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7/21/2019 An Ethnographic Study of the Loom and Weaving
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XOEZH[VEQUMJ DLKH[QD
DO HQGOM@[DRGEF VQXAU MJ QGH LMMN DOA PHDZEO@
MJ
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7/21/2019 An Ethnographic Study of the Loom and Weaving
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Odtemodl Lekrdry
4*4
mj Fdodad
Keklemtgçquh odtemodlh
au
Fdodad
Dfquesetemos doa Dfquesetemos h t
Keklem`rdpgeh Vhtvefhs
shwefhs keklem`rdpgequhs
658 Phlleo`tmo Vtrhht
658.
ruh Phlleo tmo
MttdwdMO C4DMO1
MttdwdMO
CE
D
MO1
Fdodad
Fdodad
Umur
eUh vmn reejaonf7
Mur
P Omrn rKjKjhofh
Qgh dutgmr
gds
`rdotha
d
omo-
hxflusevh lefhofh
amweo`
tgh
Odtemodl
Lekrdry
mj
Fdodad
tm
rhprmaufh, lmdo,
aestreeuth
mr shll
fmpehs mj tges tghses
eo
nefrmjmn,
pdphr mr hlhftrmoef jmrndts.
Qgh dutgmr rhtdeos mwohrsgep mj tgh
fmpyB~teo tges
tghses.
Ohetghr tgh
tghses omr sukstdotea
hxtrdfts
jcmn
et
ndy kh
preotha mr mtghrwesh
rhprmaufha
wetgmut
tgh dutgmr s
phrnessemo.
L duthur d dffmraå uoh lefhofh omo
hxflusevh phrnhttdot
â
ld
Keklemtgçquhodtemodlh au
Fdodad
ah
rhprmauerh, préthr, aestrekuhr
mu
vhoarh ahs fmpehs ah fhtth tgçsh smus
ld
jmnh ah nefrmjefgh/jeln,
ah
rhprmauftemo sur pdpehr mu sur
jmrndt
ålhftrmoequh.
L duthur fmoshrvh ld prmpreåtå au
armet a duthur
que
prmtç`h fhtth
tgçsh.
Oe
ld tgçsh oe ahs hxtrdets sukstdotehls
ah fhllh-fe
oh amevhot
étrh enprenås
mu dutrhnhot rhprmauets sdos smo
dutmresdtemo.
7/21/2019 An Ethnographic Study of the Loom and Weaving
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DKVQ[DFQ
Qges stuay amfunhots tgh lmmn doa whdveo` thfgoequhs eo tgh
Vd'ado
Qmrdid velld`h mj Qm'Kdrdod', Eoamohsed. Rdrtefepdtemo doa mkshrvdtemo whrd usha tm
fmllhft tgh htgom`rdpgef adtd, wgefg whrh ahpeftha useo` pgmtm`rdpgy, ellustrdtemo, doa
thxtelhs.
Ge`gldoa Qmrdid phmplh whdvh wetg fmttmo mo d kdfcstrdp lmmn useo` d
fmoteoumus wdrp, frmss stefcs mr fme4 rma, doa d
twm
pdrt flmtg khdn. Qghy ush tgh
sdnh ahse`o nmtejs doa pdtthros rh`dralhss
mj
tgh ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh. Gmwhvhr, tgh
lmmn fmnpmohots Zdry dffmraeo` tm tgh ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh kheo` usha.
Qges stuay prmveahs thfgoefdl whdveo` doa lmmn adtd tgdt ndy
kh
fmnpdrha tm
mtghr
whdveo` drhds wetg tgh sdnh typh
mj
lmmn thfgomlm`y doa whdveo` thfgoequhs.
Qges eojmrndtemo eo tun ndy prmveah auhs
mj
fulturdl djjeledtemo, doa rhldtemosgeps jrmn
tgh
prhshot doa tgh pdst khtwhho twm, mr nmrh rmups mj phmplh wgm gdvh whdveo` ds
d
fmnnmo fulturdl doa thfgomlm`efdl trdet.
7/21/2019 An Ethnographic Study of the Loom and Weaving
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Dfcomwlha`nhots
Ewmula Eech tm tgdoc tgh stdjj doa stuahots mj tgh Ahpdrtnhot mj
Gundo
Hfmlm`y dt tgh Xoevhrsety mj Dlkhrtd, pdrtefuldr
Ar.
Odofy
Chrr
doa
Ar. Khtty
Frmwo, jmr hodkleo` nh tm fmnkeoh
ny
tdlhot doa lmvh mj whdveo` thxtelhs wetg
tgdt mj thxtelh sfehofh doa fulturdl dotgrmpmlm y. Qgh jmllmweo` tghses wds
eosperha ky ny suphrvesmr Ar.
Vdoard
Oehssho mj tgh Xoevhrsety mj Dlkhrtd.
E
wmula lech tm tgdoc ghr jmr ghr fretefdl doa eose`gtjul davefh tgrmu`gmut tgh fmursh
mj ny stuaehs. E wmula dlsm lech tm tgdoc Ar. @rh`mry Jmrtg jmr kheo` mo ny
fmronetthh. Ges quhrehs prmvha tm
kh
kmtg fgdllho`eo` doa eose`gtjul.
Djthr nufg prhpdrdtemo doa shvhrdl eothrvehws, mo Ahfhnkhr 4:,
455;, 4
rhfhevha wmra jrmn Vylveh Zellhnurh, tgdt wds shlhftha
ds
d pdrtefepdot eo tgh
Pmrla
Xoevhrsety Vhrvefh mj Fdodad Vhneodr
tm
Eoamohsed,
4556,
PXVF.
Petgmut tgh
PXVF
hxphrehofh doa suppmrt
E
wmula omt gdvh khho dklh tm
fmoauft tgh sfmph mj rhshdrfg tgdt
E
aea. Ewmula lech tm tgdoc tgh
PXVF
rhprhshotdtevhs, Nrs. Ihdoh Ghory, Ns. Vusdo Dlgds, dt tgh Xoevhrsety mj Dlkhrtd
jmr shlhfteo` nh3 oa tgh Eothrodtemodl Fhotrh's 4556 thdro mj stuahots doa stdjj
jmr suppmrteo` nh. Dlsm E wmula Eech tm tgdoc tgh Fdodaedo Eothrodtemodl
Ahvhlmpnhot D`hofy, FEAD, jmr ndceo`
et
pmsseklh tm pdrtefepdth eo tges
dll-
hofmnpdsseo` ahvhlmpnhot shneodr kdsha eo
tgh
jehla. Jmr et es eo tgh jehla tgdt
d truh `lenpsh
mj
d frmss-fulturdl hxphrehofh fdo kh jully rhdlezha, doa tgus,
uoahrstmma.
[hshdrfg eo loamohsed doa pdrtefepdtemo o tgh
PXVF
Vhneodr
4556
wmula omt
gdvh
khho pmsseklh wetgmut tgh jeodofedl dssestdofh jrmn tgh jmllmweo`
spmosmrs9
Qgh
Dlkhrtd Nushuns Dssmfedtemo3 tgh Flejjmra
H. Lhh
Jmuoadtemo
doa Nrs. Iuaetg
Rdaud3
tgh Krmay Jmuoadtemo mj tgh Xoevhrsety mj Dlkhrtd
Vtuahots Xoemo3 tgh
Jdfulty
mj Gmnh Hfmomnefs doa Ahpdrtnhot mj Flmtgeo`
doa Qhxtelhs3
J@V[
Qrdvhl Dssestdot
sgep3
Ar. Rhthr doa
Ar.
Khtty Frmwo3 Ar.
Vdoard Oehssho's [hshdrfg Dssestdot sgep3 Nr. Fgdrdldnkmus doa Nrs.
Fgresmuld Fgrestmu3 ny guskdoa, Nr. Lhm Ohwtmo-Ndsmo3 doa
Ns.
Zdselece
Fgrestmu.
7/21/2019 An Ethnographic Study of the Loom and Weaving
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E gdoc tgh Gmomrdry Fmosuldth mj loamohsed jmr Fdodad, Ndh H. Khrchl-
Dvh jmr prmveaeo` nh wetg tgh mppmrtuoety tm stdy eo loamohsed jmr moh jull yhdr.
E
wmula dlsm hxthoa tges tgdoc ymu tm tgh Zefh Fmosul mj tgh loamohsedo
Fmosuldth eo Zdofmuvhr, K.
F., D
Fgdoard Vdlen. [hshdrfg doa stuay wds
ndah pmsseklh dt tgh @daidg Ndad Xoevhrsety ky tgh aesteo`uesgha Rdtrmo
mj
tgh
Eothrodtemodl Vhneodr, Rdc
Ar.
Cmhsodae Gdraidsmhndotre, Um idcdrtd, Fhotrdl
Idvd. Lechwesh, dt tgh Gdsdouaaeo Xoevhrsety, Xiuo` Rdoado`, Vmutg Vuldwhse,
Rdc Ar. Gdramimhom, Aerhftmr mj tgh Jdfulty mj @rdaudth Vtuaehs.
Ges
rhjhrhofh
tm tgh chpdld cdkupdtho mj Qdod Qmrdid, Rdc Ar. Doae Lmlm, dlmo` wetg PXVF's
LlRl phrnet jmr rhshdrfg
eo
Eoamohsed, hodklha
nh
tm fmoteouh
wetg
ny
rhshdrfg
mo thxtelh thfgomlm`y
eo
Qdod Qmrdid. Kdpdc Ar. Gdramimhom doa Kdpdc Ar. G.
Nmg. Dsceo, ndah et pmsseklh tm rhshdrfg
dt
Gdsdouaaeo Xoevhrsety doa Vmutg
Vuldwhse. wmula lech tm tgdoc tgh jmllmweo` prmjhssmrs jmr dssesteo`
nh
eo
ny
rhshdrfg aureo` doa djthr tgh PXVF Vhroeodr. Dt @daidg Ndad Xoevhrsety,
Um`ycdrtd9 Ar.
Quty
@doadrieg3 Ar. Lmhcndo Vmhtresom3 Ar. Aidndluaeo Dofmc3
Ars.
Kdcae Vundotm3 Ar. Aekym Rrdkmwm3 Ars. D`us Gdrydotm3 Ars. Ndogdre
Endn Gdaedtnmaim. Dt Gdsdouaaeo Xoevhrsety, Xiuo` Rdoado`9 Ar. Nmgdooha
Dsceo3
Rrmj. Ndttuldad3 Rrmj. Kurgdosdg3 Rrmj. Ar. [usle O`dteneo3 Rrmj.
N. N.
Rdpdyuo`do.
Qgh jmllmweo` phmplh ghlpha nh eo
ny
rhshdrfg eo Fhotrdl doa Vmutg
Vuldwhse9 Nr. Impeh Veodou, mj
FD[H
loamohsed doa Nr. [hne @dutgehr, mj
Vuldwhse [h`emodl Ahvhlmpnhot Rrmihft doa FEAD3 doa Ars.
V.
Vuredndo, mj
Fhotrdl Vuldwhse Nushun, eo Rdlu3 doa Kdpdc Vulhndo`, Nushun Khotho`,
Xiuo` Rdoado`.
E
wmula dlsm lech tm tgdoc
ny
loamohsedo gmnh-stdy jdnelehs jmr tgher
`rdfemus, ceoa, doa suppmrtevh gmspetdlety9 Ar.
G.
Nugadr Dkykdcdr doa jdnely eo
Um`ydcdrtd3 An. Vukdhr Cdodtd doa
jdnely
eo Xiuo` Rdoado`3 Kdpdc
doa
Eku
Rerdah doa jdnely eo Ahpmc, Idcdrtd3 Ohoh Etd Kd'do doa Etdmj D`eo' D`eo' eo
[dothpdm3 Ndnd doa Rdpd [enkd Kmky, doa Ndrod doa Rdpd Ndwdr eo
[dothpdm3 Ndrod doa
Rdpd
Retre eoQdlluo` Lepu3
doa
jeodlly, Rdc lfgdl Ndote`e
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doa ges jdnely eo [dothpdm doa Xiuo` Rdoado .
E
wmula lech tm tgdoc
tgh
jmllmweo` phmplh jmr ndceo`
ny
rhshdrfg eo
loamohsed
d
nhnmrdklh,
suffhssjul,
doa
nhdoeo`jul lhdneo` hxphrehofh9 [uay
Qdoiuo`3 Vdlm`uo` [doth
Ld' ke3
Ndrod doa Rdpd
Mse3
Umgdod [moam, Iuaetg
Vnetg3 Hlezdkhtg Nmrrhll3 Lyooh
Furrhr3
Cyleh Ihdos doa Vuzhtth Dnhl.
Ny
rhseahofh eo Qm'Kdrdod' Vd'ado Qmrdid
wds
ndah pmsseklh ky Rdc
Vdlm`uo` [doth Ld'ke'
doa
RdcDrds Rdrurd. E wmula lech tm hxthoa tgh romst
dpprhfedtemo jmr tgh ny damptha jdnelehs9 Ohoh' KudgEmEm, [doth' Ld'ke doa
Ohoh' [dteg, ds whll ds Ndrod
Hne.
wdot tm tgdoc ny whdveo` thdfghrs9 Ohoh' 7utmo`3 Ohoh' Iuoe3
Ohoh4
Qete3 Ohoh' [dteg3 Ohoh' Kudglmjm3 Ohoh'
Kdn'kd'3
Ohoh' Rdldwd3
Ndrod
Hroe3
Ndrod Vdke3 Ndrod Kdtmse3 Ndrod Hlly9 Ndnd Khtty3 Ndrod Lmlm', Ndrod
Mch',
Ndnd Dre, OhohI td, Ndrod Ghrmsmnh, Eku Qhe Omote, Ohoh' Omrndwdte, doa Mn
Ndodo`cd.
NehohchNhhs,
Ndry Jrdnh, doa
Ndry Khotlhy
tdu`gt doa eosperha
nh
tm whdvh khjmrh ny stuaehs eo Eoamohsed3 tgher scells doa comwlha`h, lech tgdt
mj
tgh Qm'Kdrdod' Qmrdid whdvhrs,
wds
enpdrtha
tm
nh
wetg pdtehofh, plhdsurh,
doa hxphrtesh.
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Qdklh mj Fmothots
Fgdpthr 4 Eotrmauftemo
...........................................................................................................
otrmauftemo
4
Qghmry doa Mkihftevh ..........................................................................................
4
Pmrla Xoevhrsety Vhrvefh mj Fdodad. PXVF
....................
................. . . E l
Fgdpthr ; Lethrdturh [hvehw
Eotrmauftemo .......................................................................................................
-46
Qrdah ds
tgh
vhgeflh
jmr
aejjusemo mj thfgomlm`y................................................. 46
Qrdah doa rhle`emo doa ets hjjhft mo lmmns doa whdveo` ahse`o ........................
41
Qhxtelh ahse`o .....................................................................................................
4:
Lmmn thfgomlm`y
doa
whdveo` thfgoequhs ....................................................... -47
....................................................................................................
elc doa Fmttmo
;2
Vupplhnhotdry
whjt
thfgoequhs
...................
...................................................
;D
Zdredtemos mj supplhnhotdry whjt whdveo`
.........................................................
-;6
Qwell whdveo` ..................................................................................................... -;1
Fmel rma ...........................................................................................................
;:
Fgdpthr
6
[hshdrfg nhtgmas doa rohtgmamlm`y
Eotrmauftemo........................................................................................................
5
Jehla wmrc rhshdrfg wetg PXVF
........................................................................ 62
Mkshrvdtemo, pdrtefepdtemo doa eothwehweo`
............
...
.......................................
66
Jehla rmlh9 Khgvdvemur doa lho`tg mj tenh eo tgh jehla ......................................... 6:
Nhtgma jmr stuayeo` tgh whdveo` prmfhss
doa
lmmn
...........................................
60
Fmllhftemo mj drtejdfts ......................................................................................... -65
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......................................................................................................
gmtm`rdpgy -65
..........................................................................stdklesgeo` rmlh
eo
Qm'Kdrdod' 12
Fgdpthr1
.
Htgom`rdpgy omths mo tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid Qm'Kdrdod'
..........
gh Vd'ado Qmrdid
.
..........................................................................
1:
Qm'Kdrdod'.................................
..
.............................................................
-10
Phdveo` doa suksesthofh .................................................................................. 15
Nmrtudry
fustmros doa khlehjs
...........................................................................
-86
Hfmomnefs
doa
tgh
Qm'Kdrdod' whdvhrs
............................................................
8:
.........
..........................................-.*..*...muresn doa whdveo` QmoKdrdod'
. 80
Qgh whdveo` fm-mphrdtevh
..............................................................................
-87
Phdveo` doa stdtus............................................................................................85
Fmlmur doa whdveo ........................................................................................... -:2
....................................................................................
hxtelhs
doa
gdketdtemo
. :4
Fgdpthr
8
.
[hshdrfg Jeoaeo`s
.................
d'ado Qmrdid whdveo` eo Qm'Kdrdod
...................................... :1
Pdrpeo` up.........................................................................................................
02
Ahsfreptemo mj tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss ...................................................................
01
Phdveo` doa wdrpeo` ydns................................................................................
Qgh sgha doa tgh
frmss
......................................................................................-72
Vhtteo` up
tgh lmmn
............................................................................................
76
Lhdroeo` tgh nmtemos mj whdveo` mo d kdfcstrdp lmmn ...................................... 56
Peoaeo` whjt hlhnhots motm kmkkeos .................................................................
58
Vupplhnhotdry whjt pdtthneo` thfgoequh .......................................................... 8
7/21/2019 An Ethnographic Study of the Loom and Weaving
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Eoshrteo`
tgh
pdtthro
ghaalh
rmas eotm tgh lmmn ..................................................5:
Aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh
..................................................
-42;
lofrhdseo`
sgha
spdfh eo tgh
wdrp
.................................................................... 44;
Fgdpthr :. Aesfussemo
Eotrmauftemo ......................................................................................................440
Vuldwhse lmmns................................................................................................. 4;2
Ahwrdtevh thfgoequhs....................................................................................
4;4
Vupplhnhotdry whjütwell
whdvh
.......................................................................
-4;6
Ahse`o............................................................................................................... 4;8
Ndthredls doa ahfmrdtevh thfgoequhs9 selc doa fmttmo....................................... 4;:
Fgdpthr 0 Fmoflusemo
Fmoflusemo........................................................................................................ 4;7
Dpphoaex 4 Qhxtelh typhs
..............................................................................
466
@lmssdry E Vd'ado QmrdiaHo` esg
.....................................................................
461
@lmssdry
EE
EoamohsedolHo`lesg
........................................................................46:
@lmssdry EEE VdIado mrdid whdveo` thos4Ho`lesg............................................ 460
[hjhrhofhs
.......................................................................................................
4
65
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Lest mj Je`urhs
Je`urh 4d
Je`urh
4
k
Je`urh ;.
Je`urh
6
Je`urh
1.
Je`urh
8
Je`urh :
Je`urh 0
Je`urh 7.
Je`urh 5
Je`urh
4
Md.
Je`urh l m k
Je`urh
4
4
d
Je`urhEl
Je`urh 4;d
Je`urh 4;k
Je`urh 4;f
Je`urh 4;a
Je`urh
46
Je`urh
41
Je`urh 48
Je`urh 4:d
Je`urh 4:k
Je`urh
40
Je`urh
47
Je`urh
45
Je`urh;2.
Je`urh
;4.
Vd'ado Qmrdid QmIKdrdod' yph D lmmn
........................................
42
................
mI[mo`cmo`.QmINdcce.doa Qm'Ndndsd lmmn typh K
42
...........................................................m'KdrdodIwhdveo` cemscs
68
Dofhstmr gmush eo QmIKdrdod'.....................................................82
Jdnely refh kdros wetg dt gdrvhst tenh
........................................ 84
......................................
ofesha doa pdeotha ahse`os mo refhkdn
:;
..........................
dfrha thxtelhs
wrdppha
drmuoa dofhstmr gmush
:6
Vd'ado Qmrdid QmIKdrdod' mmro .................................................... :8
.............
hshdrfghr whdveo` mo lmmn wteg thdfghr
...............:0
...............................................................
llustrdtemo mj flmtg khdn
:5
..........................................................
llustrdtemo mj wdrpeo` jrdnh 04
llustrdtemo
mj
wdrp mo lmmro jrmn dkmvh, wetg juturh pdrts
.............
04
Ellustrdtemo mj wdrp mo jrdnh
..........................................................
0;
...........................................................llustrdtemo mj
wdrp
aerhftemo 0;
Ellustrdtemo mj ghaalhs mo wdrpeo` jrdnh rma .................................06
Dkstrdft vehw mj ghaalhs
................................................................
06
................................
............................
kstrdft vehw mj ghaalhs
... 06
Dkstrdft vehw mj ghaalhs wetg eoshrtha ghaalh rma
......................-06
...........................................................................hoh' Etd wdrpeo`
08
Ghaalhs mo wdrpeo` jrdnh rma
...................................................... 0:
...........................................................
hoh' Kdse' speooeo` wttmo
07
Ellustrdtemo mj sperdl ghaalhs
.........................................................
74
Ellustrdtemo
mj
dlthndth ghaalhs
....................................................74
Vhtteo`
up
tgh
wdrp9
eoshrteo` ghaalh rma
.....................................
71
Drrdo`eo` wdrp mot2 lmmn
.............................................................7:
Nmveo` frmss motm fme4 rma ...........................................................70
Vgejteo` tgh wdrp............................................................................77
Vhfureo` tgh flmtg khdns ............................................................. 5
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Je`urh;;.
Je`urh
;6
.
Je`urh
;1
.
Je`urh
;8.
Je`urh;:
.
Je`urh ;0
.
Je`urh
;7.
Je`urh;5.
Je`urh62.
Je`urh 64.
Je`urh 6;.
Je`urh 66.
Je`urh 61.
Je`urh68d
.
Je`urh
68k.
Je`urh68f
Je`urh 6:d.
Je`urh
6:k.
Je`urh6:f
.
Je`urh 6:a
...............................................................
rhdteo` d fmuothr
sgha
54
Frhdteo`
d
odturdl sgha................................................................5;
Aesfuoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt
................
......................
-50
Fmoteoumus supplhnhotdrywhjt...................................................57
loshrteo`
tgh pdtthro ghaalhs jmr supplhnhotdrywhj
..................
422
loshrteo` tgh
pdtthro
ghaalhs khgeoa tgh sgha rmll .....................
4 4
Odturdl
sgha
jmr pldeo
whdvh
.......................................................
426
Fmuothr sgha jmr supplhnhotdry whjt nmtej ................................ 428
Eoshrtemo mj aesfmoteoumus suppjhrohotdry
whjt............................
2:
Fmuothr sgha jmr pldeo whdvh...................................................... 420
Fgdo`eo` tgh sgha jmr supplhnhotdry whjt................................. 425
.................
oshrtemo
mj
shfmoa
rmw
mj supplhnhotdry whje nmtejs
442
Vhfmoa rmw mj supplhrohotdrywhjt nmtejs ..................................444
Ellustrdtemo mj rhpldfeo` tgh fme4 rma ....................................... 41
Ellustrdtemo mj rhpldfeo` tgh fme4 rma ............................................. 441
Ellustrdtemomj rhpldfeo` tgh fme4 rma
.........................................
4 41
................
d'ado Qmrdid lmmn typh D.................................... ...
4 47
Qm'[mo`cmo`, Qm'Ndcce, doa Qm'Ndndsd lmmn typh K................447
Ku`es lmmn jrmn fmdstdl rh`emos lmmro typh F..............................445
Ku`es lmmn jrmn eothremr lmwldoas lmmn t v ~ h
............................
445
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Lest mj
Ndps
..........................dp 4. [h`hofy mj Qdod Qmrdid eo Rrmveofh
mj
Vmutg Vuldwhse
;
Ndp ; [hpuklef mj Eoamohsed............................................................................. -6
......................
dp 6
.
Phdveo` drhds eo Rrmveofh mj Vmutg Vuldwhse, Eoamohsed
1
Ndp
1
. Htgoef rmups eo
Vmutg
doa FhotrdlVuldwhse ........................................:
Ndp 8.
Qrdvhl rmuth eo Vuldwhse
..........................................................................
0
Ndp
:
. Aestreft mj Lenkmo` eo [h`hofy mj Luwu'...................
.........................
6;
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Ndp
4
[ of...
R r m v e o f h m e
Vmutg Vuldwhse
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fmostruftemo ahtdels ndy whll shrvh ds se`oejefdot auhs eo trdfeo` fulturdl
aejjusemo doa rhldtemosgeps
..
Qghsh jhdturhs prmveah sphfejef pmeots
mj
rhjhrhofh
jmr fmropdresmo (Kera, 45:2, pp.
4'1).
Jurtghrnmrh,
sufg
eoquerehs eotm tgh
gypmtghshs mj dffulturdtemo doa dsseneldtemo drh vdleadtha ky fmofhotrdteo` mo
tgh prmaufts mj d seo`lh rh emo
doa
tgho fmnpdreo` tghn tm adtd jrmn mtghr
surrmuoaeo` whdveo` rh`emos (Ekea, p. 10).
Qgh
ndeo aejjhrhofh wetg ges
dpprmdfg doa ny mwo, es tgdt ges es aedfgrmoef, wghrhds tgh prhshot tghses es do
htgom`rdpgef stuay.
Vdoard Oehssho's
(45783
4577753 4554 rhshdrfg mj Eoamohsedo thxtelhs
doa whdveo` aerhftha tgh prhshot tghses eotm tgh drhd mj lmmn thfgomlm`y doa
whdveo` thfgoequhs. Eo Oehssho's (4577-753 4554 4556) rhshdrfg, htgom`rdpgef
adtd mo whdveo` thfgoequhs drh fmnpdrha suk-rh`emo
ky
suk-rh`emo jrmn moh
htgoef rmup eo mrahr tm rhfmra
dll
tgh vdredtemos mj whdveo` thfgoequhs. Vgh es
eo
shdrfg
mj d pdtthro
mj
thfgomlm`efdl aestrekutemo wetgeo moh htgoef `rmup eo
Omrtg Vundtrd comwo
ds
tgh Kdtdcs.
Eo
tges tghses,
4
thst tgh frmss-fulturdl
dpplefdtemo mj Oehssho's wmrc jmr tgh eothremr ge`gldoas mj Vmutg
Vuldwhse
(Ndps
1
doa
8).
Ndry Jrdnh's thxtelh stuaehs (4
57;,
457:)
drh
dlsm se`oejefdot
jmr ny mwo
wmrc
khfdush tghy
eosperha nh tm rhshdrfg thxtelhs
ky
ndceo` thxtelhs nyshlj.
E
lhdnha dkmut hxdneoeo` whdvh strufturhs jrmn Jrdnh's rhshdrfg
(457;, 457:)
doa
jrmn ghr phrsmodl eostruftemo eo 4554 doa
4556.
Vgh eotrmaufha nh tm
thxtelh ndceo` doa enpdrtha comwlha`h dkmut
ydn doa
thxtelh strufturhs tgdt
khohjet tgh prhshot tghses.
E
muoa
Jrdnh's thxtelh rhshdrfg gypmtghses (4
57;)
doa
nhtgmas (457:) tm
kh
seneldr tm
roy
mwo, oa tghrhjmrh rhlhvdot jmr tges
tghses. Gmwhvhr, lech Kera
(4
5:2, 45:6), Jrdnh's rhshdrfg es kdsha eo Rhru
useo` drfgdhmlm`efdl doa htgom`rdpgef adtd, wghrhds ny tghses es kdsha mo d
Eethrdturh rhvehw doa htgom`rdpgef adtd jrmn Eoamohsed.
Jrdnh
(457;, 457:) aesfmvhrha tgrmu`g
tgh
prmfhss mj rhplefdteo` dofehot
Rhnvedo thxtelh thfgoequhs, doa tgrmu`g jehlawmrc
eo
Rhruvedo whdveo` velld`hs,
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Ndp 1.
Htgoef `rmups eo tgh ge`gldoa
rh`emos
mj Vmutg doa
Fhotrdl Vuldwhse
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D
O A
VHD
Ndp 8. Qrdvhl
rmuth
eo Vuldwhse
h .
f 6
-
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tgdt tgh strufturh doa tgh ahse`o mj tgh flmtg pdtthros
doa
nmtejs rhvhdl tgh
thfgoequh mj
gmw
tgmsh
sdnh
pdtthros doa
nmtejs whrh ndah.
Qgh
pdtthros doa
nmtejs prmveah "fmnpdrdtevh eojmrndtemo jmr fghfceo` tgh rheedkelety mj tgh
thfgoefdl adtd ds eoaefdtmrs mj fulturdl djjeledtemoo (Jrdnh,
457;,
p.
1). Vgh
su``hsts tgdt tgh "vdredots tgdt drh pmsseklh dt hdfg std`h mj prmauftemo, prmveah
d
ldr`h kmay
mj
fmofrhth jdftmrs tgdt fdo kh ahsfrekha doa fmropdrha" (Jrdnh,
457;, p. ;). Ghr gypmtghses es tgdt tgh wmvho strufturhs doa ahse`o, rody `evh
us do uoahrstdoaeo` mj tgh whdveo` thfgomlm`y, ds whll ds fluhs tm fulturdl
djjeledtemo.
Qgh
gypmtghses es amfunhotha
eo
Jrdnh's hxgeketemo "Dofehot
Flmtg...Dofehot Fmah," wghrh sgh ushs Rhoevedo dofehot thxtelhs
doa
ghr mwo
sdnplhs mj thfgoefdl rhplefdtemos mj tgh sdnh thxtelhs, tm ellustrdth tges eahd
(Hxgeketemo, 455;, dt Nushun mj Dotgrmpml`my, Xoevhrsety mj Kretesg Fmlunked,
Zdofmuvhr, K.F.).
[etd Kmlldoa's quhrehs eotm lmmn thfgomlm`y (1 504, 4505, 4554 mjjhr
thfgoefdl davefh doa eose`gts wgefg
gdvh
eojmrnha tgh prhshot tghses . Eo 'Umu
ohha d lmmn tm prmaufh d thxtelh" (4554
,
sgh stdths tgdt tgh lmmn es ds
se`oejefdot
ds
tgh thxtelh et prmaufhs khfdush et prmveahs eojmrndtemo tgdt
d
thxtelh
fdoomt. '02 comw gmw tm lmmc dt d lmmn, moh nust comw tgh kdsef preofeplhs
mj
whdveo` mj tgdt lmmn typh, doa tgh khst wdy tm ht tges comwlha`h es tm am et
mohshlj' khfdush tges wdy wh ndy khtthr "lhdn
tgh
pmssekeletehs
doa
lenetdtemos
mj tgh lmmn" (Kmlldoa. 4554,
p.
476). Et es Kmlldoa's wmrc wgefg eosperha
nh
tm
stuay tgh lmmro.
Kmlldoadlsm gypmtghsezhs tgdt
'Qeoaeo`
tgh sdnh typh mj lmmn eo
ush
dnmo` phmplh leveo` eo aejjhrhot rh`emos ndy thll us smnhtgeo` dkmut flmsh
fmotdft khtwhho phrsmos,
mr
`rmups mj
phrsmos,
mr
dkmut ne`rdtemos mj rmups,
wgefg ndy gdvh tdcho pldfh lmo` d`m mr rhfhotly" (Kmlldoa, 4554, p. 405).
Nmrhmvhr,
sgh
stdths tgdt twm
typhs mj
lmmns
eo
moh pldfh fdo evh us
eojmrndtemo dkmut ohwwnhrs mr mla eogdketdots.
Ny gypmtghses,
eo
dffmradofh wetg Iuoeus Kera
(45:2,
45:6), [etd Kmlldoa
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(4504,
4505,
4554 , Ndry Jrdnh (457Y,l57:), doa Vdoard Oehssho (4577-75,
4554, 4556), es tgdt lmmn thfgomlm`y doa whdveo` thfgoequhs rody eoaefdth
fulturdl djjeledtemo doa rhldtemosgeps. Petg "`rdaudl thfgomlm`efdl eoomvdtemo
aejjhrhot typhs mj lmmns fdo smnhtenhs kh jmuoa wetgeo tgh sdnh drhd" (Kera,
45:2,
p.
4::). Kdsha mo ny rhshdrfgmo Vuldwhse, E gypmtgsezh tgdt tgh
vdredtemo
eo
tgh lmmn typhs fmrrhldths wetg tgh vdredtemo mj whdveo thfgoequhs
dnmo` tgh Qmrdid (Ndps
1
,
8).
Dll tgh Qmrdid eo tgh ge`gldoa rh`emos mj Vmutg doa Fhotrdl Vuldwhse ush
tgh sdnh lmmn, ndthredls doa ahse`os jmr whdveo` thxtelhs (Je`urh
4d
, 4
k). Qgh
nmst se`oejefdot aejjhrhofh eo tgher whdveo` es tgh ush
mj
aejjhrhot ahfmrdtevh
thfgoequhs. Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn gds hxtrd ghaalh rmas jmr whdveo`
supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthros doa nmtejs, doa d fme4 rma (Je`urh ld).
Qgh
fme4
rma
ndeotdeos tgh frmss, doa es usha tm eoshrt tgh supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthro rmas.
Qgh Qm' [mo`cmo`, Qm' Ndcce, doa Qm'Ndndsd Qmrdid ush frmss stefcs eo tgher
wdrp
eo mrahr tm ndeotdeo tgh frmss (Je`urh 4
).
Qghy ush wdrp ecdt tm whdvh
pdtthros doa nmtejs mo tgher thxtelhs. Dll jmur rmups mj Qmrdid sgdrh seneldr
fulturdl doa smfedl fustmns doa khlehjs. Gmwhvhr, tghrh
es
vdrehty eo tgh
lmmn
thfgomlm`y doa whdveo` tgdt
es
uoequh tm hdfg drhd.
Qghrh drh om adtd dvdeldklh mo tgh whdveo` prmfhss doa thfgomlm`y mj
tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid Qm'Kdrdod' whdvhrs. Fmoshquhotly, et
es
tges `dp eo tgh
lethrdturh tgdt ny tghses daarhsshs.
Qgh
prhshot fmotrekutemo ahsfrekeo` tgh
supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh ndy prmveah ushjul htgomgestmrefdl eojmrndtemo
dkmut tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid QmIKdrdod'whdvhrs. Et wostetuths do htgom`rdpgef
dpprmdfg tm frmss-fulturdl thxtelhs. Nmrhmvhr, tgh `mdl mj tges tghses es tm doswhr
tgh
fdl4
jmr
nmrh "fmnpdrdtevh frmssfulturdl amfunhotdtemo
mj
pdtthro
ghaalhs
eo
Eoamohsedo o mrahr tm fmrrhldth "jlmdt whdvh thfgomlm`y doa pdtthros tm suppmrt
vdlea eose`gts eotm tgh gestmrefdl se`oejefdofh
mj
twell whdveo` eo Eoamohsed"
(Oehssho, 4556,
p.
;).
Qgh thfgoefdl dsphfts
mj
whdveo` whrh hxplmrha eosetu. Ny comwlha`h mj
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seth eo
d
lhss tmurest dffhsseklh lmfdtemo, doa sm dt jerst
4
aea omt fmoseahr tgh
lmfdtemo tm
kh
do "dutghotef" shtteo`. E
sdw
d fmronmaejefdtemomj fulturdl mkihfts,
doa tgmu`gt tgdt tgh thxtelhs whrh omt trdaetemodl. Fretequhs mj tgh fmofhpts mj
"dutghotefety" doa "trdaetemodl" (@rdkun.
450:3
NdfFdoohll,
450:3
Vtmfceo`,
4576,
4578) whrh dt tgh tenh smnhtgeo` Egda rhda dkmut, kut omt jully
uoahrstmma
eo
tgh fmothxt mj jehla rhshdrfg. Jurtghnmrh,
E
dssunha tgdt auh tm
tgh ounkhr
mj
tmurests tgdt veset tgh drhd, doa ets fmnnhrfedl vesekelety
E
wmula omt
jeoa d whdvhr wkm wmula d`rhh tm
kh
ny whdveo` thdfghr.
Gmwhvhr, Qm'kdrdod' wds
wghrh
E
wmula
wetohss
tgh ayodnefs
mj
fulturh,
doa whdveo`, kheo`djjhftha ky d ndrcht hfmomny. Nmrhmvhr,
E
wmula kh dklh tm
hvdludth tgh phrsesthofh
mj
d whdveo` thfgomem`y
eo
tges fmothxt. Et es whll
amfunhotha
eo
tgh Eethrdturh
mo
tmuresn doa thxtelhs tgdt tmuresn eojluhofhs tgh
whdvhr's dttetuah tmwdras ghr whdveo` doa dlthrs tgh typhs mj thxtelhs sgh
whdvhs (Dadns, 45583 Frystdl, 45013 Ommy-Rdln, 45753 Yhrohr, 4576). l jmuoa
tgdt rh`dralhss mj dl4 tgh fgdo`hs
eo
tgh smfemtulturdl fmothxt
mj
whdveo`, tgh
dftudl whdveo` thfgoequhsdoa tgh lmmn thfgomlm`y phrsest. Qgh whdveo`
thfgoequhs doa hquepnhot prhvdel uofgdo`ha,
doa
ohw eahds dkmut ahse`o,
fmlmur, doa ndthredls khfmroh eofmrpmrdtha eotm tgh dlrhday hxesteo` fmrpus
(Ndxwhll,
E P M ) .
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Fgdpthr
Qwm
Lethrdturh [hvehw
Eotrmauftemo
Ny rhvehw mj tgh Eethrdturh eoaefdths tgdt loamohsedo whdvhrs gdvh dlwdys
khho aerhftly mr eoaerhftly djjhftha ky mutseah eojluhofhs, hsphfedlly jrmn
ndeoldoa Vmutghdst Dsed, Fgeod, Eoaed, doa Hurmph (Jesfghr, 45053 @etteo hr,
4505,
457;3 Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll,
4
552). loamohsedo ge`gldoa doa lmwldoa
phmplhs
gdvh
eo tgh pdst eowrpmrdtha aejjhrhot rodthredls, ahse`os doa
thfgoequhs eotm tgher hxesteo` thxtelh ndceo` trdaetemos (Ndxwhll, 4552). Qmady
mutseah eojluhofhs fmoteouh tm kh dsseneldtha eotm tgh hxesteo` thxtelh trdaetemos ds
tghy whrh eo tgh pdst (Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll,
4
552).
Gmwhvhr, tghrh drh fmnnmo dttrekuths
mj
whdveo` dnmo` tgh aevhrsh
htgoef pmpuldtemos eo tgh ge`gldoa rh`emos mj Eoamohsed. Dl4 ge`gldoa phmplhs
ush d kdfcstrdp lmmn wetg d woteoumus wdrp. Qgh whdveo` nhaeun es
fmttmo3
doa tgh whdveo` thfgoequhs drh prendrely vdredtemos mj strephs, supplhnhotdry
wdrp doa supplhnhotdry whjt (@etteo`hr, 45053 Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll, EPM).
Qrdah ds tgh vhgeflh jmr aejjusemo mj whdveo~hfgomlmdv
doa
thfgoequhs
Ndxwhll (4552)
vhrejehs tgrmu`g ghr hxthosevh doa fmnprhghosevh rhvehw
mj thxtelh stuaehs eo Vmutghdst Dsed tgdt9 "aeplmndfy, wdrs, trdah, trekuth,
ndrred`h doa ne`rdtemo gdvh dl4 khho enpmrtdot jdftmrs ghlpeo` tm sprhda thxtelhs
ds mkihfts ds whll ds tgh comwlha`h
mj
gmw tghy gdvh khho ndah doa usha"
(Ndxwhll, 4552, p.
650).
Qgus, tgh aestrekutemo
mj
thxtelh thfgomlm`y doa thfgoequhs ndy gdvh
mffurrha ved tgh eothr-esldoa trdah rhldtemos, mr khtwhho ge`gldoa doa lmwldoa
phmplhs mj tgh sdnh esldoa, ds
es
tgh fdsh
mo
Vuldwhse (Fmhahs, 45:73
@ett o`hr, 457;3 Rhlrds, 4556). Qrdah dnmo`st tgh esldoa
`rmups
wds d
prenh
eojluhofeo` jdftmr jmr tgh hxfgdo`h mj eahds, ndthredls doa thfgomlm`y (Dvhleo`,
45053 Fmhahs,
45:73
Frystdl, 45053 Gheoh-@hlahn, 45713 Getfgfmfc,
4554
Ndxwhll,
45523
Oehssho, 45563 45753 Pmlthrs,
45:0).
Mo Vuldwhse, tgh Qmrdid
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trdaha wetg tgh Ku`eohsh doa Ndcdssdrhsh (Ndps 1,:), twm mj tgh shvhrdl
aevhoh fulturh rmups leveo` smutg mj tgh ge`gldoas premr tm Autfg wlmoezdtemo
(Ke`dlch, 4571, p. 7:). Ghofh, trdah eofrhdsha tgh ndthredl fulturh mj tgh
ge`gldoas khfdush et ndah dvdeldklh ethns
ndah
mj rdw ndthredls omt jmuoa
tghrh (Dvhleo`, 45053 Khllwmma, 45053 Pmlthrs, 45:0).
Ahspeth gestmrefdl rhjhrhofhs tm rh`emodl doa htgoef wdrjdrh, Ke`dlch
(4571) prmpmshs tgdt tgh Ku`es jrmn tgh Luwuohsh Ceo`amn whrh omt phrfhevha
ds hohnehs ky tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid, kut rdtghr ds hxfgdo`h pdrtohrs. Qgh Vd'ado
Qmrdid rhsphftha tgh se`oejefdofh mj tgh Adtu, rulhr, doa tgus pdyha trekuth tm
genlghr. Eo jdft, dt tgh tenh mj tgh Autfg eovdsemo doa sukiu`dtemomj tgh
Qmrdid
ge`gldoa drhd mj prhshotQdod Qmrdid [h`hofy, tgh adu`gthr mj moh mj tgh `rhdt
nho mj Vd'ado, eo tgh Kdlusu' drhd, Oh' Ndttuoauo`, wds ndrreha td d rhldtevh mj
tgh Adtu
mj
Luwu' (Ekea,
4571,
p. 5;). Qgh pudo`, mr Rreofh mj Kdlusu', es moh mj
tgh ge`ghst rdoceo` stdtus pmsetemos eo tgh omrtghn pdrt mj Vd'ado Qmrdid hvho tm
tges ady (Ommy-Rdln, 4508). Kdlusut kmrahrs mo tgh Luwu' [h`hofy
(Ndp 4).
Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid gdvh smfedl doa fulturdl djjeledtemo wetg tgh Luwuohsh
tmady ds tghy aea eo tgh
pdst
khfdush tghy sgdrh d fmnnmo dofhstmr
(Ndttuldad, 4556). Qgus, tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid
pdea
trekuth tm tgh
Luwu'
Ceo`amn
mut
mj
rhsphft jmr tgh mre`eodl dofhstmr (Ke`dlch, 4571). Jurtghnmrh, omklh
phmplh jrmn Vd'ado Kdlusu' ndrreha omklh phmplh jrmn tgh Luwu' Ceo`amn
(Ke`dl
ch,
4571). Qghsh kmoas jmnha trdah dlledofhs (Ndxwhll, 4552).
