A N E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F W O R L D HISTORY

ANCIENT, MEDIEVAL, A N D MODERN

C H R O N O L O G I C A L L Y A R R A N G E D

Compiled and Edited by

W I L L I A M L . L A N G E R

Coolidge Professor of History, Emeritus Harvard University

Fif th Edi t ion Revised and Enlarged

wi th Maps and Genealogical Tables

H O U G H T O N MIFFLIN COMPANY BOSTON

Third Printing c

Copyright 1940, 1948, 1952, and © 1968, 1972 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Copyright © renewed 1968 by William L. Langer. A l l rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or trans­mitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

ISBN: 0-395-13592-3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 68-14147

Printed in the United States of America

T H E W E S T I N D I E S 1245

Arbenz government. T h e U . N . s e c u r i t y c o u n ­c i l , s e e k i n g to b r i n g a b o u t a c e a s e - f i r e b e t w e e n r e b e l a n d g o v e r n m e n t f o r c e s , at l a s t ( J u n e 25 ) p o s t p o n e d f u r t h e r a c t i o n p e n d i n g t h e c o m ­p l e t i o n o f a n OAS investigation.

June 28. A military junta, h e a d e d b y C o l . C a s t i l l o A r m a s , o u s t e d President Arbenz, b u t o n t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y y i e l d e d p o w e r t o a g o v ­e r n m e n t u n d e r Col. Elfego Monzon, w h i c h a r ­r a n g e d a c e a s e - f i r e a n d o r d e r e d t h e arrest of all Communist leaders i n t h e c o u n t r y .

July 8. Col. Castillo Armas was chosen president o f t h e r u l i n g m i l i t a r y j u n t a .

1957, July 26. Castillo Armas was assassi­nated, a n d o n J u l y 2 7 Vice-President Luis Arturo Gonzales w a s i n s t a l l e d as p r o v i s i o n a l p r e s i d e n t .

Oct. 24. C h a r g e s o f f r a u d i n t h e p r e s i d e n ­t i a l e l e c t i o n o f O c t o b e r 2 0 , w o n b y Miguel Ortiz Passarelli, t o u c h e d o f f a national crisis w h i c h b r o u g h t a t h r e e - m a n j u n t a t o p o w e r . O n O c t o b e r 2 6 t h e m i l i t a r y j u n t a a n n u l l e d t he O c t o b e r 2 0 e l e c t i o n a n d o r d e r e d c o n g r e s s to i n s t a l l a p r o v i s i o n a l p r e s i d e n t a n d a r r a n g e f o r n e w e l e c t i o n s . Guillermo Flores Aven-dano t o o k o f f i ce as i n t e r i m p r e s i d e n t o n O c t o ­b e r 2 7 .

1958, Mar. 2. General Miguel Ydigores Fuen-tes w a s i n a u g u r a t e d as p r e s i d e n t f o r a s i x -y e a r t e r m .

1963, Mar. 30. T h e government o f P r e s i d e n t Y d i g o r e s F u e n t e s w a s overthrown by a rightist anti-Fidelista rebel group, l e d b y Defense Minister Col. Enrique Peralta Azurdia.

Apr. 10. T h e n e w m i l i t a r y g o v e r n m e n t i s ­s u e d a n i n t e r i m basic government law g i v ­i n g p u b l i c p o w e r t o t h e a r m y . T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s r e c o g n i z e d t h e n e w g o v e r n m e n t o n A p r i l 17.

July 24. T h e government broke diplomatic relations with Britain, b e c a u s e o f t h e l a t t e r ' s a n n o u n c e m e n t , o n J u l y 22 , o f p l a n s f o r g i v i n g l i m i t e d a u t o n o m y to B r i t i s h H o n d u r a s , c l a i m e d b y G u a t e m a l a .

1966, July 1. I n a u g u r a t i o n o f Julio Cesar Mendez Montenegro, a c i v i l i a n , as p r e s i d e n t . T h e CONSTITUTION OF SEPT. 15, 1965, r e s t o r e d a d e m o c r a t i c r e g i m e , b u t l e d t o f u r t h e r p o l a r i z a t i o n b e t w e e n t he r a d i c a l ( m o s t l y C o m ­m u n i s t ) e l e m e n t s a n d the c o n s e r v a t i v e g r o u p s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e a r m y .

