AN ARCHITECTURE FOR LOCAL ENERGY GENERATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND SHARING Mike M. He, Evan M. Reutzel, Xiaofan Jiang, Randy H. Katz, Seth R. Sanders, David E. Culler, Ken Lutz Electrical Engineering University of California - Berkeley The Energy Challenge Modern Electricity Grid Centrally Controlled Large-scale Central Generation One-way Power Flow Homogeneous Power Quality, Reliability Electricity Generation in the US Source: EIA, 2006 Statistics Decreasing Costs Source: Dan Arvizu, Meeting the Renewable Energy Challenge: What Will it Take to Reach Solar PVs Ultimate Potential, NREL, 2006 Growth of Renewable Energy Source: GlobalData Renewable Energy: Intermittency 1.5 MW Wind Turbine 4.6 MW Solar Installation Source: Jay Apt and Aimee Curtright, The Spectrum of Power from Utility-Scale Wind Farms and Solar Photovoltaic Arrays, CEIC 2008 Energy Storage Energy Storage Use Distributed Intelligence Management of distributed energy resources Decision-making Price data from utilities Energy/power information locally Forecasting based on past data User customization Demand response Intelligent Power Switch (IPS) LoCal Principles Non-disruptive Adoption and Integration Black Box Operation Well-defined interface (Narrow Waist Model) Diversity of scale and implementation Plug And Play Lessons from the Internet LoCal Networking Intelligent Power Switch (IPS) Energy Network PowerComm Interface Energy Storage Power Generation Host Load energy flows information flows Networking Advantages Market Interactions and Energy Sharing Utilization of lowest cost available resources Market pricing Increased aggregate reliability Distributed generation and storage No large-scale outages Displacement of services from electric grid Reliability, power quality provided as needed Challenges Energy Storage Cost Round trip efficiency Lifetime Regulations Restrictions on energy sharing IEEE Standards Cost of Reliability Source: C. Marnay, LBNL The Goals of LoCal Renewable Generation Distributed intelligence Peer-to-peer energy sharing Market behavior