An Analysis of Land use and Land cover change of

Tuticorin, Tamilnadu using Internet GIS

John Prince Soundranayagam1*, Chandrasekar. N1, Sivasubramanian. P2 and Divya.C3

1. Centre for GeoTechnology Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli-627012, Tamil Nadu INDIA.

2. Department of Geology, V.O.Chidambaram College, Tuticorin-628008, Tamil Nadu INDIA

3. The Center for information Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli – 627012, Tamil Nadu, INDIA

* Corresponding author : johnprince06@gmail.com

An Analysis of Land use and Land cover change of Tuticorin,

Tamilnadu using Internet GIS

Abstract

Internet GIS is a research tool that facilitate to access, process and dissemination of geographic information and spatial analysis knowledge. Rapid development in Computer Technology and high speed internet has led to an upsurge in research and development in GIS. This present paper highlights the advantage the Web based Land use and land cover change analysis of Tuticorin using the state of art Web GIS software ArcIMS. This web site is designed specifically to create, visualize, and analyze the Change detection of Tuticorin.

Keyword : WEB GIS, ArcIMS, Land use and Land cover , Tuticorin, client server.

1. INTRODUCTION

The synergy of Geographical Information Systems and Web Technology allows access to dynamic geospatial information without burdening the users with complicated and expensive software. The World Wide Web provides GIS users easy access to spatial data in a distributed environment through a simple browser interface or sometimes by a lightweight client side application. The concept of Web GIS is based on how the map is produced and responds to users' interactions over the Web. The publication and distribution of spatial data are increasingly important activities enabling organizations to share domain-specific dynamic spatial information over the Web. Web GIS add GIS functionality to a wide range of internet-based applications in government, business, research and education. It has several advantages such as worldwide access, dynamic data access and user-friendly interface. Web GIS is similar to the client/server i.e typical three-tier architecture (Figure- 1).

The Internet revolves around the client-server architecture. Your computer runs software called the client and it interacts with software known as the server located at a remote computer. The client is usually a browser such as Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator or Mozilla. Browsers interact with the server using a set of instructions called protocols. These protocols help in the accurate transfer of data through requests from a browser and responses from the server. There are many protocols available on the Internet. The World Wide Web, which is a part of the Internet, brings all these protocols under one roof. You can, thus, use HTTP, FTP, Telnet, email etc. from one platform - your web browser.

Figure – 1. Client/Server computing model

GIS is a computer based integrated database management system that stores a large volume of spatial data along with its attribute or non spatial data which are captured, stored, retrieved, processed and analyzed to provide answers to queries of a geographical nature as and when required. Traditional GIS can serve only dedicated users with sophisticated software and hardware with limited impact on the public. The web enabled GIS facilitate decision making at the strategic, tactical, and operational levels; support administrative operations; and serves as a gateway for decision makers and general users to access the system conveniently and effectively (Leukert, and Reinhardt 2000; Bhargava and Tettelbach 1997; Carver 1991; Sikder and Gangopadhyay 2003).

Land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) is a general term for the human modification of Earth's terrestrial surface. Though humans have been modifying land to obtain food and other essentials for thousands of years, current rates, extents and intensities of LULCC are far greater than ever in history, driving unprecedented changes in ecosystems and environmental processes at local, regional and global scales. These changes encompass the greatest environmental concerns of human populations today, including climate change, biodiversity loss and the pollution of water, soils and air. Monitoring and mediating the negative consequences of LULCC while sustaining the production of essential resources has therefore become a major priority of researchers and policymakers around the world. Keeping these

Spatial and Attribute database of Tuticorin

perspectives an, attempt has been made to analysis the land use and land cover changes that have taken place from 1969 to 2003 (John Prince et. al 2010 b).

