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AN EDUCATIONAL TOUR
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Major Members:SunPlanetsMoon
Minor Members:AsteroidsMeteoroidsComets
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Great Ball of Fire
THE SUN
THE SUNOnly star in the
solar system
About 150 million km away Nearest star to the
Earth
Middle-sized yellow star
THE SUNDiameter : 1392000 km
Volume: could take in a million earths with room to spare
Rotates once every 25 days at the equator and once every 33 days at the poles
Huge ball of gas (H2 and He)
Inner Core Temperature 15000000°C
Nuclear Fission Mass lost from the
reaction is converted to thermal and radiant
energy
Sun converts 4 million tons of matter into energy per second
Helium gases cannot escape into space because of the pressure of
overlying layers of gases
Only radiant energy, largely in the form of x-rays, can pass through
these layers of gases
Radiative ZoneLayer where the energy radiates
through the layers of gases
Extends about 90% of the sun’s
radius
Takes about 10 million years for energy to pass
through this zone
Radiant energy released from the core is absorbed and converted to thermal energy in
the convective zone
The great amount of energy of radiant and thermal energy
absorbed by the convective
envelope heats the gases, causing them to rise,
become turbulent, and create
disturbances on the outer part called the photosphere
Corona
Outermost part of the sun
Seen as an envelope of white light around the
sun during a total solar eclipse
Temperature is about
1 to 2 million °C
Chromosphere
Appears colored during a solar eclipse
Extends to a height of about 5000 km from
the sun’s surface
Temperature increases with its altitude, from
3700 °C at lower altitudes to about
49700 °C at the upper regions where it merges with the
corona
Photosphere
Below the Chromosphere
Only visible part of the sun
Temperature of about 6000 °C
Most of the sun’s activity starts in the
photosphere
Principal source of sun’s radiation
THE SUNGranules
Bright and dark spots on the surface of the sun
Actually bubbles of hot gases hundred of kilometers in diameter
Main source of radiation
Solar ProminencesBig eruptions on the surface of the sunOften referred to as fiery fountainsLikened to the explosion of 100000
hydrogen bombs
THE SUN
SpiculeUsually a small but sharp eruption
which lasts for about 15 minutes to 1 hour
THE SUN
THE SUNSolar Flare
A spicule lying flat and with a bigger and longer stem
Usually occurs near a sunspot
THE SUNSunspot
Region on the surface of the sun which is darker because it is several thousand degrees cooler than its surroundings
Temperature is lower (about 537.7 °C) than around the spot (about 6093.3 °C)
Huge magnetic storms which develop in the sun’s interior and erupt on the surface
Have some effect on the earth
Greek word “Planetai” meaning “Wandering Star”
THE PLANETS
A celestial body that is in orbit around the sun that has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium shape.
THE PLANETS
My Very Elegant Mother Just Served Us Nuts
THE PLANETSMercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Terrestrial PlanetsHave small orbitsRelatively small and have high
densities due to their rocky bodies made of heavy elementsMercuryVenus EarthMars
THE PLANETS
Major PlanetsHave large orbitsVery large and massiveHave dense atmospheres and low average
densitiesMuch more similar to the sun in
composition, being made of lighter elements and light gases like hydrogen and helium, with a little methane, ammonia, and waterJupiterSaturnUranusNeptune
THE PLANETS
THE PLANETS
Move around the sun in a west to east direction in elliptical orbits
Most orbits lie approximately in the same plane as the earth’s orbit
THE PLANETS
Smallest Planet of the Solar System
MERCURY
MERCURYDiameter : 4880 km
Rotates once every 59 days
Revolves around the sun in 88 days
Distance: 58 million km
Has very high temperatureVery low gravityHas no atmosphereMercury’s surface is marked with
countless holes and cratersSince mercury is closer to the sun
than the earth it is seen as an evening star just after sunset and as a morning star just before dawn
MERCURY
The Red Planet
VENUS
VENUSDiameter : 12100 km
Rotates once every 243days
Revolves around the sun in 255days
Distance: 108 million km
Earth’s twinSimilar in mass, size, and in having an
atmosphereImages showed that Venus is Round and
its surface is SmoothFound to rotate very slowly clockwiseNo moon and no waterCompletely covered with thick layers of
