

were determined and the result compared with standards prescribed by WHO, and Indian Standard Drinking

Water specification IS: 10500-2012.

All AR grade chemicals used for analysis of water. Double distilled water was used for the

preparation of reagents and solutions. The major water quality parameters considered for the examination in

this study are Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, total dissolved salts, chlorine,

dissolved oxygen, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness and total hardness.

Analysis of water samples carried out by using Standard Methods for examination of Water and

Waste Water by APHA 7. The temperature of the water samples was measured at sampling sites by 1/10

th

mercury thermometer of 0 to 1000C range. Elico digital pH meter was used for the measurement of pH

values. Standard buffer solutions of pH 4.0 and 9.2 were used for calibration. The total dissolved solids were

estimated by gravimetric method. The conductivity of water sample was measured with help of a digital

Elico conductivity meter. Dissolved oxygen was determined by modified Winkler’s method. Alkalinity is

measured by titration with standardized acid and is expressed commonly as milligrams per liter as calcium

carbonate (mg/l as CaCO3). Chloride was determined by titrimetric method. The calcium, magnesium and

total hardness was determined titrimetrically using EDTA method.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The seasonal variation in physico-chemical parameters i.e. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity,

total alkalinity, total dissolved salts, chlorine, dissolved oxygen, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness and

total hardness of bore well water samples collected from villages of Purandhar Tehsil were analyzed.

The results of analysis of various physico – chemical parameters for the bore well water samples

collected are given in Table no. 1 (monsoon season-2013), Table no. 2 (winter season-2013) and Table no. 1

(summer season-2014). Samplings were done in three different seasons from June 2013 to April 2014.

Fig: 1 Seasonal Variation in Temperature of the Bore-well water samples



Table – 1: The physico- chemical analysis of the Bore-well water samples collected from different villages

of Purandhar Tehsil Dist: Pune during monsoon season of year 2013.

Sample

Temp

. 0C

Electrical

Conductanc

e

µmhos/cm

PH

Total

Alkalinity

mg/L

Total

Hardness

mg/L

Calcium

Hardness

mg/L

Magnesiu

m

Hardness

mg/L

Total

Dissolved

Solids

(TDS)

mg/L

Dissolved

Oxygen

(DO)

mg/L

Chlorid

e

mg/L

B-1 24 298.6 8.5 226.1 196.4 60.14 41.14 551.4 10.3 85.71

B-2 29 332.4 8.2 192.8 345.6 62.20 43.20 700.6 10.0 87.77

B-3 31 389.0 7.2 169.7 303.7 51.30 32.30 658.7 9.0 76.87

B-4 28 176.5 8.4 232.7 296.8 78.32 59.32 651.8 10.2 103.89

B-5 30 198.7 8.3 125.8 176.4 66.53 47.53 531.4 10.1 92.10

B-6 34 252.4 7.8 235.6 198.5 75.64 56.64 553.5 9.6 101.21

B-7 35 284.6 7.9 203.5 266.8 88.68 69.68 621.8 9.7 114.25

B-8 26 166.8 7.7 196.2 289.7 44.58 25.58 644.7 9.5 70.15

B-9 33 198.1 7.2 188.2 360.3 55.36 36.36 715.3 9.0 80.93

B-10 36 251.9 8 170.2 265.8 78.96 59.96 620.8 9.8 104.53

B-11 33 370.4 7.9 230.7 264.5 67.35 48.35 619.5 9.7 92.92

B-12 35 345.6 7.7 212.6 288.9 49.26 30.26 643.9 9.5 74.83

B-13 28 284.6 8.4 189.6 320.5 51.44 32.44 675.5 10.2 77.01

B-14 27 135.3 8.2 133.9 334.6 66.54 47.54 689.6 10.0 92.11

B-15 32 167.3 7.5 160.4 362.0 88.33 69.33 717.0 9.3 113.90

B-16 34 272.1 8.1 172.8 309.4 72.46 53.46 664.4 9.9 98.03

B-17 35 202.4 7.4 180.6 352.7 45.78 26.78 707.7 9.2 71.35

B-18 33 241.5 7.9 178.5 346.8 48.22 29.22 701.8 9.7 73.79

B-19 36 231.7 8 260.0 325.8 59.67 40.67 680.8 9.8 85.24

B-20 35 300.3 8.3 222.5 198.6 53.47 34.47 553.6 10.1 79.04


of Purandhar Tehsil Dist: Pune during winter season of year 2013.

