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An assessment of water quality in tropical streams located in primary and secondary rainforest. By Emily Schultz Supervisor: Cheryl Baduini. Introduction. Hacienda Baru vs. Firestone Center for Restoration Ecology (FCRE) vs. Dominical E. coli and other fecal coliforms Nutrients - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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An assessment of An assessment of water quality in water quality in tropical streams tropical streams
located in primary located in primary and secondary and secondary
rainforestrainforest By Emily SchultzBy Emily Schultz
Supervisor: Cheryl BaduiniSupervisor: Cheryl Baduini
IntroductionIntroduction
Hacienda Baru vs. Firestone Center Hacienda Baru vs. Firestone Center for Restoration Ecology (FCRE) vs. for Restoration Ecology (FCRE) vs. DominicalDominical
E. coliE. coli and other fecal coliforms and other fecal coliforms NutrientsNutrients - Phosphate- Phosphate - Nitrate- Nitrate - Nitrite- Nitrite - Ammonia- Ammonia
SitesSites
Hacienda Baru: Primary Stream Head, Hacienda Baru: Primary Stream Head, Above Camp, Below Camp, Below Ceibo, Above Camp, Below Camp, Below Ceibo, Primary/Secondary Frontier, Baru BridgePrimary/Secondary Frontier, Baru Bridge
Baru River – Dominical Bridge, Baru Baru River – Dominical Bridge, Baru MouthMouth
FCRE: Terciopelo Spring, North Creek FCRE: Terciopelo Spring, North Creek Falls, Cacao Waterfall, Mid-Cacao, Falls, Cacao Waterfall, Mid-Cacao, Terciopelo Road Bridge, Cacao Road Terciopelo Road Bridge, Cacao Road BridgeBridge
FCRE SitesFCRE Sites
Methods and Materials Methods and Materials BacteriaBacteria - Sampling- Sampling - Growing- Growing - Counting- Counting NutrientsNutrients - Sampling- Sampling - Analyzing- Analyzing OtherOther - Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Temperature, - Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Temperature,
Salinity, pHSalinity, pH - Turbidity- Turbidity
ResultsResults
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
E. coli Other Coliforms Total Coliforms
Bacteria
Co
lon
ies/
100
mL
Figure 1. Number of colonies of bacteria per 100 mL (mean ± SE, n=6) at Hacienda Baru as compared to FCRE. White= Hacienda Baru, Grey= FCRE.
ResultsResults
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
Hacienda Baru FCRE
Location
Nit
rate
(m
g/L
)
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
Hacienda Baru FCRE
Location
Nitr
ite (m
g/L)
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
Hacienda Baru FCRE
Location
Phos
phat
e (m
g/L)
Figure 2. Levels of nitrate (mean ± SE, n=6) in stream water at Hacienda Baru and FCRE.
Figure 3. Levels of nitrite (mean ± SE, n=6) in stream water at Hacienda Baru and FCRE.
Figure 4. Levels of phosphate (mean ± SE, n=6) in stream water at Hacienda Baru and FCRE.
ResultsResults
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Hacienda Baru FCRE
Location
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
Figure 5. Temperature of stream water (mean ± SE, n=6) at Hacienda Baru and FCRE.
ResultsResults
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Hacienda Baru FCRE Dominical
Location
E. c
oli
(per
100
ml)
Figure 6. Number of E. coli colonies per 100 mL (mean ± SE) at all sites during the each season. White=Dry, Grey=Almost Rainy, Black=Rainy
ResultsResults
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
Hacienda Baru FCRE Dominical
Location
Oth
er c
olif
orm
s (p
er 1
00
mL
)
Figure 7. Number of other coliform colonies per 100 mL (mean ± SE) at all sites during the different seasons. White=Dry, Grey=Almost Rainy, Black=Rainy
ResultsResults
05000
10000150002000025000
3000035000400004500050000
Hacienda Baru FCRE Dominical
Location
To
tal c
olif
orm
s (p
er 1
00 m
g)
Figure 8. Number of total coliform colonies per 100 mL (mean ± SE) at all sites during the different seasons. White=Dry, Grey=Almost Rainy, Black=Rainy
ResultsResults
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
Hacienda Baru FCRE Dominical
Location
Nit
rate
(m
g/L
)
Figure 9. Levels of nitrate (mean ± SE) at all sites during the different seasons. White=Dry, Grey=Almost Rainy, Black=Rainy
ResultsResults
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
Hacienda Baru FCRE Dominical
Location
Nit
rite
(m
g/L
)
Figure 10. Levels of nitrite (mean ± SE) at all sites during the different seasons. White=Dry, Grey=Almost Rainy, Black=Rainy
ResultsResults
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Hacienda Baru FCRE Dominical
Location
Tem
pera
ture
(oC
)
Figure 12. Temperature (mean ± SE) at all sites during the different seasons. White=Dry, Grey=Almost Rainy, Black=Rainy
ConclusionsConclusions E. coliE. coli - More at Hacienda Baru: greater animal - More at Hacienda Baru: greater animal
population population - More during dry season: less water in - More during dry season: less water in
streamsstreams Other coliforms Other coliforms - Higher at Firestone - Higher at Firestone - No variation by season- No variation by season - Some coliforms from soil- Some coliforms from soil - Enter stream during rain events- Enter stream during rain events Effect of temperatureEffect of temperature - Not visible in correlation- Not visible in correlation - Can be seen in seasonal comparison- Can be seen in seasonal comparison
ConclusionsConclusions NitrateNitrate - Higher at Hacienda Baru - Higher at Hacienda Baru - Higher during dry season at Hacienda - Higher during dry season at Hacienda
BaruBaru - More nitrate accumulation in soil during - More nitrate accumulation in soil during
dry season at Hacienda Barudry season at Hacienda Baru Nitrite Nitrite - Very low concentrations- Very low concentrations - Too much noise- Too much noise PhosphatePhosphate - No difference between sites- No difference between sites - Soil is main source- Soil is main source
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
I would first like to thank Dr. Cheryl I would first like to thank Dr. Cheryl Baduini forBaduini for
supervising this project. Additionally, I would supervising this project. Additionally, I would like to thank Drs. Don McFarlane, Keith like to thank Drs. Don McFarlane, Keith Christianson, Katie Purvis-Roberts, and Diane Christianson, Katie Purvis-Roberts, and Diane Thomson for their help and advice in Costa Rica. Thomson for their help and advice in Costa Rica. I would also like to thank Alicia Hill, Alexandra I would also like to thank Alicia Hill, Alexandra Binder, Keala Cummings, and especially Sam Binder, Keala Cummings, and especially Sam Scott for their help with data collection when Scott for their help with data collection when necessary. For her help with the statistical necessary. For her help with the statistical analysis, I would like to thank Dr. Kristen analysis, I would like to thank Dr. Kristen Johnson. This research would not have been Johnson. This research would not have been possible without the W. M. Keck Foundation possible without the W. M. Keck Foundation grant to the Joint Science Department,grant to the Joint Science Department,
Scripps College.Scripps College.