1966, Nov. 2. P r o c l a m a t i o n o f a s tate o f s i ege , d u e to the r a p i d spread of terrorist activity.

1968, Jan. 16. T w o U . S . m i l i t a r y a t t a c h e s w e r e s l a i n b y C o m m u n i s t t e r r o r i s t s . O n A u g . 28 t h e U . S . a m b a s s a d o r , John G. Mein, w a s k i d n a p e d a n d s l a i n b y a C o m m u n i s t g u e r r i l l a o r g a ­n i z a t i o n . U r b a n t e r r o r i s m b e c a m e w i d e s p r e a d .

1970, Feb. 26. K i d n a p i n g o f t h e G u a t e m a l a n f o r e i g n m i n i s t e r , Alberto Fuentes Mohr, f o r w h o s e r e l e a s e ( M a r . 1) t he g o v e r n m e n t f r e e d t h e g u e r r i l l a l e a d e r Giron Cavillo. K i d n a p i n g s c o n t i n u e d .

Mar. 31. T h e kidnaping of the West German ambassador, f o r w h o s e r e l e a s e t he ter ­r o r i s t s d e m a n d e d r e l e a s e o f 17 p o l i t i c a l p r i s ­o n e r s . O n r e f u s a l b y the g o v e r n m e n t , t he a m b a s s a d o r w a s m u r d e r e d , w h e r e u p o n t he W e s t G e r m a n g o v e r n m e n t b r o k e o f f d i p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s ( A p r . 6 ) .

July 1. Carlos Arana Osorio, a c o n s e r v a t i v e , i n a u g u r a t e d as p r e s i d e n t , f o l l o w i n g h i s e l e c t i o n o n M a r . 1.

Nov. 13. I n t h e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t e r r o r i s t s a state of siege w a s a g a i n i m p o s e d , a l l p a r t y a c t i v i t i e s w e r e s u s p e n d e d , a n d the p r e s i d e n t w a s g i v e n d i c t a t o r i a l p o w e r s f o r a p e r i o d o f t e n d a y s .

3. T H E W E S T I N D I E S

a. C U B A

(From p. 1072)

1940, July 14. Col. Fulgencio Batista was elected president o f C u b a .

1941, Dec. 9. Cuba declared war on Japan a n d a l s o ( D e c . 11) o n Germany and Italy.

1942, Oct. 16. C u b a e s t a b l i s h e d diplomatic re­lations with the U.S.S.R.

1944, May 31. Ramon Grau San Martin was elected president f o r a f o u r - y e a r t e r m .

1948, June 1. Carlos Prio Socarras w a s e l e c t e d p r e s i d e n t t o s u c c e e d Grau San Martin, w h o

finished h i s f o u r - y e a r t e r m . B o t h w e r e m e m ­b e r s o f t he A u t e n t i c o P a r t y a n d a n t i - C o m m u ­n i s t .

1952, Mar. 10. General Fulgencio Batista o v e r ­t h r e w P r e s i d e n t P r i o S o c a r r a s . B a t i s t a a s s u m e d t h e t i t l e s o f c h i e f o f state a n d p r e m i e r . T h e p r e s i d e n c y w a s l e f t v a c a n t p e n d i n g e l e c t i o n s .

1954, Oct. 30. O n t h e e v e o f presidential elec­tions, G e n . B a t i s t a ' s o n l y r i v a l f o r t h e p r e s i ­d e n c y , R a m o n G r a u S a n M a r t i n , w i t h d r e w f r o m t he con tes t , c h a r g i n g t h a t t h e e l e c t i o n w a s c o m p l e t e l y r i g g e d . N o v e m b e r 2, B a t i s t a w a s d e c l a r e d e l e c t e d .

1957, May 20. R e b e l l e a d e r Fidel Castro, f r o m

1246 L A T I N A M E R I C A

h i s m o u n t a i n h i d e o u t , a p p e a l e d to the U n i t e d S t a t e s to s t o p s e n d i n g a r m s to B a t i s t a .

May 30. T h e a r m y d e c l a r e d a n i n t e n s i f i e d war against rebel troops i n O r i e n t e P r o v i n c e .