Sample

Temp

. 0C

Electrical

Conductanc

e

µmhos/cm

PH

Total

Alkalinity

mg/L

Total

Hardness

mg/L

Calcium

Hardness

mg/L

Magnesiu

m

Hardness

mg/L

Total

Dissolved

Solids

(TDS)

mg/L

Dissolved

Oxygen

(DO)

mg/L

Chlorid

e

mg/L

B-1 22 316.5 7.5 239.3 230.0 63.45 42.53 584.8 10.0 89.08

B-2 27 350.3 7.2 206.0 379.2 65.51 44.59 734.0 9.7 91.14

B-3 29 365.2 6.2 182.9 337.3 54.61 33.69 692.1 8.7 80.24

B-4 26 194.4 7.4 245.9 330.4 81.63 60.71 685.2 9.9 107.26

B-5 28 216.6 7.3 139.0 210.0 69.84 48.92 564.8 9.8 95.47

B-6 32 270.3 6.8 248.8 232.1 78.95 58.03 586.9 9.3 104.58

B-7 27 302.5 6.9 216.7 300.4 91.99 71.07 655.2 9.4 117.62

B-8 24 184.7 6.7 209.4 323.3 47.89 26.97 678.1 9.2 73.52

B-9 31 216.0 6.2 201.4 393.9 58.67 37.75 748.7 8.7 84.30

B-10 28 269.8 7 183.4 299.4 82.27 61.35 654.2 9.5 107.90



B-11 31 388.3 6.9 243.9 298.1 70.66 49.74 652.9 9.4 96.29

B-12 26 363.5 6.7 225.8 322.5 52.57 31.65 677.3 9.2 78.20

B-13 26 302.5 7.4 202.8 354.1 54.75 33.83 708.9 9.9 80.38

B-14 25 153.2 7.2 147.1 368.2 69.85 48.93 723.0 9.7 95.48

B-15 30 185.2 6.5 173.6 395.6 91.64 70.72 750.4 9.0 117.27

B-16 32 290.0 7.1 186.0 343.0 75.77 54.85 697.8 9.6 101.40

B-17 33 220.3 6.4 193.8 386.3 49.09 28.17 741.1 8.9 74.72

B-18 31 259.4 6.9 191.7 380.4 51.53 30.61 735.2 9.4 77.16

B-19 29 249.6 7 273.2 359.4 62.98 42.06 714.2 9.5 88.61

B-20 33 318.2 7.3 235.7 232.2 56.78 35.86 587.0 9.8 82.41


of Purandhar Tehsil Dist: Pune during summer season of year 2014.

Sample

Temp

. 0C

Electrical

Conductanc

e

µmhos/cm

PH

Total

Alkalinity

mg/L

Total

Hardness

mg/L

Calcium

Hardness

mg/L

Magnesiu

m

Hardness

mg/L

Total

Dissolved

Solids

(TDS)

mg/L

Dissolved

Oxygen

(DO)