Qrdah doa rhle`emo doa
ets
hjjhft mo lmmn thfgomtmw doa thxtelh ahsedo
Esldn sprhda tm Vmutg Vuldwhse ved tgh trdah rmuths (Dvhleo`, 45053
Fmhahs, 45:73 Ndttuldad, 45073 Rhlrds, 4556). Auh tm tgh strdth`ef lmfdtemo
mj
Ndcdssdr, tgh fdpetdl fety mj Vmutg Vuldwhse omw comwo ds Xiuo` Rdoado`, kmtg
tgh Fdtgmlef Rmrtu`uhsh doa tgh lsldnef loaedo trdahrs whrh eothrhstha eo ets
fmovhrsemo sm
tgdt
tghy fmula amroeodth tgh `dthwdy eotm
tgh
Kdoad Vhd doa
mowdras tu tgh Nmluffds, tgh jmrnhr jdnmus
Vpefh
Esldoas (Dvhleo`, 4505).
Qgh jdEl mj Ndldffdsds
d
sukstdotedl mfderrhofh..Ndcdssdr `deoha prmneohofh
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ds
d
rhsult khfdush mj ets strdth`ef pmsetemo mo vdremus trdah rmuths" (Cundr,
4505). [hle`emo dlmo` wetg ohw ndthredl mmas whrh eotrmaufha tgrmu`g tges
trdah rmuth.
Qgh fmroeo` mj Esldn wmula dlthr tgh smfedl doa fulturdl khgdvemur pdtthros
mj
tgh eogdketdots mj Vuldwhse's lmwldoa rh`emos lhdveo` tgh eothremr ge`gldoas tm
tgher doeroestlf khlehjs uotel tgh Autfg eovdsemo eo 452: (Zmlcndo, 4578).
Dffmraeo` tm domtghr smurfh, eoae`homus phmplh's khlehj systhns whrh omt
rhpldfha
ky
jmrhe`o eojluhofhs. losthda lmfdl phmplh eofmrpmrdtha smnh
mj
tgh
jmrhe`o rhle`emus hlhnhots (Vmhimom, 4571,
p.
471).
Mo Vuldwhse, tgh Ceo`amro mj Luwu' wds tgh jerst tm fmovhrt tm Esldn.
"Qghy whot jerst tm Fuwut,stell tgh nmst prhste`emus Ceo`amn eo Vmutg Vuldwhse
doa fmovhrtha tgh Adtu (rulhr) Ld Rdtedrh' Adho` Rdrdkuo`, wgm mo tgh 48 mr 4:
mj [dndagdo 4246 DG (Jhk. 1 mr 8,4:28) utthrha tgh sydgdadt doa tmmc tgh
odnh Vultdo Nmgdnnha" (Rhlrds, 4556,
p.
461). Rhlrds' (4556) gypmtghses
es
tgdt tgh Nuslen trdahrs eothoaha omt "moly
tm
fmovhrt tgh Luwu rulhr
khfdush
mj
ges rhndeoeo` prhste`h kut, nmrh
hsshotedlly,
khfdush Luwu',
ds
tgh frdalh mj
Vmutg Vuldwhse's omkelety, doa tgh fhotrdl pldfh eo tgh nytg mj mre`eo,
wds
shho
ds tgh chy strdth`ef pmeot, tgh woquhst
mj wgefg
wmula mpho tgh wgmlh
mj
Vmutg
Vuldwhse tm Esldno (Ekea, 4556, p. 411).
Rhlrds ndchs rhjhrhofh tm d trdah ohtwmrc tgdt leocha ndeoldoa Vmutghdst
Dsed
tm tgh rhst mj tgh drfgephld`m9 "..Dt
shhns
tgdt tgh prmpd`dtmrs
mj
Esldn eo
Vmutg Vuldwhse whrh leocha tm d Fgdnpd-Rdotdoe-Dfhg-Neodo`cdkdu-
Kdoidrndseo-Ahndc-@ere-Qhndth
ohtwmrc" (4556, p. 465). Jrmn ges jeoaeo`s
Rhlrds ahsfrekhs gmw tgh phmplh mj Vmutg Vuldwhse, hxfhpt tgh ge`gldoahrs,
whrh hxpmsha tm tgh lsldnef jdetg
4;8
yhdrs khjmrh tgh mjjefedl fmovhrsemo mj tgher
oelhrs khtwhho 4:28 doa 4:44 (4
556, .
465).
Qgus, rhle`emo wds tgh prendry jdftmr eojluhofeo` doaemr hogdofeo`
pdrtefuldr dsphfts
mj
khgdvemur
pdtthros,
hsphfedlly eo tgh lmwldoa rh`emos wghrh
tgh trdah eojluhofh gda nmrh
enpdft
(@etteo`hr, 457;3 Getfgfmfc, 45543 Ndxwhll,
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45523 Rhlrds, 4556).
Eo
thrns mj whdveo , rhle`emo eojluhofha tgh typhs mj nmtejs
wmnho fgmmsh tm whdvh (@etteo`hr, 45053 Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll, 4552).
Jmr
hxdnplh, Esldn prmgekets tgh ush mj gundo doa doendl je`urhs mo doy ndthredl
surjdfh (Ndxwhll, 4552).
Moh
mj tgh hdrlehst nmtejs eo loamohsedo drt drh tgh gundo-lech je`urhs
doa doendl nmtejs (Id`hr @hrleo`s, 458;). Qghsh nmtejs rhprhshot dofhstmrs
(Id`hr @hrleo`s, 458;). "Dofhstmr wmrsgep fdo kh trdfha kdfc tm d prhgestmref
phrema doa smnh mj ets hlhnhots gdvh khho rhtdeoha eo ndoy gdkets doa fustmns
eo
loamohsed hvhr seofh (Vmhimom, 4571,
p.
8).
Qhxtelh Ahsereo
Ahse`o es rhprhshotevh mj tgh fulturh tgdt ushs sphfejef nmtejs doa
pdtthros3 et gds d sphfejef ahse`o stylh. D vdrehty mj ahse`o stylhs gds khho
eahotejehaky Ndxwhll (4552) jmr Eoamohsed.
Eo
fmotrdst tm tgh selc whdveo` mj tgh
lmwldoa drhds, tgh ge`gldoa Vd'ado Qmrdid, doa mtghr hdsthn loamohsedo
fulturhs sufg ds tgmsh eo tgh Lhsshr Vuoads, mr Ousd Qho``drd Esldoa fgdeo
ush fmttmo jmr whdveo` (Getfgfmfc, 4554 @etteo`hr, 45053 oa Ndxwhll, 4552).
Qghy
dlsm hxgeket mtghr seneldr jhdturhs, sufg
ds d
seneldrety eo thxtelh ahse`o
doa
thxtelh thfgomlm`y (Ndxwhll,
t
552).
Dffmraeo` tm Id`hr @hrleo`s (458;4, Ndttehkhllh @etteo`hr 4505), [mkyo
Ndxwhll, (4
552),
oa Nefgdhl Getfgfmfc
(4
554 , thxtelhs jrmn loamohsedo
ge`gldoa fulturhs ndeotdeo smnh mj tgh hdrlehst stylestef dttrekuths mj tgh
Vmutghdst Dsedo krmozh d`h, tgh Amo`-smo drt mj Omrtg Zehtodn. Qges
es
eojhrrha
jrmn tgh ounkhr mj krmozh aruns tgdt drh jmuoa eo loamohsed adteo` jrmn tges
tenh phrema (Khllwmma, 45053 Ndxwhll, 45523 Vmrhosho,
4577).
Qgh Odtemodl
Nushun mj Eoamohsed,
eo
Idcdrtd, gds shvhrdl mj tghsh aruns. Qghrh es dlsm
d
Amo`-smo krmozh
arun
mo tgh esldoa mj Vhldyhr, do esldoa ust mjj tgh smutghro
tep mj Vmutg Vuldwhse (Ndp
8).
Qgh nmtejs doa pdtthns mo tgh aruns drh tgh
sdnh ds tgmsh jmuoa mo loamohsedo ge`gldoa thxtelhs (@etteo`hr,
45053
Getfgfmfc, 4554 Id`hr @hrleo`s, 458;3 Ndxwhll,
4552).
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Vphfejef nmtejs, sufg ds rgmrokmeas, sperdls, gmmc doa chy, ds whll ds
gundo je`urhs drh aesteo`uesgeo` dttrekuths mj tgh Amo`-Vmo drt stylh. Ndxwhll
(4
552)
stdths tgdt "gundo jmns drh hveahot
eo
ndoy sfghndtef doa eothrlmfceo`
sperdl
pdtthros
tgrmu`gmut Vmutghdst Dsed" p 464).
Gmwhvhr, ahspeth tgh hnpgdses mo tgh krmozh-d`h Amo`Vmo `hmnhtref
sperdls
doa
rgmnkus, tgh ahse`o hnpgdses eo
drt
es omt dlwdys dkstrdft. "End`hs
mj
dotgrmpmnmrpgesro, roystefdl frhdturhs, doa
keras
doa doendls jrmn tgh odturdl
wmrla gdvh khho ahpeftha rhdlestefdlly doa end`eodtevhly eo tgh thxtelh
drt
mj tgh
rh`emo" (Ekea, p. 410). Ndxwhll (4552) ellustrdths gmw Vd'ado Qmrdid ndjddoa
sdretd, ds whll ds tgh supplhnhotdry whjt thxtelhs pmsshss dotgrmpmnmrpgef,
doendl
doa
pldot ahse`o jhdturhs.
Eo Qhlleofl Qhxtelhs, stuav mo
tgh
mre`eo doa nhdoeorr mj thxtelhs mj
smnh
loamohsedo esldoas, Id`hr @hrleo`s' (458;) gypmtghses es
tgdt
tgh gmmc doa chy
nmtej drh d `hmnhtrefdl end`h mj tgh gundo kmay, doa nmrh se`oejefdotly, tgdt
tges nmtej es shho eo tgh eothremr ge`gldoa rh`emos
mj
tgh Eoamohsedo drfgephld`m.
Dll tgh
pdtthros
drh kuelt mut
mj
d shrehs
mj
gundo je`urhs. Gh ellustrdths gmw tgh
lkdo
Adydc mj Kmnhm, tgh Vdo`egh-Qdldua esldoa whdvhrs
mjj
tgh
omrtghdst
mj
Vuldwhse ndeoldoa, doa tgh Cdlunpuo`
(Qm' Ndcce)
doa [mo`cmo` (Qmt
[mo`cmo`) Qmrdid ush tghsh stylezha
doa
dkstrdft gundo nmtejs eo tgher thxtelh
ahse`o (Id`hr @hrleo`s, 458;, p. 415). "lt shhros prmkdklh tgdt tgh gundo
je`urhmrodnhot dttdeoha ets rhdt se`oejefdofh khfdush, mre eodlly, et wds
fmoseahrha tm kh d synkmlef rhprhshotdtemomj d shrehs mj dofhstmrs"....Qgus,
"stylezha gundo je`urhs ds hlhnhot eo mrodnhot , Ses^ d fmnnmo fulturdl hlhnhotl'
(Ekea, p. 482).
@etteo`hr
(4505, p.
;2:) rhjhrs tm tghsh nmtejs doa pdtthros ds
shcmo`
nmtejs. Qghy
dpphdrmo
gh
ecdt
thxtelhs jrmn
tgh
[mo`cmo` doa Cdlunpdo`
Zdllhys. Ndxwhll (4552, p. 462, 464 dlsm aesfusshs
tgh
sdnh
shcmoq
nmtejs
doa
pdtthros. Ewell aesfuss tges nmtej eo fgdpthr jevh.
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Lmmn thfgomlmdv doa
whdveod
thfgoequhs
Qgh seneledrety eo frmss-fulturdl ahse`o nmtejs doa pdtthros dpphdrs
tu
hxthoa tm lmmn thfgomlm`y (Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll,
4552).
Et
es
su``hstha ky
Ndxwhll (4552) kdsha mo hveahofh jrmn Dadns (4
50;)
doa Zmllrohr (4500) tgdt
tgh jmmt-krdfha kmay-thosemo lmmn usha ky tgh phmplhs mj ndeoldoa Vmutghdst
Dsed, es seneldr tm tgdt mj esldoa Vmutghdst Dsed, doa tges ndy eoaefdth fulturdl
djjeledtemo. Qgus, dlmo` wetg tgh stylestef, leo`uestef, doa fulturdl seneldretehs wetg
htgoef `rmups mj ndeoldoa Vmutghdst
Dsed
doa esldoa Vmutghdst Dsed, tghrh es
d
seneldrety eo lmmn thfgomlm`y (Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndnvhll, 4
552).
Dffmraeo` tm Zmllnhr tgh hdrlehst kdfcstrdp lmmn wds jmuoa mo
tgh
sgmrhs
mj Ldch Aedo,
82 cn
jrmn Cuoneo`, fdpetdl mj tgh Uuoodo prmveofh eo smutghro
Fgeod. Et es adtha dt 425 K. F., doa khlmo`s tm tgh omoGdo Aedo fulturh mj
Uuoodo (Zmllnhr, 4505,
p. 05).
Zmllnhr stdths tgdt et
es
seneldr tm tgh Qdewdohsh
lmmn3 doa tgdt et gds d
wdrp
khdn, flmtg khdn, lhdsh rmas, sgha stefc, ghaalh
rma, swmra khdthr, doa d kdfcstrdp (Ekea, p. 74). Qges prmtmtyph lmmn es fdllha
tgh jmmt-krdfha lmmn wetg d fmoteoumus
wdrp.
Qges typh mj lmmn gds thfgoefdl
lenetdtemos tgdt djjhft tgh whdveo` prmfhss. Qgh aenhosemos mj tgh thxtelhs
pmsseklh mo tges lmmn fmrrhldth wetg tgh
pgysefdl
lenetdtemos mj tgh lmmn etshlj
(Zmllnhr,
4505, p. 74).
Nefgdhl Getfgfmfc ndchs tgh mkshrvdtemo tgdt d
twm-pdrt
krhdst khdn es
usha moly eo esmldtha drhds
mj
Seosuldr^ Vmutghdst
Dsed3
doa
et es dlsm jmuoa eo
tgh Uuoodo Rrmveofh mj smutghn Fgeod (4554, p. 85). D twm-pdrt krhdst khdn
gmlas tgh wdrp shfurh, doa et fdo kh wrdppha drmuoa tgh khdn3 tghrhjmrh tgh
wdrp
ndy
kh
doy lho`tg.
Ndttehkhllh @etteo`hr (4500) stdths tgdt tgh Skdfcstrdp^, mr kmay-thosemo
lmmn wetg d sgha rmll, streo` ghaalhs, krhdst khdn, swmra, doa hetghr frmss stefcs
mr
d
nel rma,
es
d
prmtm-typh lmmn
ds
whll. Khfdush mj tgh aestrekutemo
mj
tges
typh mj lmmn dnmo` phmplh
eo
tgh eothremr
sufg
ds tgh Kdtdc doa tgh lkdo Sdoa
tgh Vd'ado, [mo cmo , doa Ndndsd Qmrded , et es tgmu`gt tm kh moh mj tgh jerst
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lmmns usha eo tgh drfgephld`m" (@etteo`hr, 4500, p. ;62 .
Eo wotrdst, tgh fmdstdl rh`emos ush aesfmoteoumus wdrp systhns wetg d
swmra doa d rhha eo tgh
wdrp
mo d kdfcstrdp lmmn, wgefg dpphdrs djthr tgh
prmtm-typh lmmn (@etteo`hr, 45053 Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll, EPM). @etteo`hr
stdths tgdt tges es khfdush tgh thxtelhs wmvho mo tges lmmn drh selc wetg
`mla
supplhnhotdry
whjt, mr
smodcht (Ekea, p.
;62).
loamohsedo thxtelh stuaehs gdvh sgmwo tgdt thxtelhs ndah mo aesfmoteoumus
kdfcstrdp lmmns drh ndah mj selc wetg supplhnhotdry
whjt
pdtthneo` doa whjt
ecdt (Jesfghr, 45053 @etteo`hr, 45053 Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll, 4552). Ej fmttmo
es wmvho mo tges lmmn, tgh thxtelhs drh senply strepha mr mj
d
pldea vdrehty
(Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll, 4552). Lmmns mj tges typh dpphdr mo Vundtrd, Idvd,
Kdle, Lmnkmc, Vunkdwd, Vuldwhse, doa Jlmrhs (Kmlldoa,
45003
Getfgfmfc, 4554
Ndxwhll,
4552).
Nefgdhl Getfgfmfc's gypmtghses es tgdt tgh "woteoumus wdrp es usha ky
phmplhs eo tgh nmrh rhnmth hdsthn esldoas doa uprevhr ge`gldoa drhds mj tgh
omrtg doa whst, wgelh tgh aesfmoteoumus
wdrp
es fgdrdfthrestefmj fmurt-kdsha
smfehtehs" (Getfgfmfc, 4554,
p.
:1). Ges gypmtghses es tgh sdnh ds tgdt
mj
shvhrdl sfgmldrs, eo pdrtefuldr Kmlldoa (4
500, 4505),
@etteo`hr (4505 , oa
Ndxwhll
(4552).
Ghofh, gh tmm, aesfusshs, gmw ahspeth tgh htgoef aevhrsety eo
Eoamohsed, tghrh drh fmnnmo tghnhs tgdt drh sgdrha
ky del
Eoamohsedos. "Qgh
eogdketdot mj tgh loamohsedo drfgephld`m pmsshss d fmnnmo ghretd`h wgefg
adths kdfc tm tgh Ohmletgef doa krmozhcmo d`hs" (Ekea,
p.
472). Getfgfmfc
(4554) pmeots mut tgrhh fmnnmo tghnhs tgdt ndy stdoa mut tm
kh
fmnpdrha eo
mrahr tm deo do eose`gt eotm tgh gestmrymj loamohsedo thxtelhs9 (4 thxtelh ahse`o3
(;)
ush mj tgh thxtelh eo aejjhrhot fmothxts3 doa
(6)
thfgomlm`y mj prmauftemo. Gh
stdths tgdt tges trdaetemodl comwlha`h nust kh rhwrëha omw khjmrh et es emst
jmrhvhr (Getfgfmfc,
4
554 .
Leo`
G.
[mtg (4547) aesfusshs tgh thfgomlm`y
mj
frmssfulturdl lmmns jrmn
do hvmlutemodry phrsphftevh.
Moh
pdrtefuldr lmmn wnpmohot fdllha tgh rhha,
es
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do enplhnhot usha tm chhp tgh wdrps dle`oha doa hvholy spdfha. Et es
dlsm
usha
tm khdt
eo
tgh whjt hlhnhots djthr hdfg tgrmw tgrmu`g tgh wdrp's sgha (Ekea,
4547). [mtg's dr`unhot es tgdt
ej
d rhha doa
d
swmra drh usha mo tgh sdnh
lmmn, tgho tges ndy kh
d
trdosetemo lmmn (Ekea, 4547). 'Qgh fmhxesthofh
mj
tghsh
twm
tmmls mo
moh
doa tgh sdnh lmmn tghrhjmrh eoaefdths
d
trdosetemo stdth,
eo wgefg tgh prendry ush mj tgh rhha dpphdrs tm kh tgdt mj d wdrp spdfhr, khjmrh
tgh aesfmvhry
wds
ndah tgdt e t fmula
gdvh khho
usha ds d khdthr ds whll" ([mtg.
4547,
p.
01).
Qgh moly lmmn wetg d fmoteoumus wdrp doa rhha wds jmuoa mo tgh
Vdo`egh-Qdldua esldoas mjj tgh Omrtg Vuldwhse fmdst (Id`hr @hrleo`s, 458;3
Ndxwhll, 4552). Qmady mo Vuldwhse, tgh moly lmmnswetg rhhas drh tgh fmdstdl
doa lmwldoa lmmns mj tgh Ku`es phmplhs (Frystdl,
45053
@etteo`hr, 45053
Getfgfmfc,
4554
Ndxwhll, 4552). Qghsh lmmns drh thfgomlm`efdlly aejjhrhot jrmn
tgh jmmt-krdfha lmmn, tgh Vdo`egh-Qdldua lmmn, doa tgh ge`gldoa Qmrdid lmmns
khfdush tghy gdvh
d
aesfmoteoumus wdrp systhn (Ekea, ht
dl).
Ndxwhll
(4
552)
sphfuldths tgdt tgh Vdo`egh-Qdldua lmmn es
d
trdosetemodl lmmn khfdush et
gds
d
rhha doa
d
ferfuldr, mr fmoteoumus wdrp. Qgh ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh usha mo tges
lmmn
wds
tgh aesfmoteoumus
doa
woteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh
(Id`hr @hrleo`s, 458;).
Velc doa Fmttmo
Gestmrefdlly, tgh fmdstdl doa lmwldoa Ku`es ush selc ds tgher whdveo`
ndthredl wgelh tgh ge`gldoa Qmrdid ush fmttmo (Frystdl,
45053
@etteo`hr,
45053
Getfgfmfc,
4554
Id`hr @hrleo`s,
458;3
Ndxwhll,
4552).
Qgh
Qm'
[mo`cmo`
Qmrdid usha peohdpplh jekrhs tm whdvh lech tgh Vdo`egh-Qdldua whdvhrs aea eo
tgh pdst (Id`hr @hrleo`s, 458;). Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid dlsm usha peohdpplh jekhrs
ds
d
whdveo` ndthredl gestmrefdlly, hsphfedlly aureo`
tgh
Idpdohsh eothnnhot
wgho
tgh supply mj fmttmo gda ahfleoha (Zmlcndo,
4578, p.
65). Zmlcndo
(4578) stdths tgdt khjmrh tgh Autfg eovdsemo, flmtg wds ndah jrmn peohdpplh
jekhrs. Rrhgestmrefdlly, et es omt flhdr wghtghr peohdpplh jekhr wds usha
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hxflusevhly jmr whdveo`, mr ej fmttmo wds dlsm usha.
Ds do eslmdtha ge`gldoa phmplh, tgh Qmrdid gda eoaerhft Zdah fmotdft wetg
tgh Fgeohsh, Eoaedo, Esldnef, doa Autfg trdah fulturh (Zmlcndo,
4578). Doy
trdah eo selc doa fmttmo jrmn tghsh aespdrdth fulturhs wmula gdvh khho eoaerhftly
trdosnettha tgrmu`g tgh Ku`esdoa tgh Ndcdssdr phmplhs smutg mj tgh Qmrdid
(Drd`mo,
4
554
.
Gmwhvhr,
do
eoae homus
fmttmo
es `rmwo eo hdst Vuldwhse, eo
Choadre3 fmttmo es dlsm `rmwo eo QmoKdrdod' (Ndttuldad, Rhomodl
fmnnuoefdtemo, Xiuo` Rdoado`, 4556). Ndxwhll (4552) su``hsts tgdt lmfdlly
`rmwo fmttmo
es
usha jmr tgh whdveo` mj sdfrha thxtelhs.
Dodlyses mj thfgoefdl dsphfts
mj
selc doa fmttmo thfgomlm`y ndy aesflmsh
tgh hxthot
tm wgefg
doy
eojluhofhs, lenets doa fmotrmls gdvh rhsultha jrmn tgh
ush
mj hetghr fmttmo mr selc (Ndwhll, EPM,
pp.
487-401). Qgus, tgh lmmn eo tgh
lmwldoa doa ge`gldoa drhds es aesseneldr khfdush tgh lmwldoahrs ush selc ds tgher
whdveo` nhaeun wgelh tgh ge`gldoahrs ush fmttmo. Qgh odturdl prmphrtehs
mj
tghsh twm jekrhs ndchs et ohfhssdry tm gdvh d pdrtefuldr lmmn thfgomlm`y, ds
whll
ds sphfejef comwlha`hdoa scells eo gdoaleo` hdfg jekrh typh. ''Qgh ush mj
selc doa ets rhldtha thfgomlm`y gds fmotrekutha tm tgh ahvhlmpnhot
mj
ahfmrdtevh
whdveo` thfgoequhs wghrh tgh whdvhr's dtthotemo es aerhftha tm tgh pmssekeletehs
eoghrhot eo tgh whjt tgrhdas" (Ndxwhll, 4552, . 4:1).
Vupplhnhotdwwhjt ahfmrdtevh thfgoequhs
[etd Kmlldoa stdths
tgdt
"ndoy thxtelhs gdvh d ahfmrdtemo
ndah
ky
supplhnhotdry
whjt
thfgoequh, d thfgoequh fdllha krmfdaeo`..doa tges fdoomt
thll
us
doytgeo` dkmut tgh typh mj lmmn usha" (4
554,
p. 474). Qgh
supplhnhotdrywhjt thfgoequh es usha eo ndoy loamohsedo whdveo ahse`os
(Jesfghr, 45053 @etteo`hr, 45053 Getfgfmfc, 4554 NdoevhEl, 4552). "Omt moly eo
Kdle, kut tgrmu`gmut tgh wgmlh mj whsthro loamohsed, smodcht es tgh thrn usha tm
ahsfrekh d thfgoequh eowgefg daaetemodl pdtthros drh wmvho eotm d ndthredl wetg
supplhnhotdry whjt tgrhdas, hetghr wooeo` dfrmss tgh hoterh weatg mr fmvhreo`
moly eoaeveaudl
pdrts
mj tgh flmtg" (Gdushr-Vfgdukleo, Odkgmlz-Cdrtdsfgmjjdoa
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[dnshyhr, E P l , p.
66).
Qgh
dutgmrs mj Qhxtelhs eo Kdle, prmpmsh tgdt tgh
smodcht
thfgoequh es
do
Eoaedo thxtelh thfgoequh tgdt
wds
eotrmaufha tm loamohsed ved tgh Geoau-Kuaagest
pjehsts wgm stdyha eo tgh fmdstdl rmydl fmurts (Ekea,
p.
61).
Qghy
stdth tgdt
Eoaedo fulturh doa ndthredl fulturh whrh dsseneldtha eotm tghsh ldvesg
fmurts
(Ekea, p.
61). @etteo`hr, dlsm
aesfusshs tgh
ush mj selc
doa
`mla
ky
tgh loamohsedo
omkelety eo "ge`g fulturh drhds, doa rh`emos aerhftly sukihft tm tgh eojluhofh mj
fhotrdl fmurts" (4
505,
p. ;62).
Dffmraeo` tm Ndxwhll (4
552)
supplhnhotdry
wdrp
prh-adths
supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthneo`eo tgh loamohsedo drfgephld`m. "Pgelh fhrtdeo
supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequhs mo fmttmo drh do dofehot doa pmsseklyprhgestmref
nhdos mj ahfmrdteo` Vmutghdst Dsedo thxtelhs", tghrh es hveahofh tgdt tges
thfgoequh
khfdroh
usha eo tgh drhd kh`eooeo` wetg tgh Geoau-Kuaagest
eojluhofh
eo tgh :tg fhotury
D A .
(Ndxwhll,
4552,
p. 40;).
'Qgh sgejt
jrmn
wdrp
tm
whjt
ahfmrdtemo mffurs
dt
tgh ünh mj tgh loaedo eojluhofh" (Ekea, p. 487). Hveahofh
jmr
tges es tgh
ush mj
selc jmr whdveo` ndthredl (Ekea, p. 4:2).
Ndxwhll (4552) stdths tgdt
tgh
supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh
ndy
gdvh
trdvhllha
jrmn Ldms tm Vundtrd
doa
ds
jdt
hdst ds Lmnkmc (Ekea,
p.
401). Vgh
dlsm ahsfrekhs gmw tgh thfgoequh
ndy
gdvh sprhda khtwhho Lmnkmc, Kdle, doa
Vunkdwd (Ndp ;).
Dffmraeo` td Kmlldoa (4506), sdfrha thxtelhs
mo Lmnkmcdoa
Kdle drh
ndah
wetg fmttmo
jekrh
useo`
d
fmoteoumus wdrp mo
d
kdfcstrdp lmmn.
Ndxwhll ndeotdeos tgdt eo "pldfhs wghrh dofehot supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequhs
sufg ds whjt wrdppeo drh stell dppleha tm wttmo thxtelhs tghy drh usudlly fdrreha
mut mo tgh mlahr kdfcstrdp thosemo lmmn wetg
d
fmoteoumus ferfuldteo`
wdrp
doa
wetgmut d rhha.
Vufg
thxtelhs gdvh rhndeoha enpmrtdot
eo
fhrhnmoedl hxfgdo`h
doa ds mkihas m j
nd`ef
doa retuhl, hsphfedlly jmr
tgh
rhdjendtemo
mj
khlehjs tgdt
strhtfg kdfc tm tgh tenh mj tgh dofhstmrs'
(Ndxwhll, 4552, p.
402).
Ndxwhll gds pmeotha mut tgdt whjt ecdt fdnh eotm ush dt tgh
sdnh
tenh ds
supplhnhotdry
whjt
thfgoequh useo` selc doa
`mla
tgrhdas
(4552,
p.
487).
Qgh
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sprhda mj Esldn eo Vuldwhse jrmn ds hdrly ds tgh4122's doa mjjefedlly seofh tgh
4:28 (Rhlrds, 4556), ndy kh tgh rhdsmo wgy tgh whdvhrs usha nmrh jmrndl doa
smrokhr ahse os doa fmlmurs (Ndxwhll, 4552,
p. 6;5).
"Kmtg wdrp doa whjt ecdt drh tm kh jmuoa eo tgh selc flmtg wmvho ky tgh
Ku`eohshfmronuoety eo Amo``dld eo fudstdl fhotrdl Vuldwhse (Cdrtewd, 4576, eo
Ndxwhll, 4552, p. 4:0). Gestmrefdlly, tgh fmdstdl Ndoadr lech tgh fmdstdl Ku`es
doa Ndcdssdrhsh dlsmwmvh mo kdfcstrdp lmmnswetg aesfmoüoumus wdrps useo`
selc doa fmttmo jekrhs (@hrleo`s,458;3 @etteo`hr, 45053 Getfgfmfc,
4
5543
Ndxwhll,
45523
Idsphr doa Ren`daeh,
45;;).
Ndxwhll (4
552)
ellustrdths gmw
Vunkdwd wds uoahr tgh lsldnef Vultdodth mj @md, jrmn Vmutg Vuldwhse, eo tgh
40tg fhotury
(Ndp
;). Vupplhnhotdry whjt whdveo` doa ecdt drh amoh mo
tgh
fmdstdl rh`emos mj Vmutg Vuldwhse tmady doa eo
tgh
pdst
mo
tgh esldoas iust mjj
tgh fmdst
mj
Omrtg Vuldwhse, tgh Vdo`egh-Qdldua Esldoas (Id`hr @hrleo`s,458;3
@etteo`hr,
45053
Ndxwhll,
EPM).
Zdredtemos mj tgh sumahnhotdrvwhjt whdveoq
Eo Do eotrmauftemo m tgh kmay-thosemo lmmns doa senplh jrdnh lmmros mj
Vmutghdst Dsed" (4500), @etteo`hr aesfusshs tgh tgrhh aejjhrhot nhtgmas mj
whdveo` supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh9 (4 Qgh senplhst
nhdos
mj rdeseo` tgh
ohfhssdrywdrps
es
ky shlhfteo` tghn wetg d jeoh stefc, ds dnmo` tgh Ndd'mj Zeht
Odn (Kmulkht, Rldth WWllld) doa Idrde (Gefchy, 4500, p.8:).
(;)
D
nmrh fmnplhx wdy
mj
hjjhfteo` supplhnhotdry-whjt pdtthros
eovmlvhs tgh ush
mj
pdtthro rmaswgefg drh eoshrtha khymoa tgh
ghaalhs doa drh usha tm rdesh
d
pdrtewldr fmnkeodtemo mj
wdrp
ydns. Gmwhvhr, tgh sgha stefc
wgefg
ahprhsshs hvhry dlthndth
wdrp, prhvhots tgh lmwhr ydns jrmn kheo` lejtha eotm d ohw sgha.
Qghrhjmrh, tgh pdtthro rmasdrh ldfhamoly eotm tgmsh wdrps nooeo`
mvhr tgh sgha stefc, doa tgrmu`g tgh rdtghr lmmsh lmmps
mj
tgh streo`
ghaalhs. Qgh ahfmrdtevh whjt hlhnhot
es
eoshrtha tgrmu`g tgh sgha
tgdt es jmnha ds hdfg rma es eoetedlly eothrldfha eotmtgh
wdrp....Pgho moh gdlj mj tgh ahse`o es fmnplhth, tgh stmrhapdtthro
rmas rody kh rhusha, kut omw ky ohfhssety eo rhvhrsh mrahr, hdfg
rma kheo` rhnmvha jrmn tghwdrp djthr kheo` usha. Qges frhdths d
neon end h mj tgh mre`eodl pdtthro gdlj (@etteo`hr, 4500, p.8:).
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;1
Qgh Kdtdc mj Vundtrd whdvh ky tges nhtgma (Ekea, p.8:).
(6)
[hpldfeo`
gh
sgha stefcwetg d shfmoa ghaalh nhfgdoesro utelezeo`
streo` ghaalhs dllmws jmr stell nmrh jlhxekelety
eo
tgh pdtthneo`. Omw fmnkeodtemos
ndy kh shlhftha jrmn dl4 tgh wdrp ydns, omt iust dlthndth mohs, jmr dl4
fmnkeodtemos fdo pdss tgrmu`g tgh lhdsghs tm jmn
ohw
sghas.
Qges
nhtgma es
usha jmr whdveo` smo cht jemn Rdlhnkdo` (Ekea, p.
80).
(1) Rdtthro rmas fdrreha eo tgh wdrp khymoa tgh sgha stefc rody dlsm
kh
usha tm jmn fmnplhnhotdry-wdrp pdtthros
....
ds lmo` ds tgh sgha stefc rhndeos
eo pldfh, tgh ndoepuldtemo mj tgh wdrp eovmlvhs nhrhly tgmsh hlhnhots reaeo`
dkmvh tgh sgha stefc, mr tghsh eo fmnkeodtemo wetg tgh eoaeveaudlly shlhftha
wdrp
hlhnhots. Qges whdveo` es amoh mo Vdo`egh-Qdldua, Qenmr, doa SNdndsd mo
Vuldwhse^ (Ekea,
p.
80).
Qwell whdveoq
Id`hr @hrleo`s (458;) doa Ndxwhll (4552) gdvh fmnnhotha tgdt tgh
supplhnhotdrywhjt whdveo`s
jrmn
tgh Vdo`egh-Qdldua Esldoas, mjj tgh omrtghdst
fmdst
mj
Ndodam, Omrtg Vuldwhse, fmotdeos tgh dofehot sperdl doa gmmcha
lmzho`h nmtejs. Gmwhvhr, whdveo`
mj
tges
typh
amhs omt hxest mo tghsh esldoas
tmady. Ndxwhllfmnnhots gmw do mla Vdo`egh-Qdldua thxtelh wetg
supplhnhotdrywhjt thfgoequh es "seneldr eo strufturh doa nmtej tm tgh ldr`h kdtec
gdo`eo`s ndah ky tgh Qmrdid leveo` jurtghr tm tgh smutg eo Vuldwhse" (Ndxwhll,
4552, p. 8;). N w h l l prmpmshs tgdt "seroeldr pdtthros fdo kh dfgehvha tgrmu`g
eothrldfeo` doa whdveo` doa tges su``hsts tgdt tgh sdnh vesudl dhstghtefs whrh
rhtdeoha wetg tgh fgdo`h
jrmn
moh thfgomlm y tm tgh mtghr"
(4
552,
p.
14).
E
jmuoa tges tm kh tgh fdsh wetg tgh ahfmrdtevh whdveo thfgoequhs, oa
twell ahse`o eo Vmutg Vuldwhse, doa nmrh sphfejefdlly eo Vd'ado Qmrdid
whdveo`
(shh dlsm Ndxwhll,
4552,
p. 67). Qgh twell thfgoequh ndy omt kh usha ky ndoy
Eoamohsedo whdvho, kut twell ahse os, ufg
ds
tgh dofehot sperdls doa gmmcha
lmzho`hs, rgmnkmea,
gmmc
doa chy, nmtejs dpphdr dl4 mvhr tgh drfgephld`m
(Ndxwhll, 4552). Jmr hxdnplh, tgh dofehot sgep thxtelhs jrmn Ldnpuo`, Vmutg
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Vundtrd, drhndah mj fmttmo wetg supplhnhotdrywhjt ahse`os seneldr tm
tgmsh
mj
tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid (NdnhEl,
4552,
p.
07).
Qgh twell
pdtthro
dpphdrs eo ndoy nhaeuns, eofluaeo` whdveo`,
tgrmu`gmut Fhotrdldoa Vmutg Vuldwhse (Ndxwhll,4552). Ndxwhll (4552) stdths
tgdt 'n e lh nmst kmay-thosemo lmmn whdveo` ushs d senplh 'moh-uoahr moh'tdkky
whdvh, twell whdvhs wgefg gdvh frhdtha thxturhs mo flmtgdceo
tm
pldeteo`mr
ndtteo`
gdvh
dlsm khho prmauŖa eo ndoy pdrtsmj Vmutghdst Dsed, doa
aesfmvhrehs
mj
jrd`nhotsmj twell whdvh vh`htdklh-jekrh jdkref eo tgh Oedg Fdvhs
eo Vdrdwdc drh tgh mlahst comwo wmvhojdkrefyht aesfmvhrha eo eosuldr
Vmutghdst Dsed" (Ndxwhll,
4552,
p. 1:).
Ndttehkhllh @etteo`hr stdths tgdt
tgh
ush
mj
twm mr
nmrh
ghaalh rmas wetg
streo` ghaalhswelldlsm prmaufh
d twell
whdvh,
doa
tgdt tges
es
d rdrh thfgoequh eo
VmutghdstDsed (@etteo`hr, 4500, p. 80). "Id`hr @hrleo`s..aesfusshs tgh
prhshofh mj tges whdvh dnmo`tgh Cdido Adydc doa Roegeo` Adydc doa
sphfuldths et ndy kh rhldtha tm tgh twell
whdvhs
mj tgh Od`d mj Dssdn" (Id`hr
@hrleo`s, 458;,
p.
8:-08, eo @etteo`hr, 4500, p.
80).
Vgh pmeots
mut
tgdt
"twell
whdvhs drh dlsm amoh
mo
lmmns wetg jmur ghaalh rmas
eo
daaetemo tm tgdt usha
jmr
tgh pldeo whdvh jmuoadtemo ky tgh Do`cmld Kdtdcmj Vundtrd" (Ekea,
p. 80).
Qgh
Do`cmld doa tgh Qmkd Kdtdc
mj Omrtghn
Vundtrd ush twell whdveo`ds `rmuoa
whdvh doa
ds
supplhnhotdry whjt doawdrp (Oehssho, 4556).
Oehssho (4556) ahsfrekhs tgh ush mj fmnpmuoa ghaalhs doa tghwhdveo`
mj twell whdvh ahfmrdtevh pdtthros doa rmuoa whdvh mj tgh Qmkd Kdtdc.
Vgh
stdths tgdt tgh "Qmkd Kdtdc whdvhrs ndoepuldth tgher wnpmuoa ghaalhs tm
ndch kmtg strufturdl
doa
omo-strufturdl hlhnhots, eh. tm prmaufh tgh `rmuoa
whdvh
mr
tm hnkhllesg
tgh
`rmuoa
whdvh
..."
(Oehssho,
4556,
p.
8).
Vgh
gypmtghsezhs tgdt tgh Kdtdc lmmn wetg ets fmnkeodtemomj fmnpmuoa ghaalhs
doa
pdtthro rmas mr sgha-sdvhrs fmula kh do eothnhaedth ceoamj lmmn khtwhho tgh
senplh ghaalh-sgha-stefc vdrehty doa tgh nmrh
fmroplhx
lmmn wetg pdtthro
ghaalhs. Qges lmmn, wgelh dklh tm prmaufh `rmuoa doa supplhnhotdry whdvhs,
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dlsm es
usha eosufg d
wdy ds tm klur tges sdnh aesteoftemo. Qges es auh,
eo
pdrt,
tm tgh sphfedl jhdturh mj tgh Kdtdc fmropmuoa ghaalhs, tgdt d seo`lh shtmj
ghaalhs fdo pe& up aejjhrhot shts mjwdrps (Oehssho,
4556,
p. 8).
Kmlldoa ahsfrekhs tgh prmfhss mj twell whdveo` useo` tgh g m weoghaalhs
(4505, p. ;54)9
d. jrmot lmmps mj tweo ghaalh
E
- m jmrn sgha 4.
k. jrmot lmmps mj Peo ghaalhEE- m jmn sgha
;.
f.
kdfc
lmmps mj tweo ghaalhE
-
m jmrn sgha
6.
a. kdfc lmmps mj Peo ghaalhEE- m jmrn sgha1.
Dll, mr doy fmnkeodtemondy kh usha ahphoaeo` mo tgh ahserha nmtej
doa
pdtthn,
tgdt es, wghtghr et es d aesfmoteoumus mr fdoteoumus supplhnhotdry
whjt
ahse`o.
Qgh hxtrd pdtthn rmas tgdt drh omt usha thropmrdrely drh chpt
dt
tgh kdfc mj tgh
sgha rmll (Ekea, 4505).
Kmlldoa stdths tgdt tgh Do`cmlddlsm daa hxtrdpdtthn
ghaalhs
tm tgh
wdrp
eotgh prmfhssmj whdveo` jmr
ndceo`
supplhnhotdry
whjt
pdtthneo`, mr ds sgh
fdlls et, krmfdaeo` (Kmlldoa,
4505,
p. ;5;). Vgh dlsm su``hsts tgdt
et
es nmrh
fmnplefdtha
tm
ush
tweo
ghaalhs tgdo e t es tm ush hxgd
pdtthn
rmas
(Ekea,
4505).
Fmel rma
D fme4 rma esd lmmn fmnpmohot tgdt chhps tgh wdrpsmrahrha mo tgh lmmn
ky ndeotdeoeo` tgh frmss eo tgh wdrp. [etd Kmlldoa(4500) su``hsts tgdt tgh nel
rma9 (4) es usha ky esmldtha phmplhs3 (;) omt nufg mutseah eojluhofhgds
mffurrha wghrh tges lmmnpdrt es jmuoa3 (6) tgdt trdaetemodl jdkrefsdrh wmvho mo d
fme4 rma lmmn.
Gmwhvhr, "d lmmnfdo gdvh frmss stefcs eo tgh wdrp, mr d nel rma,
mr ohetghr mj tghro, doa smnhtenhs tgh frmss stefcs drh rhpldfha
ky
streo`s. Eo
jdft, ymu am omt ohhatghsh enplhnhots tm
whdvh.
Qghy
drh moly
d
ghlp" (Ekea,
p.
02). Vgh
evhs
tgh jmllmweo` juoftemos
mj
tgh fme4 rma, kut hxfluahs ets prendry
juoaemo ds
d
frmss sdveo` ahvefh9
Qm aeshotdo`lh tghwdrp tgrhdas khjmrhtghy hothr
tgh
wmrceo`
drhd mj tgh lmmn3 tges esdo enpmrtdotjuoftemo eo
d
lmmn tgdt es
rmllha up tm stmrh dwdy3 tm chhp tgh
wdrps
eo d snmmtg
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pldoh3 tm ghlp ndeotdeo
do
hvho thosemo eo tgh wdrp3 tm `evh d pmeot
mj rhsestdofh ohdr
tgh
sgha-stefc, wgefg ghlps ndch d flhdr
sgha3
tm ndch et hdsehr tm lmfdth
d
krmcho tgrhda tm
nhoa
et3 tm dft
ds
d
wdrp
spdfhr (Kmlldoa, 4500, p.
