An Energy Demand PhD: Practice, Impact, Progress Energy Demand
in Context Monday 26 th September 2011 Slide 2 The UK Doctoral
Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built
Environment The Lecture Why should we care about energy use - and
energy use in buildings in particular? How can we reduce energy
demand in buildings? How can an energy demand PhD make a
difference? Why this DTC? Slide 3 The UK Doctoral Training Centre
in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built Environment Electricity
Act 1989 Energy Act 1983 UKERC Research Atlas
http://ukerc.rl.ac.uk/ERA002.htmlhttp://ukerc.rl.ac.uk/ERA002.html
Slide 4 The UK Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction
and the Built Environment funding for applied construction research
(House of Lords 2005 Energy Efficiency, p99) Slide 5 The UK
Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built
Environment Why this DTC strategic? The factors that affect energy
demand are apparently simple but interact in complex ways. Many
different disciplines need to collaborate to establish solid
understanding. Traditionally building energy demand research
fragmented. Underfunded compared to other energy research areas.
Slide 6 The UK Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction
and the Built Environment Why this DTC - purpose? To provide a
national focus for energy demand research training. To provide a
national focus for stakeholder (industry to government) engagement
and support for energy demand research training. To provide a
critical mass of endeavour that complements other energy research
efforts. To capitalise on the complimentary strengths of two
universities which together have the largest concentration of
energy demand research in the UK. To train researchers with a broad
perspective and broad range of theoretical and practical research
skills. Slide 7 The UK Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand
Reduction and the Built Environment Why this DTC the training?
Focus on the problem and the critical assessment of it - with
skills acquired to enable this. Immersion over 4 year in an
environment focused solely on energy demand and buildings.
Opportunity to study a wide range of topics and to pursue personal
interests. Overseas placements and intern management. Environment
of peer-to-peer learning. Experience of two universities of
different character and research directions. Slide 8 The UK
Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built
Environment World energy and green house gas relationship Source:
http://www.wri.org/ CO 2 x1; HFCx20,000, PFCx5,700- 10,000; SF6
x23,000. Methanex23; N2O x 296, 13.5% 61.4% 15% 77% 18.3% Slide 9
The UK Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the
Built Environment USA: Energy and green house gas relationship
Source: http://www.wri.org/ 86.3% 27.2% 27.3% 22% Slide 10 The UK
Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built
Environment Source: DECC 1Mtoe 11.6x10 9 kWh 19% 24% 57% 28% 33%
Approx. 57% of all energy produced and imported Slide 11 The UK
Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built
Environment UK Energy & CO 2 emissions Energy, 2001 CO 2
emissions, 2001 Source: DTI 2002Source: DEFRA 2002 Commercial and
public buildings 15% of UK emissions. Currently there are around
59m people in the UK There are around 26million UK households in
2001 Average size is 2.47 people per household and falling Average
house is 84m2 or 34m2 per person 78% of homes are heated by gas
rest electricity Slide 12 The UK Doctoral Training Centre in Energy
Demand Reduction and the Built Environment Exercise 1: write down
four different reasons why we might care about energy demand in
buildings. Slide 13 The UK Doctoral Training Centre in Energy
Demand Reduction and the Built Environment Reason 1: Climatic
Warming - temperatures 1961-90 Average 10-year running mean The
worlds longest available instrumental temperature record. Dickens
years The winter of 66 2006 - warmest year on record. July -
warmest month ever. Warmest September ever. Highest recorded
temperature in UK 10 August 2003: 38.5 o C The seven hottest years
in 20th century recorded between 1990 and 2000 Slide 14 The UK
Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built
Environment In 2080 London could be as warm as the following places
are today: Tanger Toulouse Tenerife and Thessaloniki but there will
be more frequent and more intense heat waves. Slide 15 The UK
Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built
Environment Reason 1: Climatic Warming - Ice Caps North West
passage open for first time since records began BBC, Friday, 14
September 2007, 21:19 GMT 22.19 UK Slide 16 The UK Doctoral
Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built
Environment Reason 1: Climatic Warming - 2003 Heat Wave UK: 2,045
additional deaths France:14,802 additional deaths Germany: 7,000
additional deaths Europe:35,000 additional deaths The old
especially, and the very young suffer Hottest year in France for 50
years. Heat wave lasted two weeks Heat wave period where peak temp
remains over 35 o C. In France 91% of victims over 65 - most died
at home or in retirement homes. Insulation reduced the risk by
factor of 5. Bedroom under roof increases risk by factor of 4.