1958, Mar. 17. R e b e l l e a d e r F i d e l C a s t r o i s s u e d a m a n i f e s t o c a l l i n g f o r " t o t a l w a r " a g a i n s t t h e B a t i s t a r e g i m e , b e g i n n i n g A p r i l 1.

1959, Jan. 1. A f t e r C a s t r o ' s capture of Santa Clara, c a p i t a l o f L a s V i l l a s p r o v i n c e ( D e c . 3 1 , 1958) , P r e s i d e n t B a t i s t a r e s i g n e d a n d f l e d . O n t h e s a m e d a y Castro forces took Santiago, and two days later Havana.

Jan. 5. Manuel Urrutia, named provi­sional president b y C a s t r o ( J a n . 3) , n a m e d Jose Miro Cardona p r e m i e r , a n d the f o l l o w i n g d a y a n n o u n c e d r u l e b y d e c r e e f o r e i g h t e e n m o n t h s . T h e U n i t e d S ta tes r e c o g n i z e d t h e n e w r e g i m e , J a n u a r y 7.

Feb. 16. C a s t r o t o o k o f f i ce as p r e m i e r f o l l o w i n g t h e s u d d e n resignation of Cardona a n d h i s c a b i n e t .

Apr. 15. Castro arrived in Washington f o r a n u n o f f i c i a l v i s i t . O n A p r i l 17 h e d e c l a r e d t h a t h i s r e g i m e w a s n o t C o m m u n i s t , a n d c h a r ­a c t e r i z e d h i s r e v o l u t i o n as " h u m a n i s t i c . "

June 4. A n agrarian reform law w a s p r o m ­u l g a t e d , p r o v i d i n g f o r s tate a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f l a r g e l a n d h o l d i n g s . U n d e r t h i s l a w , U n i t e d S t a t e s s u g a r c o m p a n i e s w e r e e x p e c t e d to l o s e 1 ,666,000 a c r e s o f l a n d w i t h i n a y e a r .

July 17. P r e s i d e n t U r r u t i a r e s i g n e d i n a d i s p u t e w i t h P r e m i e r C a s t r o o v e r Communist influence i n t he g o v e r n m e n t . Osvaldo Dorticos Torrado s u c c e e d e d to the p r e s i d e n c y .

Nov. 3. T h e U . S . S ta t e D e p a r t m e n t d e ­c l a r e d i t w o u l d n o t t o l e r a t e t he e s t a b l i s h m e n t , b y C u b a n r e f u g e e s , o f a n e x i l e d , p r o v i s i o n a l g o v e r n m e n t i n t h e U n i t e d S ta t e s .

1960, Feb. 13. P r e m i e r C a s t r o a n d S o v i e t first d e p u t y p r e m i e r Anastas I. Mikoyan s i g n e d a n a g r e e m e n t i n H a v a n a f o r t he Soviet purchase of five million tons of sugar a n d f o r $ 1 0 0 m i l ­l i o n o f S o v i e t c r e d i t to C u b a .

June 23. C a s t r o t h r e a t e n e d to m e e t " e c o ­n o m i c a g g r e s s i o n " b y the U n i t e d S ta tes w i t h t h e s e i z u r e o f a l l A m e r i c a n - o w n e d p r o p e r t y a n d b u s i n e s s i n t e r e s t s i n C u b a .

July 6. President Eisenhower, c i t i n g C u b a ' s p o l i c y o f h o s t i l i t y to t he U n i t e d S ta tes , cut Cuba's sugar quota b y a b o u t 95 p e r c e n t . O n J u l y 9 E i s e n h o w e r d e c l a r e d t h a t t he U n i t e d S t a t e s w o u l d n e v e r a l l o w the e s t a b l i s h m e n t i n t h e W e s t e r n H e m i s p h e r e o f a r e g i m e " d o m i ­n a t e d b y i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i s m . "

July 9. Soviet Premier Khrushchev, i n a M o s c o w a d d r e s s , threatened Soviet use of rockets i f t h e U . S . i n t e r v e n e d m i l i t a r i l y i n C u b a . A t a n e w s c o n f e r e n c e o n J u l y 12, K h r u s h c h e v d e c l a r e d t ha t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ' Monroe Doctrine h a d d i e d a " n a t u r a l d e a t h . "

O n J u l y 14 t h e U . S . s ta te d e p a r t m e n t reaf­firmed t h e M o n r o e D o c t r i n e , a n d c h a r g e d K h r u s h c h e v w i t h s e e k i n g to set u p a " B o l ­s h e v i k d o c t r i n e " f o r w o r l d - w i d e C o m m u n i s t e x p a n s i o n .