04 .
Vgh stdths tgdt tgh frmss stefcs chhp tgh frmss
eo
tgh wdrp, kut omt tgh
nel
rma
(Ekea, p.
0;).
Dffmraeo` tm Leo` [mtg (4547) tgh fme4 rma es jmuoa
mo9
tgh Kgmteyd lmmn,
eo Adrihhleo`, Eoaed3 tgh E`mrmt lmmn, mo Luzmo eo tgh Rgeleppeohs3 doa tgh lldouo
lmmn mo Kmnhm ([mtg, 4547,
pp.
01, 05).
Et es eothrhsteo` td omth tgdt Leo` [mtg's ahsfreptemo mj frmss stefcs, (gh
fdlls tghn tgh ldzh rma), rhdas lech d ahsfreptemo
mj d
fme4 rma9 'Qgh ldzh rma
fmosests
mj
d
pehfh mj fdoh dkmut gdljdo eofg eo aednhthr, rmuoa wgefg hvhry
wdrp
es
wmuoa mofh sm tgdt tgh rma fdo kh rmllha
kdfcwdras
doa jmrwdras, doa
stell chhp tgh tgrhdas eo pmsetemo'' ([mtg, 4547,
p.
08).
Gh
amhs omt nhotemo tgdt
tgh ldzh rmaSs , mr nel rma, ndeotdeos tgh frmss, moly tgdt e t ghlps ndeotdeo tgh
mrahr mj tgh wdrps. [mtg es tgh moly thxtelh rhshdrfghr tm pmeot mut tgdt tghdel
rma, mr
wgdt
gh fdlls tgh ldzh rma, ndy
kh
usha tm shlhft wdrps tm eoshrt hxtrd
pdtthro ghaalhs doa ghaalh wras jmr tgh supplhnhotdry whdveo`, dltgmu`g
gh
amhs omt ahsfrekh tges pmeot.
@etteo`hr pmeots mut tgdt tgh fme4 rma ndeotdeos tgh mrahr eo tgh wdrp, ds
Kmlldoa (4500),
doa
[mtg (4547). Nefgdhl Getfgfmfc's ahsfreptemo mj tgh nel rma
es tgh moly moh tm nhotemo tgdt tgh nel rma ndeotdeos tgh frmss9 'Lmrohtenhs d
ferfuldr frmss es usha eosthda mj d whdvhr's frmss,
eo
wgefg
fdsh
kdtgmaa doa
hvho wdrps drh wmuoa mo d seo`lh fme4 rma" (Getfgfmfc, 4554, p. 80).
Gh ushs
tgh throe "whdvhj s frmss" tm rohdo tgh frmss ghla eo tgh wdrp wetg
ldzh
mr frmss
stefcs. Ghamhs omt stdth flhdrly gmw tgh wdrps wrdp drmuoa tgh
nel
rma tm jmn
tgh frmss, omr tgdt tgh fme4 rma es usha jmr eoshrüo`
pdtthro
ghaalhs. Khlmw, E
etlustrdth tges thfgoefdl vdredtemo ds
E
wetohssha et
eo
tgh jehla.
En`dra Phetldohr Imgosmo (4505) aesuesshs tgh fme4 rma,
kut
ushs
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Fgdpthr Qgrhh
[hshdrfg Nhtgmas doa Nhtgmamlm`y
Eotrmauftemo
Ny rhshdrfg jeoaeo`s
drh
kdsha mo
ny
jehlawmrc eo Vmutg Vuldwhse,
Eoamohsed. wds
eo
Qdod Qmrdid, Vmutg
Vuldwhse
jrmro Iuly,
4556
uotel
Ndy,
4551. Qgh
Vd'ado Qmrdid whdveo` thfgoequhs doa lmmn adtd E dn prhshoteo` eo
tges tghses gdvh omt
khho
aesfussha eo tgh Eoamohsedo thxtelh lethrdturh.
Qm ny
comwlha`h, tges es tgh jerst loamohsedo thxtelh stuay tm ush do htgom`rdpgef
dpprmdfg tm stuay tgh thfgomlm`efdl ahtdels mj whdveo` thfgoequhs
ds
tghy
fmrrhldth wetg tgh lmmn.
Qgh
hxtdot loamohsedo thxtelh lethrdturh amhs omt
hxplmrh
eo
ahtdel lmmn thfgomlm`y ds et rhldths tm whdveo thfgoequhs.
Qgh
lho`tg mj tenh eo tgh jehla hodklha nh tm lhdn Eoamohsedo, doa
dfquerh
smnh Qmrdid ldo`ud h scells. Et dlsm prmveaha nh wetg tenh tm mkshrvh
doa pdrtefepdth eo tgh ady-tmady gdpphoeo s mj velld`h lejh eo ge`gldoa Vmutg
Vuldwhse. Ky mkshrveo` tgh lmfdl fmnnuoety doa pdrtefepdteo` eo tgh adely
rmuteohs
E
wds
dklh tm jeoa mut
wgm
tgh whdvhrs whrh, wgdt lmmns
tghy
usha,
gmw
tghy usha tgher lmmns, wgho doa wghrh tghy wmvh, doa jmr
wgmn
tghy wmvh.
Rdrtefepdtemo eo
tgh
whdveo` prmfhss wds tgh
prendry
nhtgma hnplmyha
tm
lhdn dkmut whdveo`,
doa
tges es tgh kdses mj ny adtd fmllhftemo (Kmlldoa,
4554).
Qgh amfunhotdtemo
mj
thfgoefdl dsphfts mj whdveo` prmveahs d rhfmra
mj d
thfgomlm`y tgdt es omt usudlly eofluaha eo stuaehs mj fulturh, gestmry, doa
thfgomlm`y.
Qgh hxtdot loamohsedo lethrdturh dkmut whdveo` tmmls doa thfgoequhs es
`hohrdl3 tghrhjmrh, tghrh es
d
ohha jmr nmrh sphfejef doa ahtdelha adtd mo
whdveo` tmmls doa thfgoequhs. Et es
tges
ahtdelha thaeoefdl
adtd
tgdt
ndy
tgho kh
usha jmr fmnpdrdtevh rhshdrfg, doa tgus,
kh
vdleadtha jmr eoflusemo
eo
tgh stuay
mj fulturh gestmry.
Eo mrahr tm rhtrehvh tges thfgoefdl whdveo`
adtd,
jehla rhshdrfg es
eoaesphosdklh. Rdrtefepdtemo o tgh whdveo` prmfhss prmveahsdomppmrtuoety
jmr
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tgh rhshdrfghr tm hxphrehofh whdveo , doa tghrhky uoahrstdoa tgh wmrceo`s mj
tgh
lmmn wetg nmrh eose`gt Rdrtefepdtemo hogdofhs doa fmnplhrohots tgh
mkshwdtemo mj whdveo`. Qges es enpmrtdot khfdush whdveo` es eo&h omo-vhrkdl
amndeo. Xtthrdofhs am omt, doa prhsundkly fdoomt, fmovhy tdfet comwlha`h. Eo
tgh jehla E hdnha gmw tm whdvh mo d kda<sgdp lmmn3 khfdush
tdfet
comwlha`h
es aejjefult tm fmovhy mo pdphr,
E
gdvh eofluaha
tgh
prmauft mj ny lhdneo`wetg
tges tghses9 ny gdoawmvho thxtelh. Ny thxtelh es tgh dffunuldtemo mj dl4 tgh tdfet
whdveo` thfgoefdl comwlha`h dfquerha eo Vuldwhse.
Jehlawmrc rhshdrfgwetg PXVF
Ds
pdrt
mj
tgh PXVF, Pmrla Xoevhrsety Vhrvefhmj Fdodad, Vhroeodr mo
Ahvhlmpnhot o Eoamohsed,
eo
Iuoh doa Iuly mj
4556,
4 wds dklh tm trdvhl tm Idvd,
Cdlendotdo, doa Vmutg Vuldwhse.
Eo
hdfg moh mj tghsh lmfdtemos smu`gt mut
thxtelh prmauftemo, mr doy eojmrndtemo phrtdeoeo` tm wmnho, whdveo , lmmns,
thxtelhs, doa ahvhlmpnhot. Et
wds
wgelh
E
wds
wetg
tgh Vhneodr tgdt Egda
eothosevh ldo`ud`h trdeoeo` eo loamohsedo dt @daidg Ndad Xoevhrsety eo
Um idcdrtd. Qgh tgrhh dotgrmpmlm`y davesmrs, Ar. Ien Nmrresmo, Ar. [hkhffd
Decho, doa Ar. Gdos Kdcchr, dffmnpdoyeo` tgh tgerty Vhneodr pdrtefepdots,
prmveaha vdludklh hxphrehofh eo eothrvehweo` doa gmw tm pmsh dpprmpredth
quhstemos. Ar. Gdos Kdcchr ghlpha nh wetg shvhrdl eothrvehws ky dfteo` ds
ny
trdosldthr dt tgh uoevhrsetehs aureo` eothrvehws wetg loamohsedo prmjhssmrs, ds
whll ds wetg eothrvehws mut eo tgh jehla seths.
Aureo` tgh fmursh mj tgh shneodr E lhdnhad `rhdt ahdl dkmut tgh fulturh,
gestmry, drt, suksestdofh, hm rdpgy, ldo`ud`h, rhle`emo doa jeodlly, thxtelh
prmauftemomj Eoamohsed.
Ph
dlsm gda eothosevh lhfturhs jrmn lhdaeo`
loamohsedo prmjhssmrs doa prmjhssemodls jrmn shvhrdl jehlas, sufg ds
ho`eohhreo`, pmpuldtemo doa fulturh, doa nhaefeoh. Dl4 mj tges prmveaha d smuoa
kdfcarmp jmr ny jehlawmrc rhshdrfg.
E
wds dklh tm ndch fmoohftemos dt tgh
Xoevhrsety mj Gdsdouaaeo, Xiuo` Rdoado`, Vmutg Vuldwhse, tgdt hodklha
nh
tm
woauft ny jehla wmrc eo
Qdod
Qmrdid khfdush etwds tgh Aerhftmr mj @rdaudth
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Vtuaehs, Rrmj. Ar. Gdramimhom,wgm prmveahanh wg ny lhtthr mj eotrmauftemo
tm
tgh ku~dte. r rh`hot mj
Qdod
Qmrdid, Ar. Doae Lmlm. Ldthr tges fmoohfeemo
hodklha nh tm levh eo tgh fdndtIs dnely gmusheoQm'Kdrdod'.
Aureo`ny pdrtefepdtemo eo tgh
PXVF
Vhneodr lwds eotrmaufha tm
tgh
wstmns, doa fulturh mj lsldnef loamohsed khfdushEwds dklh tm stdy wetg d
jdnely dt tgh mosht mj mur stdy eo Um`ydcdrtd. Qgh "gmnh stdy" hxphrehofhwds
d
wdy
tm khfmnh jdneledr wetg tgh lejhstylh doa fustmns mj tgh "typefdl" loamohsedo
lsldnef jdnely. Dlnmst 58% mj tgh loamohsedo 45;,222,222 phmplh drh lsldnef
(Vmhtresom, 4556). Qges hxphrehofh prmvha eovdludklh khfdush
E
hdnha
dpprmpredth htequhtth doa arhss.
Ny refg doa aevhrsh hxphrehofh wetg
PXVF,
eofrhdsha ny uoahrstdoaeo`
doa comwlha`h mj Eoamohsed's prhshot doa pdst. Qgh eojmrndtemo doa
hxphrehofh E`deoha aureo` tgh shneodr wmula gdvh tdcho yhdrs tm
dfwnuldth
mo ny mwo. Qgh mppmrtuoetehs tm eothrvehw sufg ge`g stdoaeo` loamohsedos ds
Rrmjhssmr Ndttuldad doa Rrmjhssmr Vmhtresom, doa mtghrs, ndy gdvh mtghrwesh
khhoaejefult auh tm tgh jmod l phnets ohfhssdry tm fmoauft rhshdrfg eo
Eoamohsed,
Eo
Iuly,
4556, djthr
tgh shneodr E rhtunhatm Qdod Qmrdid tm rhndeo jmr tho
nmotgs. Mofh Egda hstdklesgha
d
pldfh tm stdy kmtg eo tgh tmwo mj [dothpdm
doa eo tgh velld`h mj Qm'Kdrdod',
E
eovhste`dtha tgh mtghr whdveo` lmfdtemos
E
gda
rhda dkmut eo
tgh
thxtelh lethrdturh.
E
wdotha tm lmfdth mtghr whdveo` lmfdtemos
tgdt gda kdfcstrdp lmmnswetg fmoteoumus wdrps doad nel rma3 whdvh tgh
supplhnhotdrywhjt thfgoequh3
doa ush
&tmo ds
tgh
whdveo` nhaeun. Eohdrly
Du`ust, 45564 trdvhllha eotm Fhotrdl Vuldwhse ky wdy mj tghLuwu' [h`hofy,
Ldch
Rmsm, doa tgh fdpetdl
mj
Fhotrdl Vuldwhse Rrmveofh, Rdlu, tgho tm tgh
velld`h mj Qmwdle eo shdrfgmj tgh supplhnhotdrywhjt, amuklh doa fmnpmuoa ecdt
flmtg ndah eo Amo``dld. Eo Mftmkhr, 45564 wmula m eotm tgh ge`gldoas mjLuwu'
eotm tgh [mo`cmo` Zdllhy tm lmmc jmr tgh wdrp ecdts doa tgh lmmn mjtgh Qmt
[mo`cmo`doa Qmt Ndcce (Ndp :).
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Mkshrvdtemo. ~d rt ef e~dt emooa eothrvehweoq
Ny
adtd fmllhftemo
prmfhss
wds pghomnhomlm`efdl, tgdt es et
wds
kdsha
'levha hxphrehofh'. Qgh strdth`ehs E
fgmsh
tm wnplhnhot tges dpprmdfg whrh
mkshrvdtemodoa ho`d`hnhot mj phmplh eo uostjuaurha doa uoaerhftha
eothrvehws. Ds do 'mkshrveo` pdrtefepdot4 dftevh pdrtefepdtemoeo tgh smfedl lejh
stuaeha Swds vertudlly tgh molv adtd dtghreo` nhtgma" (Hllho,
455;,
p.
;5).
4
E
wds
ny mwo 'eostrunhot', ny whdveo doa ayheo` scells doa comwlha`h dssestha
nh nnhoshly. E aea gdvh mkihftevhs doa sphfejef ahtdels tm lmmc jmr thfgoefdlly,
kut tgh
wdy eo
wgefg wdy E dffmnplesgha ny mdl, wds kdsha mo 'levha
hxphrehofh'.
Qgh ah`rhh tm
wgefg E
ushatgh tgrhh strdth`ehs mj pdrtefepdtemo,
mkshrvdtemo,doa fmovhrsdtemo vdreha wetg tgh ferfunstdofhmj tgh hvhots, tgh
dftevetehs, doa deh dftemos mj dll phmplhs eovmlvha (Vprdalhy, 4572). Nyjerst
tdsc
wds tm lmfdth whdveo`
eo
ets odturdl shtteo`,
sm
tgdt Efmula mkshrvh doa ahsfrekh
et wetg dffurdfy. 4 jhlt fmojeahot tgdt tgh rhledkeletymj nywhdveo` adtd
wuea
moly
kh
vdlea ky stuayeo` et eo ets fmothxt. Qgus, ky leveo` wetg d jdnely Ewds dklh tm
lhdro nmrh dkmut tgh fmothxt mj whdveo`.
Eo tgh jdnely shtteo`,
E
wds
dklh tm mkshrvh tgh vdrehty mj fgmrhs wmnho
phrjmrnha jrmn ausc tm adn, adely, whhcly, nmotgly, doa shdsmodlly. Khjmrh
doa
djthr
aeoohr wds tgh nmst smfedl tenh jmr tgh jdnely. Et wds dt tges tenh tgdt
E
ndah sphfedl kmoas wetg phmplh, doawh hxfgdo`ha eojmrndtemo dkmut murshlvhs
doa hdfg mtghr's fulturh.
Epdrtefepdtha
eo
tgh adely lejhmj tgh velld`h, doa aea ny rhshdrfg
ky
dftudlly whdveo nyshlj. Ny quhstemos rhvmlvha drmuoa tgh tdsc dt gdoa doa ds
sufg tghy rhndeoha mpho-hoaha. Gmwhvhr,
E
aea
jmfus
ny eovhste`dtemo
hjjmrts
mo hlefeteo` adtd phrtdeoeo` tm whdveo`. Fmovhrsdtemos tmmc pldfh eo odturdl
shtteo`s, sufg ds khseahtgh whdvhts lmmn mr aureo` tgh nmneo` wdsgkhseah
tgh revhr, wgelh tgh lmmns whrh kheo` sht up eo tgh stdlls, djthnmmo thd, doa djthr
aeoohr. Qghrh whrh om tenh lenetdtemostm eothrvehws3 tghy whrh uostoefturha,doa
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fgdrdahrezha ky twm, mr nmrh, phmplh ho`d`eo` eohvhryady fmovhrsdtemo.
Khfdush Ewds tgh 'mkshrveo` pdrtefepdot', E rhjrdeoha jrmro dsceo` tmm ndoy
quhstemos dt doy moh tenh.
E
reha eosthda tm omt aesrupt tgh rh`uldr daevetehs. E
aea omt wdot
roy
quhstemos tm sgdph tgh phmplhs vehw mj rhdlety.
E aea
nmst
mkshrveo`
eo
tgh velld h dt tgh seah mj t h whdvhr's lmmn. Qges
wds d smfedl seth,
d
pldfh wghrh hvhrymoh dtghrha tm lmuo`hdoa fmovhrsh. Et
wds sht up eo d shrehs mj kdnkmm doa pdln stdlls, sghlthrs, lhjt mvhr jrmn d ldr`h
juohrdl fhrhnmoy moh
yhdr
prew tm
ny
drrevd4 (Je urh
;).
Veofh tgho, tgh seth
wds jrhquhothaky do hoalhss strhdn mj tmurests, hsphfedlly eo tgh ary shdsmo,
khtwhho
Iuoh doa Mftmkhr. E wds dklh tm mkshrvh tgh hjjhfts mj tgh tmurest
ndrcht
mo
tgh whdvhrs doa tgh whdveo`.
Et
wds
eothrhsteo` tm wetohss tgh dftemos doa rhdftemos
khtwhho
tgh
whdvhrs doa tgh tmurests. Auh tm ny adrc fmlwreo`, sndll stdturh, doa tgh
Qmrdid j mn mj arhss Ewmrh ds E sdt dkmut wetg tgh velld`ho, E
wds
tdcho
ds d
Qmrdid
ky
tgh jmrhe`o tmurests. Qges shhnha tm plhdsh ny jdnely doa hvhrymoh
jmuoa gunmur eo tges jsft. Ewds mofh veahm tdpha ky d @hoodo fmuplh wgelst
whdveo`
nufg
tm
tgh
ahle`gt
mj
tgh
velld`hrs.
Qges
eoaefdtha tm nh tgdt mvhr tenh
4 khfdnh nmrh dffhptha ky tgh velld`h phmplh. Gmwhvhr,
aureo`
nyvesets tm
mtghr
pdrts
mj Vuldwhse, E
wds
trhdtha
lech domtghr
'tmurest'
ky
tgh
lmfdl
eogdketdots. Qges
fdnh
ds d sgmfc wgho E wds sm whll dffhptha eo 'ny' velld`h3
et
lhjt nh mvhrwghlroha.
E
jmuoa jmur fmotrekuteo` jdamrs tgdt
hjjhfthany jehla wmrc
setudtemo9
(4
tgh
odturdl shtteo` mj hvhryady lejh
doa
eothrdftemos3 (;)
dffhss tm
tgh
fmnrouoety3 (6) dffhptdofh, rhspmoshs doa mkshrvdtemos jrmn tgh fmnrouoety3
doa
(1)
tgh hstdklesgnhot mj
ny
rmlh wetgeo do
hxthoaha jdnely
doa
ets
fmnrouoety.
Mj
dl4tgh eojluhofeo` jdftmrs tgh hstdklesgnhot mj
ny
rmlh eo
d
jdnely
prmvha tm gdvh tgh rhdthst enpdft mo tgh suffhss
doalmr
jdelurh eo fmllhfteo`ny
adtd
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P r h ;. Hdfg
whdvhr
shts
up
ghr
lmmn eo
ïghsh kdnkmm
doa
pden stdlls.
Qmurests
wdec up tges
pdtg
tm
vehw
tgh
wmnho
whdveo`, doa
tm
purfgdsh
thxtelhs.
(Rgmtm`rdpg
ky
Ndred Fgrestmu,
4556).
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Jehla rmlh9 khgdvemur doa lhodtg mj tenh eo jehla
Ds stdtha dkmvh, tgh ndeo 'eostrunhot' mj tgh eovhste`dtemo wds nyshlj,
kdsha mo tgh eahd tgdt adtd es dtghrha jrmn phrsmodl eovmlvhnhot eo smfedl
eothrdftemos eo setudtemos ds tghy mffurrha.
Qgh
smfedl setudtemos whrh omt
drtejefedlly wostruaha.
Eo
mtghr wmras,
4
wds
pdrt
mj tgh fmothxt kheo` mkshrvha,
sm eo
smnh
rhsphft E aea nmaejy doa eojluhofh tgh fmothxt ky ny prhshofh. Dt
tgh sdroh tenh, tgh vhrejefdtemo mj ny adtd fdnh jrmn ny pdrtefepdtemo wetgeo tgh
fmnnuoety khfdush tgh vdleaety mj
ny
dpprmdfg wds deostdotly kheo` thstha
d`deost tgh hvhryady hxphrehofhmj tgh fmnnuoety. Qgh phmplh mj Qm'Kdrdod'
ahjeoha tgh thns mj ny dffhptdofh, doa Ewmrcha wetgeo tghsh thns
(Pgettdchr,
4574 .
Ny jehla stdy
wds
lmo` homu`g jmr nh tm aesfmvhr tgh thns mj woauft
doa
khgdvemur
eo
Qm'Kdrdod'. Qgh lho`tg mj tenh eo tgh jehla dlsm krmu`gt
nh
flmshr tm tgh phmplh wetg wgmn 4 levha. E wds damptha eotm tgh hxthoaha jdnely mj
tgh Qm'Kdrdod' velld`h.
Ds
do damptha jdnely nhnkhr,
dodc
aedrdc, mr jmsthr
fgela,
E
gda dffhss tm whdveo`, wdrpeo` doa hvhry mtghr jhndlh amndeo eo
Vd'ado
fulturh. Gmwhvhr, tges dlsm prmvha tm kh leneteo` khfdush ny khgdvemur
gda tm fmrrhspmoa
tm
tgh vdluhs ghla ky tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid phmplh. Qges
wds
vhry fmroplefdtha khfdush
4
wds omt dlwdys flhdr wgdt
wds
hxphfthamj
nh ds d
nhnkhr
mj tgh fmnnuoety.
Khnroeo` tmm eovmlvhawetg tgh fmnrouoety djjhftha ny dkelety tm fmoauft
rhshdrfg khfdush tgh jdnely E evha wetg khfdnh pmsshssevh mj
nh
doa hovemus
mj
ny
dtthropts tm krmdaho ny smfedl tehs. E levha wetg tgh ge`ghst stdtus jdnely3
tghrhjmrh,
E
aea omt wdot tghn tm lmsh jdfh
ky
leveo` wetg tghn, kut stuayeo`
hlshwghrh. Gdveo` d jmrhe`o uhst, hsphfedlly d uoevhrsety stuahot, stdy eo tgh
velld`h wds d se`o mj
ge g
stdtus. Eo tgh hoa, E rhsmlvha tm stuay moly eo
Qm'Kdrdod' doa
fmula
moly veset tgh mtghr tgrhh velld`hs wetgmut dpphdreo` tm am
rhshdrfg. Gmwhvhr, mofh phmplh eo tgh mtghr velld`hs lhdroha wghrh E evha, tghy
wmula omt sgdrh
doy
eojmrndtemo rh`draeo` whdveo` khfdush et wmula mjjhoa tgh
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jdroely eoQmIKdrdod'.
Ny
odtemodlety wds enpmrtdot khfdush Fdodad gds
ndoy
suffhssjul
ahvhlmpnhot prmihfts eo Vmutg
Vuldwhse
tgrmu`g tgh V[AR.6 Qgh lmfdl phmplh
gdvh d pmsetevh enprhssemo dkmut Fdodaedos, doa tges eo tun prmveaha nhwetg d
pmsetevh end`h.
Eo Vd'ado Qmrdid whdveo` es eo tgh jhndlh amndeo.
E
khlehvh wds
dffhptha eotm d jdnely nmrh rhdaely khfdush
E
dn
d
wmndo. D jdnely shtteo`
shhnha d odturdl shtteo` jmr nh eo mrahr tm
lhdn gmw
tm
whdvh.
Kheo` jhndlh,
mj
rhldtevhly ymuo` d`h, doa omt ndrreha aea ghlp nh khfdush ymuo`, uondrreha
wmnho lhdn gmw tm whdvh eo QmIKdrdod' rmn jdnely nhnkhrs. Phdveo` scells
doa comwlha`h drh pdssha a m n rmn nmtghrs tm adu`gthrs
doa
jrmn
`rdoaromtghrs tm `rdoaadu`gthrs.
Nhtgma jmr stuaveofl tgh whdveod prmfhss doa thfgomlmdv
Ny nhtgmas jmr tges eovhste`dtemo drh kdsha mo Iuoeus Kera's ueahleohs
jmr amfunhoteo` whdveo`
(4
5:2,
4505, 4576).
4 rhfmraha tgh wdrpeo`
prmfhaurhs, tgh sthps eovmlvha
eo
tgh whjt eoshrtemo,
tgh
gdoaleo` mj tgh whjt dt
tgh shlvha`hs, tgh nhtgmas mj thrneodteo` tgh whdveo`, doa
tgh
prmfhaurhs
tm
Zdry
tgh thxtelh thxturhs, eh. tgh prmfhaurhs tm frhdth pdtthros (Kera, 4505, p.
44
0).
Dlmo` wetg stuayeo` tgh wdrpeo` doa whdveo` prmfhss,
E
dlsm jmllmw ges
su``hstemos jmr hxdneoeo` tgh kdfcstrdp, mr kmay-thosemo lmmn.
E gdvh khho dklh tm ahthoeoh tgh whdveo` prmfhss doa thfgomlm`y mj tgh
supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh kdsha mo ny mwo comwlha`hds
d
whdvhr doa
stuahot mj thxtelh dodlyses. Eo daaetemo E
gdvh
usha tgh nhtgmas doa su``hstemos
QghVuldwhse [h emodl Ahvhlmpnhot Rrmihft wds hstdklesgha eo 4571
eo
rhspmosh tm d
rh emodl ahvhlmpnhot
stuay
mj
Vuldwhse....Qgh
stuay
jmuoanmst mj
tgh nmrh tgdo 4;
neelemo phmplh
leveo`
mo
nhd rh
gfmnhs jemn
tgh prmfhhas
mj jdooeo doa jesgeo . Qgh
prmihft,
wgefg
es spmosmrha
ky
tgh @mvhronhot mj Eoamohsed, rhfhevhs thfgoefde
doa
&dofedl
dssestdofh
jemn tgh Fdodaedo
Eothrodtemodl Ahvhlmpnhot D hofy. Qgh Xoevhrsety
mj
@uhlpg prmveahs tgh
thfgoefdl
fmnpmohotmj
tgh
prmihft .(V[AR, oevhrsety fj @uhlpg
Qhdn, Xiuo`
Rdoado`, Vmutg Vuldwhse, Eoamohsed,
4556).
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mj Kera
(4
5:2, 505), Kmlldoa, (4
554 ,
Jrdnh (457;),
doa
Oehssho
(4554
) ds ny
`ueah eo tges eovhste`dtemo. Qgh jmllmweo`
es d
lest Efrhdtha tm ush eo tgh jehla eo
mrahr tm `ueah nh doa chhp
nh
jmfusha9
4. Ndthredls.
d. Qgh lmmn, doa tgh pdrts
mj
d lmmn.
k.
Qgh wdrpeo`
jrdnh.
f. Qgh
ydn.
a. Qgh tmmls
usha
eo prhpdreo` tgh whjt ydn.
;.
Vhtteo` up tgh
wdrp.
d. Peoaeo` tgh ydro
motm
tgh
wdrpeo`
jrdnh.
k. loshrteo` tgh ghaalh streo` doa rma motm tgh wdrp.
f.
Vhfureo` tgh wdrp khjmrh trdosjhrreo` tm tgh
lmmn.
k. Qrdosjhoeo`
tgh wdrp
motm
tgh
lmmn.
6.
Vhtteo`
up
tgh lmmn.
d.
Vtrde`gthoeo` mut tgh wdrp.
k.
Qyeo` tgh
ghaalhs.
f. Daiusteo` tgh thosemo
mj
tgh
wdrp.
a. Jexeo` tgh wdrp wetg tgh
twm
flmtg khdns.
h. Peoaeo` tgh kmkkeos
wetg
whjt ydros.
1. Qgh whdveo`
prmfhss3
gmw tgh lmmn
wmrcs.
d. Qgh eoetedl whdveo`.
k. Qgh sthps
eo
tgh fgdo`eo` mj tgh sgha
jmr
whdveo`.
f. Chhpeo` tgh ha`h hvho doa ohdt.
a.
Jeoesgeo`.
8.
Rrmklhns.
d.
[hpder mj krmcho
wdrps.
k. [hpder mj
tmm
ndoy wdrps
tgrmu`g moh ghaalh.
f.
[hpder
mj
ghaalh
fmra.
a. Fmrrhfteo` uohvho thosemo.
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Fmllhftemo mj drtejdfts
Ny
fmllhftemo mj thxtelhs jrmn Vuldwhse nmstly eofluahs purfgdshs tgdt
4
usha aureo` tgh fmursh mj ny jehlawmrc jmr flmtgeo` doa fmvhreo`. E dlsm gdvh tgh
thxtelhs tgdt Endah nyshlj. E mllhftha tghsh khfdush wdotha tm gdvh d
pgysefdl sdnplh mj ny jehla wmrc hxphrehofh. Qgh lmmn doa thxtelhs prmveaha
eojmrndtemo tgdt usha ds adtd. E
gda
d trdaetemodl Vd'ado Qmrdid fmstunh ndah
jmr nh ds d rhjhrhofh sdnplh jmr
ny
tghses. Qges fmstunh es ny phrsmod4
prendry rhjhrhofh khfdush et es
d
pgysefdl
doa
phrndohot rhfmra mj tgh stylh mj
Vd'ado Qmrdid arhss, doa do hxdnplh mj tgh ush mj supplhnhotdry whjt wetg kmtg
fmoteoumus doa aesfmoteoumus pdtthros doa nmtejs fmvhreo` pmrtemos mj tgh
surjdfh mj hdfg thxtelh. Ky dodlyzeo` tgh whdveo` pdtthns mo tghsh thxtelhs mofh
E wds kdfc jrmn tgh jehla, wds dklh tm vhrejy adtd
4
gda fmllhftha eo
tgh
jehla.
Rurfgdshs whrh ndah rmn whdvhrs wgm gda eostruftha
nh.
Qghy
enpdrtha tgher comwlha`h doa tdu`gt
nh
tgher scells wetgmut wdoteo` pdynhot.
Ny purfgdshs jrmn tgher thxtelh stdlls, mr stdlls mj tgher rhldtevhs, wds tgh
hxfgdo`h jmr ghlpeo` nh wetg ny rhshdrfg. Eo tges wdy
ny
aelhnnd mj pdynhot
jmr tgh comwlha`h doa tenh `evho tm nh prmvha tm smlvh etshlj. Hvhrymoh
eovmlvhawds dklh tm Vdvh
jdfh
ky tges j mn mj hxfgdo h khfdush mutre`gt nmohy
trdosdftemos wmula kh hnkdrdsseo`. Qges E hdnha jrmn hxphrehofh. Mtghr
fmllhftha mkihfts whrh ejts jrmn damptha jdnely nhnkhrs doa jrehoas, `evho tm
nh upmo ny ahpdrturh.
Rgmtmdrdpgv
Eusha pgmtm`rdpgy jmr tgh purpmsh mj fmllhfteo` doa rhfmraeo` adtd.
Veofh whdveo` es
d
omovhrkdl doa vesudl dft
E
usha pgmtm`rdpgy tm fdpturh ets
prmfhss. Et
es
quefc,
doa
E
wds
dklh tm jmfus sphfejefdlly
mo
wgdt et wds
E
ohhaha
tm
kh
rhwraha. Eo rhtrmsphft E wmula gdvh khohjetha jrmn d trepma doa rhlhdsh
fdklh.
E
usha kmtg sleah doa preot jeln jmr pgmtm`rdpgy. D veahm fdnhrd wmula
gdvh khho do dssht, kut tghrh wds om prmphr stmrd`h jmr
tgh
veahm
jeln
eo tgh
fmoaetemos eowgefg E levha. Dlsm, wmula omt gdvh khho dklh tm veahm tdph tgh
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wdrpeo` auh tm tgh shfrhfy eovmlvha wetg tges prmfhss.
pgmtm`rdpgha phmplh wgm cohw nh, mr dt lhdst cohw
ny
purpmsh jmr
pgmtm`rdpgeo`. Rgmtm rdpgy tmmc pldfh moly ej dpprmpredth3 eo smnh eostdofhs
4
wds dscha tm tdch pgmtm`rdpgs jmr ny jdnely. E hdnhaquefcly wgho tgh tenh
wds dpprmpredth jmr pgmtm`rdpgs khfdush
E
mkshrvha tgh velld`hrs' rhdftemos tm
tgh tmurests pgmtm`rdpgeo` tghn eo tgh neast mj tgher adely rmuteohs. omtha gmw
nufg tghy aeslecha kheo` pgmtm`rdpgha ej tghy whrh omt arhssha dpprmpredthly,
mr
eo tgh neast mj smnh uoplhdsdot fgmrh. Ewmula gdvh prhjhrrha td fdpturh
phmplh eo tgher odturdl shtteo`, kut tghy prhjhrrha tm kh arhssha up doa pmseo`.
Qgh ourokhr mj tmurests eo tgh drhd gda ndah tgh phmplh rdtghr terha mj kheo`
pgmtm`rdpgha doa veahm-tdpha wetgmut phrnessemo, doa wetgmut doy rh`dra tm
tgher prevdfy. Qges jdft eojluhofha ny pgmtm`rdpgy.
Omth tdceo` eo puklef wds chpt tm
d
neoenun jmr seneldr rhdsmos, ds whll
ds
tgh
jdft
tgdt E aea omt wdot tm eothrrupt
tgh
lmfdl sfhoh. Ewds ds aesfrhth
ds
pmsseklh wghohvhr aea tdch omths eo puklef. Omth tdceo` es enpmsseklh wgho
moh es whdveo`.
E
aea gdvh d aeftemodry wetg
nh
fmostdotly, doa tges E jmuoa ghlpha
hstdklesg roy rmlh ds d stuahot doa d rhshdrfghr doa tm
j m o
rhldtemosgeps wetgmut
kheo` ds mktnsevh ds pgmtm`rdpgy. Aureo` nmnhots mj dwcwdra selhofh
khtwhho roy eojmrndot doa nh tgh aeftemodry ghlpha eoetedth fmovhrsdtemo. Xseo`
tgh aeftemodry tm uoahrstdoa tgh ldo`ud`h hstdklesgha fmnnuoefdtemo khtwhho
tgh phmplh doa nyshlj.
Hstdklesgeod rmlh eo Qm'Kdrdod'
Eo Qm'Kdrdod' whdveo` tdchs pldfh
eo
tgh fmnnuodl fmnpmuoa hvhryady,
doa tges jdft hodklha
nh
tm wetohss doa lhdn tgh whdveo` scells ghla
ky
tges
velld`h khfdush Efmula mkshrvh et dt doy tenh.
Ds
stdtha dkmvh, leveo` wetg d
jdnely eojluhofhany dffhss tm mtghr dsphfts mj whdveo`, sufg ds wdrpeo` doa
shtteo` up tgh lmmn. Qghsh twm dftevetehs whrh omt amoh eo puklef. Petgmut
gdveo` tgh eoseahr's pmeot
mj vehw E
wmula omt gdvh khho dklh tm mkshrvh tghsh
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smfedl rdoc eo Qm'Kdrdod', et wds enpmleth tm rhpldfh ghr ds ny ndeo whdveo`
thdfghr jmr domtghr thdfghr. Omohtghlhss, jmr tgh purpmsh mj
ny
rhshdrfg
mkihftevh E gda tm jeoa domtghr whdvhr tm
wmrc
wetg. Eoetedlly, tges setudtemo fdusha
thosemo khtwhho Ndnd Hne doa nyshlj.
eotrmaufha nyshlj tm tgh mtghr whdvhrs eo tgh fmursh mj
ny stdy eo
tgh
velld`h. Djthr whdveo` mo nmst mj tgh whdvhrs' lmmns doa kheo` eostruftha mo
gmw tm nmvh eo tgh lmmn doa gmw tm gmla tgh lmmn pdrts wgelst whdveo ,
E
wds
dklh tm ahromostrdth ny tdlhot jmr whdveo`.
Mofh
tges wds dffmnplesgha d ohw
lhvhl
mj shremusohss mvhrtmmc ny eoshfurh ferfunstdofh wetg Ndrod
Hne.
Eo tgh
hoa et wds sgh wgm hofmurd`ha nh tm shhc mut Ohoh' Iuoe,
d
nufg mlahr, doa
sml d nmrh comwlha`hdklh doa scellha whdvhr.
Djthr Ohoh' Iuoe's eoetedl ghlp Efdrreha mo whdveo`mo roy mwo. E wds `evho
phrnessemo
tm
sht up
d lmmn eo tgh whdveo` drhd dlmo` wetg tgh mtghr whdvhrs
doa wmvh wghohvhr
tghy aea.
MtghNosh E wmula jmllmw tghn eo tgher adely
rmuteohs. wmula wdsg ny flmtghs eo tgh revhr doa kdtgh tghrh
wgho
tghy aea,
doa wh wmula gdvh nhdls tm`htghr. Pghohvhr tghrh wds d fhrhnmoy tm m tm
wmula
kh
dscha tm dffmnpdoy tgh jdnely.
E
arhssha doa khgdvha dffmraeo` tm
tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid dadt
eo
mrahr
tm kh
rhsphftjul mj tgh fustmns doa trdaetemos
mj
tgh phmplh.
Mofh Ekhfdnh eovmlvha wetg tgh Qm'Kdrdod' velld`h lejh et wds aejjefult tm
lhdvh jmr [dothpdm, mr Xiuo` Rdoado , doa hvho mtghr ohdrky whdveo`
lmfdtemos wetgmut drmuseo` furemsety doa eothrhst.
Khfdush
Ewds d wmndo
E
gda
tm fmnply wetg tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid's hxphftdtemos mj wgdt fmrrhft khgdvemur doa
htequhtth d wmndo sgmula hxgeket. jmuoa tges strhssjul dt tenhs
khfdush
et
eogeketha ny
dffhss
tm mtghr whdveo seths.
Mofh
phmplh cohw
E
stdyha eo
Qm'Kdrdod', tghy wmula omt dssest
nh eo
ny rhshdrfg
khfdush
et wmula kh
enpmleth,
eo
tgdt,
et
wmula
shhn
tgdt tgh
Qm'Kdrdod'
whdvhrs whrh omt scellha
homu`g tm kh ny thdfghrs. Hvhotudlly, tenh doa khtthr ldo`ud`h scells mvhrfdnh
tges kdrrehr.
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Ldthr twm mj tgh hlahst `rhdt-`rdoanmtghrs, Ohoh' Iuoe's jerst fmuseos,
Ohoh' Qete doa Ohoh' Kutmo`, tmmc mvhr thdfgeo` nh
tm
whdvh khfdush Ohoh'
Iuoe gda tm kh dt ghr stdll tm ahnmostrdth whdveo , whdvh doa shEl ghr thxtelhs.
Ohoh' Kutmo` doa Ohoh' Qete gda lhesurh tenh khfdush mj tgher ge`g stdtus doa
mla d`h (kmtg eo tgher oeohtehs), doa sm whrh
dklh
tm
kh ny
whdveo` thdfghrs. Et
wds Ohoh' Kutmo` wgm
`dvh nh
phrnessemo tm
whdvh
eo
ghr
doa ghr sesthr,
Ohoh' RdldwdIs,whdveo` stdll. Khjmrh E
kh`do
whdveo` eo tgh nmneo`,
E
wmula
sht up tgher thxtelhs jmr tghn eo tgh whdveo` stdll, doa tgho put tghn dwdy dt tgh
hoa mj tgh ady djthr tgh tmur neoe-vdos gda stmppha fmneo .
Pghohvhr
E
wmula whdvh, Ohoh' Kutmo` doa Ohoh' Qete eostrufthanh wetg
d shremusohss doa rhvhrhofh tgdt dndzha nh3
E
wds lhfturha wetg prhfesh
eostruftemos mo gmw tm nmvh ny kmay wrrhftly tm ht d rgytgn meo`. Ds wetg
mtghr kh`eoohrs, lhdnha tm whdvh
eo
d fmnnuodl
shtteo`. Ej
doy whdvhr
omtefha nh whdveo` eowrrhftly, mr nmveo` eofmrrhaly, wds hvhotudlly
fmrrhftha. Jmr hxdnplh, tgh wmnho jrmn Ndtdllm fmroh tm Qm'Kdrdod mo ndrcht
adys tm put tgher thxtelhs eo tgh whdveo` stdlls ds fmnnessemo pehfhs. Moh tenh,
moh mj tghn,
Ndrod
Ghrsmnh',
djthr
ghr eoetedl surpresh dt shheo` nh khgeoa
d
Vd'ado lmmn, aerhaha nh wgho sgh
sdw
nh whdveo`. Vgh eoaefdtha tm nh tgdt E
nust pusg gdrahr mo tgh
wmmaho
klmfcs wetg
ny
jhht eo mrahr tm
chhp
tgh
wdrp
thosemo doa tgh whdveo` hvho. Vgh dlsm eojmrnha nh tgdt ny wdrps whrh
stefceo` tm`htghr
eo
tgh sgha
mj
ny
lmmn,
doa tges es fdllha setmpm.
Ky
oaefdteo`
tm nh tgdt nust chhp tgh thosemo
eo
tgh wdrp tdut, sgh wds dklh tm ghlp
nh
fmrrhft
ny
prmklhn.
Qgh wht shdsmo wds tgh nmst smfedlly eothrdftevh phoma jmr dl4 tgh velld`h.
Hvhrymoh
sdt
mo tgh whdvhrs' stdlls. Vmnhtenhs
phmplh
wmula pldy fdr& eo tgh
whdveo` pdrtetemos khseah tgh moh E
wds
useo`, sm phmplh wmula dlthrodth wetg
tgher vesets tm hetghr ny pdrtetemo, domtghr whdvhr's,
mr
tgh fdra `dnh.