cloudsCalled the “Veiled Planet”
VENUS
A very hot planet, much hotter than Earth or even mercury
Temperature ranges from 426 to 500°CSince temperature is high, pressure on the
surface is also very highSurface pressure is about 90 atmospheres
at least 75 times that of the EarthTop of Venus’ clouds, temperature drop
suddenly to about 1.1°C
VENUS
High temperatures on Venus is attributed to the greenhouse effect
Carbon dioxide makes up 96% of Venus’ atmosphere
Recently, other heat-absorbing particles such as water and sulfur dioxide were detected
Water accounts for 0.1% of the greenhouse effect
Large amount of sulfur dioxide in the clouds is singled out to be largely responsible for the planet's high temperature
VENUS
VENUS in TRANSITA transit of Venus
across the sun takes place when the planet passes directly between the sun and the earth, becoming visible against the solar disk
Transit of 2012 lasted 6 hours and 40 minutes
The Blue Planet
EARTH
EARTHDiameter : 12760 km
Rotates once every 24 hours
Revolves around the sun in 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes and 43 seconds
Distance: 150 million km
EARTH'S MOONOnly satellite of the
earthDistance: 384000 km
away from the EarthDiameter: 3476 kmOrbits Earth in 27 1/3
daysNo atmosphereMoon’s surface is
marked all over by the countless craters of various sizes formed by falling meteorites
Phase of the Moonthe shape of the moon that we see
EARTH'S MOON
New MoonWhen the moon is between the Earth and the Sun, the
unlighted side of the moon faces the Earth so we do not see it
EARTH'S MOON
Crescent-shaped MoonAs the moon moves 1/8 of its orbit farther
EARTH'S MOON
First Quarter PhaseWhen the moon reaches ¼ of its orbit, half of
its lighted surface is visible to us
EARTH'S MOON
GibbousAfter the first quarter phase, the moon appears
larger than a half circle
EARTH'S MOON
Full MoonHalfway on its orbit, the moon’s lighted side faces
the Earth and we see a bright and round moon
EARTH'S MOON
Third Quarter PhaseThe moon continues in orbit and its lighted, visible part
becomes smaller and smaller turning into gibbous in shapeThree quarters along its orbit
EARTH'S MOON
ECLIPSEDisappearance
and appearance of a bright object in the sky
Happens wherein their journey along their orbits, the earth, the sun, and the moon come to a straight line
ECLIPSELunar Eclipse
When the earth is between the sun and moon
Solar EclipseWhen the moon
is between the earth and sun
The Next Earth?
MARS
MARSDiameter : 6800 km
Rotates once every 24.64 days
Revolves around the sun in 687 days
Distance: 228 million km
Has a thin atmosphere which offers very little protection against the sun’s radiation
Sudden changes in temperature occur which vary from 26.6°C during the day to 65.5°C below zero at night.
Soil contains peroxide and its atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide, a little carbon monoxide, and very small amounts of nitrogen, argon, oxygen, krypton, and xenon
Atmosphere also includes clouds and fogs
MARS
There is no liquid in marsWater in other forms may be found in the
atmosphere and beneath the surface of Mars
Frozen carbon dioxide forms the thin mist seen above the atmosphere and the polar caps of mars
MARINER 9 showed that Mars’ surface is heavily cratered in some parts, covered with short ridges and furrows in other parts, and has bright circular plains or deserts in the remaining parts
MARS
Red color, probably caused by the carbon suboxide (C3O2), a rare, foul-smelling compound
Ultraviolet radiation changes the arrangement of atoms in the molecules of this compound so that it acquires an orange or reddish brown color
The bright pinkish skyRed dust on mars is iron oxide which is
similar to that on earth
MARS
Has seasons like the earthAxis is inclined 25° from the perpendicular to its
orbitThe greater ellipticity of mars’ orbit compared to
that of earth causes more unequal heating of the northern and southern hemispheres
Summer is extremely hot and short in the southern hemisphere
In the northern hemisphere, summer is less extreme and concentrates large amounts of water vapor in the atmosphere near the north polar caps
Polar caps seen during the winter are craters ringed with dry ice
In spring, ice caps do not melt but rather evaporate
MARS
MARSOlympus Mons
Volcano on mars
Largest known volcano in the solar system
About 25 km high
MARSValles Marineris
Canyon on Mars
MARS' MOONSTwo known moons
Phobos Deimos
They are irregular in shape and were probably captured asteroids.