Oct. 14. The Cuban government nation­alized all banks and all large industrial and commercial enterprises.

Oct. 19. T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i m p o s e d a n em­bargo on all exports to Cuba e x c e p t f o r m e d i ­c a l s u p p l i e s a n d m o s t f o o d s t u f f s .

Oct. 28. T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , i n a n o t e to t h e O A S , c h a r g e d t h a t C u b a w a s r e c e i v i n g s u b ­s t a n t i a l arms shipments from the Soviet bloc.

1961, Jan. 3. T h e United States severed diplo­matic relations with Cuba, a f t e r C a s t r o d e ­m a n d e d t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s c u t i t s e m b a s s y p e r s o n n e l i n H a v a n a t o e l e v e n p e r s o n s .

Mar. 22. I n N e w Y o r k , t h e Democratic Front a n d t h e Revolutionary Movement of the People, t h e t w o m a j o r C u b a n o p p o s i t i o n g r o u p s , a n n o u n c e d a g r e e m e n t o n s e t t i n g u p a revolutionary council w i t h e x - P r e m i e r Jose Miro Cardona as p r e s i d e n t . H e u r g e d ( A p r . 9) a l l C u b a n s t o r e v o l t a g a i n s t t h e C a s t r o r e g i m e .

Apr. R u m o r s b e c a m e r i f e o f a n t i - C a s t r o f o r c e s , u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e C u b a n r e v ­o l u t i o n a r y c o u n c i l , s t a t i o n e d i n G u a t e m a l a , L o u i s i a n a , a n d F l o r i d a . A t t h e U . N . , A p r i l 15, C u b a n Foreign Minister Raul Roa a c c u s e d the U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d L a t i n A m e r i c a n n a t i o n s o f p r e p a r i n g a n i n v a s i o n .

Apr. 17-20. A CUBAN REBEL FORCE o f a b o u t 1 6 0 0 m e n INVADED SOUTHERN CUBA a n d e s t a b l i s h e d a b e a c h h e a d n e a r B a h i a d e l o s C o c h i n o s (Bay of Pigs), b u t w a s d r i v e n o f f w i t h h e a v y l o s s e s .

Apr. 18. S o v i e t Premier Khrushchev d e ­m a n d e d t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s h a l t i t s i n v a ­s i o n o f C u b a a n d promised aid to the Castro government, t o w h i c h P r e s i d e n t K e n n e d y re ­p l i e d t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w o u l d n o t p e r m i t o u t s i d e m i l i t a r y i n t e r v e n t i o n . T w o d a y s l a t e r h e a s s e r t e d t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w o u l d t a k e s t eps , i f n e c e s s a r y f o r i t s s e c u r i t y , t o h a l t C o m ­m u n i s t e x p a n s i o n .

May 17. C a s t r o d e c l a r e d h i s w i l l i n g n e s s to exchange Cuban rebel prisoners t a k e n i n A p r i l f o r 5 0 0 U n i t e d S t a t e s b u l l d o z e r s . O n M a y 22 a T r a c t o r s f o r F r e e d o m C o m m i t t e e w a s set u p i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . N e g o t i a t i o n s b r o k e d o w n , h o w e v e r , J u n e 3 0 , o v e r t h e t o t a l s u m to b e i n v o l v e d .

Dec. 2. Premier Castro declared himself a Marxist-Leninist a n d a n n o u n c e d t h e f o r m a ­t i o n o f a u n i t e d p a r t y to b r i n g C o m m u n i s m to C u b a .

1962, Aug. 18. F o l l o w i n g d i s c l o s u r e o n A u g u s t 14 t h a t C u b a w o u l d h a v e n o s u g a r to s e l l o n t h e w o r l d m a r k e t i n 1963 o r 1964 b e c a u s e o f

T H E W E S T I N D I E S 1247

p r o d u c t i o n f a i l u r e s , C a s t r o a n n o u n c e d t h a t h e n c e f o r t h a g r i c u l t u r e w o u l d b e b a s e d c o m ­p l e t e l y o n c o l l e c t i v e s a n d t h a t t h e c o - o p e r a t i v e s o w n e d b y p e a s a n t s w o u l d b e t u r n e d i n t o s tate f a r m s .