mg/L

Chlorid

e

mg/L

B-1 33 329.9 8.2 247.09 251.1 66.82 44.66 608.1 9.6 94.43

B-2 32 363.7 7.9 213.79 400.3 68.88 46.72 757.3 9.3 96.49

B-3 34 378.6 6.9 190.69 358.4 57.98 35.82 715.4 8.3 85.59

B-4 31 207.8 8.1 253.69 351.5 85.00 62.84 708.5 9.5 112.61

B-5 33 230.0 8 146.79 231.1 73.21 51.05 588.1 9.4 100.82

B-6 37 283.7 7.5 256.59 253.2 82.32 60.16 610.2 8.9 109.93

B-7 32 315.9 7.6 224.49 321.5 95.36 73.20 678.5 9.0 122.97

B-8 29 198.1 7.4 217.19 344.4 51.26 29.10 701.4 8.8 78.87

B-9 36 229.4 6.9 209.19 415.0 62.04 39.88 772.0 8.3 89.65

B-10 33 283.2 7.7 191.19 320.5 85.64 63.48 677.5 9.1 113.25

B-11 36 401.7 7.6 251.69 319.2 74.03 51.87 676.2 9.0 101.64

B-12 31 376.9 7.4 233.59 343.6 55.94 33.78 700.6 8.8 83.55

B-13 31 315.9 8.1 210.59 375.2 58.12 35.96 732.2 9.5 85.73

B-14 30 166.6 7.9 154.89 389.3 73.22 51.06 746.3 9.3 100.83

B-15 35 198.6 7.2 181.39 416.7 95.01 72.85 773.7 8.6 122.62

B-16 34 303.4 7.8 193.79 364.1 79.14 56.98 721.1 9.2 106.75

B-17 34 233.7 7.1 201.59 407.4 52.46 30.30 764.4 8.5 80.07

B-18 36 272.8 7.6 199.49 401.5 54.90 32.74 758.5 9.0 82.51

B-19 34 263.0 7.7 280.99 380.5 66.35 44.19 737.5 9.1 93.96

B-20 36 331.6 8 243.49 253.3 60.15 37.99 610.3 9.4 87.76

The graphical representation of seasonal variation in physico-chemical parameters i.e. Temperature, pH,

electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, total dissolved salts, chlorine, dissolved oxygen, calcium hardness,

magnesium hardness and total hardness of bore well water samples collected from villages of Purandhar

Tehsil were shown in fig No. 1 to fig No. 10.



Fig: 2 Seasonal Variation in Electrical Conductance of the Bore-well water samples

Fig: 3 Seasonal Variation in P

H of the Bore-well water samples



Fig: 4 Seasonal Variation in Total Alkalinity of the Bore-well water samples

Fig: 5 Seasonal Variation in Total Hardness of the Bore-well water samples



Fig: 6 Seasonal Variation in Calcium Hardness of the Bore-well water samples

Fig:7 Seasonal Variation in Magnesium Hardness of the Bore-well water samples



Fig: 8 Seasonal Variation in TDS of the Bore-well water samples

Fig: 9 Seasonal Variation in DO of the Bore-well water samples



Fig: 10 Seasonal Variation in Chloride of the Bore-well water samples

Temperature: Temperature of water is basically important because it effects bio-chemical reactions in

aquatic organisms. A rise in temperature of water leads to the increase in chemical reactions in water,

reduces the solubility of gases and amplifies the tastes and odours. The highest temperature observed during

summer season and the lowest during monsoon season. The average temperature of the present study ranged

from 24.00 – 36.00 0 C.

Total Alkalinity: The alkalinity in natural water is formed due to dissolution of carbon dioxide in water.

Carbonates, bicarbonates, thus formed are dissolved to yield hydroxyl ions. In the present investigation the

total alkalinity of the water samples is found in the Range 147.1 to 280.99 mg/lt.

pH: It is known that pH of water (6.5 to 8.5) does not has direct effect. But lower value below 5.0 produce

sore taste and has higher value above 8.5 and alkaline taste. The variation in pH ranged between 6.2 to 8.5.

pH was minimum in winter and maximum in monsoon season.

Electrical conductivity: Electrical conductivity is an important parameter for determining the water quality

for drinking and agricultural purposes. Many dissolved substances may produce colour, taste and odour. The

average values obtained are in the range 166.80 to 378.58 µmhos/cm.

Total Dissolve Solids: TDS values are useful to determine whether water is suitable for drinking purpose,

agriculture and industrial purposes. The TDS values in the present study ranged within 531.40 to 773.70

mg/lt. Generally TDS were observed maximum during the summer and minimum during winter.