Aureo`
tghsh tenhs
E
esthoha tm ndoy stmrehs dkmut lejh, fhrhnmoehs, fgela rhdreo`
prdftefhs, doa tgh drrevd4 mj tgh Autfg.
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Ny hlahst whdveo` thdfghrs, Ohoh' Kutmo` doa Ohoh' Qete, whrh prh-
sfgmml fgelarho n h o tgh Autfg fdnh tm Qm'Kdrdod' eo
452:.
Ohoh' Qete's
adu`gthrs, Ohoh' Kudglmlm
doa
OhohI[dteg whrh kmtg ny damptevh nmtghrs
khfdush E evha wetg Ohoh' [dteg, kut sgdrha nhdls prendrely wetg OhohI
Kudglmlm's jdnely. Qges wds auh tm tgh smfedl dsphfts mj Ohoh' Kudglmlm's jdnely.
Et wds ldr`hr khfdush ghr twm adu`gthrs, Ndrod Vdke doa Ndrod Kdtmse, levha
wetg ghr ds aea dl4 tgher fgelarho
doa d
fmuseo. Ohoh' Qete Eevha wetg ghr hlahst
adu`gthr, Ohoh' [dteg, doa ghr guskdoa dlsm fdllha Ohoh' [dteg. Ndrod
Mch'
doa
ghr
fmuseo doa
ny
ndeo eojmrndot,
Cd'
Vdlm`uo` levha wetg Ohoh' [dteg
ds
aea 4
E
mkshrvha tgdt whdveo` es d se`oejefdot smfedl doa fulturdl dftevety tgdt es
ge`gly vdluha doa rhsphftha eo Vd'ado Qmrdid. Moly tgh ge`g stdtus wmnho rody
whdvh. Qhfgoefdl comwlha`h dkmut wdrpeo`, lmmn prhpdrdtemo, doa whdveo
thfgoequhs es udraha eojmrndtemo. Qgh wdrpeo` prmfhss es tgh nmst se`oejefdot
jhdturh mj whdveo` thfgomlm`y3 wetgmut eojmrndtemo dkmut tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss
tgh whdveo` rhfmra es eofmnplhth.
Et wds moly
ny
fmoteoudl prhshofh, hxphrtesh, doa seofhrh ahserh
tm
lhdro
gmw tm whdvh tgdt ndah wdrpeo` adtd dvdeldklh tm
nh.
Djthr shvhrdl nmotgs mj
prmveo`
nyshlj
ds
d
whdvhr E wds
evho dffhss
tm
wdrpeo`
adtd. Rrhvemus tm tges
E gda ohvhr shho wmnho
wdrp
khfdush tghy aea et eoseah tgher gmnhs wetgmut
tgh
prhshofh mj mtghrs. Ej
E
gda omt gda sujjefehot fmnnuoefdtemo hstdklesgha
khtwhho nyshlj doa d whdvhr
E
wmula ohvhr gdvh khho dklh tm wetohss wdrpeo`.
Dt tgh
hoa
mj roy jehla stdy
E
wds dklh tm wdrp ky nyshlj.
@dthwmma
(4
571)
surondrezhs gmw E phrfhevh ny khgdvemur eo tgh jehla tm
kh khst ahsfrekha9
wh
comw tgdt dfderdfy sukstdotedths vdleaety, doa tghrhjmrh
ndchs jmr rhledklh adtd3 kut gh dlsm pmeots mut tgdt "dll comwlha`h es smfedlly
fmostoeftha3 tghrh es om vdluh-jrhh sfehofh" (Phkhr, @dthwmma, 4571,
p.
8).
4
khlehvh tgdt tghrh
es
om rhshdrfg tgdt eovmlvhs wnplhth mkihftevety, ny mwo
"vdluhs, nmtevhs, lejh dnketemos, tghmrhtefdl prhiuaefhs, doa sm mo (@dthwmma,
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4571, p.
8 ,drh eojluhofeo` fmnpmohots eo
ny
jehlawmrc hofmuotho.
Et es omt dlwdys pmsseklhtm uoahrstdoa domtghr wdy mj lejh, domtghr wmrla
vehw fmnplhthly. E lhdnha tgdt eo Qmrdid 'dftemos' sphdc lmuahr tgdo 'wmras'.
Qgh fmnrouoety aea omt khlehvh ny smlh eothotemo wds tm lhdro gmw
tm
whdvh
"Qmrdid stylh", uotel
E
jeoesgha
ny
jerst whdveo`. Et dpphdrs
ny
dftemos whrh nmrh
vedklh
tgdo ny vhrkdl prmomuofhnhots. Djthr ny jerst whdveo` wds wnplhth tgh
phmplh rhdlezha tgdt
ny
eothotemos whrh seofhrh,
doa
tgdt Ewds shremus dkmut
ny
rhshdrfg. Qgh jdft tgdt gda sphot sm nufg tenh whdveo`, ds whll ds rhfmraeo`
tgh
whdveo` prmfhss mj mtghrs rheojmrfha tgh shremusohss doa seofhrety mj ny
rhshdrfg. Petg hdfg fmnplhtha thxtelh, sex eo tmtdl, d ohw lhvhl mj rhsphftwds
dfgehvha. Qges wds dlsm tgh
fdsh
wgho E ndsthrha tgh thfgoequh
mj
wdrpeo`.
Omt dl4 tgh whdvhrs cohw gmw tm wdrp. Mofh E lhdnha gmw tm wdrp ny end`h eo
tgh velld`h wds moh mj d whdvhr, doa d stuahot.
Xolhss mtghwesh stdtha,
tgh
eojmrndtemo eo tges tghses fmrohs jrmn tgh
nmotgs mj ho`d`eo`
eo
fmovhrsdtemo wetg tgh
twm
jdnelehs doa mtghr phmplh Enht
wgelh eo Qdod Qmrdid. Qgh rhldtemosgeps E hstdklesgha prmveaha tgh jmuoadtemo tm
kuela kmoas tgdt hofmurd`ha d aeswursh dkmut lejh doa fustmns
eo
Qdod Qmrdid.
@meo` tm fhrhnmoehs, doa kheo` eovmlvha eo
tgh
retudls hogdofha tgh spmcho
wmra
ky
shheo`
et dl4
tdch sgdph eo jrmot mj roy hyhs.
Ny
ho`d hnhot eo tgh adely
lejh mj QmoKdrdod'prmveaha nh
wetg
chho eose`gt eotm tgh lejh mj tgh whdvhrs, wgelh
ny pdrtefepdtemo eo tgh whdveo` prmfhss hodklha
nh
omt moly tm `dtghr adtd, kut
tm lhdro d ohw scell.
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Fgdpthr Jmur
Htgom`rdpgef Omths mo tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid Qm'Kdrdod'
Eo tges fgdpthr
Ekrehjly
mutleoh tgh fulturh, khlehjs, doa smfedl strufturh mj
tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid. Eahsfrekh
gmw
tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid fustmns doa khlehjs drh
se`oejefdot hlhnhots eojluhofeo` doa fmotrmllg` tgh khgdvemur mj tgh QmpKdrdod'
whdvhrs.
Qgh Vd'ado Qmrded
Qgh Qmrdid phmplh mffupy tgh Tudrlhs Nmuotdeo fgdeo dt ets ge`ghst
hlhvdtemos
doa
fhotrdl vdllhy. Qgh shttlhnhots jmllmw tgh Vd'ado [evhr.
Qgh
Vd'ado [evhr kh`eos dt tgh lmwldoa pmrt mj Rdrh Rdrh mo tgh whsthro seah mj
Vmutg Vuldwhse, doa hoas eo tgh Vd'ado Zdllhy (Ndp 8). Ets ndeo trekutdry es tgh
[evhr Ndsuppu'. Qgh rh`emo eo tgh neaalh mj Vmutg Vuldwhse gds d wht trmpefdl
flendth wetg ghdvy rdeojdll, doa thnphrdturhs jluftudteo` khtwhho
;:
doa 62
ah`rhhs fhote`rdah (Choohay, 4586). Phst nmosmmo kh`eos Omvhnkhr tgrmu`g
tm
Jhkrudry,
wetg ;22
nn
mj rdeojdll, dffunuldteo` eo Ndrfg doa Dprel tm
khtwhho 6;0 doa 668 nn mj rdeojdll (Choohay, 4586). Iuoh tm Mftmkhr es tgh
ary shdsmo, doa et es dt tges tenh tgdt tgh tmurests drrevh.
Qgh
fdpetdl
mj
Qdod Qmrdid es
Ndcdlh,
doa tgh mtghr ldr`h tmwo
es
[dothpdm
(Ndp
4). Qghrh drh
omw
adely kushs ~ o o e o mutg tm Rdrh Rdrh,
doa
Xiuo` Rdoado`, tgh fdpetdl mj Vmutg Vuldwhse,
doa tm
Rdlmpm,
tgh
fdpetdl
mj
tgh
Luwu' [h`hofy
(Ndp
8). Qgh rmdawds moly rhfhotly pdvha eotm tgh ge`gldoas,
dkmut 4508.
Eo kmtg [dothpdm doa Ndcdlh tghrh
es d
pmst mjjefh doa
d
thlh`rdpg mjjefh,
kdocs, hlhnhotdry doa ge g sfgmmls, fgurfghs, ds whll ds d nmsquh eo
[dothpdm. Dll tgh drfgethfturdl strufturhs drh om nmrh tgdo
twm
stmrehs ge`g.
Auh tm tgh ounkhr mj tmurests pdsseo` tgrmu`g Qdod Qmrdid tghrh drh sndll
gmthls doa jdnely-no `uhst gmushs, Pesnd, ds whll ds
d
jhw rhstdurdots doa
frdjt sgmps. Qghrh es moly moh sndll gmspetdl khtwhho Ndcdlh doa [dothpdm,
dltgmu`g tgh lmfdl ghdltg fleoefs drh mpho adely. Qgh ndrcht es
eo
tgh fhotrh mj
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tgh
tmwo khseah tgh
kus
ahpmt. Qghrh
es
d ndrcht hvhryady wgefg dlthrodths
khtwhho tgh aejjhrhot Aestrefts.
QmtKdrdod'
QmpKdrdod'es eo tgh aestreft, mr chfdndtdo mj Vhshdo, Chfdndotdo
Vhshdo es
moh
mj
tgh oeoh
chfdrodotdo mj tgh rh`hofy, mr cdkumdthomj Qdod
Qmrdid3 tgh dfrmoyn jmr Qdod-Qmrdid es QDQM[ (Ndp 4). Qdod Qmrdid es moh mj
tgh ;4 cdku~dthoo Vmutg Vuldwhse, tgh
;4
st prmveofh mj tgh [hpuklefmj
loamohsed (Ndp 4,
;).
Qgh Eoamohsedo pmletefdl kmrahrs doa strufturhs am omt fmrrhspmoa tm tgh
Vd'ado Qmrdid dadt, rhle`emus
ldws
doa fustmns3 dadt kmuoadrehs hxest
rh`dralhss mj yhdrs tgdt gdvh pdst doa mutseah
eojluhofhs.
Hdfg chfdrodtdo es
ndah mj shvhrdl ahsd, `rmups
mj
velld`hs3 wetgeo tghsh ahsd tghrh
drh
ndoy
velld`hs, mr tmoamc . Qgh flusthr mj velld hs, mr ahsd, drh fdllha lhnkdo` eo
Vd'ado Qmrdido. Qgus, Qm'KdrdodI s eo tgh ahsd, mr lhnkdoàl
mj
Vd'ado
Ndlenkmo`, wgefg eo tun es eo tgh chfhndtdomj Vhshdo eo tgh cdkupdtho
mj
Qdod Qmrdid.
QmIKdrdod' s setudtha eo
tgh
Vd'ado revhr vdllhy eo tgh omrtghro-nmst
pdrt
mj
tgh
[h`hofy
mj
Qdod Qmrdid
(Ndp 4,
8). Qgh
Vd'ado
[evhr
ndchs
ets
fmursh
drmuoa tgh velld`h frhdteo`
d
pefturhsquh shtteo`
mj
`rdfhjully thrrdfha refh
pdaaehs. Qgh refh pdaaehs `rmw dfrmss tgh Vd'ado [evhr doa resh up
mo
Nt.
Vhshdo.
Qgh
Tudrlhs nmuotdeos stdoa drmuoa tgh hoterh [h`hofy eo d
prmthftevh vdlh mj vdryeo` sgdahs mj kluh doa purplh. Qgh Vd'ado [evhr es d
ahhp, doa kre`gt mrdo`h khfdush
mj
tgh
oeo-mjj
frhdtha
ky
tgh ghdvy rdeos eo tgh
nmosmmo shdsmo, Omvhnkhr tm Dprel. Eo tgh ary shdsmo et
es
d flhdr kluh-`rhy
tgdt sgennhrs wetg ereahsfhoŖ jrmn
tgh
rhjlhfteo` mrdo`h hdrtg doa kluh scy.
Qgh
Vd'ado [evhr pldys
d
se`oej edot rmlh eo tgh susthodofh
m j
tgh
phmplh
leveo`
dlmo` ets kdocs.
Rhrgdps
tges es wgy ets odnh es Vd'ado, nhdoeo` 'sdfrha' eo
Qmrdid, mr sufe eo Eoamohsedo.
Qgh velld`h
mj
Qm'Kdrdodt es
d
tmurest veseteo` seth, mr Mkvhc Pesdtd. Et
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prmualy aespldys tgh tdlhots
mj
ets eogdketdots eo tgh jmrn mj lmfdl doa rh`emodl
thxtelhs kheo`smla eo cemscs tm jmrhe`o doa amnhstef tmurests, ds whll ds tm tgh
lmfdls (Je`urh
;).
Eo 455; do hldkmrdth juohrdl wds ghla eo Qm'Kdrdod'. Qgh
strufturhs sht up jmr tgh jdnely doa uhsts tm slhhp doa rhst eo aureo` tgh juohrdl
fhrhnmoy drh fdllha edotdoq. Qgh whdvhj
s
fgmefh tm whdvh eo tgh jmrnhr
ldotdo` strufturhs es moh mj fmovhoehofhdoa hfmomnef ohfhssety. Rrhvemusly,
tghsh strufturhs wmula gdvh khho tdcho
amwo
eo d fmnnuodl hjjmrt djthr tgh
fhrhnmoy.
Vd'adoQmrdidwmnho whdvh eo
puklef
tmady ds tghy aea eo tgh pdst. Qgh
prhshot whdveo` seth es dadptha tm shlleo` thxtelhs doa tm aespldyeo tgh whdvhr's
tdlhots. Et es d smfedl pldfh wghrh tgh velld`h phmplh dtghr
doa
fmovhrsh
dnmo`st tghnshlvhs. Et es tgh lmfus mj tgh fmnnuoety. Petgmut tges shtteo mtghr
whdvhrs jrmn tgh mutlyeo` tmoamc wmula omt
fmroh
tm Qm'Kdrdod'. Et es ghrh wghrh
tghy shl4 tgher thxtelhs, mr put tghn
up
ds fmnnessemo pehfhs. Jurtghrnmrh, et es d
lmfdtemo wghrh whdvhrs hxfgdo`h eojmrndtemo. Phdvhrs drh dklh tm hxfgdo`h
eahds dkmut shlleo` thxtelhs doa whdveo` thxtelhs. Qgh fmovhrsdtemos tgdt tdch
pldfh
dt tgh whdveo` lmfdtemo drh dkmut fhrhnmoehs doa fhrhnmoedl mkle`dtemos,
tmuresn doa romohy, jdnely doa fgelarho, pe`s doa kujjdlmhs, ds whll ds mtghr
smfedl doa fulturdl dftevetehs
sufg ds
`mssep doa stmry thlleo`.
Qm'Kdrdod' es d sndll velld`h fmnpreseo` jevh ouflhdr jdnelehs, dl4 pdrt mj
moh ldr`hhxthoaha dnely, mr rdnd h. [dnd h es d ceosgep thrn ahsfrekeo`
hxthoaha jdnely mj ndtre mr pdtreleohdl ahsfhot. Eo Vd'ado Qmrdid tgh rdnd`h es
fdllha pdl rdmudo. Qges ceosgep t h o se`oejehs d ceosgep rmup
ndah
mj tgrhh
`hohrdtemos mr nmrh mj sndllhr ouflhdr jdnelehs. Ahsfhot es keldthrdl khfdush
tgh ahfhot mj kmtg ndlhs doa
jhndlhs
es
rhfcmoha jrmn d
fmnnmo
dofhstmr.
Gmwhvhr, QmIKdrdodIhseahofh eo tgh velld`h es ndtre-lmfdl.
Qgh
sezh mj tgh
velld`h vdrehs wetg tgh d`refulturdl shdsmo, ds whll ds wetg tgh sfgmml gmleadys.
Qm'Kdrdod' gds do dofhstrdl gmush, fdllha tmodcmodo doa refh kdros,
fdllha dldod. Et es
d
synkml
mj
tgh ceosgep leoh doa ds sufg es rhprhshotdtevhmj
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4 + 0 1 ; , ? ~ ~ ~
-.
Jenerh 6.
Qgh
tmohcmodo, dofhstmr gmush,
eo
Qm'Kdrdod, Vd'ado Vhshdo. (Rgmtm`rdpg
ky
Ndred
Fgrestmu,
4556).
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n h .
Qgh
refhkdns
mppmsïth
tgh dofhstmr
gmush
eo
Qm'Kdrdod, Vd'ado Vhshdo Gdrvhstha refh es
kheo`
put eotm
tgh refhkdns. (Rgmtm`rdpg
ky
Ndred
Fgrestmu,
4551).
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pldoteo` doa gdrvhsteo` mj tgh refh jehla, pdae, sm tghrh es dlwdys do dkuoadofh
mj khrds, refh wetg tgh gusc, tm ahgusc eotm kmkm, refh wetgmut gusc. Qgh khrds
wds chpt eo tgh dldos doa tdcho mut wgho ohhaha (Je`urh 1). Aureo` gdrvhst
tgh whdvhrs eo QmsKdrdods mula dl4 fmmphrdth doa ghlp put tgh khrds eo tgh refh
kdros djthr et wds tgmrmu`gly areha eo tgh Vuo.
Rrhvemusly, hvhry phrsmo wgm wmrcha eo tgh gdrvhsteo` doa pldoteo` mj
refh hdnha d pmrtemo mj tgdt refh. Qmady tghrh es dlsm nmohtdry pdynhot jmr
ldkmur. Qghrh
es
aesfmrojmrt wetg ndceo` pdynhots eo d nmohtdry jmn mj
hxfgdo`h khfdush jmrnhrly aestrekutemo jmllmwha tgh dadt ldws, wghrhds tmady d
fdpetdl hfmomnef systhn es hxthoaeo` mvhr tgh trdaetemodl systhn mj hxfgdo`h.
Qgh hfmomnef strufturh es dlthrha, doa ahvhlmpha. Rhmplh mj lhss stdtus tgdt
whrh prhvemusly mkle`dtha tm ldkmur jmr tgh omkelety drh omw kheo` pdea wd h
ldkmur, doa tges es dlthreo` tgh smfedl strufturh. Fmoshquhotly, eo Qm'Kdrdodl, tgh
ge g stdtus wmnho gdvh tm shEl thxtelhs doa whdvh eo tgh tmurest shdsmo. Qgher
prmjets suppmrt tgh ahndoas mj ge`ghr ldkmur fmsts tgdt tghy omw gdvh tm pdy mut
eo mrahr tm pldot doa gdrvhst tgh hxthoaha jdnely's refh pdae.
Eo daaetemo tm d`jefulturdlahndoas, tgh whdvhr gds ghr adely gmushgmla
fgmrhs, wgefg eofluah ghr rmlh
ds
d nmtghr doa wejh. Eo Qm'Kdrdodl ymuo` erls
kh`eo tm ghlp dt tgh d`h mj
jevh
doa sex wetg fgmrhs doa wetg fdrh mj kdky sekleo`s
mr tgh kdkehs mj hxthoaha jdnely nhnkhrs. @erls dlsm kh`eo tm whdvh dt tges d`h.
Et
es moly djthr nhdls drh prhpdrha tgdt tgh wmnho whdvh tgher thxtelhs. Dll
tgrhh nhdls drh shweo`s mj refh doa d seo`lh smurfh mj ge`g prmtheo eo tgh jmrn mj
areha nhdt mr jesg, mr mffdsemodlly pmultry jrmro fmfc je gts, mr mtghr fhrhnmoehs.
Djthr kmeleo` wdthr eo tgh nmneo` doa ndceo tgh krhdcjdst refh jmr hvhrymoh,
pe` jmma prhpdrdtemo fmnhs ohxt. Et es tgh rhspmosekelety
mj
wmnho tm lmmc djthr
tgh pe s khfdush tghy mwo tghn. Qghrh es dlmt mj
wmrc
rhquerha eo fdreo` jmr tgh
pe s. Qgh pe s gdvh tm kh jha twefh d ady wetg d sphfedl aeht mj d `rhho lhdjy
vh`htdklh
doa
refh
gusc
nexturh, fmmcha uotel whll sthwha. Qgh whdvhrs drh
rhspmoseklh jmr tgh fmst mj fdreo` jmr tgh pe`s. Qgus, pe`s doa thxtelhs drh
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synkmlef
mj
jhndlhohss. Nmrhmvhr, pe`s, thxtelhs doa whdveo` scells drh
d
se`o mj
d
wmndo's whdltg
doa
stdtus.
Re`s doa kujjdlm drh enpmrtdot jmr retudl
doa
hfmomnef rhdsmos, kut tgh
kujjdlm drh usha moly jmr retudl sldu`gthr eo tgh nmrtudry fhrhnmoy. Re s drh
retudlly sldu`gthrha dt gmush rdeseo` fhrhnmoehs, rhpder mj refh kdros, whaaeo`s
doa mtghr retudls dssmfedtha wetg `rmwtg, jhrtelety doa prmsphrety. Qgh whdvhrs
sdvha nmohy tm kuy nmrh pe`s doa kujjdlmhs jmr dl4 juturh fhrhnmoehs wghrh
tghsh doendls
wmula
kh sdfrejefha.
Jdnely gmomur doa stdtus drh enpmrtdot vdluhs jmr Vd'ado Qmrdid, tgus et es
tghsh khlehjs tgdt nmtevdth tgh Qm'Kdrdod' whdvhrs tm shEl thxtelhs. Qgh nmrh
doendls tgdt whrh sdfrejefha tgh ge`ghr tgh gmomur doa tgh stdtus mj tgh jdnely
wmula resh3 tghrhjmrh, shlleo` thxtelhs tm kuy nmrh doendls wds tgh ge`ghst premrety
jmr tgh Qm'KdrdodIwhdvhrs.
Nmrtudw
fustmns doa khlehjs
Qgh rhle`emomj tgh
Vd'ado
Qmrdid es prendrely Fgrestedo, kut tgh ndimretymj
phmplh daghrh tm tgh dadt mj
Dluc
Qm'amlm. Qghrh es omwmra eo Vd'ado Qmrdid
jmr
'rhle`emo'
(Zmlcndo, 4578).
Qgh khlehj systhn mj tgh Vd'ado
Qmrdid
es
d jmrro mj
dofhstmr wmrsgep. Dluc, rhjhrs tm tgh "prmfhss" mj gmw adely lejh doa retudls drh
tm
kh fmoauftha3
wgelh
tm'amlm rhjhrs tm "tgh dofhstmrs", tghrhjmrh, Dluc Qm'amlm. es
"tgh wdy mj tgh dofhstmrs" (Zmlcndo, 4578). Qges nhdos tgdt hvhrytgeo` eo lejh
gds
do
mr`doezha sht mj oelhs3 doa tges es tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid dadt. Dadt es tgh
sht
mj
rulhs doa fmoauft.
[etudl dffmnpdoehs tgh lejh fyflh mj pldots, doerodls doa
gundos.
Qgus, et
es
teha
tm
tgh d`refulturdl fyflh, eh. gdrvhsteo`doa pldoteo` refh3 kertg, ahdtg, doa
jhrtelety mj gundos doa doerodls. Qgh retudls jmllmw dadt.
Do
enpmrtdot khlehj es tgdt tghrh
nust
kh do hxfgdo`h mj ejts doa
klhsseo`s khtwhho tgh jdroely doa ets dofhstmrs (Zmlcndo, 4578). Dt d juohrdl
fhrhnmoy tgh kujjdlm doa pe`s drh sdfrejefha
jmr
tgh dofhstmrs. Qgh yhdrly fyflh
mj
lejh
gds do dffmnpdoyeo` drrdy mj retudls3 doa dl4 tghsh retudls drh ruo
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dffmraeo` tm dadt. Et es
d
fyflh mj "snmch reseo`", rdnku tucd', doa "snmch
ahsfhoaeo`", rdnku smlm. Eo Dluc Qm'amlm tgh kujjdlm drh dffunuldtha jmr tgh
purpmsh mj sdfrejefh dt juohrdl fhrhnmoehs. Qgh ounkhr
mj
kujjdlms sldu`gthrha
ahphoas mo tgh stdtus mj tgh ahfhdsha.
Dffmraeo`ly, tges spdtedl ahse`odtemo es dssmfedtha wetg9 jhrtelety,
fhrhnmoehs fhlhkrdteo`
kertgs
doa ndrred`hs3 d`refulturh jmr
d
suffhssjul
pldoteo` mj tgh jerst shhaleo`s doa d kmuotejul gdrvhst,
doa
tgh whel-kheo` doa
prmsphrety mj tgh gmushgmla doa gmush, hsphfedlly
d
ohw jdroely tmomcmodo, nd'
pdpd. Mo tgh mtghr gdoa, "snmch ahsfhoaeo`" fhrhnmoehs, mr retudls mj tgh
whsthro-smutghn ghroespghrh, drh dssmfedtha wetg ahdtg doa
tgh
ldoa mj tgh
ahda, mr dofhstmrs. Juohrdl fhrhnmoehs fmrrhspmoa tm tges spdtedl ahse`odtemo.
Qgh aestreft mj QmtKdrdod', Vd'ado Vhshdo, es rhomwoha jmr ets sdfrejefh mj
mvhr d guoarha kujjdlm, doa shvhrdl guoarha pe`s dt kmtg juohrdl doa ndrred`h
fhrhnmoehs. Qgh juohrdl shdsmo es aureo` tgh
ary
shdsmo, khtwhho Iuoh doa
Mftmkhr. Qgh fhrhnmoehs dssmfedtha wetg lejh41r "snmch es reseo`" retudls, mffur
eo tgh wht shdsmo. "Vnmch es ahsfhoaeo`" retudls,
mr
retudls mj tgh whst doa
smutgwhst, mffur
eo
tgh ary shdsmo.
Qgh juohrdl fhrhnmoy es wgy tgh tmurests fmroh tm Vuldwhse. Qghy wdot tm
wetohss "dofhstmr fuets" doa tm vehw ahdtg fhrhnmoehs. Fmoshquhotly, whdvhrs
mj Qm'Kdrdod' shEl nmst mj tgher thxtelhs aureo`
tgh
juohrdl shdsmo (Iuoh tm
Mftmkhr) wgho tgh eojlux mj tmurests es `rhdthst. Et es nmrh hfmomnefdl jmr
tghn
tm
shl4thxtelhs, rdtghr tgdo tm whdvh nmrh thxtelhs dt tges tenh3 dltgmu`g tghy whdvh
fmoteoudlly, tgh prmauftemo mj thxtelhs es lmwhr de tges tenh mj yhdr.
Qgh juohrdl fhrhnmoehs fdo ldst jmr nmotgs doa dl4 tgh eovetha uhsts sht
up fdnp eo tgh ndch sgeje sghlthrs, Edotdo~' j kdnkmm doa
pdln
krdofghs
Qgh
hdsthroretudls
dlsm
ush tgh trhh mj
lejh
syrokml dt tgh
kud' doa nhrmc
jhdsts. Qgh
sdfrha trhhs drh tgh Kdrdod'
(Jefus
rhle emsd) doa tgh shoadod (Vdoalhwmma)3 tghy drh
fms-
nef
synkmls khfdush
wetg
tgher rmmts doa tgher krdofghs
tghy fmoohft
hdrtg wetg tgh jernd-
nhot
(Ommy-Rdln, 4575, p.
407).
Qm0Kdrdod'
nhdos phmplh mj tgh
kdoydo
trhhs.
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ahfmrdtha wetg tweoha ndts, pdrtemos, doa fmvhreo`s. Ej tweoha kdnkmm doa pdln
krdofghs drh omt dvdeldklh, tgh mutseah mj tgh ldotdo` well
kh
pdeotha tm enetdth d
tweoha whdvh ahse`o. Dt
tgh
juohrdl, phmplh drh jha ky tgh jhndlh nhnkhrs mj
tgh jdnely wgm drh tgh flmshst ceo tm tgh ahfhdsha. Qgh whdvhrs eo QmIKdrdod'
wmula prhpdrh jmr moh mr nmrh adys jmr sufg mfm~semos hphoaeo` mo tgh
rhldtemosgep wetg tgh ahfhdsha. Dll tgh hxthoaha jdnely mj tgh tmodcmodo
fmnhs
tm tgh juohrdl eofluaeo` uhsts kmtg eovetha doa uoeovetha. Hvhrymoh
wgm
fmrohs
tm pdy rhsphft tm tgh ahfhdsha es evho
fmjjhh, doa
sphfedl refh
fdch,
sereg, khthl
out fghws, doa tmkdffm. Dt oe`gt tgh nd' kdamoqadofh kh`eos doa tgh prehst
lhdas tgh `rmup tgrmu`g tgh lejh mj tgh ahfhdsha seo`eo` doa fgdoteo` ges/ghr lejh
stmry. Doymoh ndy imeo dt doyteroh. Ej tgh ahfhdsha wds d whdvhr tgh Vmo
wmula thll mj ghr scell ds whdvhr, tgh khduty mj ghr thxtelhs, doa gmw khdutejul sgh
lmmcha ds sgh wmvh.
Djthr
tgh kujjdlm doa pe`s drh sdfrejefha tgh nhdt es aeveaha dnmo st tgh
hxthoaha jdnely doa `uhsts. Qgh aevesemo mj tgh nhdt es ahsfreptevh mj smfedl
stdtus3 doa tghrhjmrh gmomur mr sgdnh, fdllha s e, ndy rhsult ahphoaeo` mo
tghsh trdosdftemos (Zmlcndo,
4578). D
phrsmo rody kh evho do hqudl pmrtemo
mj
nhdt doa tgus, flhdreo` d jmrnhr
ahkt,
mr omt homu`g nhdt es evho doa d ahkt
rhndeos, ds whll ds rhshotnhot d`deost tgh jdnely aestrekuteo` tgh nhdt. Qm
rhethrdth, whdvhrs nust Vdvh nmohy tm kuy kujjdlm doa pe`s khfdush tgh jdnely
gmomur doa stdtus ahphoa mo tgh pdynhot mj tghsh ahkts. Qgh ge`g wsts
mj
sldu`gthreo` kujjdlm pldysd vetdl rmlh eo tgh hfmomnefs jmr omt moly tgh leveo`
jdnelehs, kut dlsm tgh jdnelehs mj tgh juturh khfdush ahkts fdo kh eoghretha. Qgh
ahkt khfmnhs d kuraho jmr juturh jdnely. Jurtghnmrh, tgh rhsmurfhjulohss mj
tgh whdvhr khfmrohs fgdr`ha wetg
tgh
ohha tm dffunuldth kujjdlm doa pe s.
Qm'Kdrdod' whdvhrs wmula moly stdy dt juohrdl fhrhnmoehs jmr moh mr twm
oe`gts. Khfdush mj tgher
ohha
tm shEl thxtelhs tghy whrh omt dkshot jrmn tgh
velld`h jmr lmo` schtfghs mj tenh.
Ds E
stdtha khjmrh, et es wgho tghrh drh juohrdl
fhrhnmoehs tgdt nmst tmurests fmroh tm Qdod Qmrdid. Qgh whdvhrs gda tm kh eo
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QmpKdrdod'o mrahr tm tdch davdotd`h mj tges tenh tm shl4
nmst
mj tgher thxtelhs.
Qgus, shlleo` thxtelhs es d shdsmodl dftevety lech tgh retudls mj tgh hdst doa tgh
whst, doa tgh pldoteo` doa gdrvhsteo` mj refh.
Hwomnefs doa tgh QmpKdrdod'whdvhrs
Hfmomroefdlly tgh whdvhrs drh fmostdotly strhssha ky tgh eoshfurh
shdsmodl odturh mj thxtelh
sdlhs.
Qghy shEl tgher thxtelhs eo mrahr tm
pdy
jmr ldkmur
aureo` tgh pldoteo` doa gdrvhsteo` shdsmos, tm kuy pe`s doa kujjdlm jmr
fhrhnmoehs eo mrahr tm flhdr ahkts, deo stdtus, mr rhndeo hqudl smfedlly, doa tm
pdy jmr tgher fgelarho's haufdtemo.
Eo Qm'Kdrdodttwhdveo` prmauftemo es eojluhofha ky tgh mutseah hfmomnef
jmrfhs mj amnhstef doa jmrhe`o tmuresn,
doa
smfedlly jrmn tgh hjjhfts mj
nmahnezdtemo, eo tgh jmrn
mj
ge`ghr haufdtemo doa
d
ndrcht hfmomny.
Rmletefdlly, tgh prhssurh tm jmoo d `mvhnnhot spmosmrha FM-mphrdtevh
s
gdveo`
do hjjhft mo tgh levhs mj tgh whdvhrs.
Eo speth mj tgh smfedl doa hfdomnef fgdo hs, tgh Qm'Kdrdod whdvhrs
ndeotdeo tgher trdaetemodl whdveo thfgomlm`y doa thfgoequhs. Om dsphft mj tgh
lmmn
gds
khho nmaejeha mr fgdo`ha
tm
suet tgh ohhas mj tgh fgdo`eo` wmrla mj
tgh Vd'ado Qmrdido whdvhr. Mtghr trdaetemodl dsphfts mj whdveo drh dlsm
ndeotdeoha. Jmr hxdnplh, tgh whdvhrs well whdvh sphfejef fmlmurs aureo` tgh
aejjhrhot pgdshs mj tgh d`refulturdl fyflh, wgefg dlsm fmrrhspmoa tm tgh
fhrhnmoehs dffmnpdoyeo` doalmr mffurreo` aureo`
do
d`refulturdl fyflh.
Omohtghlhss, wgdt gds dlthrha es tgh wmrla vehw mj tgh whdvhr. Gmw
nufg tges wmrla vehw gds fgdo ha fdoomt kh hstendtha, hxfhpt jrmn wetgeo tgh
fulturh etshlj. Pgdt es mkshrvdklh es tgh whdvhr's dttetuah tmwdras whdveo`. Et es
omt tgh sdnh ds eo tgh pdst. Qmady wmnho vehw tgher thxtelhs ds fmnnmaetehs tm
kh smla tm phmplh mutseah mj tgher smfedl doa fulturdl fmothxt. Qgh
fmronmaejefdtemo
mj
thxtelhs rhprhshots d prmjmuoa fgdo h jmr Vd'ado Qmrdid
whdveo . Qgh ndrcht gds dlthrha tgh wmrla vehw mj tgh whdvhrs mj thxtelhs doa
tgh phmplh wgm ush tgh thxtelhs. Rrhvemusly, whdveo` wds se`oejefdot jrmn d
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fulturdl doa smfedl phrsphftevh, wghrhds omw, tges phrsphftevh gds fgdo`ha tm
vehw tgh whdveo` prmfhss doa rhsulteo` thxtelhs dsd wdy tm `deo hfmomnefd ly
jmr tgh purpmsh mj pdyeo` jmr ldkmur aureo` tgh d`refulturdlly dftevh shdsmos, tm
kuy pe`s doa kujJdlm jmr fhrhnmoehs, doa tm pdy jmr haufdteo` fgelarho. Ahspeth
tgh sgejt eo tgh nhdoeo` mj whdveo`
eo
Qm'Kdrdod', tgh whdvhrs ush
tgh sdnh
whdveo` prmfhss, lmmro thfgomlm`y
doa
ahfmrdtevh thfgoequhs eo mrahr tm juljell
tgher rhspmosekeletehs doa mkle`dtemo tm tgher jdnely doa wnnuoety. Qgh whdveo`
phrsests, doa dltgmu`g tgh qudlety
es
lmwhr eo smnh eostdofhs, tges es omt tgh
fdsh
dlwdys. Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid vdluh whdveo` scells,
doa
tges es wgdt ndeotdeos tgh
qudlety mj whdveo` doa tgh whdveo` thfgomlm y.
Qmuresn doa whdveod eo QmIKdrdod'
Qmuresro rheojmrfhs nmahro eahds eotm QmtKdrdod'. Et fmrophths wetg tgh
trdaetemodl fulturdl pdtthros doa wmrla vehw mj tgh phmplh. Qghrh es d pmsetevh
hjjhft wetg tgh eo-fmneo` tmurests khfdush Qm'Kdrdod' es
ndah
veseklh, doa tgus,
htgoefdlly ahjeoha ky ets pmpuldrety ds do Mkvhc Pesdtd. Qm'Kdrdodt khohjetha
jrmn ets pmpuldrety hwomnefdlly, doa smfedlly eo throes mj stdtus. Eo Qdod Qmrdid
tghrh es d rhohwdl mj fulturdl doa smfedl eahotety tgrmu`g tgh rhvevdl mj rhle`emus
fhrhnmoehs kdsha mo tgh mla rhle`emo, mr Dluc Qm'amlm. Phdveo` jets eotm tges
pdrdae n khfdush et tmm
es
rhvevha. Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid vdluh whdveo` ds do
htgoef synkml rhprhshotdtevh
mj
tghnshlvhs3
doa
tghrhjmrh prmualy aespldy et tm
jmrhe`o doa amnhstef tmurests.
Qgh qudlety mj tgh thxtelhs prmaufha es smnhwgdt lmwhrha khfdush tgh
prmauftemo tenh nust kh sphhaha up. Qgh thxtelh ahse`o gds khfmnh nmrh
lenetha eo sfmph khfdush tgh nmrh fmnplefdtha tgh nmtejs doa pdtthros drh, tgh
nmrh tenh
et
tdchs tm whdvh tghn. Qgh sezh mj tgh thxtelhs es dlsm rhaufha tm
Vdvh teroh eo whdveo . Qgh sndllhr thxtelhs ush lhss ndthredls, sm tghy fmst lhss
tm whdvh, doa yht tghy ndykh smla dt tgh sdnh prefh ds tgh rh`uldr sezha thxtelh.
Qgh sndllhr sezha thxtelhs drh nmrh pmrtdklh jmr tgh tmurests. Gmwhvhr, tgh
whdvhrs drh prmua
mj
tgher thxtelhs doa wesg
tm kh
comwo jmr tgher scells dt
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whdveo 3 tghrhjmrh, tgh qudlety es omt lmw jmr thxtelhs smla lmfdlly.
Qgh whdveofr FM-mphrdtevh
Qghrh drh jmur whdveo` velld`hs eo Chfhndtdo Vhshdo, Ahsd Ndlenkmo`-
Vd'ado9
QdKdrdod,Vdo`cmnkmo ,Ndtdllm,
doa Vdocdrmpe (Ndp
4 .
Dll mj tgh
whdveo` velld`hs eo Vd'ado khlmo` tm
d
fmmphrdtevh. Qgh whdvhrs jrmn dl4 mj
tghsh velld`hs kreo` tgher thxtelhs tm Qm'Kdrdod' tm shEl eo tgh whdveo` cemscs tm
tmurests. Et wds moly djthr leveo` eo Qm'Kdrdod' jmr jmur nmotgs tgdt E cohw mj tgh
hxesthofh mj
tgh
fmmphrdtevh khfdush omkmay hvhr tdlcs dkmut et, mr hvho dfts
lech et hxests. Nmst mj tgh Qm'Kdrdod' whdvhrs am omt fmnply wetg tgh FM-
mphrdtevh's mr`doezdtemodl prmfhaurhs, rh`uldtemos, doa ahndoas. Eojdft, tghrh
es
mutwdra dvhrsemo tm ets dpphdrdofh eo Qm'Kdrdod'
khfdush
mj tgh FM-mphrdtevh
ndod`hr's
smfedl rdoc Qgh ndod`hr mr`doezha tgh fmmphrdtevh doa dppleha
jmr
tgh `mvhnnhot dssestdotsgep.
Vgh
es d ge`gly haufdtha doa eoahphoahot
wmndo.
Qgh
ldfc mj
suffhss
tgh fm-mphrdtevh gds gda eo Vd'ado Vhshdo
es
eoaerhftly dttrekutha
tm
tgh smfedl stdtus doa pmwhr fmojlefts tgdt hxest dnmo` tgh
ge g stdtus rdnd`hs.
Auh tm tgh strufturh mj tgh smfedl mr`doezdtemo eo QmIKdrdod' gh phmplh
mj
ge`g stdtus am omt rh`dra mutseah mvhronhot enpmsha prm`rdns wetg
d
pmsetevh
dttetuah. Qghy am omt fdrh tu gdvh mutseah jmrfhs eothrjhrh wetg lmfdl mvhronhot
doa pmletefs ds tghy rhldth tm tgh hfmomnef doa smfedl whll-kheo` mj tgh
fmnnuoety. Rhrsmodl fmojlefts dlsm eogeket rhldtemos wetgeo tgh FM-mphrdtevh oa
fdush et tm kh std`odot jmr lmo` phremas mj tenh, mr uotel d nhaedtmr, sufg ds d Qmt
Rdrho`hsthps eo doa ghlps oh`mtedth fhrtdeo thrros doa fmoaetemos tgdt well ndch
tgh uogdppy pdrtehs fmnply wetg tgh wdy tgh fm-mphrdtevh es mr`doezha. Qgus,
Qm'Kdrdod' ds
d
whdveo` fm-mphrdtevh es omt suffhssjul.
Eo fmotrdst, Qm'Kdrdod ds
d
tmurest seth mj eothrhst, mr Mkvhc Pesdtd, es
vhry suffhssjul. Qgh velld`h rhfhevhs 4M22 oepedg jrmn hdfg vesetmr fmneo` eotm
tgh whdveo` velld`h fmnpmuoa. Doy nmoehs fmllhftha jrmn tgh hotrdofh jhh, mr
jrmn trdaetemodl phrjmrndofhs put mo ky tgh fmnnuoety `m eotm tgh fmnnuodl
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juoa doa drh usha jmr fmnnuoety prmih~ts.~
ll
tgh fmnnuodl juoas drh
chpt ky
tgh wmndo mj ge`ghst stdtus, Ohoh' [dteg3 sgh es tgh hlahst sesthr mj moh
mj
tgh
jevh `rmups mj sesthrs tgdt drh pdrt mj tgh rdnd h mj Qm'Kdrdod.
Phdveod doa stdtus
Ds
stdtha hdrlehr, rhseahofh eo Vd'ado Qmrdid es ndtre-lmfdl, doa ceosgep es
keldthrdl, mr dnke-leohdl. Vtdtus es aerhftly rhldtha tm whdveo`. Phdveo` es
d
prevelh`h jmr
tgh
ge`g stdtus wmnho mj Vd'ado.