Sept. 2. T h e U.S.S.R. a n n o u n c e d a n a g r e e ­m e n t to supply arms and technical specialists t o C u b a .

Sept. 11. T h e U . S . S . R . a c c u s e d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f p r e p a r i n g a g g r e s s i o n a g a i n s t C u b a , a n d w a r n e d t h a t t h i s w o u l d m e a n w a r . K h r u s h ­c h e v d e c l a r e d t h a t S o v i e t a r m s w e r e b e i n g s e n t t o C u b a " e x c l u s i v e l y f o r d e f e n s i v e p u r ­p o s e s . "

Sept. 13. P r e s i d e n t K e n n e d y d e c l a r e d t h a t U n i t e d S t a t e s m i l i t a r y a c t i o n w a s n o t " r e q u i r e d o r j u s t i f i e d " at t h i s t i m e , b u t s a i d t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w o u l d a c t i f i t s s e c u r i t y w e r e i m p e r i l e d .

Oct. 10. T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s g o v e r n m e n t a g r e e d t o h e l p p a y t h e $ 6 0 m i l l i o n ransom set b y C a s t r o for the release of 1113 Cuban prisoners.

Oct. 22. A CUBAN CRISIS c a m e to a h e a d i n a U . S . - U . S . S . R . c o n f r o n t a t i o n o v e r t h e installation in Cuba of Soviet offensive missile and bomber bases. P r e s i d e n t K e n n e d y a n n o u n c e d a U . S . a i r a n d n a v a l " q u a r a n t i n e " t o p r e v e n t a r m s s h i p m e n t s , a n d a s k e d t h e U . N . s e c u r i t y c o u n c i l t o m e e t a t o n c e t o d i s c u s s t he c r i s i s . O n O c t o b e r 2 3 t h e O A S a u t h o r i z e d t h e u s e o f a r m e d f o r c e t o i m p o s e t h e q u a r a n t i n e , w h i c h w e n t i n t o e f f ec t o n O c t o b e r 2 4 .

Oct. 25. T h e p r o p o s a l o f U . N . a c t i n g sec­r e t a r y g e n e r a l U Thant t o c o n d u c t n e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e p r i n c i p a l s i n v o l v e d i n t h e C u b a n c r i s i s w a s a c c e p t e d b y P r e s i d e n t K e n n e d y a n d P r e m i e r K h r u s h c h e v .

Oct. 28. President Kennedy and Premier Khrushchev reached agreement, s u b s t a n t i a l l y o n t e r m s p r o p o s e d b y P r e s i d e n t K e n n e d y t he p r e v i o u s d a y : (1) t h e S o v i e t s t o h a l t c o n s t r u c ­t i o n o f m i s s i l e b a s e s i n C u b a a n d r e m o v e w e a p o n s u n d e r U . N . s u p e r v i s i o n ; a n d (2) t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t o e n d t h e q u a r a n t i n e a n d g i v e a s s u r a n c e s t h a t i t w o u l d n o t i n v a d e C u b a , as s o o n as S o v i e t f o r c e s a n d w e a p o n s w e r e w i t h ­d r a w n .

Nov. 1. F i d e l C a s t r o , a f t e r a f a i l u r e o f U T h a n t ' s e f fo r t i n c o n f e r e n c e w i t h h i m t o a r ­r a n g e a U.N. inspection of missile bases ( O c t . 3 0 - 3 1 ) , r e j e c t e d p r o p o s a l s f o r i n t e r n a ­t i o n a l i n s p e c t i o n o f S o v i e t m i s s i l e s i t es .

