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An Estimation of the Economic Impact of Spousal Violence in Canada, 2009
Research and Statistics DivisionDepartment of Justice Canada
October 2013
The Costs of Violent Victimization
Why now?
Large gap in Canadian research / Canadian research out of date
Interest in costing research from a wide range of stakeholders (international, federal/provincial/territorial, NGOs)
The importance of using a common unit of measurement to include a wide diversity of stakeholders in the conversation on spousal violence
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Current Work on Costing
Firearm-related crimes in Canada; victim costs disaggregated by gender
Spousal violence (ex and current spousal abuse); disaggregated by gender
Violent victimization – homicide, sexual assault, assault, robbery, criminal harassment; disaggregated by gender
Administration of Justice Offences (criminal justice system)
Youth Criminal Justice System
Polices costs per incident by offence type (in progress)
Victimization of children and youth (in progress)
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External Review Reviewers – expertise in costing and/or gender expertise
Dr. Rick Brown, Australian Institute of Criminology Professor Michael Burns, Memorial University Dr. Brent Davis, Australian Institute of Criminology Professor Matthew Gray, Australian National University Professor Holly Johnson, University of Ottawa Professor Maryse Rinfret-Raynor, University of Quebec at Montreal Dr. Adam Tomison, Australian Institute of Criminology Professor Sylvia Walby, University of Lancaster
Methodology reviewed – written comments and responses, conference calls
Draft report reviewed – written comments and responses, conference calls
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Impact Categories
Mental Health Care Other Personal Costs
Loss of Affection/Enjoyment to Family Members
Social Services Other Government Expenditures
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Impact borne by Justice System Criminal Justice System Civil Justice System
Impact borne by Primary Victims
Health Care Productivity Losses Intangible Costs
Impact borne by Other Individuals and Systems Funeral Services Other People Harmed/Threatened Loss to Employers Negative Impact on Child Witnesses
Data Sources
2009 General Social Survey, Cycle 23
Uniform Crime Reporting Survey 2
Examples of other major data sources: Police Administration Survey Adult Criminal Court Survey Court Personnel and Expenditure Survey (CPES) Adult Correctional Services Survey (ACS) and the Integrated
Correctional Services Survey (ICS) National Ambulatory Care Reporting System Discharge Abstract Database National Physician Database Government finance reports Existing literature, studies and government reports
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Key Challenges
Lack of data/information
Lack of access to data
Limitations of Surveys, including General Social Survey
Limitations of small, non-representative studies
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Number of Incidents and Victims – The Attrition Pyramid
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V.Convictions
11,373 – no victim information
IV.Court cases
21,599 – no victim information
III.Incidents cleared by charge
(UCR2, 2009): 34,859with 33,809 victims
II.Incidents reported to police (UCR2, 2009): 46,918
I.Self-reported incidents (GSS, 2009): 942,000
with 335,697 victims – by gender
Number of Victims by Gender
Police-Reported Data, UCR2 2009 81.2% female victims (38,082) 18.8% male victims (8,836)
Self-Reported Data, GSS 2009
Ex-spousal violence
68,893 female victims
34,804 male victims
Current spousal violence
111,000 female victims
121,000 male victims
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Ex Current Overall -
40,000
80,000
120,000
160,000
200,000
33.6%
52.2%
46.4%
66.4%
47.8%
53.6%
malefemale
Number of Victims of Spousal Violence in Canada 2009, by gender
Impact borne by Criminal Justice System
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Total criminal justice system costs were $320 million, where policing services accounted for the majority of total expenditures (46%).
Spousal violence involving female victims accounted for almost 85% of the criminal justice system expenditures.
Police45.5%
Court9.5%
Pro-secu-tion7.9%
Legal Aid
5.5%
Corrections31.7%
Impact borne by Civil Justice System
The total civil justice system costs were $225 million, where 81% were attributed to spousal violence against females.
Civil protection orders: $2,272,200
About 6,378 applications for restraining/protection orders where 4,983 were granted.
Court/Legal aid costs for divorce and separation: $40,941,889
It is estimated that $12,761,670 and $10,814,975 were pertaining to legal aid for divorce and other family breakdown, respectively, which were primarily caused by spousal violence.
Total civil court costs for the 3,042 contested divorce cases were $3,495,798. Family service expenditures: $13,869,446.
Child protection systems: $181,903,737
Costs of providing foster care and formal kinship: $46,121,400. Costs associated with regular family visits and assessments for children
with no placement or children with an informal agreement with a relative: $116,032,512.
Investigation costs for cases of exposure to spousal violence: $19,749,825,
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Impact borne by Primary Victims
Total Tangible Victim Costs: $525 million
Total Intangible Victim Costs: $5,460 million
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Tangible Victim Costs by Gender and Type of Cost, $Million
Health Care Mental Health Issues Productivity Losses Other Personal Costs$0
$40
$80
$120
$160
$200
$240
$8
$147
$37
$212
$13
$33
$16
$59
Violence against females Violence against males
Impact borne by Third Parties
Total third-party costs: $889,881,609
About 77.7% were due to spousal violence against females
Negative impacts on children exposed to spousal violence accounted for 26.4% ($235M) of third-party costs
• Negative impacts considered include: hyperactivity, emotional disorders, physical aggression, and delinquent acts against property
• Costs include: medical costs, missed school days, lost future income, and damaged and stolen property
The remaining 73.6% ($655M) of the costs were incurred by family members, other individuals, employers, and governments
• Social services: $410,595,799 • Other government expenditures: $116,260,000• Losses to employers: $68,541,415• Loss of affection to family members: $37,170,000 • Other individuals harmed during the incidents: $11,246,120 • Funeral expenses: $1,449,240
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Summary 1: Who is bearing the IMPACTS?
Total estimated costs of spousal violence in Canada:
Justice System: $545 million
Primary Victims: $5,985 million
Third-Party: $890 million
About 74.1% of the total costs attributable to intangible costs for primary victims and family members
About 65.2% of costs attributable to spousal violence against females
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Impact borne by third-party
$890 (12.0%) Impact
borne by Justice System
$545 (7.3)%
Impact borne by victims $5,985 (80.7%)
Third-partyJustice SystemVictims
Summary 2: Who is paying the COSTS? Total tangible costs (excluding negative impact on children exposed to
spousal violence) -- actual financial transactions were made For the tangible costs, 79.2% attributable to spousal violence against
females
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Intangible Costs$5,497 M (74.1%)
Lost Future Income to Children
$228 M (3.1%)
State63.8%
Individual29.4%
Private sector6.9%
Tangible Costs by Who Pays, 2009 ($ million)
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Questions?To access the full report of An Estimation of the Economic Impact of Spousal Violence in Canada, 2009, please visit:http://canada.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/rr12_7/rr12_7.pdf
The TeamTing Zhang, PhD Josh Hoddenbagh, MASusan McDonald, LLB, PhD Katie Scrim, BA
Ting Zhang, PhDMethodologist Research and Statistics DivisionDepartment of Justice Canada284 Wellington, 6th floorOttawa, ON K1A 0H8Tel: (613) 957-2811Email: [email protected]