Total Hardness: Water with Hardness above 200 mg / lit. may cause scale deposition in the distribution

system and results in excessive soap consumption and subsequent scur formation. Soft water with hardness

of less than 100 mg/ lit may have lower buffer capacity and more corrosive to water pipes. The hardness

values in the present investigation were found to range between 176.4 to 416.7 mg/lit. The highest value of

hardness observed was summer, while it was lowest in winter.

Calcium Hardness: Calcium is one of the most abundant metals which play an important role in biological

system. The calcium hardness values in the present investigation were found to range between 44.58 to

95.36 mg/lit.

Magnesium hardness: Magnesium though an essential and beneficial metal is toxic at higher

concentrations. Magnesium hardness particularly associated with sulphate ion has laxative effect on persons

un accustomed to it. In the present study calcium and magnesium contents are found in the range of 25.58 to

73.2 mg/lit.



Chloride: Chloride occurs in all types of natural waters. The high concentration of chloride is considered to

be an indication of pollution by sewage waste of animal origin. Industries are also important sources of

chloride in water. Chloride values obtained in the study are found in the range of 70.15 to 122.97 mg/lit.

Choride was minimum in monsoon and maximum in summer season.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO): DO is the parameters used to assess the pollution of water. DO values obtained in

the present study are within permissible levels.

IV: CONCLUSION

In this study various physical and chemical parameters of water samples were determined and the

result compared with standards prescribed by WHO, and Indian Standard Drinking Water specification IS:

10500-2012

In the present work the analyzed physico-chemical parameters are Temperature, pH, electrical

conductivity, total alkalinity, total dissolved salts, chlorine, dissolved oxygen, calcium hardness, magnesium

hardness and total hardness were within permissible limit.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are thankful to the University Grants Commission, Western Regional Office Pune, for funding

minor research project.

REFERENCES

1) Ramakrishnaiah C R, Sadashivaia C, and Ranganna G, E Journal of Chemistry, 2009, 6(2), 523.

2) Nageswara Rao K, Swarna Latha P and Ramesh Kumar P V, Indian T Environ Prot., 2007, 27 (11),

996.

3) Rajankar P N, Gulhane S R, Tambeker D H, Ramteke D S and Wate S R, E Journal of chemistry,

2009, 6(3), 905.

4) Sekar P, Hariprasad S and Deccaraman M, J Appl Sci Res., 2008,4(11),1526.

5) Vogel A I, Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, 4th Edn., ELBS,London,1978.

6) WHO, Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Geneva,1984.

7) Standard Methods for Examine nation of Water and Waste Water,16th Edn., APHA, AWWA, and

WPCF, Inc., New York, 1985.

8) The Gazette of India: Extraordinary Part- II, 3(1), 11, 1991.

9) Dhembare A J, Ponde G M and Singh C R, Pollution Research, 17,(87) 1998.

10) Hamilton P and Helsel D R, Ground Water, 33(2), 1995.

11) Brown E, Skovgstd M W and Fishman M J, Method for Collection and Analysis of Water Samples for

Dissolveed Minerals and Gases, 5, 1974.

12) Gupta R K, Text Book of Methods in Environmental Analysis Water, Soil, Air. Second Edn., 2007.

13) Shinde B. L., Mane B. U., Lohar K. S. WCS National Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 1(1),

April 2015.

14) Dhembare A J, Ponde G M and Singh C R, Pollution Research, 17,(87) 1998.

15) Pandey K.Sandeep. et al. Nature & Science,2009 ; 7(1)ISSN 1545-0740.

16) Mishra Arunabh , et al. E-Journal Chemistry,Vol.5,No.3.487-492,July 2008.

17) Murhekar Gopalkrushna H, Res. J. Chem. Sci. vol. 1(4), 117-124, July (2010)

18) Sadashiv C. et al. E-Journal of chem.,vol.5.No.4.pp.792-796,Oct-2008

Documents

An Evaluation of Seasonal Variation in Physico-chemical ... Conf/44.pdf · PDEA’s Waghire College, Saswad 2. Shrikrishna Mahavidyalaya, Gunjoti ABTRACT: ... The conductivity of