Nov. 7. F o l l o w i n g a n a n n o u n c e m e n t t h a t a l l S o v i e t r o c k e t s h a d b e e n r e m o v e d f r o m C u b a , a U . S . - U . S . S . R . a g r e e m e n t r e v e a l e d t h a t U . S . n a v a l v e s s e l s w o u l d v e r i f y t h e m i s s i l e w i t h d r a w a l s b y c o u n t i n g t h e m a t s e a . T h e f o l l o w i n g d a y , t h e U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f D e ­fense r e p o r t e d t h a t a l l k n o w n o f f e n s i v e m i s s i l e

b a s e s i n C u b a h a d b e e n d i s m a n t l e d . Nov. 16. A f t e r C a s t r o , N o v e m b e r 15, t h r e a t ­

e n e d t o s h o o t d o w n U.S. reconnaissance planes, t h e U n i t e d S ta tes a n n o u n c e d t h a t i t w o u l d c o n ­t i n u e t h e f l igh t s a n d d e f e n d t h e p l a n e s , u n t i l a b e t t e r m e t h o d w a s d e v i s e d f o r c h e c k i n g u p o n C u b a ' s o f f e n s i v e m i l i t a r y b u i l d u p .

Nov. 20. P r e s i d e n t K e n n e d y a n n o u n c e d t h e end of the United States blockade of Cuba, s i n c e K h r u s h c h e v h a d a g r e e d to w i t h d r a w S o v i e t j e t b o m b e r s f r o m the i s l a n d w i t h i n t h i r t y d a y s .

Dec. 23-24. T h e r e m a i n i n g 1113 Cuban rebels, w h o h a d b e e n c a p t u r e d i n t he i n v a s i o n a t t e m p t o f A p r i l 1961 , w e r e returned to the United States i n e x c h a n g e f o r f o o d s a n d m e d i ­c i n e s v a l u e d at $ 5 3 m i l l i o n .

1963, Jan. 7. T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n n o u n c e d t h a t t h e i r n e g o t i a t i o n s o n t h e C u b a n c r i s i s w e r e e n d e d a n d t h a t t h e m a t ­t e r w a s c l o s e d .

Feb. 18. T h e S o v i e t U n i o n i n f o r m e d t h e U n i t e d S ta t e s t h a t " s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d " o f i t s 17 ,000 t r o o p s i n C u b a w o u l d b e w i t h d r a w n b y M a r c h 15.

Mar. 30. T h e U . S . d e p a r t m e n t s o f state a n d j u s t i c e a n n o u n c e d t h a t t h e U n i t e d S ta t e s w o u l d " t a k e e v e r y s t ep n e c e s s a r y " to see t h a t U . S . t e r r i t o r y w a s n o t u s e d as a b a s e f o r C u b a n r e f u g e e r a i d s o n C u b a o r o n S o v i e t s h i p p i n g .

1964, Jan. 11. T h e C a s t r o g o v e r n m e n t p u r ­c h a s e d $ 11 m i l l i o n w o r t h o f b u s e s f r o m G r e a t B r i t a i n .

Jan. 22. C o n c l u d i n g a visit by Castro to Moscow, C u b a a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n s i g n e d a l o n g - t e r m trade agreement c a l l i n g f o r i n ­c r e a s e d S o v i e t p u r c h a s e o f C u b a n s u g a r . C a s t r o a g r e e d t o s u p p o r t t he l i m i t e d test b a n t r e a t y .

Feb. T h e seizure of four Cuban fishing boats i n U . S . t e r r i t o r i a l w a t e r s ( F e b . 3) l e d t o t he a n n o u n c e m e n t ( F e b . 6) t h a t t h e w a t e r s u p p l y t o the U . S . G u a n t a n a m o n a v a l b a s e w o u l d b e l i m i t e d t o o n e h o u r a d a y . T h e U n i t e d S ta tes t o o k c o u n t e r m e a s u r e s a g a i n s t C u b a n s w o r k i n g i n t h e b a s e a n d to i n s u r e i ts o w n w a t e r s u p p l y ( F e b . 7 ) .

Feb. 26. M i n i s t e r o f I n d u s t r y Che Guevara a n n o u n c e d a r e d u c t i o n i n i n d u s t r i a l i n v e s t ­m e n t s t o a l l o w f o r m o r e p r o d u c t i o n o f c o n ­s u m e r i t e m s .

July 21-26. Isolation of Cuba, f o l l o w i n g c o n d e m n a t i o n b y t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n o f A m e r i ­c a n S ta t e s f o r s u p p l y i n g p r o - C o m m u n i s t V e n e ­z u e l a n g u e r r i l l a s w i t h a r m s . T h e O A S v o t e d to i n v o k e s a n c t i o n s a n d c a l l e d o n m e m b e r s to s e v e r d i p l o m a t i c a n d t r a d e r e l a t i o n s . O n l y M e x i c o a n d J a m a i c a r e f u s e d to d o so ( A u g . 3) .