Nmstmj
tgh wmnho hoimy
whdveo`, wgelh d jhw fmropldeo tgdt whdveo` es tmm gdra mo tgher kdfcs. Pmnho
wetg d ge`g haufdtemo am omt
whdvh
khfdush tghy tgeoc
et
es khohdtg tgher ohwly
dfquerha comwlha`h. Qges es usudlly tgh fdsh wetg tgh ymuo`hr `hohrdtemo,
uolech tgh mlahr `hohrdtemo wmnho sufg ds Ohoh Kudglmlm'.
Ohoh' Kudglflm' whdvhs, doa sgh
es
tgh Aestreft sfgmml preofepdl. Auh
tm
ghr ge`g stdtus, sgh es mkle`dtha tm pdrtefepdth eo dl4 tgh rdnd`h fhrhnmoehs doa
fhlhkrdtemos. Ohoh' Kudglmlm' dlsm tmmc fdrh mj dl4 ghr `rdoafgelarho wgelh ghr
adu`gthrs wmrcha shlleo` thxtelhs mr whdveo`. Mffdsemodlly sgh wmula rmll mut
ghr lmmn doa whdvh wetg
d
sphha doa rgytgn tgdt whrh uondtfgha ky doy
whdvhr, hxfhpt ghr adu`gthr,
Ndrod
Vdke'. Qghsh thxtelhs whrh omt
wmvho
tm
kh
smla3 eosthda tghy whrh usha
jmr
tgh jdnely's ohhas. Ghr sestho, Ohoh' [dteg doa
Ohoh' Kdnkd, hoimyha shweo`, doa sm om lmo`hr wmvh thxtelhs. Xolech tgher
sesthr, Ohoh' Kudglmlm', tghy gdvh omt
pdssha
mo tgher scell doa comwlha`h mj
whdveo` tm tgher adu`gthrs, doa rdoaadu`gthrs.
Comwlha h mj whdveo` es pdssha jrmn nmtghr tm adu`gthr, mr
`rdoanmtghr tm `rdoaadu`gthr. Fgelarho kh`eo tm whdvh
ds
hdrly
ds
sex yhdrs
mj
d`h, dltgmu`g tges
es
fgdo`eo` auh tm tgh jmrndl haufdtemo systhn. Fgelarho omw
kh`eo
sfgmml dt sex yhdrs
mj
d`h.
Eo Qm'Kdrdod', tgh ge`g stdtus
mj
tgh velld`h
Pgho et wds teroh tm rhnmvh
doa
rhpder tgh rmmj mj tgh jdnely snmst prhste emus doa
ge`g stdtus
refh
kdro, mr dldo`,
tgh
nmoehs fmeehftha
whrh usha
tm kuy ndthredesdoa pdy jmr
tgh
ldkmur mj ets rhohwa. @rhdt fhlhkrdtemowhot eotm ets ahstruftemodoa rhfmostruftemo,
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prmnmthsnmrh whdveo` khfdush ge g stdtus wmnho whdvh. Qmady, auh tm tgh
fmnnhrfedl veseklety mj whdveo
eo
Qmt Kdrdod, tgh fgelarho mj dl4 stdtus rmups
drh hxpmsha tm whdveo`3 whdveo` surrmuoas tgher adely lejh nmrh sm tgdo
tgh omo-
tmurest whdveo` velld`hs mj Ndtdllm, Vdo cmnkmo , doa Vdo`cdrmpe.
Jurtghnmrh, fgelarho mj
dl4
stdtus rmups drh omw dklh tm whdvh ej tghy fdo
djjmra tgh ndthredls doa tgh tmmls jmr whdveo`.
Qgh fmst mj ndthredls usha jmr whdveo` es ge`g, doa tgus et es omt pmsseklh
tm whdvh jmr
smnh
wmnho rh`dralhss mj tgher stdtus. Jmr hxdnplh, moh kuoalh,
mr d ldr`h d n mda mj wmma, fmsts 4,222 rupedg, doa tges
es
usha tm kmel wdthr,
doa fmmc tgh refh doa pe`'s jmma hdfg nmneo`.
Fmlmur doawhdveoq
Qghrh drh fmlmur prmgeketemos eo whdveo`s eo Vd'ado Qmrdid ds eo ndoy
loamohsedo fulturhs. "lo fhrtdeo fdshs, lh`hoas wdn d`deost tgh senultdohmus
ush mj rhakrmwo ayhs doa kluhkldfc
ayhs. Vufg
khlehjs dresh mut mj tgh
fmojlefteo` qudletehs dssmfedtha wetg rha doa kldfc eo Vmutghdst Dsedo
fmsromlm`y" (Ndxwhll,
4552,p. 418). 4
wds tmla
ky
tgh whdvhrs tgdt
jmr ny
kluh
wdrp, wgeth, yhllmws, mrdo hs, doa rhas wula kh usha, wghrhds jmr
ny
rha
thxtelh, wgeth, yhllmw, `rhho, kldfc, sgmula kh usha. Kluh doa purplh whrh omt tm
kh usha wetg ny rha
wdrps.
Fmlmur gds synkmlef nhdoeo` khfdush et rhldths tm
tgh
d`refulturdl fyflhs doa juohrdls4:gus, tgh khlehjs wofhneo` lejh doa ahdtg.
Mtghr loamohsedo thxtelh stuaehs gdvh eofluaha tgh synkmlesn mj fmlmur doa
4
usha tm
Phd r
d
adrc purplh
doa
d kldfc sdrmo`
mo
tmp mj
roy
thh sgert
doa
sgmrts.
4
wdswhdreo` tges hoshnklh dt tgh t g h
mj
gdrvhst
doa
ny damptevh
jdtghr,
Ohoh Kudgemlm
rhprendoaha nh jmr whdreo` adrc fmlmurs. Gh tmla nh tgdt purp lh doa
kldfc drhwmn
dt
jenhrdes. Mn
Ndon`cd doa
Ohoh Iuoe hxpldeoha tgh se oejefdofh mj fmlmur doa nhdoeo`
eo Vd ado tm nh. Qgh fmlmur sfghnhs mj tgh whdvhrs tgho khfdnh mkvemus khfdush tghy dl4
usha tgh sdroh fmlmu rs ahphoaeo` mo tgh d`refulturdl shdsmo. Qgh d`refulturdl shdsmos fmr-
rhspmoa tm tgh otudl fyflh (ZmLcndo,
4578).
Ohoh
Iuoe
df tu a y wmrh fmlmurs tgdt fmr-
rhspmoaha tm tgh thxtelh sgh wds whdveo`. Jurtghrnmrh,
ny
jeodl
pehfh tgdt 4 wdrpha es l
wgeth.
4
hdroha ldthr tgdt wgeth
es
usha
moey
ky
ge`g
stdtus hlahrs,
sufg ds Qm' drhohh.
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thxtelhs, ds tghy rhldth tm retudl, sdfrhaohss, doa d`refulturh (Ghreo`d,
45753
Odkgmlz-Cdrtdsfgmjj,45753 Oehssho, 4578).
Dt tgh hoa mj tgh juohrdl shdsmo, Omvhnkhr tm Ndy, tgh fmlmurs rha,
yhllmw, mrdo h, kluh, doa `rhho drh wmn, wghrhds, aureo` tgh juohrdl fhrhnmoy
shdsmo phmplh Phdr sukauha fmlmurs, doa nmstly kldfc doa purplh. "Lech nmst
Vd'ado Qmrdid juohrdl `dnhots, djthr whdveo et
gds
khho ayha kldfc,
dppdrhotly wetg frusgha Gmnmldotgus pmpulohds lhdvhs doa
nua.
Drteflhs mj
flmtgeo` mj tgh ahfhdsha drh fhrhnmoedlly kldfchoha wetg lhdvhs doa nua, doa
et
shhns tgdt tgh gmmas Spmth'^ wmro ky Vd'ado Qmrdid weamws whrh dlsm wlmurha
eo tges
wdy"
(Vmlymro doa Vmlymro, 4578,
p. 103
shh dlsm Ommy-Rdln, 4508, p.
::).
Qhxtelhs doa Gdketdtemo
Qmodcmodo, drh ahfmrdtha wetg pdtthros doa nmtejs seneldr tm tgmsh jmuoa
mo thxtelhs.
Ds
eo ndoy hdsthn loamohsedo fulturhs, tgh gmush es
d
fmsnmlm`efdl
doa fulturdl fdth`mry (Jmx, 45723 NfCeoomo, 455;3 Oehssho, 45783 Qrdukh,
457:3 Zmlcndo,
4578).
Ahse o hlhnhots mj thxtelhs,
sufg
ds ldymut, sfdlh, sezh,
fmlmur, pdtthros, doa nmtejs, drh rhphdtha mo tgh surjdfh mj gmushs doa
refh
kdros, doa gestmrefdlly mo fmjeos (Je`urh 8). Qhxtelhs doa gmushs gdvh
d
rhle`emus rhldtemosgep wetg hdfg mtghr,
ds
whll ds stylestef seneldrety (Ommy-Rdln,
457;, 4575). Qhxtelhs drh usha tm wrdp drmuoa tgh tmodcmodo doa tgh dldoq
aureo` Dluc Qm'amlm fhrhnmoehs. Je urh: ahpefts d tmodcmodo jrmn Chth' Chsu'
wrdppha doa ahfmrdtha wetg dl4 tgh gherlmmn thxtelhs mj tgh rdnd`h.
Rhmplh ush pdln jrmoas tm kuela tgh ldotdoq. Qghsh drh pdeotha wetg
pdtthros
tgdt rhplefdth tgh twell whdvh strufturh. Ej pldeo plywmma es usha tgho et
well kh pdeotha ds ej et
es
d pldetha surjdfh wetg whdvh strufturhs. Eo Qdod Qmrdid's
upphr Vd'ado vdllhy, supplhrohotdrywhjt thxtelhs drh c e o ` wmvho, aespldyha,
usha doa smla ky tgh whdvhrs mj Qm'Kdrdod', Ndtdllm, Vdocmnkmo , doa
Vdo`cdrmpe velld`hs mj Vd'ado Vhshdo. Gmwhvhr, tghy gdvh omt khho stuaeha
doa amfunhotha jrmn do drtestef, thfgoefdl, mr smfemfulturdl pmeot mj vehw.
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n h ,
Eo
Qm'Kdrdod,
tgh ahse`os mo tgh tefhkdros, doa mo tgh
dofhstmr
gmush,
drh eahotefdl tm tgh ahse`os wmvho mo tgh
thxtelhs.
(Rgmtm rdpg
ky
Ndred Fgostmu, 4556).
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w h Do dofhstmr
gmuh eo Chth'
Chsu',
smutg
mj [dothpdm. Qhxtelhs drh wrdppha
drmuoa tgh gmush jmr
retudl
purpmshsaureo`
fhrhnmoehs.
Qgh
ahse osmo
tgh thxtelhs
drh
tgh
sdnh ds tgh ahse os fdrvha doapdeotha
mo
tgh gmush. (Rgmtm`rdpg
ky
Ndred Fgrestmu,
4551).
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Fgdpthr Jevh
[hshdrfg Jeoaeo`s
Qges fgdpthr amfunhots tgh lmmn doa whdveo` mj tgh Qm'Kdrdod', Vd'ado
Qmrdid. Et ahsfrekhs eo ahtdel tgh thfgoefdl prmfhaurhs eovmlvha eo prhpdreo tgh
wdrp,
shtteo`
up
tgh lmmn,
doa
whdveo` supplhnhotdry
whjt
thxtelhs. Qm ny
comwlha`h tgh jmllmweo` adtd
mo
Vd'ado Qmrdid Qm'Kdrdod' whdveo` thfgoequhs
doa lmmn thfgomlm`y gdvh omt khho prhvemusly rhfmraha. Qges eojmrndtemo
ndy
kh ohfhssdry jmr juturh fmnpdrdtevh frmssfulturdl stuaehs mj thxtelhs,
supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequhs, twell jlmdt whdvhs, doa lmmns. Qgh dkmvh drhds
mjjhr vdlea eose`gts eotm fulturdl gestmry.
Vd'ado Qmrded whdveore eo Qm'Kdrdod'
Phdveo`
eo
Qm'Kdrdod es amoh mo d kdfcstrdp, kmay-thosemo lmmn. Qgh
lmmn fmosests mj9 ferfuldr wdrp, kdfcstrdp, twm flmtg khdns, ldr`h swmra, moh
ndeo ghaalh rma wetg fmoteoumus dlthrodth ghaalhs, jmur pdtthro ghaalhs wetg
fmoteoumus sperdl ghaalhs, sndll swmra jmr supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequhs,
sgha
rmll, fme4 rma,
doa d wdrp
khdn (Je`urhs l d ,
0).
Eodaaetemo tm tghsh ldmn
pdrts,
tghrh drh mtghr lmmneo`
enplhnhots9 tgh
whjt
tgrhdas, tgh kmkkeos, tgh sguttlh, d swejt, doa d spmml gmlahr.
Pdx
es usha
tm pmlesg tgh swmras doa mtghr enplhnhots, sm et es chpt eo tgh whdvhr's sereg kd`,
s h ~ p m ' r tedpem. Qges kd` gmlas dl4 tgh eo`rhaehots usha jmr khthl fghweo . D
shftemo mj fmfmout gusc es chpt flmsh dt gdoa tm fmnk tgh wdrps.
D
coejh es chpt
eo tgh shnm' jmr futteo` tgrhdas, doa jmr spletteo` tgh khthl. Qgh nho dlwdys
ndch tgrhh pdrts mj tgh lmmn3 tgh whdvhr's guskdoa rodchstgh sguttlh,
swmra,
doa tgh flmtg khdns. Dll tgh mtghr pdrts fdo kh hdsely ndah ky tgh whdvhrs
tghnshlvhs. Dll tgh lmmn pdrts, hxfhpt jmr tgh swmra doa tgh flmtg khdns, drh
ndah
mj
vdryeo` lho`tgs doa sezhs mj kdnkmm. Hkmoy mr dfrhfd es usha jmr tgh
flmtg khdns doa swmra.
Qgh wdrp
es
ghla jdst khtwhho d flmtg doa wdrp khdn, wgefg eo
turo
es
ghla tdut mr sldfchoha
khtwhho
tgh whdvhj
s
kmay,
useo`
tgh kdfcstrdp tgdt
sgh
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&puh 0. Vd'ado Qm'Kdrdod'
Qmrdid
kmay-thosemo lmmn.
Vht
up
jmr
whdveo`
eo
jrmot
mj
whdvhr's
gmush.
Qghrh
drh
om pdtthro
ghaalh
rmas
mo
tges
lmmro khfdush
d
flmtg
es ceo` ndah
eo
pldeo whdvh. Qgh
nmtejs eofesha doa
pdeotha mo
tgh jdfdah mj gmush drh tgh sdnh ds tgh
mohs
eofeshadoa pdeotha
mo
tgh wmmaho
dofhstmr
gmuhs.
(Rgmtm`rdpg ky
Ndred
Fgrestmu, 4556).
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n h , 4dn
whdveo`
d supplhrohotdry
whjt
thxtelh (tgh thxtelh jhdturha
tgrmu`gmut tges
tghses)
mo
d Vd'ado Qmrdid
lmmn
uoahr
tgh wdtfgjul
hyh mj
ny
whdveo` thdfghr
Ohoh'
Kutmo`.
(Rgmtm`rdpg
ky Vdlm`uo`, 4556).
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Qgh ndeo ghaalh rma doa ghaalh wra lejts tgh maa wdrps (Je`urh ld).
Qgh ghaalh fmra es teha tm tgh muthoomst wdrps, doa tgho hvhry dlthndth wdrp.
Qges frhdths tgh dlthrodth sgha. Qgh dlthndteo` mj tgh sgha rmll doa tgh ndeo
ghaalh rma frhdths tgh pldeo,
mr
tdkky whdvh. Qgus,
twm
sghas drh jmrnha jmr
tgh
whjt
hlhnhots tm
kh
tgrmwo eo dlthndthly. Qghrh nust
kh
dlthndth, mr maa
doa
hvho,
mr odturdl doa
fmuothrsghas
eo
mrahr jmr
d
flmtg
tm
jmn
d pldeowhdvh.
Qgh wdrp es ferfuldr doa fmoteoumus. Qgh flmtg khdn es ndah mj twm
khdns
jettha tm`htghr (Je`urh
5).
Moh khdn es eoshrtha eotm tgh wdrp, doa tgh
mtghr lehs mo tmp mj tgh wdrp.
Qgh
twm khdns drh fldnpha tm`htghr doa tgh wdrp
es
wmuoa drmuoa kmtg khdns. Qgus, tgh wdrp rody kh shvhrdl nhtrhs eo lho`tg.
Pgho
tgh wdrp aerhftly eo jrmot mj tgh whdvhr es wmvho sgh rhlhdshs tgh tehs tgdt
shfurh ghr twm krhdst khdns doa rhlhdshs tgh wdrp. Qgh wdrp nmvhs
eo
d ferflh
drmuoa tgh wdrp khdn doa moh
mj
tgh
flmtg khdns.
Qgh lmmn aeftdths tgh ounkhr mj pmsseklh vdredtemos doa lenetdtemos
mj
whdveo . Qgh lho`tg ndy kh shvhrdl nhtrhs, ahphoaeo`
mo tgh
whdvhr's
strho tg. Rldeo whdvh, strepha, doa fghfcha thxtelhs whrh up tm tho nhtrhs eo
lho`tg. Qges fmotrdses wetg d jmmt-krdfha
lmmn
khfdush
mo
tges lmmn tgh wdrp
es
twefh ds lmo` ds tgh whdvhr's lh`s (et es d ferfuldr wdrp). Qgh
weatg
mj tgh flmtg
es
lenetha
khfdush
mj tgh lmmn strufturh. Qgh flmtg khdn es dpprmxendthly jmrty
eofghs
lmo .
EoVd'ado Qmrdid
tgh
weatg
mj
tgh flmtg
es
om lmo`hr
tgdo
tgh lho`tg
mj
d
whdvhr's
drn.
Qgh Vd'ado lmmn es sht up tm
whdvh
supplhrohotdry whjt pdtthns doa
nmtejs. Aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry
whjt
pdtthros ush tgrhh sghas, wgelh
fmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthros
ush
jmur mr jevh
sghas. Qgh
supplhnhotdry whjt ahse`os drh vdredtemos
mj
tgh
twell thfgoequh. Qghy drh twell
jlmdt whdvhs. Qgh senplhst uoet jmr d twell whdvh es twm mvhr doa moh uoahr twell,
eh. tgh whjt `mhs mvhr twm wdrps doa uoahr moh wdrp. Qm ndch
d
twm doa moh
uoahr twell moh ohhas d nhfgdoesn tm prmauŖ tgrhh sghas.
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4
Jenvh
5.
D twm-pdrt
flmtg
khdn.
Khdn
D
es
eoshrtha
eotm
tgh
wdrp.
Khdn K s
ldyha
mvhrtmpmj khdn D doa wdrp. Kmtg
D doa
K khdns drh
jmlaha mvhr
mot2 hdfg
mtghr, sm
tgdt
tgh wdrp es
shfurha
khtwhho hdfg
khdn.
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Pdneof)
up
Qgh nmst se`oejefdot prmfhaurh eowhdveo` es tgh prmfhss mj wdrpeo`.
Pdrpeo` eoth`rdths whdveo` thfgoequhs doa lmmn thfgomlm`y.
Qgh
wdrpeo`
nhtgma jets wetg tgh lmmn khfdush tgh pdrts mj tgh wdrpeo` jrdnh drh ldthr
rhpldfha ky tgh pdrts mj tgh lmmn (Je`urh EMd,
4Mk).
Qgus, tgh wdrpeo` prmfhàs
doa
tgh lmmn typh drh eoth`rdtha3 tghrhjmrh, moh fdoomt kh uoahrstmma wetgmut
comwlha`h mj tgh mtghr.
Qgh
lmmn typh
aeftdths
tgh wdrpeo` prmfhaurh.
Qgh wdrpeo` hlhnhots drh wmuoa drmuoa
d
wmmaho wdrpeo` jrdnh wetg
rhnmvdklh doa daiustdklh ph`s. Jrmn
tgh
kh`eooeo` uotel tgh
hoa,
tgh tgrhda es
wmuoa eo
moh
fmoteomus hsturh. Djthr
tgh wdrpeo`
es jeoesgha, tgh
wdrp es
shfurha wetg shvhrdl tehs tm suppmrt tgh
wdrp
wgho et es
fzrreha
tm tgh whdveo`
lmfdtemo.
Ky
mkshrveo` tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss moh
ndy
ahthrneoh tgh typh mj lmmn tm
kh
usha
tm
frhdth tgh ahserha thxtelh
ahse`o doa sezh. Qgh
ghaalhs fmotrml
tgh
pdtthro
mj
tgh wdrp
ydns, eh.
tghy
lejt tgh wdrp ydns. Qgh ounkhr mj ghaalhs
doa tgh ghaalh mrahr
es
ahthneoha dt tgh tenh
mj
wdrpeo` (Je`urh 4 d,
44
k).
Qgh
Vd'ado
Qmrdid
ush
d
seo`lh fmoteoumus
fmra
ds tgh ghaalhs. Qgh ghaalh
rma
es eoshrtha eo tgh ghaalhs djthr tgh wdrpeo` es jeoesgha.
Qghy
drh fdllha
fmoteoumus dlthndth lmmp ghaalhs (Je`urh 4;d, 4;k,
4;f,
4;a). Qgh wdrpeo`
prmfhss shts up tgh strufturh mj tgh lmmn, tgdt es, ej
d
fme4
rma
well
kh
usha
mr
frmss stefcs.
Dt om tenh
ndy
d phrsmo eothrrupt tgh wdrpeo` prm fhs_._ Eothnpteo` tgh
prmfhss well fdush uohvho thosemo
eo
tgh wdrp khfdush tgh wdrp es fmoteoumus
Dffmrag tm Ndxwhll
(4552)
tghrh nufg tdkmm eovmlvhfe wetg
tgh wdrpeo`
prmfhss.
Vgh stdths tgdt et es usudlly fmoseahrha tgh nmst vulohrdklh
std`h eo
tgh whdveo` prmfhss. 4
wds
eojmrroha
ky ny whdveo` thdfghr Ohoh Iuoe, tgdt tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss es d tenh mj
selhofh
doa
sgmula kh d rhsphftha dftevety.
Ndxwhee
(4552) stdths tgdt dltgmu`g tghrh drh
prdftefdl rdsmos jmr
tgh
dffurdth
nhdsureo`
mut mj tgh tgrhda tm prmfhha wetgmut
eothrruptemo wgho useo d fmoteoumuswdrp
whdveo`
thfgoequh, hxpldodtemos kdsha upmo
tgh
rmlh
mj
ahnmos
doa sperets
mjtho tdch prhfhahofh
(p.
41:).
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He`urh l M Qgh Vd'ado
Qmrdid wdrpeo`
jnnh.
n h mkL D vehw mj tgh wdrp mo gh Emmn jrmn dkmvh.
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ld.
Jewh 4 ld,
[ma
K
suppmrts
tgh frmss doa rma
D
suppmrts
tgh srreo` ghaahs.
Qgh
ghaalhs
dlthrodth khtwhho tgh
wdrps eo
tgh frmss, tgus
jmrneo`athndth
ghaaehs.
4 4
k. D
vehw
mj tgh twm
wdrp rmas
jemn
dkmvh. [ma
K gmlas
tgh
frmss eo tgh
wdrp. Qgh ghaalh streo` es stdrtha
jrmn wdrp
K.
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4;
t
Qgh dlthndth ghaalhs mo tgh wdrpeo` rda
n h ;k. Do dkstnt vehw
mj
tgh
dlthndth
ghaalhs
mjj
tgh
wdrpeo`rma.
He7erh 4 ; ~
o dkstrdft
vehw mj tgh
hlmo`dtha dlthndth
ghaalhs mjj tgh wdrpeo` rma
& P h 4;a. Qgh ghaalh rma
eoshrtha
eo tgh dlthrodthfj
ghaalhs.
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doa ferfuldr. Qgh wdrps nust dl4 kh hqudl eo lho`tg, wetg hvho thosemo
tgrmu gmut. Ej tgh wdrp wds ndah wetg uohvho thosemo tgho tgh flmtg doa wdrp
khdns
well omt kh o pdrdllhl dle`onhot. Comwlha`h
doa
scell frhdth phrjhft
fmoteoumus doa ferwldr wdrps rhday jmr tgh lmmn.
Qgh pdtthros drh pldooha dt tgh tenh mj wdrpeo` doa wgho tgh lmmn es
kheo` sht up. Hdfg weoaeo` mj tgh wdrp drmuoa tgh wdrpeo`
ph`s
es fmuotha mjj
ahphoaeo` mo tgh typh mj thxtelh. Jmr hxdnplh, wgho mkshrvha tgh wdrpeo`
prmfhss, eo Vdo`cmnkmo`, jmr d strepha thxtelh fdllha pd'nereo`, tgh wdrpeo`
nhtgma wds sle`gtly aejjhrhot. Qgh whdvhr fmuotha
mjj
hdfg fmlmur, teha et
mjj
motm domtghr fmlmur, tgho prmfhaha
tm
wdrp tgh
ohxt
fmlmur
uotel
tgh ohxt tenh
sgh fgmsh tm fgdo`h tgh fmlmur (Je`urh 46, 41).
Qgus,
hdfg
thxtelh typh es
ahfeaha upmo dt tgh tenh mj wdrpeo`, mr wgho shtteo` up tgh lmmn. Ahphoaeo`mo
wgdt ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh es ohfhssdry tm whdvh
d
pdrtefuldr thxtelh typh (shh
Dpphoaex D), tgh whdvhr well dlthr tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss doa sht up tgh
lmmn dffmraeo`ly. Gmwhvhr, hvhry whdvhr eo Vd'ado jmllmws tgh sdnh wdrpeo`
nhtgma, eh. fmoteoumus dlthndth lmmp ghaalhsdrh usha hdfg teroh. Qgh wdrpeo`
jrdnh
es
dlsm tgh sdnh.
Qgh Qm'Kdrdod' wdrpeo` nhtgma wds sle`gtly
aejjhrhot
jrmn tgh wdrpeo`
nhtgma usha eo Vdo`cmnkmo` khfdush tgh Qm'Kdrdod whdvho prhjhrtha tm
whdvh pd'ruce, mr supplhnhotdry whjj ahse`os, doa omt tgh lmo` pldeo, strepha,
doa fghfcha thxtelhs jdvmurha ky tgh whdvhrs eo Vdo`cmnkmo`. Gmwhvhr, tgh
whdvhrs eo kmtg velld`hs wmvh dll tgh thxtelh typhs3 tghrhjmrh, tghy gda tgh
comwlha`h tm wdrp doy moh
mj
tghsh thxtelh
typhs.
Ahsfre~temo j tgh wdneod n fhss
Qgh wdrpeo` prmfhss
es
fdllha nd'rhoaho eo tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid ldo`ud`h.
Qgh wdrp es fdllha amredood. Qgh jeoesgha
wdrp
es fdllha tgh rhoaho tdouo. Qgh
ghaalh wra es fdllha tgh cdld', doa tgh ghaalh rma
teodch
cdld'. Et es nhotemoha
eo d Vd'ado Qmrdid retudl vhrsh ds tgh teotedo cdld' (Zdo ahr Zhho, 45:8,p. 61).
Jmur
spmmls
mj
tgrhda drh put motm tgh ph`s
mj
twm spmml gmlahrs, fdllha
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Jenerh
4
6.
Ohoh'
Qtd
es
wdrpeo`
d
strepha thxtelh eo
tgh velld`h mj
Vdo`cmnkmo`,
Vd'ado Vhshdo. Djthr
hdfg pdss drmuoa
tgh wdrpeo` jcnh
tgh wdrp
hoas
drh fut doa
teha
tm
domtghr
fmlmur
mj
ydro.
D
strepha
thxtelh well rhsult useo` tges wdrpeo`
nhtgma
(Rgmtm`rdpg
ky Ndred
Fgrestmu,
4551).
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n h
1L Qgh ghaalhs drh daaha tm tgh
wdrp aureo` hdfg pdss drmuoa
tgh
wdrpeo` jednh Qgh
ghaalhs
drh
frhdtha
jrmn moh fmoteumus streo`. (Rgmtm`rdpg
ky
Ndred Fgrestmu, 4551).
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pdodurhdo (Je`urh 48). Qwm tgrhdas jrmn twm mj tgh spmmls mjj moh mj tgh
pdodurhdo drh comttha tm`htghr wetg tgh mtghr
twm
tgrhdas fmneo` jrmn tgh
shfmoa pdodurhdo. Qgh wdrp es ndah jrmn twm sesthrydns. Qgus, jmur
wdrps
drh rhhlha
mjj
tgh spmmls mj ydro dt tgh sdnh tenh3 strhtfgeo` pdrdllhl
tm
moh
domtghr. Qgh whdvhr gmlas dll jmur ydns eoghr re`gt gdoa,
twm
khtwhho tgh
eoahx
doa
neaalh jeo`hr, doa twm khtwhho tgh neaalh doa reo` jeo`hr, doa jmllmws
tgh lho`tg mj tgh wdrpeo jrdnh fdllha tgh tu'tuo (Je`urh 4
Md,
46).
Qgh
shquhofh es ds jmllmws9 tgh wdrp `mhs drmuoa d ph`, fdllha tgh dodc
nhsd, lmfdtha dt
moh
hoa
mj tgh wdrpeo` jrdnh, doa up khtwhho tgh juturh
ghaalh rma ph`, fdllha tgh cdldrdo3 tgho drmuoa tgh ph`s, fdllha tgh dodc
pdodcd,
lmfdtha
dt tgh mtghr hoa mj tgh wdrpeo` jrdnh Je`urh4Md, 4Mk). Mofh
tghsh
twm wdtps drh teha tm htghr wetg d senplh comt, tghrh drh jmur ydns eo dll.
Qghsh drh lmmpha drmuoa moh mj tgh dodc dodc cd ph`s (Je`urh 46d, 46k).
Mofh d
fmnplhth turo es
ndah
drmuoa kmtg tgh dodc pdodcd doa tgh dodc
nhsd
ph`s
de
hdfg hoa mj tgh wdrpeo jrdnh, tgh ghaalhs' fmrfe es teha tm tgh eoseah
wdrp ohdrhst tm tgh fhotrh ph , tgh cdldrdo (Je`urh 4Md, 4Mk)). Djthr hdfg
fmnplhth turo drmuoa tgh wdrpeo` kmdra tgh ghaalh fmra es swetfgha tm tgh mtghr
seah mj tgh cdldrdo (Je urh
4
d, l
k).
Qgus, tgh ghaalhs drh eoshrtha
ds
tgh
wdrpeo` prmfhhas.
Dt tgh hoa mj tgh
wdrpeo`
tgh wdrp es shfurha wetg shvhrdl tehs, sm wgho et
es rhnmvha jrmn tgh wdrpeo` jrdnh et amhs omt khfmnh tdo`lha, mr gdvh doy mj
tgh wdrps khfmroh strhtfgha mut mj pldfh. Qgh el rma, fdllha tgh lenuludo, es
eoshrtha
eo tgh hoawetg moh
mj
tgh
dodc pdodcd
ph`s3
et
es sleppha eotm
tgh
hoa
flmshst tm tgh ghaalh systhn eo mrahr tm chhp tgh frmss doa tgh wdrps eo mrahr.
Phdveofe doawdneofl vdns
Qgh wdrpeo`doa whdveo` nhaeun tgh whdvhrs wmrcha wetg wds d ;/;ply
pmlyhsthr fmttmo klhoa shweo tgrhda. Et
wds
purfgdsha jrmn tgh ndrcht eo
Xiuo` Rdoado`, mr j r ~ ngh ndod`hr mj tgh Vd'ado, Vhshdo whdveo`
FM
mphrdtevh. Qgh whdvhrs dlsm ush gdoaspuo fmttmo jrmn Vd'ado doa aerhftly
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w h
& Ohoh'
Kdse
es speooeo`fmttmh Qges
fmttmo
es
jemn tgh fmttmokusghs
`rmwo
eo
QmUKdrdod.Qges
wdrpeo`
nel4
es
dlsm usha jmr weoaeo`
ydro motm
kmkkeos
jemn
scheos
mj ydro.
(Rgmtm rdpg
ky Ndred Fgrestmu,
4551).
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jrmn
Qm'Kdrdod' (Je`urh
48).
Nmrh fmoshrvdtevh whdvhrs, sufg
ds
Ohoh' Iuoe, drh fmoseahrha ky tgh
mtghr whdvhrs tm kh lhss eoomvdtevh khfdush tghy ush trdaetemodl ayhs doa gdoa-
spuo fmttmo ydn. Qgh pmlylfmttmo klhoa
fmula
kh mktdeoha eo ndoy kre gt,
wdsg-jdst fmlmurs3 doa mofh wmvho gda d slhhc dpphdrdofh.
Qgh
whdveo` mj
tghsh tgrhdas wds hdsehr khfdush tghy whrh snmmtg doa tghrh wds lhss
dkrdsemo. Auh tm tgh ge`gwdrp fmuot (ydnsefro) tghrh
es
d ge`g ah rhh mj
dkrdsemo
ds
tgh
wdrp
hoas pdss hdfg mtghr wetg hdfg fgdo`h mj tgh sghas. Qgh
jreftemo fdushswdrps tm krhdc. Qgh strmo`hr nmrh hldstef qudlety mj tgh pmlyhsthr
fmttmo klhoa tgrhda
ndchs
et nmrh rhsestdot tm krhdcd`h. Qgh gmnh spuo fmttmo
es nmrh dpt tm krhdc khfdush et es
d
seo`lh ydn, hsphfedlly
ej
et es
ayha
wetg
odturdl ayhs. Qgh odturdl ayhs gdvh hxfhss odturdl ndtthr eo tghn, wgefg es lhjt
mo tgh surjdfh mj tgh seo lh fmttmo ydro. Hvhry tenh tgh sgha es fgdo`ha tgh
ydns khfmnh whdchoha auh tm tgh dkrdsevhohss mj tgh hxfhss ayh pdrteflhs mo
tgh ydns. Qgh odturdl
ayhs
amhs omt fghnefdlly kmoa wetg tgh fmttmo jekrh lech d
jekrh rhdftevh ayh usha mo nmahn fmttmo.
Eo
daaetemo tm tgh rh`uldr dlthrodteo`
mj tgh sgha, tgh ndoepuldtemo mj tgh wdrp jmr tgh daaetemo mj tgh supplhnhotdry
whjt pdtthros doa nmtejs, dlsm fdushs krmcho wdrps auh tm dkrdsemo. Ohoh' Iuoe
fmrophosdtha jmr tges ky useo` d nexturh mj refh doa wdthr eo tgh jmn mj
d
pdsth
mo ghr ydns khjmrh tgh whdveo` kh`do. Vgh stdrfgha ghr wdrp khjmrh
whdveo`,
sm
tgdt tgh ydns wmula kh snmmtghr.
Qgh eothoaha lho`tg, doa weatg
mj
tgh thxtelh, ds whll ds tgh ounkhr mj
strephs, doalmr fmlmurs wdotha eo tgh thxtelh, eojluhofh tgh
dnmuot mj
tenh
sphot
wdrpeo` up. Qgh hoterh wdrpeo` prmfhss
jmr
tgh weahst thxtelh pmsseklhmo gh
Qm'Kdrdod'
Vd'ado
lmmn, tdchs jmur gmurs
jmr
d
scellha whdvhr lech Ohoh' Iuoe.
Mtghr whdvhrs ndy tdch sex gmurs. Ohoh' Iuoe,
sdea
et es omt mma tm tdlc, mr kh
aestrdftha wgho wdrpeo . Qges es hsphfedlly enpmrtdot jmr tgh prhfesemo doa
dffurdfy ohhaha eo fmuoteo` mjj tgh tgrhdas, doa eoshrteo` tgh ghaalh fmra jrmn
seah tm seah djthr hdfg fmnplhth tun drmuoa tgh wdrpeo` jrdnh.
Ej tgh wdrpeo` es
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omt amoh fdrhjully tgh weoaeo` mj tgh wdrp tgrhda fmula ness
d
ph`,wgefg rhsults
eo
moh sgmrt lmmp3 mr
ej
tgh tgrhda es wmuoa drmuoa tgh wrmo`
ph`
frmssha
tgrhdas well mffur3 doa ej smroh tgrhdas drh omt lmmpha wetg tgh ghaalh fmra tghy
well omt gdvh d ghaalh tm wotrml tghn wgho et fmrohs tenh jmr whdveo`. Qghsh
prmklhros, ds whll ds uohvho thosemo
ndy
rhsult jrmn tmm ndoy eothrruptemos.
Qgh
sgha doa tgh frmss
Qgh sgha es tgh spdfh tgdt es frhdtha wgho moh sht mj wdrp hlhnhots es
rdesha doa tgh mtghr sht es lmwhrha. Qgus, tgh odturdl sgha gds tgh hvho wdrps
rdesha doa tgh fmuothr sgha gds tgh maa wdrps rdesha. Qgh wdrps khfmnh
eothrldfha dlthndthly wetg hdfg grmw mj tgh whjt tgrmu g tgh sgha. Qgh whk es
tgh spdfh frhdtha ky tgh sgha. Qgh sgha es jdfeletdtha ky tgh frmss eo tgh wdrp.
Qgh frmss
es
d je`urh he`gt pdtthro
eo
tgh
wdrp
ydns (Je`urh lmk, 44k). Mo tgh
wdrpeo` jrdnh, tgh frmss es jcha eo pldfh (Je`urh
44
d, 41). Ldthr tges fmra es
d
fmoteoumus dlthndth seo`lh lmmp sht mj ghaalhs (Je`urh 4:k). Eo Vd'ado Qmrdid
tgh whdvhrs ush d seo`lh ghaalh rma eomoh sht mj dlthndth fmoteoumus lmmpha
ghaalhs3 et es tges ghaalh rma tgdt fmotrmls tgh ghaalhs (Je`urh
4;da).
Khlmw 4
well aesfuss gmw tgh supplhnhotdry
whjt
pdtthro ghaalhs
gdvh
d sperdl jmrndtemo
(Je`urh 4:d).
E ndch tgh aesteoftemo khtwhho
d
sghaaeo` ahvefh (tgh ghaalh fmra doa
ghaalh rma), doa d sghaaeo`
nhfgdoesn
(tgh ghaalh fmra, ghaalh rma,
doa
sgha
rmll) khfdush eo smnh eostdofhs tgh sgha rmll ndy mr omt kh prhshot. Gmwhvhr,
eo Vd'ado Qmrdid tgh sgha rmll rhndeos eo tgh wdrp tgrmu`gmut tgh hoterh whdveo`
prmfhss jmr kmtg pldeo doa supplhnhotdry whdveo`. Qgh sghaaeo` ahvefh
fmotrmls tgh wdrp khfdush hdfg maa
wdrp
tgdt jmns tgh fmuothr sgha es fdrreha
ky tgh ghaalh
fmra.
Ndceo` doa ndeotdeoeo` tgh frmss ky nhdos mj d ghaalh
fmra aureo` tgh
wdrpeo`
prmŖss rhquerhs scell doa hxphrtesh. Qgh fmofhotrdtemo
doa prhfesemo eo nmtemo drh enpmrtdot jdftmrs tgdt ahthooeoh tgh rhsulteo`
sghaaeo` ahvefh. Qgh fmoteomus ghaalhs ndoepuldth tgh wdrp mofh dl tgh
khdns doa rmas drh eoshrtha eotm tgh wdrp. Et es enpmrtdot tm rhnhnkhr tgdt tgh
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prh 4:
d, Qgh sperdl
fmoteoumus ghaalhs drh
ndah
&hr tgh wdrp
es
motgh lmmn. Vperdl ghaalhs drh
moly
usha
jmr whdveo` supplhnhotdry
wh e thfgoequhs.
n h :k. Qgh dlthndth fmoteoumus ghaaehs
drh
ndah
aureo`
tgh
wdrpeo`
prmfhss,
tgdt es, wgelh tgh wdrp es stell mo tgh jrdnh.
Dlthrodth ghaalhs drh
usha
jmr
pldeo whdvh
thxtelhs. Gmwhvhr,
tghy
drh
dlsm
usha
jmr whdveo`
supplhnhotdry
whjt thfgoequhs. D whjt mj
pldeo whdvh es wmvho
djlhr
hdfg sgmt
mj
supplhnhotdry
whjt eo
mrahr
tm jmrn
tgh
`rmuoa whdvh.
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ghaalhs drh fmoteoumus, sm wgho tgh whdvhr pulls tgh ghaalh
rma
up, gdlj tgh
wdrp
es rdesha. Moly gdlj tgh wdrp
es
rdesha khfdush tgh ghaalh fmra
lejts
up
hvhry jmur wdrps dlthndthly eo mrahr tm frhdth tgh fmuothr sgha.
Qgh sghaaeo` nhfgdoesn fmosests mj tgh ghaalh rma, ghaalhs, doa tgh
sgha rmll. Pgho dlthndthly ndoepuldtha,
twm
aejjhrhot sghas drh frhdtha, tgh
odturdl sgha doa tgh fmuothr sgha. Eo mrahr tm ndch
tgh
fmuothr sgha tgh
ghaalh rma es pullha up jrmro tgh fhotrh mj tgh rma, ndceo` surh om ghaalhs drh
fdu`gt khtwhho tgh jeo`hrs. Ky lejteo` tgh ghaalh rma hvhry mtghr wdrp es pullha
up ky tgh ghaalhs. Qghsh drh tgh maa wdrps. Dt tgh sdnh tenh tgh whdvhr nust
nmvh jmtwdra hdseo` tgh thosemo mo tgh wdrp. Vgh amhs tges ky hdseo` mjj tgh
prhssurh mj ghr lh`s jrmn tgh wmmaho krdfh tgdt ghr jhht drh pusgeo` mo, doa
lhdos
jmrwdra
(Je`urh
7).
Vgh om lmo`hr pusghs d`deost ghr kdfcstrdp. Mofh
tgh
thosemo
es
rhlhdsha tgh whdvhr fdo lejt tgh ghaalh rma doa ghaalhs frhdteo` d
lmmsh sgha.
Eo tgh rhsteo` pmsetemo tgh wdrps
drh
dl4
stell,
tgdt
es,
tghrh
drh
om
nmvhnhots ndah ky tgh whdvhr. Qgh whdvhr fgdo`hs tgh sgha kdfc tm tgh
rhsteo` pmsetemo, eh. odturdl sgha, ky
nmveo`
tgh sgha rmll jmrwdra doa kdfc
d`deo, wgelh ghr lh`s drh pusgeo` d`deost d wmmaho krdfh. Vgh es
omw
lhdoeo`
kdfc
motm ghr kdfcstrdp. Qgh lmmn doa tgh whdvhts kmay ndch tgh wdrp tdut,
sm wgho tgh sgha rmll es nmvha jmtwdra doa kdfc tgh wdrps fgdo`h sghas d`deo.