Slide 17 The UK Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction
and the Built Environment Reason 2a: finite fuel resource - Total
production from north sea and oil price Source: Mackay, 2009. More
Mickey Mouse units: I barrel of oil is about 159litres One Barrel
of oil equivalent is about 1,700kWh. Slide 18 The UK Doctoral
Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built
Environment Reason 2b: Security of supply Gas Oil Gas Oil Gas Oil
Coal 20052020 makes our economy vulnerable to the whims of
untrustworthy foreigners Mackay, 2007, p5. Slide 19 The UK Doctoral
Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built
Environment Reason 2c: A particularly British affair, closure of
old UK power stations - the energy gap Source: Mackay, 2009, p5.
Three fuels shown Slide 20 The UK Doctoral Training Centre in
Energy Demand Reduction and the Built Environment Reason 3: Social
equality and fuel poverty
http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/Statistics/fuelpoverty/1_20091020153241_e_@@_annualreportfuelpovertystats2009.pdf
Fuel poverty is when a household would need to spend more than 10%
of its income to provide adequate heating. A vulnerable household
is one that contains the elderly, children or somebody who is
disabled or long term sick. 16% of UK households Slide 21 The UK
Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built
Environment Reason 4: Pollution Acid rain Nuclear waste Oil spills
Urban smog Light pollution Visual intrusion Noise etc Slide 22 The
UK Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the
Built Environment How do we reduce the energy demand of buildings?
Exercise 2: Write down five very different ways that the energy
demands of buildings might be reduced. Slide 23 The UK Doctoral
Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built
Environment How do we reduce energy demand in buildings? Slide 24
The UK Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the
Built Environment MAC curve for UK House refurbishment Source DECC:
What measures does the Green deal cover? Slide 25 The UK Doctoral
Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built
Environment The problem of energy savings and pay-back times
Source: ETI (2008) courtesy K. Seare Slide 26 The UK Doctoral
Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built
Environment How can an energy demand PhD make a difference? Slide
27 The UK Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and
the Built Environment Curiosity driven research Thermal comfort
Cybernetic model of human thermal comfort Predicts physiological
state of humans and thermal comfort perception Industry
applications Building design: indoor comfort Medicine: MTRE, Israel
Vehicle design: BMW, Germany Clothing design: WL Gore (USA/UK),
EMPA (Switzerland) Weather reporting: Int. Soc of Biometeorology
University Research EU (Kassel, Karlsruhe, Stuttgart, Denmark,
Maastricht, Rome) USA (Portland State, Iowa State and Michigan
Technical) Slide 28 The UK Doctoral Training Centre in Energy
Demand Reduction and the Built Environment Industry stimulated then
on and on: Solar radiation and daylight prediction Useful Daylight
Illuminances (UDI) http://www.iesd.dmu.ac.uk/~jm/doku.php?id=home
Slide 29 The UK Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction
and the Built Environment New technologies: Experiments and
monitoring Solar powered diffusion- absorption cooling machines PV
and UK dwellings Ventilation field tests Slide 30 The UK Doctoral
Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built
Environment Theory into practice Short & Associates Slide 31
The UK Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the
Built Environment PhDs and masters projects at UCL Slide 32 The UK
Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the Built
Environment dustmites Slide 33 The UK Doctoral Training Centre in
Energy Demand Reduction and the Built Environment dustmites Slide
34 The UK Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and
the Built Environment Predictive variability in energy performance
compliance verification tools : issues and implications Rokia
Raslan studied the variability in energy and CO 2 predictions for
new commercial buildings made by different compliance tools. Her
PhD has had a significant and unresolved impact on debates around
Part L and the implementation of the Zero Carbon Standard. Slide 35
The UK Doctoral Training Centre in Energy Demand Reduction and the
Built Environment studies of energy impacts of conservatories In
1990 Oreszczyn supervised a masters student at the Bartlett who
investigated how people used conservatories (Chu 1990). She found
that out of the 10 she visited 9 were heated. This observation led
onto a larger study undertaken by Pathan (2007). The problem is
still not resolved. Slide 36 The UK Doctoral Training Centre in
Energy Demand Reduction and the Built Environment SAP and Building
Regulations An MSc on SAP and the Building Regulations led to this
publication (Oreszczyn & Gillot 1995) and eventually to UCLs
involvement in the Building Regulations. Mark Gillot now runs a
large research team at Nottingham University.