1965, Oct. C a s t r o a n n o u n c e d t ha t C u b a n s w e r e

1248 L A T I N A M E R I C A

free to l e a v e . O n N o v . 6 a n a g r e e m e n t w a s r e a c h e d w i t h t h e U . S . g o v e r n m e n t to a i r - l i f t 3 0 0 0 - 4 0 0 0 C u b a n r e f u g e e s m o n t h l y . I n t h e n e x t five y e a r s s e v e r a l h u n d r e d t h o u s a n d , i n ­c l u d i n g m a n y m e m b e r s o f the e d u c a t e d c l a s se s , l e f t t he i s l a n d .

Oct. 3. Departure of Major Ernesto (Che) Guevara, f o r m e r C u b a n m i n i s t e r o f i n d u s t r y , f o r u n s p e c i f i e d S o u t h A m e r i c a n d e s t i n a t i o n . G u e v a r a , w h o r e n o u n c e d C u b a n c i t i z e n s h i p , w a s to l e a d t h e r e v o l u t i o n i z a t i o n o f L a t i n A m e r i c a . H e w a s k i l l e d o n O c t . 8, 1967, b y B o l i v i a n t r o o p s w h i l e o p e r a t i n g i n the field.

1966, Feb. A new trade agreement w a s s i g n e d w i t h t he U . S . S . R . C u b a , w i t h a n e c o n o m y b a s e d l a r g e l y o n the s u g a r c r o p , w a s u n a b l e to o v e r c o m e t h e e c o n o m i c h a n d i c a p c r e a t e d b y the b o y c o t t o f t he A m e r i c a n states, a n d w a s t h e r e f o r e d e p e n d e n t o n S o v i e t R u s s i a f o r b o t h d i r e c t a n d i n d i r e c t a i d .

1967, June 27-29. Visit of Soviet Premier Kosygin to C u b a , f o l l o w e d b y the c a n c e l l a t i o n ( O c t . ) o f P r e s i d e n t D o r t i c o s ' p r o j e c t e d v i s i t t o M o s c o w . S e r i o u s f r i c t i o n h a d d e v e l o p e d b e ­t w e e n t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s , w h i c h w a s r e f l e c t e d i n a s a v a g e a t t a c k i n Pravda o n the C u b a n i d e o l o g y .

1968, Jan. E l e v e n o l d - g u a r d Communist leaders tried for treason a n d s e n t e n c e d to l o n g p r i s o n t e r m s , a p p a r e n t l y b e c a u s e o f t h e i r o b j e c t i o n s to C u b a n r e v o l u t i o n a r y a c t i v i t y a b r o a d .

b. H A I T I

(From p. 1073)

1941, Dec. 8. Haiti declared war on Japan a n d l a t e r ( D e c . 12) o n Germany and Italy.

1946, Jan. 11. A m i l i t a r y g r o u p u n d e r Col. Paul Magloire o u s t e d President Elie Lescot, t o o k o v e r t h e g o v e r n m e n t , a n d i n s t a l l e d Du-marsais Estime as p r e s i d e n t .

1948, Feb. 11. The Communist Party was out­lawed.

1950, May 10. President Estime w a s o v e r ­t h r o w n b y a m i l i t a r y j u n t a u n d e r Col. Paul Magloire, w h o w a s s u b s e q u e n t l y e l e c t e d p r e s i ­d e n t .

1956, Dec. 12. U n d e r t h e p r e s s u r e o f a g e n e r a l s t r i k e , M a g l o i r e g a v e u p the p r e s i d e n c y .

1957, Feb. 7. T h e l e g i s l a t u r e e l e c t e d Franck Sylvain provisional president, a n d i n v a l i d a t e d a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n u n d e r w h i c h a p r e s i ­d e n t i a l v a c a n c y w a s filled b y t h e r a n k i n g m e m ­b e r o f t h e s u p r e m e c o u r t . S y l v a i n ' s p r e d e c e s ­sor , Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis, h a d a s s u m e d the p r e s i d e n c y i n a c c o r d w i t h t h i s p r o v i s i o n .