Qges frhdths tgh odturdl sghawgefg kreo`s up tgh hvho wdrps (tghwdrps mo tmp
mj tgh sgha rmll). Pgho tgh whdvhr dlthrodths khtwhhonmveo` jmrwdra, doa
lejteo` tgh ghaalh rma doa ghaalhs3 doa lhdoeo`
kdfc
eo ghr kdfcstrdp, chhpeo`
ghr lh`s strde gt mut eo jrmot mj ghr krdfha d deost wmmaho klmfcs wetg ghr jhht,
doa
nmveo`
tgh sgha rmll jmrwdra doa
kdfc
d`deo amwo tgh
wdrp,
sgh es eo tgh
whdveo` nmtemo.
Nmveo` tgh kmay eo fmnkeodtemo wetg fgdo`eo` tgh sgha eo do dlthrodteo`
shquhofh es tgh prmfhss mj whdveo` mo d kdfcstrdp lmmn. Qgh
wdrps drh
kheo`
pefcha
up
fduseo`
d
fgdo`h khtwhho tgh fmuothr doa odturdl sgha. Mofh tgh
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whjt ydn es tgrmwo tgrmu`g moh mj tgh sghas, tgh dlthndth wdrps chhp tgh whjt
teha amwo wgho tgh sgha es d`deo fgdo`ha. [hphdteo` tges prmfhss frhdths d
pldeo whdvh flmtg. Qgh pmsetemo doa nmtemo mj tgh
whdvhr's
kmay sldfchos tgh
wdrp
eo tenh wetg ghr ndoepuldteo` tgh sghaaeo` nhfgdoesn doa hodklhs ghr tm
tgrmw tgh whjt hlhnhots wetg
d
kmkkeo, doalmr d kmkkeo gmlahr tgrmu`g tgh sgha.
Qgus,
tgh fmotrml doa rh`uldtemo mj tgh thosemo mj tgh
wdrp
ky tgh whdvhr's kmay,
es do enpmrtdot jdftmr eo tgh whdveo` prmfhss.
Vhtteod up tgh lmmn jmr whdveoq
Djthr wdrpeo` tgh whdvhr shlhfts d lmfdtemo tm sht up ghr lmmn tgdt es
fmrojmrtdklh doa wovhoehot. Qgh kdfcstrdp lmmn wetg d fmoteoumus wdrp fdo kh
hdsely sht up, doa rmllhadwdy djthr hdfg whdveo` mffdsemo. Et es pmrtdklh. Dll
tghsh jdftmrs suet tgh lejhstylh mj tgh Qm'Kdrdodl
wmnho.
Eo
tgh fdsh
mj tgh
Qm'KdrdodIwhdvhrs, tghy whdvh
eo
tgher eoaeveaudl cemscs, mr jmrnhr ldotdoq.
Qgh wdrp es ldea mo tgh kdnkmm jlmmr mj tgh jmrnhr
ldotdo .
Qgh
whdvhr
drrdo`hs tgh
wdrp,
wmrceo` ghr scellha doa pdtehot jeo`hrs mvhr doa uoahr tgh
wdrp, eoshrteo` tgh rmlls, rmas, doa swmra eo tgher dpprmpredth pldfhs. Qgh
cdldrdo ph`
jrmn
tgh fhotrh mj tgh wdrpeo` jrdnh (Je`urh lMd,
40)
wds rhnmvha
wetg tgh wdrp jrmn tgh wdrpeo` jrdnh. Et es chpt eo tgh wdrp eo mrahr tm ndeotdeo
tgh frmss, doa tgus, tgh mrahr mj tgh fmoteoumus lmmp ghaalhs. Et well kh rhnmvha
mofh tgh ghaalh rma, mr amch amch es eoshrtha eo tgh wdrp (Je`urh 40). Qgus,
tgh
wdrp wds fdrrïha amwo tm tgh whdveo` seth mo tgh cdldrdo ph , dlmo` wetg tgh
nel
rma, mr lenuludo.
Qgh
cdldrdo
es
rhnmvha mofh tgh wdrp, mr kdlm tdouo, doa
flmtg, mrd hdnsdrh eoshrtha eotm hetghr hoa mj tgh wdrp. Qgh fme4 rma,
lenuludo, chhps tgh frmss3 et es eoshrtha o pldfh (shh prmfhaurh khlmw) mj tgh
dodc pdo*, mr tgh wdrpeo`
ph`
ohdrhst tgh ghaalhs (Je`urh 42k,
40).
Qgh
wdrp es susphoaha eo tgh pldfh wghrh tgh lmmn well kh
sht up.
Dt tges
tenh, twm tgeo rmas tdch tgh pldfh mj tgh cdldrdoph . Qghsh tgeo rmas drh tm kh
tgh juturh ghaalh rmas, mr amch amch (Je`urh 40).
Qges
es d thropmrdry sht
up jmr
tgh
amch
amch. Qgh lmmn sht up prmfhhas ds jmllmws9 tgh wdrp khdn, mr
kdlm
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n h 0. Qgh cd4drd.q (pdrt mj
tgh
wdrpeo`
g h
gdt gmlfes
tgh
ghaahs
doa
tgh frmss) es
rhnmvha
mofh
tg
wdrp doa flmtg khdns
drh
eoshrtha dt
hetghr
hoa
mj gh
wdrp
rhphftevhly.
Qgh fme4 rma es rhsteo`
ohxt
tm tgh flmtgkhdn. Ohoh' Iuoe es eoshrteo`
tgh
pdtthro
ghaalh
rmas
eotm
tgh
spdfh wghrh
tgh c d l u
wdà
mo`eoaly.
(Rgmtm rdpg
ky Ndred
Fgrestmu,
4556).
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tdouo es eoshrtha eotm tgh hoa jdrtghst jrmn tgh ghaalhs. Qgh wdrp khdn
es
dsthoha tm domtghr stdklh pehfh mj kdnkmm,
d
pdleadrdo, useo` twm strdps
mj
kujjdlm geah, mr uluo` (Je`urh0). Qgh pdleadrdo es eo tun kmuoa tm twm pmsts
(Je`urh
0).
Qgh prmfhss
mj
putteo` tgh wdrp khdn motm tgh pldfh wghrh tgh
whdveo` well prmfhha, es fdllha
tdoaevdo.
Dt tgh mppmseth hoa mj tgh wdrp, tgh flmtg, mrd s eoshrtha dlmo`- seah
tgh nel rma eo tgh wdrp tukh3doa tgh wdrp es drrdo`ha dlmo` kmtg tghsh
wnpmohots (Je`urh 47). Et
es
tgh hoa flmshst tm tgh
whdvhr.
Qgh Vd'ado ldmn
gds
d
flmtg khdn tgdt es ndah mj twm pehfhs doa dfts lech d vefh (Je`urh 5). Et
gds tgh wdrp wrdppha drmuoa et. Ds stdtha dkmvh, moh pehfh es eoshrtha tgrmu`g
tgh wdrp3 doa tgh mtghr pehfh es put mo tmp
mj
tges pehfh doa tgh wdrp, tgho tgh
wdrp es jmlaha mvhr, doa mvhr wetg pehfhs mj flmtg khdn eoseah et (Je`urh5).
Ohxt, tgh whdvhr pmsetemos ghrshlj eo jrmot mj tgh
wdrp,
doa `reps mot2 tgh
flmtg khdn, pulleo` tgh wdrp tdut (Je`urh 47). Qgh fme4 rma rhsts khtwhho tgh
flmtg khdn doa tgh ghaalh ahvefh. Vgh pusghs tgh frmss flmshr doa amshr
tmwdras tgh nel rma, nmveo` tgh ghaalhs dpdrt dlmo` tgh twm ghaalh rmas
(Je`urh
45).
Qgho
sgh
pulls tgh fme4
rma
up tmwdras ghrshlj
eo
sufg
d
nmtemo
tgdt
tgh frmss es
omw
te`gtly kmuoa drmuoa tgh
nel
rma (Je`urh ;2). Mofh tgh frmss es
shfurha mot2 tgh
nel
rma doa tgh wdrps drh dle`oha hvholy dlmo` tgh rma, sgh
`reps tgh flmtg
khdn,
wgefg gda jdllho eotm tgh wdrp khseah tgh ghaalhs, doa
pulls et tmwdras ghrshlj (Je urh;2). Qges nmtemo fdushs tgh fme4 rma td kh
nmvha up khfdush tgh wdrp es ferfuldr3 doa sm et mhs drmuoa tgh wdrp khdn
doa flmtg khdn (tgh flmtg khdn es omt shfurha dt tges tenh).
Qgh wdrp es nmvha drmuoa sm tgdt tgh ghaalh systhn es omw mo tmp doa
eo
jrmot mj tgh whdvhr
(Je urh
;2). Qgh
thnpmrdry ghaalh
rmas
drh
ghla
wetg
moh
gdoa n e l h gh mtghr gdoagmlas tgh flmtg khdn (Je`urh ;2). Qgh wdrp es
sgdcho doa jeefcha eotm pldfh wetg hdfg nmvhnhot.
Qgh
flmtg khdn es shfurha
motm tgh wdrp3 moh pehfh es eo tgh wdrp, wgelh tgh mtghr
pehfh
lehs mo tmp
mj
tgh
wdrp. Qgho tgh
twm
pehfhs drh jettha tm`htghr, fldnpeo` tgh wdrp khtwhho tghn
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Jenerh 47. Ohoh' Iuoe sets
eo
jrmot mj gh lmmn wetg tgh flmtg khdn doa fme4 rma rhsteo`
eo
ghr
ldp.
Dt
tgh
mppmseth
hoa
mj tgh
wdrp
es tgh
wdrp
khdn.
Et
es teha
motm
domtghr
khdro
doa
shfrrrha. Qgh
do lh
mj tgh wdrp es
18
ah`rhhs. Qgh
wdrp
es c e o `
hvholy aestoeutha
dlmo`
tgh
pdtthro
ghaalhs.
Omth tgdt tgh ghaalhs drh mo tm tgh kmttmn mjtghwdrp. Qges
es
d thropmrdry pmsetemo. (Rgmtm`rdpg ky Ndred
Fgrestm1
4556).
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&urh l`
Ohoh'
Iuoe es
useo` ghr
jeo`hrs
tm
fmnk tgh wdrp's frmss mot2
tgh fme4 rma.
Qgh ghaalhs
doa
tgh
ghaalh rmas
drh
stell
upseah
amn3
doa
tgh flmtg
khdro
gds
jdllho
d`deost tghn.
(Rgmtm`rdgky Ndred Fgrestmu, 4556).
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&rh ;2' Mofh tgh fmel rma es
shfurha
eotm tgh frmss, Ohoh' Iuoe gmlas mot2 tgh flmtg
khdn wetg moh gdoa doa tgh ghaah rmas wetg tgh mtghr gdo& Qgh wdrp es tgho
nmvha
drmuoa
tgh
wdrp
doa flmtg
khdn eo moh swejt
nmtemo
Qges
dftemokreo`s
tgh
fmel rma doa
tgh
ghaalhs
mo tmp mj tgh
wdrp. (Rgtmtm`rdpg
ky
Ndred
Fgrestmu,
4556).
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- -
sgmrthr.
Dt
tges tenh Ohoh Iuo e puts ghr kdfcstrdp mo, doa tgho
rhsts
ghrh
jhht mo gh
klmfcs
mj wmma
aerhftly eo jrmot mj
ghr. (Rgmtm`rdpgky Ndred Fgrestmu,
4556).
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(Je`urh 5, ;4
).
Et es dt tges pmeot tgdt tgh kdfcstrdp, phnkmcmrdo, mr tdlecurdo, es put mo
doa shfurha
tm
tgh flmtg khdn
ky
twm strdps, uluoq, tgdt lmmp drmuoa tgh
kdfcstrdp hoas doa tgh flmtg khdn. Qgh
klmfcs
mj wmma, mr tmnpmdo, drh sht up
dffmraeo` tm tgh spdfh dvdeldklh jmr whdveo`. Qgh klmfcs drh usha ds d jmmt
krdfh tm pusg d`deost, eo mrahr tm chhp tgh wdrp tdut (Je`urh 7).
Mofh tgh whdvhr es eo tgh lmmn tgh wdrp es sgdcho d`deo doa tgh ghaalh
rma es pullhaup doa tgh sgha rmll, mr cdkhrdo, es eoshrtha eotm tgh sgha mj tgh
wdrp.
Et es eoshrtha khtwhho tgh
nel
rma doa tgh ghaalh ahvefh ky lejteo` tgh
ghaalh rma. Qgh swmra, mr kdlead,
es
daaha tm tgh dlthndth sgha wghrh tgh sgha
rmll es jmuoa. D [dt kdrokmm rma, fdllha d pdodtd, es eoshrtha
eo
tgh sgha doa
chpt
jldt d`deost tgh flmtg khdn. Dt tges
tenh
moh mj tgh gorm thnpmrdry ghaalh
rmas es rhnmvha.
Qgh
hxtrd ghaalh rma wds usha tm suppmrt tgh whe`gt mj tgh
wdrp aureo` tgh lmmn sht up.
Omw tgh wdrp es ve`mrmusly sgdcho, wgelst gmlaeo` tgh fme4 rma doa getteo`
tgh wdrps
khgeoa
et. Qges es amoh tm rheojmrfh tgh mrahr mj tgh wdrps dlmo` tgh
fme4 rma, doa
tm
hvho mut tgh mrahr mj tgh wdrps. Qgh sghas drh flhdrha wetg
hdfg lejteo` mj tgh ghaalh rma, fdllha teote (Je`urh
;;), oa
sgejteo` mj tgh sgha rmll,
fdllha cdkh (Je`urh
;6).
Ds hxpldeoha hdrlehr, dlthndteo` tgh maa doa hvho
wdrps frhdths tgh fmuothr doa odturdl sghas3 kut, khjmrh ldyeo` d whjt ydro eotm
tgh wdrp,
d
shrehs mj jldt kdnkmm sldts, fdllha pdodtd drh eoshrtha (Je`urh ;;,
;6). Qghy drh thnpmrdry rmas3 wetg hdfg whdveo` eomj tgh pdodtd, tgh wdrp
khfmnhs snmmtghr doa
nmrh
hvho. Qgh pdodtd dofgmr tgh wdrp. Et es hdsehr tm
lmfdth prmklhn wdrps wetg tgh pdodtd khfdush tgh wdrps drh nmrh hdsely
mkshrvha d`deost tgh weah sldts. Qghy drh rhromvha djthr tgh pldeo whdvh kh`eos
wetg tgh whjt ydro.
Qgh whdvhr eoshrts
tgh
pdodtd flmsh tm tgh flmtg khdn eo mrahr tm ht
dl4
tgh prmklhns mut mj tgh wdrp useo` tgh nel rma ds d ueah tm lmfdth tgh hvho doa
maawdrps. Djthr twm pdodtd drh
eoshrtha ds
whjt, whje ydns drh daaha
eo
wetg
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&wh ; ;
Qgh sgha
es
dlsm flhdoha
wgho
tgh fmuothrsgha es ndah.
Qgh
fmuothr
sgha
es
ndah ky
pulleo` up
mo tgh
ghaalh rma, tghrhky lejteo del
tgh
maa wdrps. Qges
`hsturh
es
fdllhan. Qgh
swmra es edshrtha
eotm
tgh
sgha. Mofh
eo tgh
wdrp, tgh swmra
es lejeha
mot2
ets
ha h sm
et
f n frhdth d sgha jmr tgh whje tm `m tgrmu`g. (Rgmtm`rdpg ky Ndred
Fgrestmy 4556).
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Je`urh ;6. Qgh swmra gmlas
tgh sgha
mpho jmr
tgh
whjt ydns tm kh
eoshrtha.
Jmr
tgh jerst
jhw tgrmws tgrmu`g
tgh wdrp, tgh whdvhr
whdvhs
wetg tgh
pdodtd,
mr
frmss
stefcs,
ds whll
ds
tgh whje tgrhda.
Qges es
amoh tm f l d o
up
doy
wdrps
tgdt
ndy gdvh khho wdrpha wrmo`.
Qgh sgha
nust
kh flhdr mj frmsseo`
wdrps (prmfhss
fdllhaflhdoeo tgh sgha) khjmrh d
whjt
ydn
`mhs
tgrmu`g3 mtghrwesh tghrh
well
kh
lmo` whjt
jemdts dpphdrío` dfrmss tgh
wdrp. (Rgmtm`rdpg ky Ndred Fgrestmu,
4556).
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hdfg
pdodtd, uotel dl4 tgh prmklhns drh rhpderha. Qgus, twm hlhrohots drh kheo`
usha
ds
whjt. Et es dt tges tenh tgdt dl4 krmchowdrps drh rhpderha. Pdrps wetg
errh`uldr
lho`tgs, mr amuklha
wdrps,
drh lmfdtha,
doa
nmvha mvhr tgh
wdrp
khdn. Qghsh wdrps rhndeo tghrh uotel tgh wdrp es wmvho eotm
d
thxtelh.
Qgh whdvhr rhpders tgh prmklhns eo tgh wdrp, doa smlvhs tgh prmklhns
eo
tgh frmss3 sgh dlsm daiusts wdrps tgdt gdvh
khfmnh
tdo`lha doa twestha drmuoa
hdfg mtghr. Qgh wdrps wetg errh`uldretehs doa nestdchs drh
fdllha
ldm
Mofh
ges
es amoh, whjt tgrhda es usha eosthda mj tgh pdodtd. D pdodtd es eoshrtha eotm tgh
wdrp djthr hvhry
eofg
mj pldeo whdvh wmvho
wetg
whjt ydro. Qm whdvh pldeo
whdvh
eo
tges wdy es fdllha
sdodcd
tdoaho. Mofh tgh wdrp
es flhdr mj
doy
prmklhns, tghy drh rhnmvha.
Lhdneod tgh nmtemos mj whdveofl
mo d
kdfcstrd~mmn
Qgh whdvhr fmotrmls tgh wdrp wetg ghr kmay. Qgh lmmn es dttdfgha tm tgh
whdvhr's kmay wetg d kdfcstrdp, ghofh tgh odnh mj tges lmmn, vez. kdfcstrdp
doalmr kmay-thosemo lmmn. Qgh kdfcstrdp `mhs drmuoa tgh sndll mj tgh
kdfc.
Qgh dlthndth
sgha es
frhdtha ky nmveo` tgh kmay jmrwdra, smrmoq. doa
tgho pusgeo`
kdfc
tm frhdth tgh odturdl
sgha
es fdllha,
d
cmoamc.
Qgh
thosemo
nust kh hvho mtghrwesh tgh thosemo well omt kh hvho eo tgh wdrp, doa tges well
fdush smnh mj tgh wdrps tm stefc tm`htghr, mr omt resh
dt
tgh sdroh teroh. Jlmdts
well tgho dpphdr wghrh tgh nmtej mr pdtthro am omt fdl4 jmr tghn. Qgh nmtemos mj
tgh whdvhr's kmay drh frufedl tm tgh jeodl mutfmnh mj tgh whdveo`. Do
eohxphrehofha whdvhr nust fmostdotly kh dwdrh mj tgh wdrp, doa ndch surh mj
wdrps drh omt stefceo` tm`htghr. Kh`eoohr whdvhrs usudllyam omt fdrh dkmut
nestdchs3 tghy fmoteouh tm whdvh doa ahvhlmp jdfelety
doa
rgytgn.
Vdodcd
es tgh
odnh
jmr tgh thnplh. Et es d pehfh
mj
kdnkmm wmma,
fdrvha
eotm d jedt stefc wetg hetghr hoa sgdrphoha tm d pmeot. Qghsh pmeots drh tgho
eoshrtha eotm tgh shlvha`hs
mj
tgh flmtg tm chhp tghn pdrdllhl. Ej
tgh
whdvhr es
thosh doa whdveo hrrdtefdlly, tgh whjt well kh pullha tmm te`gt dfrmss tgh wdrps.
Mofh
et es
khdtho doa
tgh
sgha es fgdo`ha,
tgh
shlvha hs well dpphdr ardwo
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eowdras. Ameo` tges dt errh`uldr eothrvdls es d se`omj d pmmrly scellha whdvhr,
mr
d
kh`eoohr. D jeoh thxtelh es moh wetg dvho doa pdrdllhl shlvha`hs doa om hxtrd
jlmdts.
Qgh hlahr, doa tgus, nmrh comwlha`hdklh doa scellha whdvhrs mjjhr
davefh
doa
sphfedl teps rh`draeo` kmtg whdveo` nmvhnhots doa pefcs mj whdvh
tm ymuo`hr, doa lhss hxphrehoŖa whdvhrs. Qgh davefh es eothrsphrsha eo tgher
fmovhrsdtemo tgrmu`gmut tgh fmursh mj tgh ady wghohvhr tghy omtefh smnhtgeo`
es eofmrrhft. Qghy pmeot mut eofmrrhft nmvhnhots mr dftemos3 doa tgho
ahnmostrdth tgh fmrrhft prmfhss mj whdveo` tghnshlvhs. Fmnnhots fmofhn
gmw tgh swmra es ghla, Qgh swmra nust kh ghla eo tgh fhotrh wetg tgh jmur
jeo`hrs doa tgh tgunk mo mppmseth seahs mj hdfg mtghr. Et nust
kh
kdldofha
`rdfhjully, doa tges
es
aejjefult auh tm tgh jdft tgdt et es ndah
mj
d ghdvy, gdra
wmma.
Davefh es dlsm mjjhrha mo gmw tm pmsetemo tgh kmay eo tgh lmmn9 tgh
kdfc
gds tm kh hrhft, sgmulahrs squdrha, ohfc strde gt, jdfh amwo, doa lh`s jenly
pusgeo` d`deost tgh wmmaho klmfcs eo jrmot mj tgh whdvhr. Qgh whdvhg tge gs
doa fdlvhs gdvh tm kh strde gt mut ds sgh lhdos kdfc tm cdkh3 mr `hotly
doa
eo
rgytgn, ds tghy nmvh jmrwdra tm teote, tgher cohhs nust resh tm rhldx tgh thosemo
mo tgh wdrp. Ds stdtha dkmvh, tgh kmay nmvhnhots nust kh jluea, omt
ihrcy,
mtghwesh tges well fdush tgh shlvha`hs mj tgh wdrp tm pull eo, mr tgh wdrp doa
whjt well omt ndch rh`uldr doa hvho eothrldfhrohots3 tgh pefcs phr eofg
nust
kh
fmosesthot.
Qgh thfgoequh mj whdveo` supplhnhotdry whjt kh`eos wetg tgh fmrrhft
pmsetemoeo` mj tgh kmkkeo, wetg mr wetgmut kmkkeo gmlahr, doa tgh whjt ydn. Qgus,
tgh kmkkeo nustkh ghla eo d ndoohr tgdt rhlhdshs tgh whjt hvholy wgelh et es
eoshrtha eotm tgh whk mj tgh wdrp. Qgh thosemo nust kh hvholy rh`uldtha
tgrmu`gmut tgh hoterh whdveo`. Qgh Vd'ado whdvho kh`eo whdveo` mo tgh re`gt
seah doa jeoesg mo tgh
sdnh
seah. Qgh aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt
pdtthroha nmtejs nust
dll
kh
stdrtha
mo
tgh
re`gt seah doa jeoesgha mo tgh re`gt
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seah.
Peoaeoàl
whjt
hlhnhots mot2 kmkkeos
Qgh whjt
kmkkeos drh senplh jeoh doa slhoahr pehfhs
mj
kdnkmm. Qgh
prmfhss mj weoaeo`
ydro
mot2 d kmkkeo es fdllha nd'cdreae eo Qmrdid, doa
nhodduluoh eo Eoamohsed. Qgh swejt es fdllha tgh dldt pdodurhdo
(Je`urh
48).
D kmkkeo wetgmut
whjt ydro
wrdppha drmuoa
et
es fdllha pdcdoaeresdo, d kmkkeo
wetg tgh whjt ydn es fdllha pdcdo. Qgh kmkkeo es usha dlmoh mr pldfha
eo d
kmkkeo gmlahr, fdllhad tmrdc.
Cdreaec es dlsm tgh prmfhss mj twesteo` tgh wdrp hoas eotm d jreo`h djthr tgh
wdrp es
fut mjj
tgh lmmn, doa es
d
thxtelh.
Et
es usha ds d jeoesgeo` thfgoequh.
Peoaeo` tgrhda mot2 d kmkkeo es
d
aejjefult prmfhaurh jmr tgh
eohxphrehofha whdvhr.
D
ahjeoeth rgytgn es frufedl
eo
mrahr tm rodeotdeo do hvho
aestrekutemomj tgh tgrhda dlmo` tgh kmkkeo. Ej tges es omt amoh fmrrhftly, hvhry
tenh tgh kmkkeo
es
tgrmwo tgrmu`g tgh sgha tgh
whjt
well omt jdll mjj
tgh
kmkkeo
lmmshly doa hvholy, doa eosthda sod`
dt
errh`uldr eothordls. Qges es se`oejefdot
khfdush
ej
tgh kmkkeo amhs omt rhlhdsh tgh whjt hvholy doa pulls eo dt tgh
shlvha`h tgho tgh shlvha`hs well omt
kh
pdrdllhl.
Peoaeo` tgrhda mot2
d
kmkkeo
es
amoh eo d smfedl shtteo` khfdush tgh
prmfhss tdchs d lmo` tenh. Peoaeo` kmkkeos es rhldtevhly senplh mofh
e t
es
ndsthrha3 tgus, lettlh fmofhotrdtemo es ohfhssdry aureo` tgh prmfhss. Qges
lhdvhs
tgh whdvhr jrhh
tm
fmovhrsh doa smfedlezh.
Vhvhrdl
whdvhrs, mr whdvhrs wgm
mofh wmvh, well weoa kmkkeos tm`htghr.
Vu~~lhnhotdrv
hjt
~dtthroeodhfgoequh
Jmr tgh purpmsh mj jurtghr fmnpdrdtevh rhshdrfg ush d ahsfreptemo jmr
supplhnhotdry whjt tgdt
es
fldssejeha
ky
lrhoh
Hnhry
(4
572,
p.
412)
ds
d
fmnpmuoa whdvh9 tgdt es,
d
senplh `rmuoa
whdvh
wetg daaetemodl supplhnhotdry
whjt ds ahfmrdtevh hlhnhot eo tgh thxtelh. EoVd'ado Qmrdid kmtg fmoteoumus doa
aeswoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequhs drh usha. Kmtg supplhnhotdry
whjt thfgoequhs drh fdllha pd'ruce.
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Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequhs am omt
fmrrhspmoa tm tgh usudl ahjeoetemo jmuoa eo tgh loamohsedo thxtelh lethrdturh, e.h.
"omo-strufturdl hlhnhots daaha tm frhdth d pdtthn mr horefg d `rmuoa whdvh"
(Kmlldoa,
4572,
p. 467, eo Oehssho, 4556,
p.
8). Qgh aesfmoteoumus
supplhnhotdrywhjt nmtejs drh wrdppha drmuoa d `rmup mj wdrps khjmrh kheo`
ldea eo tgh
wdrp3
tghrhjmrh, tghy khfmnh pdre mj tgh rmuoa strufturh,
ds
whll ds
tgh ahfmrdtemo. Qges es auh tm tgh jdft tgdt tgh supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh mj
Vd'ado Qmrdid es kdsha mo twell whdvh strufturhs.
Omohtghlhss, supplhnhotdry whjt es d ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh, tgdt
ldys
supplhnhotdrywhjt jlmdts mvhr tgh pldeo wmvho surjdfh mr tgh purpmsh
mj
frhdteo` hetghr nmtejs mr pdtthros. Pgho nmtejs drh ldea
eo
ky gdoa tgh prmfhss es
fdllha aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh (Je`urh ;1). Ej
d
pdtthn es
ldea
eo
jrmn shlvha`h tm
shlvha`h
et es fdllha fmoteoumus supplhnhotdry
whjt
thfgoequh (Je`urh ;8). Pghrh nmtejs drh fmoteoumus doa fmote`umus, doa
khfmnhd pdtthn, tghy drh amoh wetg fmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt. Pghrh
nmtejs drh aesfrhth tghy drh amoh wetg aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt. Qgh
eoshrtemo mj tgh
pdtthn
ghaalh rmas wetg fmoteoumus sperdl ghaalhs frhdths
tgh
hjjhft mj tgh fmoteoumus doa aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry
whje
pdtthroeo`. Qgh
ounkhr mj pdtthro ghaalhs djjhfts tgh thfgoequh, eo tgdt
et
hetghr eofrhdshs mr
lenets tgh ounkhr mj nmtejs doa pdtthns pmsseklh.
Qgh
pdtthn ghaalh rmas drh
fdllha amch amch.
Qgh ldr`h swmra, kdlead es usha tm khdt tgh pldeo whdvh eo khtwhho tgh
ahwrdtevh whjts, ds whll ds holdr`eo` tgh sgha (wgho et es jleppha up mo ets seah).
Qgh Vd'ado whdvhrs dlsm ush domtghr swmra jmr whdveo` supplhnhotdry whjj
thfgoequhs, rhjhrrha
tm
ds
kdlead chfel, sndll swmra. Qgh sndll swmra
es
usha
hxflusevhly jmr tgh
pdtthn
sghas.
Eoshrteosr tgh Rdtthro ghaalh rmas eotm tgh lmmn
Qgh ghaalhs usha tm ndch
pdtthns
drh aejjhrhot
jrmn
tgh ghaalhs
usha
tm
ndch tgh rmuoa whdvh. Qgh supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthn ghaalhs gdvh d sperdl
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w r h 1, Qgh pdtthros tgdt oeo dfrmss tgh hoterh thxtelh
drh
wmvho wetg tgh fmoteoumus
supplhnhotdry
whjt
thfgoequh. Qgh nmtejs, tgh wdthr kujjdlm,
gmushs.
doa swmras. drh
- -
-
wmvho useo` tgh aesfmoteoumu supplhnhotdry thfgquh. (~gmtm`rd~gy Ndred
Fgrestmu,
4556).
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;8 Qgh ldr`h
supplhrohotd~y
hD drhd es
tgh
nmtej
Et
es
wmvho useo`
aesfmoteoumus
doa
fmoteoumus whjt
thfgoequhs.
(Rgmtm`rdpg ky Ndred Fgrestmu, 4556 .
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jmrndtemo (Je`urh
4:d,
4:k). Qges es auh tm gmw tghy drh ndah. Qghy drh
daaha djthr tgh wdrpeo` es fmnplhtha doa tgh lmmn es sht up, uolech tgh ndeo
ghaalhs tgdt drh eoshrtha aureo` tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss. Qgh supplhnhotdry whjt
ghaalhs doa dffmnpdoyeo` rmas ndy kh daaha dt doy tenh aujeo` tgh whdveo`
prmfhss.
Eo
mrahr tm eoshrt tgh
pdtthn
ghaalh fmra eotm
tgh
wdrp tgh whdvhr eoshrts
tgh pdtthro rmas, mr amch amch, tgrmu`g tgh Nm l h wdrp. Qgh whdvhr eoshrts tgh
jerst pdtthn ghaalh rma eo moh mj tgh odturdl sghas3 doa tgho sgh eoshrts tgh
shfmoa pdtthro ghaalh rma eo tgh wuothr sgha (Je`urh
;:, ;0). Vgh
tgho kh`eos
tm wuot doa pefc wdrps mut jmr ghr eothoaha pdtthro, Qgh whdvhr ushs tgh fme4
rma ds tgh pmeot mj mre`eo jmr tgh wdrps tm slep motm tgh pdtthro ghaalh rma
(Je`urh ;:). Vgh shlhfts twm shts mj twm wdrps jrmn
tgh
tmp mj tgh fme4 rma doa
twm shts mj wdrps jrmn tgh kmttmnmj tgh fme4 rma jmr tgh jerst twm pdtthn ghaalhs,
doa
tgho `rmups mj jmur wdrps, eh. 7, ;, doa
4:,
jmr tgh rhndeoeo` twm pdtthro
ghaalhs,
Aureo` tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss twm ydns whrh usha phr tun drmuoa tgh
wdrpeo`
jrdnh.
Ghofh, tghrh well kh jmur wdrp hoas phr
pdtthn
ghaalh. Qgh
seo`lh
;j;
ply ydns whrh amuklha aureo` tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss3
doa
khfdush tgh
whdvhr ghla
twm
pders
mj ydns
eo hdfg gdoa, tghrh drh jmur
wdrps
phr ghaalh jmr
tgh ndeo ghaalh. Jmr tgh supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthroeo` prmfhss tgh whdvhr
shlhfts do hvho doa do maa sht mj wdrps jrmn tgh odturdl doa fmuothr sghas.
Qgh whdvhr ushs tgh fme4 rma ds d fmuoteo` ueah tm eoshrt tgh pdtthn
ghaalh rmas. Qgh ounkhr mj wdrps eo tgh ghaalh fmra well ahthneoh tgh lmfdtemo
mj tgh pdtthros doa tgh nmtejs. Vgh ushs tgh sndll swmra tm holdr`h tgh sghas
eotm wgefg tgh
pdtthn
ghaalh rmas well
kh
eoshrtha. Pgelh tgh whdvhr's kmay es
chhpeo` tgh thosemo mj tgh lmmn tdut,
d
ghaalh fmra es wmuoa drmuoa tgh pdtthro
ghaalh rma tgdt es kheo`
eoshrtha
eo tgh wdrp.
Vgh
fdtfghs up
dl4
tgh wdrp hoas
kheo` rdesha
ky
tgh sndll swmra. Qgh sgha
es
tgho fgdo`ha3 doa tgh
sdnh
prmfhss
es
rhphdtha wetg tgh mtghr
pdtthro
rma.
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H=pelrh
;:L Eoshrteo` tgh
pdtthro
ghaahs
useo`
tgh fme4
rma
ds
d
`ueah
tm
fmuot
mut
tgh wdrp
hoas.
(Rgmtm`rdpg ky
Ndred
Fgrestmu,
4556).
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rmll. (Rgmtm`rdpg ky Ndred Fgrestmu, 4556).
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Ds stdtha dkmvh. tgh supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh es amoh wetg do
daaetemodl twm tm jmur pdtthn ghaalh rmas.
Qgh
Vd'ado Qmrdid QmIKdrdod'
supplhnhotdrywhjt thfgoequhs drh aejjhrhot jrmn tgh mohs aesfussha eo tgh
loamohsedo thxtelh lethrdturh. Qghsh drh tgh tgrhh jdftmrs tgdt dpphdr tm kh
uoequh tm tges drhd9 (4) tgh nel rma es usha
ds
d `ueah tm eoshrt tgh pdtthro
ghaalh rmas, ds whll
ds
ndeotdeo tgh frmss3 (;) tgh whdvho am omt rhnmvh tgh
sgha rmll mofh tgh jmur pdtthn ghaalh rmasdoa dffmnpdoyeo` ghaalhs drh
eoshrtha eotm tgh lmmn. Jurtghnmrh, tgh sgha rmll es usha eo fmnkeodtemo wetg
tgh ndeo ghaalhs doa tgh pdtthn ghaalhs,doa tgh ldr`h doa tgh sndll swmras.
(6)
Qgh pdtthros doa nmtejs drh twell whdvh strufturhs.
Aesfmoteoumus su~~lhrohotdrvhjt thfgoequh
Qgh ldyeo` eo mj tghwhjt eotm tgh wdrp es aejjhrhot jmr tgh aesfmoteoumus
supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh doa tgh fmoteoumus supplhrohotdry thfgoequh.
Jmr d woteoumus pdtthn dfrmss
tgh
wdrp dl4 tgh pdtthn ghaalhs drh
ndoepuldthaeo tgh shquhofh rhquerha tm frhdth tgh eothoaha ahse`o. Qgh
jmllmweo` esd ahsfreptemo mj tgh aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt kheo eoshrtha
ky
gdoa. Qges thfgoequh es omt aesfussha eo tgh loamohsedo thxtelh lethrdturh.
Qgh whjt es wrdppha drmuoad `rmup mj wdrps tgho
fdrreha
tgrmu`g tgh sgha
ndoudlly. Et es ldea eokhtwhho pldeo whdvh whjts3 doa et es pdrt mj tgh thxtelh
strufturh9
4.
Ndch d sgha wetg dl4 tgrhh rmas doa tgh sgha rmll, mrcdkh,
-eoshrt
Nuh
whjt jmr pldeo whdvh jmuoadtemo,
-khdt mofh (Je`urh ;7).
;. Lejt pdtthro ghaalh flmshst tm tgh ndeo ghaalh rma, mr ghaalh rma(d),
-eoshrt sndll swmra,
-fghfc
doa flhdr sgha,
-lejt sndll swmramo ets seah tm holdr`h sgha,
-eoshrt ldr`h swmra eo tgh pdtthn sgha wgelh gmlaeo`
sndll
swmra
doa pdtthro rma (d),
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& ,uh ;7, Qgh supplhnhotdry whjt nmtejs jlmdt
mvhr
d
pldeo
whdvh
rmuoa strufturh.
Et
es tgh jmuoadtemo mj tgh
thxtelh. Qgh
cdkh `hsturh es
usha
eo mrahr
tm frhdth
tgh
odturdl sgha jmr
tgh pldeo
whdvh
`rmuoa
Qges whdveo`
`hsgerh
eofluahs
dl4 tgh ghaalh rmas doa tgh sgha
rmll.
(Rgtmtm rdpgky
Ndred Fgrestmu,
4556).
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-khdt mofh wetg ldr`h swmra,
-pusgl mr nmvh up rmas doa sndll swmra (Je`urh
;5).
6. loshrt supplhnhotdry aesfmoteoumus whjt eowuotha-mut drhds9
-jerst put eo whjt ha`h mj nmtej doa wrdp drmuoa tgh wdrps,
-pull whjt tkrmu`g wetg jeo`hrs,
-tghrh drh omw jmur whjts,
-stdrt dt re`gt, doa pull tmwdras lhjt, khgeoa rdesha wdrps,
-4ejt ldr`h swmra mo ets seah,
-khdt mofh (Je`urh 62).
1. Rldeo whdvh9 tm fgdo`h tgh sgha tgh whdvhr puts tgh ldr`h swmra
d`deost wmvho flmtg3 tgho sgh lejes tgh ghaalh rma
up,
teote.
-pusg rhndeoeo`rmas m tgh tmp, iust
eo
jrmot mj tgh sgha rmll.
Qm
ndch tgh ohw sgha9
-Eejt tgh ndeo ghaalh rma.
Qm eoshrt tgh whjt jmr pldeo whdvh9
-wetgardw tgh ldr`h swmra, moly mofh sgha es fgdo`ha, omt khjmrh.
-eoshrt
ldr`h
swmra eotm tgh ohw sgha,
-eoshrt
whjt
jmr
pldeo
whdvh,
-khdt mofh (Je`urh 64 .
8.
Fgdo`eo` tgh sgha d`deo khjmrh whdveo` eo tgh supplhnhotdrywhjt es
d
twm pdrt prmfhaurh9
e. Qm
tgh
dlthndth
pdtthro
sgha
ush
tgh sndll swmra doa tgh ndeo
ghaalh rma.
-gmla
up
tgh sdnh pdtthro ghaalh rma,
eo
mrahr tm fmnplhth tgh whjt
pdss,
-rhnmvh swmra,
-eoshrt sndll swmra eo tgh
ohwsgha,
-pusg dl4 rmas up tmwdras tgh sgha rmll,
ge`g
up d`deost
tgh
fme4 rma,
-wgelh ameo` tges tun, ush swmra tm holdr`h sgha jmr tgh whjt tm `m
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n h
` L Qgh
sgha
es rhday
jmr
tgh
aesfmoteoumus nmtejs
tm kh
eoshrtha
dt doy pmeot
amo`
tgh wdrp
tgh
whdvhr
ahfeahs. Eo mrahr tm frhdth tgh tgh sgha jmr tgh
suppehnhotdry
whjt nmtejs
tgh whdveo` `hsturh
wds
usha.
Iust
khjmrh
tges,
tgh
whdveo`
hsturh
prhpdrha
tgh
sgha jmr d whjt sgmt mj pldeo
whdvh.
(Rgmtm`rdpg ky
Ndred
Fgrestmu, 4556).
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Jedrh
6
4
Nhr
tgh aesfmoteoumus whjt nmtejs whrh ldea
eo
(ky gdoa),
tgh
sgha es
fgdo`ha
d`deo
jmr
tgh
pldeo whdvh
`rmuoa.
Qgh
~ o t e
hdveo`
hsturh
fgdo`hs
tgh
sgha
dt tges
teroh. (Ndred Fgostmu, 4556).
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n h ;. Qgh sgha es fgdo`had`deodjthr tgh pldeo whdvh whjt wds sgmt
tgrmu`g.
Qgh
kgh
whdveo` `hsturh
es usha d`deo,hxfhpt tges tenh
tgh
whdvhr ushs moly moh mj gh
pdtthro
ghaalh rmas doa
sgha rmll.
Qgh
sgha
es chpt mpho
wetg
d sndllhr swmra, wgelh
tg
ldr h
swmra
khdts eo tgh supplhnhotdry [email protected]
sgha es
dmw rhday
jmr
tgh
shfmoa
rmw
mj aesfmoteoumus
supplhnhotdry
whje nmtejs. (Rgmtm`rdpg ky Ndred Fgrestmu, 4556).
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w r
ky Ndjed
Fgrestmu,
4556).
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n h 1& D shfmoa rmw mj aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry
whjt
gds
khho
eoshrtha
eotm
tgh
wdrp.
Qgh
whdvhr
khdts
et
eowetg moh ghdvy sldn mj
tgh
swmra. (Rgmtm`rdpg ky
Ndod Fgrestmu, 4556).
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-gmla tgh sgha rmll, tgh sndll swmra, tgh ndeoghaalh rma, doa
pdtthro ghaalh (D)
jmr
tges shquhofh3
-eoshrt tgh ndeo whjt,
-khdt mofh.
E M .
Fgdo h tgh sgha d`deo useo` tgh ndeo ghaalh rma, doa teote.
Jeodl shquhofh es fmnplhtha jmr eoshrtemo mj tgh aesfmoteoumus
supplhnhotdry whjt nmtej.
Eomrahr tm whdvh dl4tgh aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry
whjt
nmtejs doa
pdtthros,
moly twm
pdtthro rmas drh ohfhssdry. Petg tghsh twm rmas doa tgh
ndeo
ghaalh rma,
d
vdjehty mj ahse`os drh pmsseklh useo` tgrhh sghas. Qges es
d
twell
whdvh. Eo mrahr tm whdvh d twell,
d
lmmn ohhas d neoenun mj tgrhh ghaalh rmas,
wgefg prmaufhs tgrhh sghas.
Qm whdvh
d
vdrehty mj fmoteoumus supplhnhotdry
whjt
pdtthros jmur
pdtthn ghaalh rmas drh ohfhssdry, ds whll ds tgh ndeo ghaalh rma.
Qgh ounkhr
mj whdveo` shquhofhs rhquerha tm whdvh fhrtdeo pdtthros wetg tgh
supplhrohotdry whjt thfgoequh, mut-ounkhrs tgh shquhofhs tgdt fdo kh dfgehvha
wetg moly tgrhh ghaalh rmas.
Qgh
twm
hxtrd pdtthro ghaalh rmas drh chpt khgeoa tgh sgha rmll uotel
tghy
drh ohfhssdry.
Qgher
ndoohr
mj
ush es eahotefdl tm tgdt
mj
tgh
usudl
g m
dtthn
ghaalh rma thfgoequh ahsfrekha dkmvh.
Qghy
wmula hxpdoa tgh ounkhr
mj
shquhofhs pmsseklh. Qgus, tgh sthps drh rhdthr eo ounkhr eo tgh
supplhnhotdry whjt whdveo` prmfhss. Vupplhnhotdry whjt es pdrt mj tgh
strufturh
mj
tgh thxtelh khfdush
et es
wrdppha drmuoa tgh wdrps khjmrh kheo` ldea
dfrmss tgh ahse`o drhd.
lofrhdseofr sgha
sRdfh
eo tgh
wdn
4. Pgho
nmst
mj
tgh wdrp es wmvho
doa
nmrh
wdrp spdfh es ohhaha jmr
whdveo`, tgh whdvhr uoamhs tgh kdfcstrdp jrmn tgh flmtg khdn3 doa shpdrdths
tgh twm
pdrts mj
tgh flmtg
khdn.
Qgh wdrp es
omw jrhh tm nmvh drmuoa tgh
wdrp
khdn
doa flmtg khdn3 et es ferfuldr. Et es prhjhrdklh tm gdvh
d
ldr`h sgha drhd, sm
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tgdt tgh swmra fdo mpho tgh wdrp hdsehr eo mrahr tm ldy tgh
whjt
tgrmu`g tgh
wdrp. Qgh nmrh surjdfh drhd wetg wdrp, tgh
ldr`hr
tgh sgha well kh. Qgh
whdvhr, tghrhjmrh, sgejt
s
gh
wdrp
amwo doa drmuoa tgh wdrp khdn, pulleo` tgh
hoterh wdrp tmwdras ghr.
Qgh
uo-wmvhowdrp fmnhs flmshr tm ghr kmay doa
tgh
jeoesgha flmtg hts nmvhadwdy jrmn ghr. Hvhotudlly tgh uoahrseah mj
tgh
flmtg
sgmws up nmrh doa nmrh. Qgh sgha khfmnhs vhry sndll, doa ds d rhsult d
swmra fdoomt holdr`h tgh sgha jmr tgh whjt tm `m tgrmu`g tghwdrp. Petgmut doy
daiustnhots tgh whdveo` wmula gdvh tm hoa dt tges pmeot.
Qghrh es d tgdt eofrhdshs tgh sgha spdfh eo tgh wdrp
wgho
tgh thxtelh es
dlnmst fmnplhthlywmvho. Kdfcstrdp lmmns wetg ferfuldr wdrps hvhotudlly fdo
hoa eo d fmnplhthly rmuoa flmtg. Vd'ado thxtelhs drh omt fmnplhtha tges wdy
uolhss tghy drh jmr rhle`emus ush. Ndxwhll stdths tgdt ''tgh ultendth jmn mj tgh
ferfuldr fmoteoumus wmvho thxtelh es rhprhshotha
ky
moh pdrüfuldr typh
mj sdfrha
nd'd ndah eo sufg do hxdfteo` jdsgemo tgdt tgh hoterh wdrp es jellha wetg whjts tm
jmrn
d
fmroplhthly tukuldr jdkref wetgmut doy shdn" (4552, p.
41:).
Mtghr
VdIadoQmrdid thxtelhs wmvho eo d wnplhth tukh drh tgh Qmrdid amam, mr sdrmoq.
Qwm tukh thxtelhs drh
shwo
tm`htghr
tm
ndch
d
ldr`h amam jmr do hlahr
mj
ge`g
stdtus.
Qgh jerst pgdsh mj whdveo` d shdnlhss rmuoa thxtelh es rhpldfeo` d ldr`h
nel
rma wetg d srodllhr fme4 rma9 (d) Qgh whdvhr dffmroplesghs tges ky nmveo`
ghr kmay jmrwdra wetg ihrceo` nmtemos eo mrahr tm lmmsho tgh wdrp drmuoa
tgh
fme4
rma. Dt tgh sdroh tenh, sgh es gmlaeo` dl4 tgh lmmro fmnpmohots eo pldfh useo` ghr
tmrsm3 (k) Qgh fme4 rda es ghla dt kmtg
hoas
uotel tghrh es spdfh khtwhho
tgh
wdrp
hoas, tgh frmss, doa tgh fme4 rma.
Qges
gdpphos wgho tgh wdrp es ihrcha doa
jlefcha ky tgh whdvhr wetg tgh smrmo` hsturh. Qgh `dp khtwhho tgh frmss doa
tgh wel rma es tgho ldr`h homu`g tm eoshrt domtghr sndllhr fme4 rma (Je urh 68d,
68k. 68f). Qgh sndllhr fme4 rma es daaha jrmn tgh lhjt dt
tgh
sdnh tenh ds tgh
ldr`hr fme4 rma es rhnmvha jrmn tgh lhjt3 (f) Djthr tges prmfhaurh tgh whdvhr
daiusts tgh wdrp. Mofh d`deo sgh nmvhs ghr kmay jmrwdra doa ihrcs tgh wdrp
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n h
8d
Qgh
whdvhr eothoas tm eoshrt domtghr fmel rma
eo tgh
frmss
wítg d sndllhr
aednhtrh,
4"
eo
aedrohtrh.
Qges
well
eofrhdsh
tgh
wdrp
lho tg ky twm eofghs.
Eo
mrahr tm whdvh d ferfuedr thxtelh tgh whdvhr
ohhas
nmrh
spdfh
jmr tgh
sgutteh
tm
`m
tgrmu`g
tgh
sgha.
Pgho
tgh
whdveo`
fmrohs
ohdr
tm fmvhreo` tgh hoterh ferfuldr wdrp, tgh sgha
khfmnhs
sndllhrdoa sndllhrkhfdush moey d lettlh mj tgh uowmvho
wdrp es
lhjt.
Ky
eofrhdseo` tgh wdrp lho tg
et eofrhdshs
tgh
spdfh
dvdeldklh jmr whdveo`.
n h 8kLQgh whdvhr gds sgdcho tgh
wdrp
sm
tgdt
tgh frmss drmuoa
tgh
fme4 rma khfmnhs lmmsh
homu`g
jmr tgh sndelhrfmel rma tm ruo
tgrmu`g e t Qgh sndll fmel rma es eoshrthajemn tgh whdvhr s
re`tet
seah.
n h
%.
Mofh
tgh twm fmel rmas drh eo tgh frmss
tgh
ldr`hr fme4 rma
es
rhnmvha
jemn tgh whdvhr s Ehje.
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wetg tgh
wel
rma wetg kmtg gdoas dt hdfg hoa mj tgh rma.
;. Ds stdtha dkmvh, et khfmnhs aejjefult tm mpho tgh sgha weah homu`g jmr
tgh whjt tgrhda tm kh pdssha tgrmu`g tgh wdrp. Qm nmvh tgh sgha rmll, cdkhrdo,
jmrwdra doa kdfc, mr cdkh, es nmrh aejjefult tgdo tm lejt tgh ndeo ghaalh rma,
t eo~chdld', mr teote. Qgh wdrp
es
tdut wgho tgh sgha rmll es nmvha, wghrhds tgh
wdrp es lmmsh wgho tgh teote hsturh es amoh.
Qgus,
tm
nmvh
tgh sgha rmll es nmrh
aejjefult tgdo tm pull up mo tgh ndeo ghaalh rma.
Qm eofrhdsh tgh wdrp drhd jmr nmrh whdveo`, djthr tgh supplhnhotdry
whjt
pdtthneo`
ahfmrdtemo
es
fmroplhtha9
d, Qgh sgha rmll
fdo kh
rhnmvha
tm
eofrhdsh tgh
sezh
mj tgh
sgha9
-eoshrt tgh sndll swmra wetg tgh sgha rmll,
-rhnmvh tgh sgha rmll,
-cdkh seo` tgh sndll
swmra,
mr rodch whdveo` d shquhofh mj pldeo
whdvh
useo` tgh sndll swmra ds
ej et
es tgh
ndeo
swmra,
-eoshrt
tgh
ldr`h
swmra
eo
tgh sgha frhdtha ky tgh sndll swmra,
-rhnmvh tgh sndll swmra,
-tun tgh ldr`h
swmra
mo
ets
seah,
-put tgh sgha rmll
kdfc
eotm tgh sgha,
-rhnmvh tgh swmra,
-tgh twm
pdtthro
ghaalhs drh omw mo tgh mtghr seah
mj
tgh sgha rmll
flmshst tm tgh
fme4
rma.
Dlsm, d kmkkeo wetg d sndll dnmuot mj whjt ydn es eoshrtha, eosthda mj tgh
ldr`hr kmkkeo gmlahr wetg d kmkkeo eo et. Domtghr jdftmr tgdt lenets tgh sgha sezh
es tgh lho`tg mj tgh ghaalhs. Ej tgh ghaalhs drh tmm sgmrt tgh wdrp well kh ghla
tmm flmsh
tm
tgh ghaalh rma.
Ghofh,
tgh sgha well
kh
tmm sndll jmr tgh kmkkeo tm
`m tgrmu`g3 doa tm
ndch
tgh cdkh hsturh wetg tgh sgha rmll. Et es khst tm wdrp
nd'
tmnkh'
cdld9 tm daa
lmo` ghaalhs aureo` tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss.
Aureo` tgh shfmoa prmfhaurh
jmr
ndceo` d fmnplhthly wmvho shdnlhss
flmtg tgh nel rma es rhnmvha, doa sm drh tgh pdtthro ghaalh rmas (mptemodl), sm
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tgdt moly tgh ndeo ghaalh rma doa sgha
rmll
rhrodeo eo tgh wdrp. Qgh whdveo`
fmoteouhs uotel tghrh drh moly
twhoty
eofghs
mj
uowmvho flmtg. D sndllhr
sgha
rmll es eoshrtha tm jurtghr eofrhdsh tgh sghaserh jmr whjt eoshrtemo. Hvhotudlly
wetg moly tho mr jhwhr eofghs mj uowmvho
wdrp
lhjt, tgh sgha rmll es rhnmvha sm
tgdt moly tgh ndeo ghaalhs drh lhjt tm frhdth tgh maa sgha. Qgho useo`d sndll
ohhalh wetgmut do hyh,
kut
nmrh
lech
d neoedturh
frmfght
ohhalh, tgh whjt tgrhda
es eoshrtha eotm tgh dlthndth sghas mj tgh wdrp. Qgh odturdl sgha nust
kh
ndoudlly pefcha mut ky tgh whdvhr, wghrhds tgh fmuothr sgha es frhdtha ky ndeo
ghaalh rma. Qges es d tenh fmosuneo` prmfhaurh.
Qgh dkmvh prmfhaurhs whrh amoh mo tgh thxtelh jhdturha tgrmu`gmut tges
tghses. Qghsh prmfhaurhs
gdvh
omt khho ahsfrekha
eo
tgh prhshot loamohsedo
thxtelh lethrdturh.
Et
es ny mwo thxtelh 4 aea omt wdrp et mr sht
up
tgh lmmn jmr tges
thxtelh khfdush E
wds
amfurohoteo` dl4 tgh prmfhaurhs eovmlvha).
Pgho E
rhquhstha tm lhdn gmw tm ndch d shdnlhss wmvho thxtelh,
ny
whdveo` thdfghr
ghstetdtha tm sgmw
nh.
Vgh eoaefdtha et es rdrhly amoh doynmrh, doa sufg
thxtelhs
drh
usha moly
ky
ge`g stdtus eoaeveaudls.
Gmwhvhr,
sgh
aea
eostruft nh
gmw
et
wds
amoh.
Mofh
E
fmnplhtha tges thxtelh sgh fut et dfrmss ets weatg,
eoaefdteo` tgdt
moly
sphfedl thxtelhs whrh ndah tges wdy ky
ge`g
stdtus whdvhrs.
Qgus,
et
wmula kh tdkmm
doa
eodpprmpredth tm lhdvh ny thxtelh
eo d tukh
wetg do
uofut wdrp.
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Fgdpthr Vex
Aesfussemo
Eotrmauftemo
Qges fgdpthr aesfusshs tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn ds d vdredot mj tgh kmay-
thosemo lmmn wetg d fmoteoumus wdrp (Je urh 6:d). fmnpdrh tgh Vd'ado lmmn tm
tgh mtghr lmmns jmuoa
mo
tgh esldoamj Vuldwhse (Je`urhs 6:d, 6:k,
6:f.
6:a).
Qges es amoh eo mrahr tm setudth tgh Vd'ado lmmn eo do gestmrefdl tenh jrdnh. E
su``hst tgdt lmmn typh fmrrhldths wetg tgh ndthredls doa ahfmrdtevh thfgoequhs,
doa tm d fhrtdeo, kut lhsshr hxthot, wetg ahse`o. Qges dsshnkld`h mj ndthredl
adtd mjjhrs eose`gt eotm tgh fulturdl gestmry mj Vuldwhse.
Qges stuay suppmrts wgdt Ndxwhll (4552) gds sgmw3 vez. tgdt jmrhe`o
fulturdl eojluhofhs gdvh khho ldyhrha mot2 tgh eoae`homus ndthredl fulturh.
Qghy gdvh hothrha ved trdah doa rodrred h dlledofhs. Eo tgh lmmn thfgomlm`y
doa tgh whdveo`` mj Vd'ado Qmrdid, moh fdo shh tgh gestmrefdl ldyhrs
mj
eojluhofh. Qghrh drh jmur ldyhrs mj eojluhofh mo Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn doa
whdveo`
thfgomlm`y9 (4) Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid eoae`homus fulturh, f
1222-7222
yhdrs d`m,
es
kdsha
mo
d
trdaetmodl rhle`emo
comwo
ds
tgh
Dluc Qm'amlm.
Qgh
supplhnhotdry
whjt
thfgoequhs tghy ush tm ndch ahse os
drh
kdsha mo stylezha
rhprhshotdtemos mj gundo je`urhs. Nmtejs dlsm ahpeft jlmrd doa jduod jrmn tgh
odturh tgdt surrmuoas Vd'ado Qmrdid.
(;)
Qgh Amo`-smo drt stylh mj omrtghn
Zehtodn, f. ;222-1222 hdrs d`m, es jhdturha
mo
tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid thxtelhs eo tgh
jmrn mj rgmnkmea, gmmc doa chy nmtejs
doa
pdtthros eosupplhnhotdry whjt kdsha
mo
twell
whdvh. (6) Qgh
Geoau-Kuaagest
fulturdl eojluhofh, kh`eooeo` smnhtenh
eo tgh 8tg fhotury
D.
A., es veseklh eo tgh dadptdtemo mj selc ydns doa
supplhnhotdry
whjt whdveo`
doa whjt ecdt.
Qgh
jeodl gestmrefdl eojluhofh
wds
tgh
fmneo` mj Esldn eo tgh 4122's.
Dt
tges tenh tgh lmwldoa whdvhrs kh`douseo`
Leo`uestef
doa drfgdhmlm efdlhveahofhsu``hst
tgdt
whdveo`
jerst
stdrtha eo Vuldwhse
khtwhho 7,2221,222
hdrs d`m
Bheewmma,
4505, Klust,
4571,Vmhimom,4577, mrhosho,
4577,
oa
vmo
Gheoh-@hlahn, 4560).
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Jereerh
6:f.
Lmmn typh
F, Ku`es fmdstdl
lmmn.
Qges
lmmeee Elds o aesfmoteoumus wdrp3doa frmss stefcs,
wgefle reedeotdeo tleh frmss
eo
tgh wdep. 4 leds
d
rhha deea
doa d
swmra.
Qgh rh a dfts ds
d wdrp spdfhr,
wgelh tgh
swmra
dfts ds d
whlt
khdthr.
Vupplhroheeeory whje
thfgoequhs
doa
whjl
ecdt drh wmvhee
eo
selc mee tlees lmmeee.
(@etteo`hr, 4505, p. ;6 4).
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nmrh smkhr fmlmurs, doa tgher ahse`os aea omt eofluah gurodo doa doendl je`urhs.
(1) Qgh jeodl gestmrefdl eojluhofh wds tgh fmneo`
mj
Esldn eo tgh 4122's. Dt tges
tenh tgh lmwldoa whdvhrs kh`do useo` nmrh smkhr fmlmurs, doa tgher ahse`os aea
omt eofluah gundo doa doendl je urhs.
Ny
jehla
rhshdrfg
mo Vuldwhse
gds ghlpha
nh
tm rhfm`oezh hdfg mj tghsh
ldyhrs doa uoahrstdoa tgher se`oejefdofh eo rhldtemo tm lmmn strufturh, ahfmrdtevh
thfgoequhs, ahse`o, doa ndthredls. Gestmry es eosfrekha
eo
lmmn thfgomlm`y,
whdveo` thfgoequhs, ndthredls, doa ahse`o.
Vuldwhse lmmns
Mo tgh esldoa mj Vuldwhse tghrh drh jmur typhs mj lmmns9 tgh Vd'ado lmmn
(typh D) (Je`urh 6:d), tgh Qm'[mo`cmo`, Qm'Ndcce,
doa
Qm'Ndndsd lmmns (typh
K)
Je`urh 6:k), tgh fmdstdl Ku`es
lmmn
(typh
F)
(Je`urh
6:f),
doa tgh eothremr
lmwldoa Ku`es
lmmn
(typh
A)
(Je`urh 6:a).
Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn
es d
senplh kdfcstrdp lmmn usha jmr pldeo whdvh
thxtelhs. Gmwhvhr,
et
es dlthrha wgho tgh whdvhr wdots tm whdvh fmoteoumus doa
aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt ahse`os
ky
tgh daaetemo mj
twm
tm jmur
pdtthro
ghaalhs. Jurtghrnmrh, E muoa tgdt tgh
ush
mj tgh
nel
rma
es
se`oejefdot jmr
whdveo` tgh supplhnhotdry
whjt
thfgoequh. Et es usha ds
d
`ueah tm eoshrt tgh
pdtthro ghaalh rmas tgdt ndch tgh supplhnhotdry
whjt
ahse os. Mo Vuldwhse,
tges lmmn fmnpmohot
es
moly jmuoa mo tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn
(typh
D).
Qgh Qm'[mo`cmo`, Qm'Ndcce, doa Qm'Ndndsd lmmn typh
K
es dlsm d
senplh kdfcstrdp lmmn,
kut
supplhnhotdry
whjt whdveo`
ahse`os drh omt ndah
mo tges lmmn. Eosthda, wdrp ecdt es usha ds tgh ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh. Lmmn
typhs D doa
:
drh eahotefdl, hxfhpt tgdt lmmn typh D gds
d
fme4 rma tm ndeotdeo
tgh frmss eo tgh
wdrp,
wghrhds lmmn typh
7
gds frmss stefcs tm ndeotdeo tgh
frmss eo tgh
wdrp
(Je`urhs
6:d, 6:k).
Qgh
ahse`os drh tgh sdnh, kut tgh
ahfmrdtevh thfgoequhs drh aejjhrhot.
Qgh lmwldoa eothremr doa tgh fmdstdl Ku`es lmmns kmtg gdvh aesfmoteoumus
wdrps doa frmss stefcs. Gmwhvhr, tgh lmmns drh aejjhrhot strufturdlly. Jmr
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hxdnplh, tgh lmmn typh F o Qmwdle (Ndp 8) es d kdfcstrdp lmmn wetg d rhha doa
d
swmra (Je`urh 6:f). Qgh rhha es
usha
prendrely
ds
d wdrp spdfhr. Qges typh mj
lmmn ndy gdvh fmroh tm Vuldwhse dj'thr
tgh
8tg fhotury
D.
A. Et
wds
dt tges tenh
tgdt tghsh lmmns
fdnh
eotm ush eo loamohsed
(Ndxwhll,
4552). Lmmn typh A
(Je`urh6:a) o tgh eothremr lmwldoas es
d
Ndldy sgdjt lmmn (Getfgfmfc, 4554, p.
:7) wetg jmmt trhdalhs, rhha, doa om swmra. Qges lmmn wds eotrmaufha dt d nufg
ldthr adth fd.4722's.
Et ndy kh tgdt tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn typh
D
es do eothrnhaedth lmmn
khtwhho lmmn typh K doa lmmn typh F khfdush et gds pdtthro ghaalhs usha tm
ndch supplhrohotdry whjt ahse os. Qghsh ahse os drh usudlly amoh mo
kdfcstrdp lmmns wetg aeswoteoumus wdrps (Je`urh
6:f).
Lmmn typh K es phrgdps
do hdrlehr eovhotemo khfdush tgh ush mj wdrp ecdt es sdea tm kh moh
mj
tgh jerst
ahfmrdtevh whdveo thfgoequhs usha eo loamohsed (Ndxwhll, 4552). Gmwhvhr,
lmmn typhs
F
doa
A
dlsm gdvh frmss stefcs. Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn typh D amhs
omt dlwdys gdvh pdtthro ghaalhs eo tgh wdrp, kut et dlwdys gds tgh fme4 rma eo tgh
wdrp. Rhrgdps d lmmn wetg d ne l rma su``hsts do hdrlehr lmmn.
Ahfmrdtevh thfgoequhs
Et es ny gypmtghses tgdt tgh ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh fmrrhspmoas tm tgh lmmn
typh, doa ds sufg
ghlps
eo tgh frhdtemo mj d lmmn typmlm y. Et dlsm ghlps lmfdth
tgh lmmn typh eo do gestmrefdl tenh jrdnh khfdush wh comw tgdt tgh
supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh fdnh eotm loamohsed drmuoa tgh 8tg fhotury
D.
A.
aureo` tgh Geoau-Kuaagest eojluhofh (Ndxwhll, 4552). D whdveo` thfgoequh
fmrrhldth wetg d lmmn typh khfdush tgh lmmn gds tm gdvh fhrtdeo fmnpmohots eo
mrahr tm whdvh d pdrtefuldr thfgoequh. Jmr hxdnplh, tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn
(Je`urh
0)
es sht
up
jmr pldeo whdvh. Gmwhvhr, wgho whdveo` supplhrohotdry
whjt thfgoequhs, twm tm jmur daaetemodl ghaalh rmas drh daaha tm tgh lmmn. Qgh
Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn es d senplh kdfcstrdp lmmn, kut eo mrahr tm whdvh nmrh
fmnplefdtha whdvh strufturhs nmrh fmnpmohots drh daaha tm tgh lmmn.
@evho Ndxwhll'spdrdae`n
mj
gestmrefdl ldyhrs mj eojluhofhved trdah doa
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ndrred`h dlledofhs tgrmu`gmut tgh Vmutghdst Dsedo drfgephld`m,
E
su``hst tgdt
Vuldwhse lmmns drh do hxfhllhot hxdnplh mj
ghr
gypmtghses.
Jmr
hxdnplh,
phrkdps tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn typh
D
es do eoae`homus eovhotemo lech lmmn typh
K.
Gmwhvhr, tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn
gds
daaetemodl fmnpmohots daaha tm
et
eo
mrahr tm whdvh supplhrohotdry
whjt
thfgoequhs.
Qges
wmula eoaefdth tgdt tgh
lmmn wds dlthrha ky daaeo` pdtthro ghaalhs dt tgh tenh mj tgh Geoau-Kuaagest
eojluhofh mr sgmrtly tghrhdjthr tgrmu`g ndrred`h dlledofhs doalmr trdah rhldtemos.
Ds
stdtha dkmvh, et wds
aureo`
tgh Geoau-Kuaagest phrema tgdt tgh supplhnhotdry
whjt thfgoequh es sdea tm gdvh
khho
eofmrpmrdtha eotm Eoamohsedo hxtelh
thfgomlm`y (@etteo`hr. 45053 Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll, 4552).
Et es pmsseklh tm eojhr tgdt tgrmu`g trdah leocs doa ndrred`h dlledofhs wetg
fmurt kdsha fulturhs mo tgh fmdstdl rh`emos mj Vmutg Vuldwhse tgh
supplhrohotdry
whjt
thfgoequhs whrh eowrpmrdtha eotm do hxesteo` rhpmrtmerhmj
whdveo`.
Qgh
supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh moly dpphdrs eo tgh ge`gldoa rh`emo
mj tgh Vd'ado Zdllhy eo tgh jmur velld`hs eo tgh omrtghn rh`emo mj tgh vdllhy.
Qmady tgh ge`g stdtus jdnelehs
mj
QmIKdrdod', Ndtdllm, Vdo`cmnkmo`, doa
Vdo`cdrmpe gdvh fmoohftemos wetg KdlusuI.
Qgh
ge`ghst stdtus jdnely
eo
Qm'Kdrdod' gds ceosgep fmoohftemos wetg tgh pudod, preofhss, eo Kdlusu'.
Gestmrefdlly, tgh ge`g stdtus jdnelehs mj Kdlusu' doa tgh rmydl jdnely eo tgh Luwu'
fmurt gda
frmssfmuseo ndrred`h dlledofhs.
Qges
stell mffurs tmady, rh`dralhss
mj
tgh aejjhrhofh eo rhle`emus mrehotdtemo.
Qgh ush mj selc fmeofeahs wetg supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthneo` doa mr
supplhnhotdry
whjt
ecdt thfgoequhs.
Pgho
selc
es
wmvho wetg supplhnhotdry
whjt pdtthros useo` mla doa selvhr tgrhdas doawhjt ecdt, et es comwo ds smo~cht.
Qghsh thxtelhs whrh
ndah
doa usha
ky
rmydlty eo tgh fmdstdl lsldnef
rmydl
fmurts
mj Eoamohsed. Qghth drh jmur
rmydl
fmurts eo Vmutg doa Fhotrdl Vuldwhse. Qgh
jerst
rmydl fmurt wds
eo Luwu' fdllha tgh Ceo`amn mj Kmoh (Ndp :). Qgh Kmoh
rmydl
fmurt
gda hxthosevh trdah rhldtemos wetg Qmrdid ge`gldoa phmplhs (Drd`mo,
455:).
Jurtghr smutg
mo
Vuldwhse,
tgh
lsldnef Vultdodth mj
@md
wds dlsm
d
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pmwhrjul rmydl fmurt gdveo` fmoohftemos wetg tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid. Dffmraeo` tm
Ndxwhll
(4
552), eo tgh 40tg fhotury tges fmurt
rulha
mvhr tgh
fmurts
mj Vunkdwd.
Et es pmsseklh tm sphfuldth tgdt et wds dt tges tenh tgdt tgh ush
mj
selc,
supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthroeo` doa whjt ecdt thfgoequhs rhdfgha tgh fmdstdl doa
eothremr lmwldoas mj Vmutg Vuldwhse ved tghsh lsldnef trdah rmuths
doa
pmletefdl
dlledofhs. Djthrdll,
et
wds tgh rmydl wmnho wgm wmvh smodcht thxtelhs eo tgh fmurt
pdldfhs. Et es fmnnmo comwlha`h tgdt tghy krmu`gt tgher tdlhots wetg tghn
wghrhvhr tghy whot, doa Eechly tgher lmmns ds whll. Et es ny dr`unhot tgdt tgh
Vd'ado Qmrdid ndeotdeoha tgher lmmns doa ndthredls, kut eofmrpmrdtha
supplhnhotdry
whjt
whdveo` thfgoequhs,
ved
Zdah doa ndrred`h dlledofhs wetg
tgh lmwldoafmurt fulturhs eo tgh L w ' doa @md rh`emos mj Vmutg Vuldwhse.
Vu~plhnhotdrvwhjt thfgoequhjtwell whdvh
Qgh loamohsedo thxtelh lethrdturh amhs omt ndch rhjhrhofh tm Vd'ado
Qmrdid whdveo`. Kdsha mo ny mkshrvdtemos doa pdrtefepdtemo eo shtteo`
up doa
whdveo` mo d Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn, E jmuoa tgdt tgh aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry
whjt thfgoequh
es
kdsha mo twell whdvh.'M Gmwhvhr, tgh rmuoa whdvh es omt d
twell
whdvh.
Eo tgh Vd'adoQmrdid supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh tghrh es d ndxenun mj
jevh eothrvdls tgdt fdo kh wmvho eo shquhofh tm frhdth d pdtthro mr
d
nmtej
khfdush tghrh es d ndxenun mj jevh shts mj ghaajhs. Qgh ounkhrmj sghas tgdt
fdo
kh ndah es
ahthooeohaky tgh ounkhr mj pdtthro ghaalhs tgdt drh eoshrtha eo
tgh
wdrp. Jmr tgh nmst kdsef twell, tgrhh ghaalh rmas
drh
ohfhssdry, wgefg
ndch
tgrhh aejjhrhot sghas jmr tgh whjt tm
`m
tgrmu`g. Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid
supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthros doa nmtejs drh kdsha mo d tgrhh tm jevh pmeot
twell
whdvh.
Qgh
whjt fdo m mvhr
ds
ndoy
wdrps
ds
drh ghla ky hdfg moh mj tgh
pdtthro
ghaalhs.
Qgh twell whdvh
ahse os
drh ndah ky
nho
jemn dl4 tgh
htgoef rmups
tgrmu`gmut
Fhotrdl
doa Vmutg
Vuldwhse wgho pldeteo`
pdlro jrmoas jmr gmushs. Qgh
sdroh ahse os drh
fdrvha
doa pdeotha
mo
wmma,
doa desm tweoha eo khdawmrc.
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Jmur mtghr jdftmrs djjhft tgh ahse`o mj supplhnhotdry
whjt
pdtthneo`
dpdrt
jrmn et kheo`
d
tgrhh tm jevh pmeot twell whdvh vdredtemo. Qghsh eofluah9
(4
tgh tgefcohss mj
tgh
dftudl
whjt3 (;)
tgh ndoohr eo wgefg
et
es eothrldfha tgrmu`g
tgh wdrps, Lh. wghtghr et es d fmoteoumus whjt tgrmu`g tgh wdrp, mr
d
aesfmoteoumus
whjt
tgdt es eothrldfha tgrmu`g tgh
wdrp
ndoudlly. Kmtg vdredtemos
mj tgh sdnh thfgoequh drh aesteoft. Qgh aesfmoteoumuswhjt pdtthroeo` es
wrdppha drmuoa d
wdrp
doa tgho pullha tgrmu`g ndoudlly dt
doy
pldfh tgh
whdvhr fgmmshs, wghrhds tgh fmoteoumus whjt pdtthneo` es sgmt tgrmu`g tgh
hoterh wdrp eo nhdsurha eothrvdls. Qgh pdtthros
drh
lenetha ky tgh lmmn
fmropmohots.
(6)
Qgh ghaalhs gmla wdrp hoas tgdt drh
eo
`rmups mj ;, 1,
7,
4;,
4:3
1) Qgh jeodl ahse`o hlhnhot es fmlmur. Fmlmur es fgmsho kmtg jmr dhstghtef
doa
synkmlef purpmshs wgho usha eo supplhnhotdry
whjt
whdveo`.
Qgh
fmlmurs
usha eo whdveo` wmula ahphoa mo tgh d`refulturdl fyflh, doa tgus mo tgh retudl
fyflh ahfeaha
ky
dadt. Xolech tgh lsldnef eojluhofha lmwldoa rh`emos mj
Vuldwhse, tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid ush kre`gt fmlmurs, doa whdvh doendl
doa
gundo
nmtejs.
Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid whdveo` thfgomlm`y gds shvhrdl aesteo`uesgeo`
jhdturhs9
(4 Kmtg
fmoteoumus doa aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt whdveo`
drh
hxhfutha useo`
jevh
ghaalh rmas3 aesfmoteoumus supplhrohotdry
whjt
es
dlsm
tgrhdaha tgrmu`g tgh
wdrp useo
tgh jeo`hrs3
(;)
Qgh jmur pdtthn ghaalh rmas
drh omt rhnmvha dt
doy
tenh, eosthda tghy drh eofmrpmrdtha eotm tgh whdveo`
prmfhss3 (6)
Qgh
nel rma es usha tm eoshrt tgh pdtthn ghaalh rmas, doa ndeotdeo
tgh frmss eo tgh wdrp3
(1)
Qgh sgha rmll es chpt
eo
tgh wdrp tgrmu`gmut tgh hoterh
whdveo` prmfhss3 (8)
Qgh
flmtg
khdn
es ndah mj
twm
pehfhs, sm
tgh
wdrp ndy
kh
shvhrdl nhtrhs lmo` (ahphoaeo` mo tgh ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh tm kh usha, et vdrehs
khtwhho
twm doa
tho nhtrhs
eo
lho`tg). Kdsha
mo ny
lethrdturh rhvehw doa adtd,
wgho dl4 tghsh jhdturhs hxest mo moh lmmn tges wmula eoaefdth
d
lmmn thfgomlm`y
tgdt
gds
omt prhvemusly khho rhfmraha eo tgh loamohsedo
thxtelh
lethrdturh.
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Ahsedo
Eoaedhomus jhdturhs eo Qmrded ahsedo
Ahse`o dlsm fmrrhldths wetg tgh lmmn typh, doa tm tgh ahfmrdtevh
thfgoequh. Eo Vd'ado Qmrdid tgh ahse os ndah eo supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequhs
rhquerh nmrh tgdo iust
d senplh
kdfcstrdp lmmn wetg
d
fmoteoumus wdrp. Ds
stdtha dkmvh, daaetemodl ghaalhs nust kh daaha tm
tgh
wdrp eo mrahr tm whdvh
tghsh pdtthros
doa
nmtejs.
Qgh supplhnhotdrywhjt ahse os jmuoa mo tgh thxtelhs wmvho eo Vd'ado
Qmrdid
drh
kdsha
mo
do drt stylh tgdt es prhvdlhot tgrmu`gmut tgh ge`gldoa
rh`emos mj Eoamohsed. Qghsh ahse os drh aesfussha ky Id`hr @hrleo`s
(458;).
Id hr @hrleo`s' gypmtghses (458;) es tgdt tgh gmmc doa chy nmtejs drh
`hmnhtrefdl rhprhshotdtemos mj tgh gundo kmay. Gh su``hsts tgdt tghrh es d
fmrrhldtemo khtwhho tghsh end`hs doa dofhstmr wmrsgep.
E
muoa tgdt tgh Vd'ado
Qmrdid ush tghsh nmtejs eo tgher whdveo s, fdrveo`s doa khdawmrc. Qgh Vd'ado
Qmrdid rhle`emo es
kdsha
mo odturh doa dofhstmr wmrsgep. Qhxtelhs, wmma
fdrveo`s, doa khdawmrc drh usha eo tgher lejh doa ahdtg fhrhnmoehs gmomureo`
tgher dofhstmrs. Id`hr @hrleo`s' gypmtghses (Ekea, 458;) es se oejefdot
khfdush
eo
tgh whdveo` mj tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid, tgh shcmo~ mtejs drh vdredtemos mj tgh
rgmnkmea, gmmc doa chy nmtejs. Qghsh drh amoh eo tgh supplhnhotdry
whjt
pdtthneo` thfgoequh eo Qm'Kdrdod'
(Je`urh
;1, ;8). Qgus, tgh whdvhrs ush
supplhnhotdry whjt whdveo`
(d
rhldtevhly rhfhot thfgoequh, eh. fd. 8tg fhotury D.
A.,
mr ldthr, shh dkmvh), eo mrahr tm
whdvh
dofehot synkmls. Ghrhwh shh tgdt d
ohw
ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh es frhdteo` dofehot pdtthros doa nmtejs.
Amod-smo drt stylh
Qgh Amo`-smo drt
stylh
es jrmro omrtghn Zehtodn (Zmo Gheoh-@hlahro,
4560). Et es d krmozh fulturh sdea tm gdvh hxestha
fd.
;,222
yhdrs d`m (Ekea,
4560). Amo`-smo gds amneodtha tgh dhstghtef mj tgh Qmrdid. Et es jmuoa eo dl4
dsphfts mj tgher ndthredl fulturh9 khdawmrc, fdrveo`, pdeoteo`, thxtelh thfgoequhs,
doa dpplequha kdrcflmtg. Qgh ahse os
mo
tgh krmozh aruns jrmn omrtghn
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Zehtodn (moh jmuoa mo Vhldydr Esldoa,
shh
Ndp
;)
jhdturh eofesha twell pdtthros
tgdt dpphdr vhty seneldr tm tgh twell pdtthros jmuoa mo tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid thxtelhs.
Ghrh moh ndy mkshrvh tgh pdtthro mj eojluhofh mj moh fulturh's drt stylh (doa
pmssekly ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh), ldyhrha mo domtghr fulturh's stylh. Qgus, dlmo`
wetg lmmn thfgomlm`y
doa
ahfmrdtevh thfgoequhs, jmrhe`o ahse`o jhdturhs
gdvh
dlsm khho eofmrpmrdtha eotm tgh hxesteo` Vd'ado Qmrdid whdveo`.
Ndthredls doa ahfmrdtevh thfgoeduhs9
selc doa fmttmo
Qghrh es
d
fmrrhldtemo khtwhho
tgh
lmmn typh doa tgh ndthredls usha jmr
whdveo`. Fmttmo
es
usha jmr whdveo` mo kdfcstrdp lmmns wetg woteoumus wdrps.
Fmttmo es
usha
khfdush et es hdsy tm ndoepuldth auh tm ets odturdl jekrh
prmphrtehs" wgho rodceo`
d
fmoteoumus wdrp. Qgh tgefcohss
mj
tgh fmttmo
ydn
ndchs
et
prdftefdl
jmr wdrpeo`
purpmshs khfdush jhwhr wdrps drh ohhaha phr
eofg.
Qgh
jeohr tgh ydn tgh nmrh
wdrps
drh ohhaha phr eofg.
Ghofh,
tghrh
drh
omt nmrh tgdo
52
wdrps phr eofg eo d Qmrdid thxtelh. Fmttmo es
usha
prendrely eo
tgh ge`gldoa rh`emos mj Vuldwhse khfdush et
es omt
adnd`ha ky hxpmsurh tm tgh
hxtrhnh odturdl hlhnhots wnnmo tm tghsh rh`emos. Ets odturdl prmphrtehs ndch
et d prdftefdl flmtg jmr tgh guneaety
doa
hxtrhnhs
eo
thnphrdturh mj
tgh
ge`gldoas.
Et es fmnjmrtdklh eo gmt, gunea flendths khfdush et wefcs nmesturh dwdy jrmn
tgh
kmay.
Et es dlsm aurdklh homu`g jmr tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lejhstylh.
Velc es wmvho mo kdfcstrdp lmmros wetg aesfmoteoumus wdrps. Velc es d
jeoh
ydro3 tghrhjmrh,
d neoenun
mj shvho
selc
kreos es ohfhssdry tm ndch
d
seo`lh
ydro. D
seo`lh kreo es ndah mj twm
kdvh3
twm
kdvh
drh
ndah
ky tgh selc wmne
nmveo` ets ghda eo
d
je`urh
he`gt
nmtemo ds et kuelas
tgh fmfmmo
drmuoa
etshlj.
Ds
tgh kdvh drh rhlhdsha d odturdl sukstdofh, shrefeo, `luhs
tgh
twm kdvh tm`htghr.
Ldthr,
wgho d
seo`lh kreo
es
rhhlha jrmn
hdfg
fmwmo et dpphdrs tm kh
d
seo`lh
Qgh odturde prmphrtehs mj fmttmo ndch
et
d
`mma jekrh jmr wdrpeo`
ferfuld
wdrps
khfdush tgh
jekrh thodfety
es
nmahrdthly ge`g. Et
es
strmo`hr
wgho
wht. Et es omt rhselehot
doa
hldstef,
doa
tges nhdos et weEl ndch pdrahl wdrps khfdush tgh
ydns
am omt khfmnh
strhtfgha mut. Et es d fmnjemrtdkEh tm Phdr doa vhrsdtelh odturdl jekrh.
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jeldnhot. Khfdush selc es rhhlha mjj eo moh fmoteoumus jeldnhot tges `evhs et ge`g
thodfety, rhsulteo` o
d
vhry strmo` jekrh. Gmwhvhr, auh tm ets dksmrkhot
prmphrtehs, et es hdsely adnd`ha mofh smelha. Ndoy wdrps phr eofg drh ohhaha tm
wdrp
eo moh fmoteoumus lho`tg. Et wmula tdch gmursmj wmrc.
Qgh thosemo es gdra
tm ndeotdeo jmr tgh lho`tg mj tenh et wmula tdch tm
wdrp d
woteoumus selc
wdrp.
Qgh nmlhfuldr strufturh evhs et tmm nufg strhtfg3 doa tges es wgy tgh wdrp
hoas
nust kh eo d jexha pmsetemo wgho whdveo` wetg selc. Velc es usha mo tgh fmdstdl
doa eothremr lmwldoa rh`emos mj Vuldwhse. Vmnh selc es rmwo mo Vuldwhse, kut
tgh selc tgdt es usha jmr whdveo` nmst thxtelhs es enpmrtha jrmn Fgeod.
Qgh ahwrdtevh thfgoequhs fmrrhldth wetg tgh typh ds whll
ds
wetg tgh
ndthredls. Eo tgh ge`gldoa rh`emos mj Vuldwhse tgh wdrp ecdt thfgoequh es wmvho
useo` fmttmo ydn mo d kdfcstrdp lmmn wetg d fmoteoumus wdrp, wgelh eo tgh
lmwldoa eothremr doa fmdstdl rh`emos mj Vuldwhse whjt ecdt es wmvho useo`selc
ydro
mo
d
kdfcstrdp lmmn wetg d aesfmoteoumus wdrp. Et es pmsseklh tm am hetghr mj
tghsh ecdt thfgoequhs mo dl4 lmmn typhs (D, KE F, A), kut et wmula omt kh prdftefdl
tm am sm khfdush mj tgh tenh eovmlvha eo prhpdreo` tgh ydns doa wdrpeo` tghn.
Et es hdsehr tm whdvh d wdrp ecdt mo d kdfcstrdp lmmn wetg d fmoteoumuswdrp
khfdush mj tgh tgefcohss mj tgh fmttmo ydn. Fmttmo es omt usha jmr whjt ecdt
khfdush tgh ahse`o wmula sgejt aureo` tgh ayheo` prmfhaurh auh tm tgh tgefcohss
mj tgh
ydn
doa ets jekrh prmphrtehs. Qgh whjt ecdt thfgoequh es
wmvho
useo`
selc
ydns khfdush tgh
ydns
ndy kh ayha doa jexha wetgmut
sgejteo` tgh
ahse`o. Qgh
ayheo` prmfhaurhs usha tm ayh fmttmo doa selc drh aejjhrhot. Qgh ayhs usha tm
ayh fmttmo drh jrmn dodlcdleoh
ayh
kdtg, wghrhds tgh
ayhs
usha
tm
ayh selc drh
jrmn do dfeaef ayh kdtg. Qgus, tgh ayheo` prmfhaurhs fmrrhldth wetg tgh wdrpeo`
prmfhaurhs dlsm.
Jurtghr fmnpdrdtevh rhshdrfg well gdvh tm kh fmoauftha eo mtghr pdrts mj
loamohsed eo mrahr tm ahthrneoh wghtghr tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid whdveo` thfgomlm`y
doa thfgoequhs drh hxfhptemodl, mr typefdl mj Eoamohsedo thxtelh ndceo`.