Apr. 2. U n d e r a c c u s a t i o n s o f t r y i n g to " f i x " the e l e c t i o n s s c h e d u l e d f o r A p r i l 28 , p r o v i s i o n a l

President Sylvain resigned. O n A p r i l 26 a p r o v i s i o n a l e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l t o o k o v e r , to r u l e u n t i l a f t e r t h e p r e s i d e n t i a l e l e c t i o n , pos t ­p o n e d f o r t h r e e m o n t h s .

May 26. F o l l o w i n g a flareup o f c i v i l w a r b e t w e e n t h e e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l a n d t h e fo rces o f a r m y c h i e f o f s t a f f Cantave, Daniel Fig-nola t o o k o v e r as p r o v i s i o n a l p r e s i d e n t .

June 14. T h e a r m y , l e d b y Brig. Gen. Antonio Kebreau, q u i e t l y o u s t e d p r o v i s i o n a l P r e s i d e n t D a n i e l F i g n o l a , a n d p r o c l a i m e d a s ta te o f e m e r g e n c y .

Sept. 22. T h e p r e s i d e n t i a l e l e c t i o n r e s u l t e d i n v i c t o r y f o r Francois Duvalier.

Oct. 22. A m i d s t a crisis with the United States o v e r t h e f a t a l b e a t i n g o f a n A m e r i c a n c i t i z e n b y p o l i c e , D u v a l i e r b e c a m e p r e s i d e n t a n d t h e m i l i t a r y j u n t a r e s i g n e d .

1963, May 2. A n O A S c o m m i s s i o n b e g a n i n ­v e s t i g a t i n g t h e Haitian-Dominican conflict w h i c h c o n c e r n e d t h e v i o l a t i o n o f d i p l o m a t i c i m m u n i t y a f t e r a r m e d s o l d i e r s s u r r o u n d e d the D o m i n i c a n e m b a s s y i n P o r t - a u - P r i n c e i n A p r i l . H a i t i r e f u s e d t o g r a n t sa fe c o n d u c t e x i t s f o r s o m e o f t h e t w e n t y - t w o f o e s o f D u v a l i e r w h o h a d t a k e n r e f u g e i n t h e D o m i n i c a n e m b a s s y .

May 15. P r e s i d e n t D u v a l i e r ' s c o n s t i t u ­t i o n a l r i g h t t o o f f i c e e n d e d , as h i s l e g a l t e r m e x p i r e d .

May 17. United States suspension of diplo­matic ties w i t h H a i t i .

Aug. 5-7. A n i n v a s i o n b y a s m a l l f o r c e o f H a i t i a n e x i l e s a t t e m p t i n g to o v e r t h r o w P r e s i ­d e n t D u v a l i e r f a i l e d .

1964, Apr. 1. Francois Duvalier became presi­dent for life.

June. A new constitution, w h i l e i t p r o v i d e d f o r u n i v e r s a l s u f f r a g e a n d a n e l e c t e d o n e -c h a m b e r l e g i s l a t u r e , c o n c e n t r a t e d a l l e x e c u t i v e p o w e r i n a p r e s i d e n t e l e c t e d f o r l i f e . D u v a ­l i e r ' s p o w e r c o u l d n o t b e s e r i o u s l y t h r e a t e n e d , s i n c e h e p o s e d as t h e c h a m p i o n o f t h e p o v e r t y -s t r i c k e n N e g r o m a s s e s , h a d b r o k e n t h e p o w e r o f t h e a r m y , a n d w a s l o y a l l y p r o t e c t e d b y a p e r s o n a l g u a r d .

1968, May. A n o t h e r a t t e m p t to i n v a d e H a i t i , s t a g e d b y o p p o s i t i o n e l e m e n t s i n e x i l e , w a s e a s i l y d e f e a t e d , as h a d b e e n p r e v i o u s effor ts .

1969, June 2. A bombing raid on Port-au-Prince r e s u l t e d i n w h o l e s a l e a r r e s t s a n d n u m e r o u s d i s a p p e a r a n c e s .

c. T H E D O M I N I C A N R E P U B L I C

(From p. 1073)

1941, Dec. 8. T h e Dominican Republic de­clared war on Japan a n d s h o r t l y a f t e r ( D e c . 11) o n Germany and Italy.