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Fgdpthr Vhvho
Fmoflusemo
Jrmrod fretefdl dodlyses
mj
tgh lethrdturh prhshotha eo tges tghses doa jrmn
ny mwo mkshrvdtemos eo tgh jehla, ny jeoaeo`s suppmrt Kera's (45:2) tghmry tgdt
lmmn thfgomlm`y doa whdveo` thfgoequhs eojmn us dkmut fulturdl djjeledtemo doa
fmotdft, doa smfem-fulturdl rhldtemosgeps. Qges eojmrndtemo prmveahs ushjul htgom-
gestmrefdl eojmrndtemo. Et fmostetuths do htgom`rdpgef dpprmdfg tm frmssfulturdl
thxtelhs. Nmrh sphfejefdlly, tgh tghses doswhrs tgh fdl4 jmr nmrh "fmnpdrdtevh
frmssfulturdl amfunhotdtemo mj pdtthro ghaalhs eo Eoamohsedoeomrahr tm
"fmrrhldth jemdt whdvh thfgomlm`y
doa
pdtthros tm suppmrt vdlea eose`gts eotm
gestmrefdl se`oejefdoŖ mj twell whdveo` eo Eoamohsedo(Oehssho, 4556, p.
;).
4 dlsm
mkshrvha tgdt tgh lmmn typh fmrrhldths wetg tgh ndthredls doa ahfmrdtevh
thfgoequhs3 doa tm d fhrtdeo, kut lhsshr hxthot tm ahse`o. Qges adtd ghlps frhdth
d
lmmn typmlm`y.
Ny jehlawmrc tmmc pldfh mo tgh esldoa mj Vuldwhse wghrh tgh fmdstdl doa
tgh nmuotdeomus rh`emos drh mffupeha ky shvhrdl aesteoft htgoef rmups wetg
aevhrsh ldo`ud`hs, fustmns, khlehjs, ceosgep doa smfedl mr doezdtemo. Qghrh es
d
aevhrsety mj ndthredl fulturh tgdt vdrehs tm smnh ah`rhh ky hdfg phmplh's
`hm`rdpgefdl lmfdtemo doa odturdl hovermnhot. Hdfg phmplh's rhldtemosgep
tm
tgher ohdr hovermonhot
es
d jmrfh
eo
tgh thfgomlm`efdl vdredtemos mj whdveo`. Qges
tghses ahsfrekhs tgh whdveo thfgoequhs
doa
lmmn thfgomlm`y mj moh mj tghsh
htgoef rmups, tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid (Ndp 8).
Lhdneo` tm whdvh eo Qm'Kdrdod' hodklha
nh
tm khfmnh jdneledr wetg tgh
lmmn doa tgh whdveo` thfgoequhs mj tgh Vd'adoQmrdid. Qgus, tgh thfgoefdl
ahtdels
mj
whdveo` whrh hxplmrha eo setu.
Ny
comwlha`h mj tges tmpef es kdsha mo
prdftefdl hxphrehofhds
d
whdvhr
doa
ayhr, wgho dppleha tm tges stuay et `rhdtly
strho`tghos tgh rhledkelety doa vdleaety mj tgh adtd
E
gdvh fmllhftha
eo
tgh jehla.
Qgh smfedl doa fulturdl shtteo` mj ny whdveo` hxphrehofh ndah et pmsseklh
jmr nh tm ho`d`h eo tgh hvhryady lejh mj tgh Qm'Kdrdod' whdvhrs. Leveo` wetg d
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jdnely
prmveahad setudtemo tgdt howurd`ha fmnnuoefdtemo tgrmu`g odturdl
fmovhrsdtemo, doa dt tgh sdroh tenh sustdeoha rhldtemosgeps.
Ny
survhy mj aejjhrhot whdveo` lmfdtemos mo tgh esldoa mj Vuldwhse
hodklha nh tm fgmmsh tgh rh`emo wghrh
E
fmula pdrtefepdth eo tgh whdveo` doa
tghrhky lhdn dkmut tgh kdfcstrdp lmmn wetg d fmoteoumus wdrp,
nel
rma, doa
supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh. Pgelh lhdneo` tm whdvh eo Qm'Kdrdod'
E
hdnha
dkmut tgh se`oejefdofhmj tgh nel rma, doa ets rhldtemosgep tm tgh wdrpeo systhn,
doa tgh supplhrohotdry whjt thfgoequh. Qges es enpmrtdot thfgoefdl eojmrndtemo
tgdt
gds
omt khho prhvemusly rhfmraha eo tgh loamohsedo thxtelh lethrdturh. Adtd
eo tges stuay whrh fmllhftha dffmraeo` tm wgdt Iuoeus Kera (45:2) gds davesha jmr
thxtelh gestmrefdl sfgmldrsgep. Rdrtefepdtemo o tgh whdveo` prmfhss fmroplenhotha
ny mkshrvdtemos.
Phdveo` eo
Vd'ado Qmrdid
E
hdnha tgdt tgh
fme4
rma ndeotdeos tgh
mrahr
mj tgh wdrp ky gmlaeo` tgh frmss eo tgh wdrp. Et es dlsm usha tm lmfdth prmklhn
wdrps aureo` tgh shtteo` up mj tgh lmmn3 doa tm fmuot mut tgh wdrps ohfhssdry
jmr pdtthros aureo` tgh eoshrtemo
mj
tgh ghaalh rmas doa fmras. Petgmut
comwlha`h
mj
tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss doa
mj
shtteo` up
d
lmmn, et wmula
kh
aejjefult
tm
uoahrstdoa ets ush doa ets se`oejefdofh.
E
hdnha tgdt tgh lmmn typh aeftdths tgh wdrpeo` prmfhaurh. Qgh wdrpeo`
nhtgmas drh
frufedl
tm uoahrstdoaeo` thfgoefdl ahtdels. Jmr hxdnplh,
moh
thfgoefdl ahtdel
j
jmuoa
wds
tgdt tgh ndeo ghaalhs
gdvh
do dlthrodjh jmrndtemo
doa tgh
pdtthro
ghaalhs gdvh
d
sperdl jmrndtemo.
E
omtefha tges wgelh
E
wds
lhdroeo` tm wdrp doa putteo` eo tgh ndeo ghaalhs, doa ldthr wgelh wdtfgeo`
roy
whdveo thdfghrs daaeo` hxtrd pdtthro ghaalhs doa rmas. Qgh dlthndth
fmoteoumus
ghaalhs
drh d ghaalh ahse`o wgefg fdo moly
kh
dfgehvha aureo`
wdrpeo`. Qges eojmrndtemogds omt prhvemusly khho ahsfrekha eo tgh loamohsedo
thxtelh lethrdturh.
Phdveo` eo tgh Qm'Kdrdod' velld h, mvhr tgh fmursh mj shvhrdl nmotgs
ndah
et pmsseklh tm
wetohss
tgh
retudl fyflh mj tgh
d`refulturdl
yhdr, doa ets hjjhft
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mo tgh whdveo`. Edlsm wetohssha museah hjjhfts mo tgh whdveo` doa tgh
whdvhrs,
sufg
ds tmuresn.
Qmuresn ndeotdeos tgh whdveo` trdaetemos ky prmveaeo` tgh ndrcht.
Qgh
thxtelhs khfmnh wnnmaetehs jmr tges ndrcht.
Qgh
nhdoeo` mj tgh thxtelh fgdo`hs
mofh et es eo
tges
aejjhrhot smfedl
doa
hfmomnef fmothxt. Gmwhvhr, tgh whdveo`
thfgomlm`y doa tgh
whdveo`
prmfhss rhndeos tgh sdnh rh`dralhss mj tgh fgdo`h
eo nhdoeo` mj whdveo . Ej whdveo` es amoh jmr sdfrha purpmshs, mr e j et amoh jmr
hfmomnef survevdl, tgh thfgomlm`y rhndeos tgh
sdnh.
Pgdt es lmst, phrgdps, es
tgh sdfrhaqudlety mj whdveo . Qgh mjjhrtmrehs doa eovmfdtemos ndy kh lmst
mr
jmr`mttho, kut tgh dft rhndeos. Qgh nhdoeo`s ndy
kh
lmst, fgdo`ha, mr sgejtha,
kut tgh ndthredl mkihft, tgh thfgomlm`y, doa tgh prmfhss rhndeos tgh sdnh
khfdush et es stell usha. Phdveo survevhs khfdush et es amoh. Ej tgh tmurest
ndrcht whrh omt prhshot phrgdps tgh whdveo` trdaetemo wmula
`m
eotm ahfleoh.
E
khlehvh tges ndy gdvh khho tgh fdsh dt moh pmeot. D pevmtdl nmnhot wds tgh
455; juohrdl fhrhnmoy
tgdt
krmu`gt hxpmsurh
tm
tgh whdveo`
velld`h
jmr ets
odturdl khduty doa ets whdveo`
frdjt,
doa eosperha ets rhvevdl.
Qgh ge`g stdtus wmnho
mj
Qm'Kdrdod' drh dklh tm djjmra tm haufdth tgher
fgelarho eo ge`ghr haufdtemo jdfeletehs prerodrely eo Xiuo` Rdoado` doa Idcdrtd.
Gestmrefdlly, omklh wmnho wmvh, doa
ds
smfehty khfdnh nmahn, wmnho
fgdo`ha tgher trdaetemodl rmlh mj rhndeoeo` eo tgh velld`h. losthda tghy lhjt tm `ht
haufdtha, tgho rhtunha,
gda
jdnelehs, doa wmrcha. Lettlh tenh wds lhjt jmr
lhdroeo` tgh whdveo` prmfhss, omt tm nhotemo tgh ldfc mj eothrhst. Petg tgh
eojlux
mj tmuresn eo Qm'Kdrdod', supplhnhotdry whjt whdveo` mo kdfcstrdp lmmns wetg
fmoteoumus ferfuldr wdrps gds
khho
rhvevha, doa tgus, sustdeoha. Pgelh, tgh
smfedl stdtus
mj
tgh
whdvhrs
es omt tgh sdnh ds et
wds
eo tgh pdst, nmrh fgelarho
gdvhdffhss tm tgh lmmn khfdush et
es
hvhrywghrh drmuoa tghn.
Ahspeth tgh smfedl fgdo`hs tgdt drh mffurreo`, tgh ndimrety mj tgh
Qm'Kdrdod' whdvhrs comw tgher nhaeun doa wmrc wetgeo ets lenetdtemos tm juljell
tgher jdnely's hfmomnef ohhas. Qgh whdvhrs
wmrc
wetgeo tgh kmuoadrehs
mj
dadt.
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Dadt es fmoohftha tm tgh shdsmodl, doa tgus tgh d`refulturdl fyflhs, doa sm tgh
whdvhrs eoth`rdth tgh
hjjhft
mj nmahnezdtemo doa tmuresn
eotm
tgher wmrla vehw.
Qgh whdvhrs phrfhevh doa pdrtefepdth eo tgh wmrla tmady,
doa
tgho evh tgher
eothrprhtdtemo mj et tgrmu`g tgh omo-vhrkdl nhaeun mj whdveo`. Qges gdpphoha eo
tgh pdst doa et es gdpphoeo` tmady. Dt tgh sdnh teroh, whdveo` dpphdrs tm
kh d
ge`gly vdluha doa rhsphftha dftevety. Rhmplh vdluh tgh lmmn khfdush tghy vdluh
ets thxtelhs, doa nmrh eropmrtdotly, ds d `rmup tghy rhsphft doa gmomur tgh scell
doa pmesh mj d whdvhr. Eo nhnmry mj ghr tghy well seo` dkmut ghr comwlha`h doa
khduty dt tgh lmmn. Qghsh pmeots dffmuot dt lhdst eo pdrt jmr tgh phrsesthofh mj
whdveo .
Ky
ameo` jehla wmrc E omtha tgh wdy
eo
wgefg supplhnhotdry whjl whdveo`
es aejjhrhot fmnpdrha tm ahsfreptemos mj mtghr supplhnhotdry
whjt
thfgoequhs eo
mtghr drhds mj Eoamohsed. "Qm comw gmw tm lmmc dt d lmmn,
moh
nust comw tgh
kdsef preofeplh mj whdveo` mo tgh lmmro typh, doa tgh khst wdy tm ht tges
comwlha`h es tm am et mohshlj khfdush tges wdy moh rody khtthr lhdn tgh
pmssekeletehs doa lenetdtemos
mj
tgh lmmn (Kmlldoa,
4554 p.
4
76).
Ny whdveo`
scell
dllmwha
nh
sphfedl dffhss tm whdvhr comwlha`h. Lmmn thfgomlm`y doa tgh
supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh, ds prhshotha eo ahtdel eo fgdpthr jevh,
ndy
kh
fmnpdrha ds d wgmjh tm shh ej tghrh es
d
pdtthro eo tgher aestrekutemo.
Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn typh
D
(Je`urh 6:d) ndy kh do eothrnhaedth lmmro
khtwhho lmmn typhs K doa F (Je`urhs 6:k, 6:f). Et es
d
senplh kdfcstrdp lmmn
wetg
d
woteoumus wdrp, kut fdnplefdtha thfgoequhs ndy kh wmvho mo et
auh
tm
tgh daaetemo
mj
pdrtefuldr fmnpmohots sufg ds tgh fme4 rma doa hxtrd pdtthro
ghaalhs. Dll tgh lmmn pdrts rhndeo eo tgh wdrp tgrmu`gmut tgh whdveo` prmfhss.
Gmwhvhr, lmmn typhs
:,
F,
doa A
dl4
gdvh frmss stefcs
eo
tgh wdrp eo mrahr tm
chhp tgh frmss
eo
et. gdvh eoaefdtha tgrmu`gmut tges tghses tgdt lmmn typhs
F
doa A drh rhldtevhly ohw tm Vuldwhse. Qges wmula eoaefdth tgdt tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid
lmmn typh
D
es tgh hdrlehst lmmn mut mj dl4 jmur
lmmn
typhs jmuoa mo Vuldwhse. D
lmmn wetg d fme4 rma es fmoseahrha
do
mla typh lmmn ky Kmlldoa
(4504).
Vgh
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stdths tgdt
sufg
lmmns ndch sdfrha thxtelhs, hsphfedlly wgho useo` fmttmo
ds
tgh
whdveo` nhaeun. Jurtghr rhshdrfg eomtghr pdrts
mj
loamohsed es ohfhssdry tm
lmfdth tgh Vd'ado lmmn nmrh prhfeshly eo tgh rdo`h
mj
thfgoefdl pmssekeletehs
mjjhrha ky tgh kdfcstrdp
lmmn.
Nmrh fmnpdrdtevh rhshdrfg wmula ghlp tm
fldssejy tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn.
Qgrmu`g
jehla
rhshdrfg
E
`deoha
do
uoahrstdoaeo`
mj, doa
hxphrehofha,
tgh nhdoeo` mj whdveo` eo ets smfem-fulturdl fmothxt ky mkshrveo` doa
pdrtefepdteo`
eo
tgh whdveo`
mj
Vd'ado Qmrdid thxtelhs eo Vd'ado Qmrdid. Et
wds
ohfhssdry tm fmoauft htgom`rdpgeh jehlawmrc eo Qm'Kdrdod', mtghrwesh
Ewmula
omt gdvh dfgehvha dffhss tm tgh whdveo` doa wdrpeo` adtd tgdt
4
ahsfrekh eo tges
tghses.
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Dpphoaex
E
Qhxtelh Qyphs
4.
Rd'kuo`d kuo`d9 supplhnhotdry wdrp*
;.
Rd'oece9
supplhnhotdry whje
6. Rd'rdnkd9 nulte-fmlmurha strepha shlvd`hs wetg pldeo wgeth fhotrh
1.
Rd'aurh' aurh'
doa
pd'kmrmo`9 nulte-fmlmurha strephs
8. Rd'nereo`9 kldfc, rha, doa wgetha strephs wetg pldeo wgeth fhotrh
'moly wmvho
eo
Vdo`cmnkmo`.
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@lmssdry
E
Vd'ado QmrdidEHo`lesg
dldo`
-
refh
kdro
dluc
-
retudl
dluc rdnphndtd442
-
retudl mj tgh hdst, tgh leveo`
dluc rdnph ndtdnpu' - retudl mj tgh whst, ahdtg retudls
dluc tm'amlm tgh
wdy
mj tgh dofhstmrs
dnkh' - jdtghr
dodc aedrdc
-
jmsthr fgela
kdlusu'
- purh
kdrdod'
-
kdoydo trhh
kmkm
-
refh
amam -
tukuldr scert
ldotdo`
-
thnpmrdry sghlthrs jmr fhrhnmoehs.
lhnkdo` -
flusthr
mj
velld`hs, fdomh
ndId rhsest thxtelh, gherlmmn flmtg
nd'kdamo`
-
d
retudl Vmo` doa adofh jmr tgh ahda
phrjmnha
dt juohrdl
fhrhnmoehs
ohoh'
-
dofhstmr, `rdoapdrhots
pd'rdpudo - rdnd`h
pudo` ge`ghst rdoceo` omklh
rdnku tucd - snmch reseo`
rdnku smlm - snmch ahsfhoaeo`
rdpu
-
rdnd`h,
jdnely
sd'ado sdfrha
sdretd
-
rhsest thxtelh, gherlmmn flmtg
shoadod sdoadlwmma
trhh
shppmI
- sereg
pmufg,
kd`
shcmo`
-
stylezha
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sere'
- gmomurlsgdnh
tidpem
-
sereg
pmufg,
kd`
tmo
-
flusthrha strdoas, pldfh
tm - phrsmo
Qm'Kdrdod' tgh pldfh mj tgh kdoydo trhhs
tm'
pdrho`h - dadt lhdahr mj velld`h
tmoamc
- fmnnuoety, shttlhnhot
tmo`cmodo - dofhstrdl
gmush
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@lmssdry
EE
loamohsedolHo`lesg
dadt -
rhle emus doa smfedl
wstmns
doa
orlhs
khrds - guscha
refh
kupdte
-
rh`hot
fdndt - aestreft fgehj
adtu -
rulhr
ahsd
-
`rmup mj velld`hs
ecdt
- d
rhsest teh doa
ayh
thfgoequh
cdkupdtho
-
rh`hofy
chfhndtdo - aestreft
odse -
refh
mkyhc
wesdtd tmurest ahsteodtemo seth
pdae
-
refh jehla
sdrmo`
- tukh scert
sereg - khtdl out fghweo` wetg
tmkdffm
lhdj,
sthn
doa lenh
smo`cht
-
supplhnhotdry
whjt
wesnd `uhst gmush
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@lmssdry EEE
Phdveo` Qhroes eo Vd'ado QmrdiaHo`l
sg
dodc
nhsd
- wdrpeo` ph` mo jrdnh
dodc pdo`cd
-
wdrpeo` ph` mo jrdnh
dpe
-
flmtg khdn
kdlead - swmra
ade tdoaeydo - prmfhss mj putteo` wdrp motm lmmn
amch amch
-
pdtthro ghaalh rmas
amredood - wdrp
cdld' ghaalh fmra, streo`
cdkh - whdveo` `hsturh, sgejteo`
sgha
rmll tm frhdth odturdl sgha
cdkhrdo
-
sgha rmll
cdldrdo - wdrpeo` ph` mo jrdnh tgdt tgh ghaalhs doa frmss
drh
ndah mo
ldm - hrrmrs mr errh`uldretehs eo wdrp
lenuludo - f a ma
nd'cdreaec prmfhss mj weoaeo` ydn motm kmkkeo
nd'rhoaho
-
prmfhss mj wdrpeo`
nd'tmnkh' cdld' - tm daa lmo` ghaalhs aureo` tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss
pd'cdreaersdo- kmkkeo wetg whjt ydn mo et
pdcdo
-
whjt
pdleadrdo- wdrp khdn
pdodtd- frmss stefcs
pdo`urhdo- spmml gmlahr
rhoaho tdouo - wdrpeo`
sdo`cd thnplh
setmpm stefcy wdrps
smrmo`
-
whdveo` hsturh jmr lejteo` ghaalh rma
tdlecurdo
-
kdfcstrdp
teo`ch cdld' - ghaalh rma
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teoteI whdveo `hsturh
wgho
lejteo` ghaalh
rma
teotedo cdld' ghaalh cdld
tmnpmdo - klmfcs
mj
wmma
jhht
rhst
d`deost
eo
mrahr tm
gmla thosemo
eo
wdrp
tmrdc sguttlh
tuItuo wdrpeo`
jrdnh
uluo`
-
teh tgdt
gmlas
tgh kdfcstrdp mot2 tgh
flmtg
khdn
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[hjhrhofhs
Dadns, C.
N.
(4558) . Ndceo`-up tgh Qmrdid=
tmuresn, dotgrmpmlm`y, doa nushun pmletefs eo upldoa
Htgomlmqy. 61
;).
16-486.
Qgh dpprmpredtemo mj
Vuldwhse, Eoamohsed.
Dadns, C. N. (4556)
.
Aesfmursh mj smuc eo
Qdod
Qmrdid,
Eoamohsed9 loae`homus omtemos doa Fgrestdeo fmofhptemo. Htgomlmdv. 6;
l),
8:7
Drd`mo, Lmrrdeoh Z. (455:) . Qwesteo` tgh ejt9 Qrdosldteo`
prhfmlmoedl eotm fmlmoedl hxfgdo`hs eo Fhotrdl Vuldwhse, Eoamohsed.
Dnhrefdo Htgomlmdest.
;6
e),
6-:2.
Drd`mo. Lmrrdeoh Z. (4552)
.
Kdrcflmtg prmauftemo eo Fhotrdl
Vuldwhse9 D vdoesgeo thxtelh thfgomlm`y eo muthr esldoa Eoamohsed.
Hxphaetemo. 6; (4 ,
66-17.
Dvhleo`, G. (Ha.) . (4505) . Qgh ahvhlmpnhot mj loamohsedo Vmfehty.
Jrmn tgh fmroeod mj Esldn tm tgh Arhshot adv.
Vt.
Lufed, Tuhhosldoa9
Xoevhrsetymj Tuhhosldoa Rrhss.
Khllwmma, R. (4505)
.
Ndo's fmoduhst
mj tgh
Rdfejef9 Qgh prhgestmrv
mj Vmutghdst
Dsed
doa Mfhdoed.
Ohw
Umrc9
Mxjmra
Xoevhrsety Rrhss,
4;;-
;6;.
Kera, I. (4505) . Ohw Pmrla
jdkref
prmauftemo doa tgh aestrekutemomj
tgh kdfcstrdp lmmn. Eo
4
Hnhry doa
R.
Jesch (Has.), Lmmns
doa
tgher
prmaufts9 lrhoh Hhnry rmuoatdklh mo nushun thxtelhs. 4500 prmfhhaeods
(448-4;:)
.
Pdsgeo tmo, A.F.9 Qgh
Qhxtelh
Nushun.
Kera, I. (45:6) . Qhfgomlm`y doa drt eo Rhoevedo thxtelhs, eo
Qhfgoequh doa Rhrsmodletv (pp. 1:-00) . OhwUmrc9 Qgh Nushun mj
RrenetevhDrt,
Kera, I. (45:2)
.
Vu``hstemos jmr rhfmraeo` adtd mo speooeo doa
whdveo` doa
tgh
fmllhfteo`
mj
ndthredl, Crmhkhr Dotgrm~mlmdefdl mfehtv
Rd~hrs, ;,l-5.
Ke`dlch, Q. (4571) . @mvhnnhot doa Nessemo eo Qmrdido Pmrla mj
Ndcdlh doa [dothpdm. Eoamohsed.67 (Mft), 44-;1.
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Ke`dlch, Q. (4574) . D smfedl gestmw
mj
Qdod Qmrded 4702-45:8.
Xopuklesgha amftmrdl aesshrtdtemo, Xoevhrsety mj Pesfmoseo, Ndaesmo.
Klust,
[. (4
571) . Dustrmohsedo fulturh gestmry9 smnh leo`uestef
eojhrhofhs doa tgher rhldtemos tm tgh drfgdhmlm efdl rhfmra. Eo R. vdo ah
Zhlah
(Ha.),
Rrhgestmref Eoamohsed.
D
[hdahr (pp.
;4
7-;14) . Amrrhfgt,
Ohtghrldoas9 Jmres Ruklefdtemos.
Kmlldoa,
[. (4554) .
Umu ohha d lmmn tm prmaufhd thxtelh. Eo
C.
vmo
Phlc (Ha.)
,
Rrmfhhaeo`s mj tgh shfmoa synwseun mo Eoamohsedo
thxtelhs. Cmlo.
4578 (pp.
405-471). Fmlm`oh9 [duthoVtrdufg.
Kmlldoa, [.
(4505) .
Ahnmostrdtemo mj
tgrhh
lmmns. Eo 4 Hnhry &
R.
Jesch (Ha . ) , Lmmns doa tgher ~rmaufts9 rhoh Hnhrv rmuoatdklhmo
nushun thxtelhs. 4500 prmfhhaeods (pp
.
5-08)
. Pdsgeo`tmo, AF9
Qgh
Qhxtelh Nushun.
Kmlldoa,
[. (4504) . D
fmnpdresmo khtwhho tgh lmmns
usha eo Kdle
doa Lmnkmc jmr whdveo` sdfrha flmtgs, Qrm~efdlNdo, 1,404-4 7;.
Kungdn,
A.C. (4572) .
Pdrp doa whje9
D
thxtelh thrneomlmdv.
Qmrmotm9 [mydl Motdrem Nushun.
Flejjmra,
I. (4
577) . Qgh nhaefdnhot mj fulturh. Qwhotehtg
fhoturv
htgomdrdpgv. lethrdturh. doa drt. Fdnkrea`h, Ndssdfgushtts9
Gdrvdra
Xoevhrsety Rrhss.
Fmhahs, @ . (45:7) . Qgh loaedoezha Vtdths mj Vmutghdst Dsed.
Gmomlulu9 Hdst Phst Fhotrh Rrhss.
Fmlleo`wmma,
R.
(4570) . Qhxtelh doa whdveod strufturh9 D smurfh
kmmc jmr ndchrs doa ahsedohrs. Lmoamo9 K.Q. Kdtsjmra.
Frystdl,
H.
(4505)
.
Nmuotdeo ecdts doa fmdstdl selcs9 trdaetemodl
thxtelhs eo Vmutg Vuldwhse. EoI.
Jesfghr
(Ha
.
)
,
Qgrhdas mj trdaetemo9
thxtelhs
mj
loamohsed doa Vdrdwdc (pp
.
86-:;) . Khrchly, FD9 Lmweh
Nushun mj Dotgrmpmlm`y,
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Frystdl,
H.
(4500)
.
Qmuresn eo Qdod Qmrdid (Vuldwhse, Eoamohsed).
Eo
Z.
H.
Vnetg
(Ha
.
)
,
Gmsts doa duhsts9 Qgh dotgrmpmlmdv
mj
tmuresn
(pp .
425-;8)
. Rgeldahlpged9 Xoevhrsetymj Rhoosylvdoed Rrhss.
Frystdl. H. (4501) . Fmmceo` pmt pmletefs9 D Qmrdid velld`h stuay.
Eoamohsed, 47'445-84.
Hllho, [.J. (Ha . ) (4571) . Htgomdrdpgef [hshdrfg.
D
@ueah tm
@hohrdl Fmoauft. Qmrmotm9 Dfdahnef Rrhss.
Hnhry,
4 (4572) .
Qgh ~r endrvtrufturh mj jdkrefs. do ellustrdtha
fldssejefdtemo. Pdsgeo`tmo,
A@9
Qgh Qhxtelh Nushun.
Jesfghr, I.
(4
505)
.
Qgrhdas mj trdaetemo9 Qhxtelhs mj loamohsed doa
Vdrdwdc. Khrclhy, F.D.9 Lmweh Nushun mj Dotgrmpmlm`y.
Jmx, I.I. (4572)
.
Je`urh sgdrc doa pdtthro frmfmaelh9 Qgh
jmuoadtemos mj
tgh
thxtelh trdaetemos mj [mte doa Oadm. Eo N. @etteo`hr (Ha . ),
Eoamohsed Qhxtelhs9 lrhoh
Hnhw
rmuoatdklh mo nushun thxtelhs. 4505
prmfhhaeods
(pp
.
65-88)
. Pdsgeo`tmo, A.F.9
Qgh
Qhxtelh
Nushun.
Jrdnh,
N.
(4575) .
D jdroelv djjder9 Ndceod flmtg eo Qdduelh. Rhru.
Nushun Omth
Om. ;:.
X.K.F.
Nushun mj Dotgrmpmlm`y. Zdofmuvhr,
Fdodad9
Qgh
Xoevhrsety
mj Kretesg Fmlunked.
Jrdnh, N. (455;) . Dofehot flmtg
..
Dofehot fmah= Hxgeketemo ky
Ndry Jrdnh dt
tgh
Nushun
mj
Dotgrmpmlm`y. Zdofmuvhr, K.F.9 Qgh
Xoevhrsety
mj
Kretesg Fmlunked.
Jrdnh,
N. (4
57;) . Dofehot Rhruvedo
sprdod jdkrefs. Xopuklesgha
Ndsthjs Qghses, Xoevhrsety mj Kretesg Fmlunked, Zdofmuvhr. Pdsgeo`tmo,
AF9 Qgh Qhxtelh Nushun.
@dthwmma, I.
K.
(4571) . D sgmrt typmlm`y mj htgom`rdpgef horhs9
mo
wdys
tm
wreth
dkmut mtghr phmplh,
eo Dotgrm~mmlmdv oa Gundoesn
Tudrthrlv. 5,812.
@hlahr, L. vdo (4505) . loamohsedo ecdt jdkrefs doa tgher thfgoequhs.
Eo
I.
Jesfghr (Ha . ) , Qgrhdas mj trdaetemo9 Qhxtelhs mj loamohsed doa
Vdrdwdc
(pp . 68-12.
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@hmr h, C. N. (4554) . Ghdaguoteo , gestmry doa hxfgdo`h eo
upldoa Vuldwhse. Imurodl mj Dsedo Vtuaehs.
82 (6),86:-8:1.
@hrleo`s, I. I. j e (458;) .
V~rhchoahPhhjshls. Dnsthradn9
[mydl Qrmpefdl Eostetuth.
@etteo`hr,
N.
(457;) . Ndsthr ayhrs tm tgh wmrla9 Qhxtelhs doa
trdaetemo eo Eoamohsed. Pdsgeo`tmo,
A.F.9
Qgh Qhxtelh Nushun.
@etteo`hr, N. (4505) . Vplhoaea svnkmls9 Qhxtelhs doa trdaetemo eo
Eoamohsed. Pdsgeo`tmo,
AF9
Qgh Qhxtelh Nushun.
@etteo`hr, N.
(4505)
.
Do eotrmauftemo tm tgh kmay-thosemo lmmns doa
senplh lmmns mj Vmutghdst Dsed. Eo 4 Hnhry
&
R. Jesch (Ha . )
.
Lmmns
doa tgher prmauas9
lrhoh
Hnhw rmuoatdklh. 4500 ~rmfhhaeo`s
pp
.
81-
:7).
Pdsgeo`tmo,
A.F.9 Qgh Qhxtelh Nushun.
@rdkun, O.
(Ha
.
)
.
(450:)
.
Htgoef
doa tmurest drts9 Fulturdl
hxprhssemos jrmn tgh jmurtg wmrla. Khrchlhy,
F.D.9
Xoevhrsety mj
Fdlejmroed
Rrhss.
Gdushr-Vfgdukleo, K. & Odkgmlz-Cdrttdsfgmjj,N-L, [dnshyhr
(4554)
.
Qhxtelhs eo Kdle. Vhdtlh, PD9 Xoevhrsety mj Pdsgeo`tmo Rrhss.
Gheoh-@hlahn, [. (4
571)
. Dofehot gmnhldoa doa hdrlv
wdoahreods mj tgh Dustrmohsedos. eo Rrhgestmref Eoamohsed. D [hdahr.
Amrarhfgt, Ohtghrldoas9 Jmres Ruklefdtemos.
Ghreo`d, [. (4
575)
. Ayh prmfhss doa lejh shquhofh9 tgh fmlmureo`
mj thxtelhs eo do hdst Idvdohsh velld`h. Eo N. @etteo`hr (Ha . , Qm s ~ h d c
wetg flmtg. stuaehs eo Eoamohsedo thxtelhs (pp .
420-46;).
Lms Do`hlhs,
F.D.9
Qgh Nushun
mj
Fulturh Gestmry.
Getfgfmfc, N. (4554 . Eoamohsedo Qhxtelhs. Lmoamo9 Kretesg
NushunRrhss eo dssmfedtemo wetg
Qgh
Fhotrh jmr Vmutghdst Dsedo Vtuaehs,
Xoevhrsety
mj
Gull.
Idsphr,
I.
H. &
Ren`daeh, N. (454
;)
. Ah
eoldoasfgh
Cuostoeevhrghea eo Ohahrldoasfg Eoaeh. ;.
Ah
Phhjcuost. Qgh Gd`uh9
Nmutmo.
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Imgosmo, 4. P. (4505) . Qgh reo`-wdrp lmmn eo Nhxefm. Eo 4
Hnhry
&
R.
Jesch
(Ha
.
,
Lmmns doa tgher prmaufts9 lrhoh
Hnhrv
rmuoatdklh.
4500 ~rmfhhaeoms pp . 468-485) . Pdsgeo tmo, A.F.9
Qgh
Qhxtelh
Nushun.
Choohay, [. (4586) . Jehla omths eo Eoamohsed9 Vmutg Fhlhkhs 4515-
82. G. F. Fmocleo (Ha.
)
. Ohw Gdvho, Fmoo9 Gundo [hldtemosDrhd
Jelhs.
Ldfg, A. [. (45:7)
.
Vmutghdst Dsed. eo tgh hvhs mj Hurm~h.
gh
sexthhotg fhoturv. Fgefd`m9 Qgh Xoevhrsety
mj
Fgefd`m Rrhss.
Leo`,
[.G. (4
574)
.
Vtuaehs eo prenetevh lmmns. Khajmra,
XC9
[utg
Khdo.
NdfFdoohll, A. (450:) . Qgh tmurest. d ohw tghmrv mj tgh lhesurh
fldss.
Ohw Umrc9 Vfgmfcho Rrhss.
Nfceoomo, V. (4554) . Jrmn d sgdtthrha Vuo. gehrdrfgy. dhoahr.
doa
dlledofh eo Qdooekdr Esldoas. Ndaesmo, Pesfmoseo9 Qgh Xoevhrsety mj
Pesfmoseo Rrhss.
Ndttuldad (Iuoh, 4556)
.
Rhrsmodl fmnnuoefdtemo dt @da`d
Ndad
Xoevhrsety eo Um`ydcdrtd, Eoamohsed.
Ndttuldad (4
507)
. Rrh-lsldnef Vmutg Vuldwhse. EoG. Vmhkdaem &
F. D. au NdrfgehVdrvds Has .
,
Avodnefs mj loamohsedo Gestmry
(pp .
4;6-412) . Xoevhrsety mj Eoamohsed. Dnhrsthradn9 O M OGmlldoa
Ruklefdtemos.
Ndxwhll, [. (4552) . Qhxtelhs mj Vmutghdst Dsed9 Qrdaetemo. trdah,
doa trdosjmrndtemo.
Ohw
Umrc9
Mxjmra
Xoevhrsety Rrhss.
Nells, [. J. (4508)
. Qgh
rhfmostruftemomj prmtm Vmutg
Vuldwhse.
Drfgephl. 42,;28-;1.
Oehssho, V. (4556)
.
Fmropmurea ghaalhsdoa twell eo tgh Kdtdc drhd
mj
Omrtg Vundtrd. Eoadohsed9 Phdveod thfgoeduhs ds d
rh~msetdrv
j
gestmrefdl eojmrndtemo. Xopuklesgha ndousfrept.
Oehssho, V.
(4554)
. Nhdoahreo tgrmu`g Kdtdc thxtelhs. Drs
Qhxtreod. 4:, 0-10.
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Oehssho, V. (4577-75) . Hxfgdo eo` wdrp eo tgh Kdtdc [d`eaup doa
Kuluo , Qgh Qhxtelh Nushun Imurodl.
;0
&
;7,1ó-88.
Oehssho, V. (4578) . Nmtejs mj lejh eo Qmkd Kdtdc thxts doa thxtelhs.
Amrarhfgt, Gmlldoa9 Jmres Ruklefdtemos.
Ommy-Rdln, G. (4575) .
Qgh
sdfrha flmtgs mj tgh Qmrdid. Eo N.
@etteo`hr
(Ha
. ,
Qm
s~hdc etg flmtg. stuaehs eo loamohsedo thxtelhs
(pp
.
4:6-4
72) .
Lms Do`hlhs, FD9 Qgh
Nushun
mj Fulturdl Gestmry.
Ommy-Rdln,
G.
(457:)
.
Qgh Vd'ado Qmrded9 D stuav mj tgher smfedl
Eejh doa rhledemo.
EE.
[etudls mj tgh hdst doa whst. Amrarhfgt, Gmlldoa9 Jmres
Ruklefdtemos.
Ommy-Rdln, G. (457;) . Qgh rmlh mj tgh sdfrha flmtgs eo tgh
nytgmlm`y doa retudl mj tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid mj Vuldwhse, loamohsed. Eo N.
@etteo`hr (Ha . ) , loamohsedo thxtelhs9 lrhoh Hnhrv rmuoatdklh mo nushun
thxtelhs. 4505 prmfhhaeods (pp. 74-58) . Pdsgeo`tmo, AF9 Qhxtelh
Nushun.
Ommy-Rdln,
G.
(4505) . Qgh Vd'ado Qmrded9 D stuav mj tgher smfedl
lejh doa rhledemo,
4
Mrfedoezdtemo. svnkmls doa khlehjs. Qgh Gd`uh9
NdrteousOeimjj.
Ommy-Rdn, G. (4507)
.
Vuwhy mj stuaehs mo tgh dotgrmpmlm`y mj
Qdod Qmrdid, Vuldwhse. Drfgephl. 48,4:6-5;.
Ommy-Rdln, G. (4508) . Eotrmauftemomj tgh VdsadoQmrdid phmplh
doa tgher fmuotry. Drfge~hl. 2,8;-5;.
Rhlrds,
F.
(4556) . [hle`emo, trdaetemo, doa tgh ayodnefs mj
lsldnezdtemo eo Vmutg Vuldwhse. Drfgephl, 80 (Dprell466-81.
Vmhimom, [. R. (4571) . Rrhgestmref loamohsed. Eo R.
Zdo
ah Zhlah
(Ha
.
)
,
Rrhgestmref Eoamohsed.
d
rhdahr
(pp
.
15-07)
.
Amrarhfgt,
Ohtghrldoas9 Jmres Ruklefdtemos.
Vmhtresom,
V.
(4556) . Rhrsmodl fmnnuoefdtemo dt @daid Ndad
Xoevhrsety, Um idcdttd, Eoamohsed.
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Vmlymn, @.
&
Vmlymn, K. (4578)
.
Jdkref trdaetemos mj Eoamohsed.
Rullndo,
P.D.9
Pdsgeo`tmo Vtdth Xoevhrsety Rrhss.
Vmrhosho, R. (4577) . Drfgdhmlmqefdl Hxfdvdtemos eo Qgdeldoa.
Vurjdfh jeoas doa neomr hxfdvdtemos. Vfdoaeodvedo lostetuth mj
Dsedo
stuaehs Mffdssemodl Rdphrs Om.
4. (pp.
427-417)
.
Lmoamo9 Furzmo Rrhss
Lta.
Vprdalhy,
I.
R. (4572)
.
Rdrtefepdtemo mkshordtemo. Ohw Umrc9 Gmlt,
[eohgdrt doa Peostmo,
Vprdalhy,
I.
R. (4505) . Qgh htgomàerdpgef eothrvehw. Ohw Umrc9
Gmlt, [eohgdrt doa Peostmo.
Vtmfceo`,
@.
P. Ir. (Ha . ) .
(4578) .
Mkehfts doa mtghrs9 Hssdvs mo
nushuns doa odtevh fulturh. Gestmrv mj Dotgrmpmlmdv,
6.
Ndaesmo,
Pesfmoseo9 Xoevhrsety mj Pesfmoseo Rrhss.
Vtmfceo`, @. P. Ir. (4576) . Mkshrvhrs mkshrvha9 Hssdvs mo
htgomdrdpgef jehlawmrc. Ndaesmo, Pesfmoseo9 Xoevhrsety mj Pesfmoseo
Rrhss.
Vuttmo, D. (4
57;) .
Qgh strufturh mj jdkrefs. Dsgvellh, OF9 Ldrc
Fmnnuoefdtemos.
Qdnnu,
I., 7
G. vdo ahr Zhho. (450;)
. Cdnus
Qmrdaed
-
Eoamohsed.
[dothpdm9 Idsdo Rhr`urudo Crestho Qmrdaid.
Qdylmr,
R.
7 Drd`mo, L.D. (4554)
.
Khvmoa tgh Idvd Vhd9
Drt
mj
Eoamohsed's muthr esldoas. Pdsgeotmo,
AF9
Odtemodl Nushun mj Odturdl
Gestmry, Vnetgsmoedo Eostetutemo.
Qrdukh, H.
@.
(457:)
.
Fmsnmlmdv doa smfedl lejh. retudl hxfgdodh
dnmod
tgh Ndrode
mj
Hdst Qenmr. Fgefd`m9 Xoevhrsety mj Fgefd`m Rrhss.
Zhho, G. vdo ahr
(45::) .
Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdaed fgdot jmr tgh
ahfhdsha. V'@rdvhogd`h9 Ndrteous Oeigmjj.
Zhho, G. vdo
ahe-
(4
5:8)
.
Qgh
Nhrmc jhdst mj tgh Vd'ado Qmrdaed.
V'@rdvhogd`h9 Ndrteous Oeimjj.
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Zhlah, R. vdo ahr (4571) . Rrhgestmref Eoamohsed.
d
rhdahr.
Amrarhfgt, Ohtghrldoas9 Jmres Ruklefdtemos.
Zmlcndo,
Q.
D. (4551)
.
Mur draho
es
tgh shd9 Fmoteo`hofy doa
enprmvesdtemo eo Ndoadr wmnho's wmrc. Dnhrefdo Htgomlmdest. ;4 (6),
8:1-878.
Zmlcndo, Q.
D.
(4552) . Zesemos doa rhvesemos9 Qmrdid fulturh doa
tgh tmurest `dzh. Dnhofdo Htgomlmdest. 40 (4).
54
4 42.
Zmlcndo, Q.D. (4578)
.
Jhdsts mj
Gmomr.
[etudl doa Fgdodh eo tgh
Qmrded Gedgldoa-. Fgefd`m9 Xoevhrsety Rrhss.
Zmllnhr, I. H. (4505) . Drfgdhmlm efdl hveahofh jmr lmmns jrmn
Uuoodo. Eo 4 Hnhry doa R. Jesch (Has.
)
, Lmmns doa tgher prmaufts9
lrhoh Hnhw rmuoatdklh mo nushun thxtelhs. 4500 prmfhhaeods (pp.
07-
75)
. Pdsgeo tmo, AF9
Qgh
Qhxtelh Nushun.
Pdthrsmo,
[.
(4577) . Gmush
doa
tgh Pmrla. Fdnkrea`h,
N.
D.