2. THE STUDY AREA

The Tuticorin lies between 8° 39' and 8° 51' N latitude and 78° 57' and 78° 12' E longitude in the district of Tuticorin in the state of Tamilnadu, India. The study area spreads a geographical area of 358 sq.km. Tuticorin is a costal town with Major sea port. Major problem with the study area can be identifies as are (i) Rapid Growth of Population and (ii) Unplanned growth of the city both horizontally in all direction and vertically also. Many of the developments have come up in the recent years, which have affected the study area in a drastic way. So there is a need for proper planning for the careful handling of this alarming situation

3. DATA USED

Type of Data Details of Data Source of Data Survey of Inida (SOI)

Toposheets

58H/13,58H/14,58L/1&5,58L/2

Survey of India

Remote Sensing

digital data

IRS 1C LISS III

13th june,2003

National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) Hyderabad

4. METHODOLOGY

The LULC map of Tuticorin for the year 2003 was prepared using LISS III satellite data by using supervised classification method for the purpose of developing WEB GIS. The Tuticorin topomaps (1969) were digitized and the extent of the Settlement, saltpan, wasteland, Agricultural land and Water bodies were extracted using ArcGIS 9.2 software.

4.1 Web GIS Technology

Web GIS is a client server concept. We are using the Internet Map Server and Web Server to host the designed web site of the present study.

Internet Map Server (IMS) applications allow GIS database custodians to easily make their spatial data accessible through a web browser interface to end-users. High-speed corporate intranets make an ideal network for distributing data in this manner, given the fact that bandwidth requirements can be high. Making data available to the entire world is certainly feasible and any organization that has a public website can certainly add an IMS without opening up too many additional security holes (John Prince et. al 2010a; Kingston et.al 2000; Malczewski 1999).

For a working IMS, software requires two components for processing the data. A geospatial data processing engine that runs on the server side as a service, Servlet or Common Gateway Interface (CGI) application, and processes the raw spatial data into a map and a standard web server that manages the incoming requests and replies with the proper map data back to the client side browser or application window. The end product is either a JPEG or GIF image or vector, which is transmitted back to the client browser or a stream of data that is interpreted by a plug-in to the client browser. IMS that transmit back an image have a limited capability that does not extend much beyond pan, zoom, and basic vector attribute query. The feature streaming IMS requires a downloadable plug-in, but allows for advanced buffer, query, labeling and sub setting operations to be performed. Some IMS sites offer both a plug-in and a simple HTML version, which is nice for plug-in weary surfers (Menegolo and Peckham 1996; Rinner.C and Malczewski 2002; Saran et.al 2003) 4.2 Web Server

This machine stores and retrieves Internet (and intranet) data for the enterprise. Some documents, data, etc., reside on web servers. Web application provides access to documents and other data. “Thin” clients typically use a web browser to request those documents. Such servers share documents across intranets, or across the Internet (or extranets). The most commonly used protocol is HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol). Web application servers are now augmenting simple web servers. The examples of web application servers are Microsoft’s Internet Information Server (IIS), Netscape’s iPlanet IBM’s WebSphere,BEA’s WebLogic and Oracle Application Server

ArcIMS is used in developing the GIS web-base application as it is an Internet Map Server software which provides the components required for web development such as authoring, designing, publishing and administering Internet mapping application. It allows web clients, map server, data server and Web Server to communicate between one another. Through ArcIMS, developers are able to build the web-based GIS faster and manage MapService over the internet.

4.3 Deigning a web site

The entire database collected has been converted to a web-supported format, which makes it more accessible for a large number of users. Moreover it is customized to offer multiple query facilities which enables any individual to extract any information regarding LULCC of Tuticorin.(john prince et.al 2010)

4.3.1 Author

ArcIMS Author to create a map for your Web site by performing such tasks as adding data layers, setting layer symbology, and creating stored queries. Author always saves your map content in a configuration file with the .axl file extension. In the present web based LIST, Geology, Geomorphology, Soil, land use and land cover and Road

networks shape files are created using ArcGIS 9.2 software has been converted in to web supported configuration file format.

4.3.2 Administrator

The Administrator can create, start, stop, and remove services. Administrator can set and change service properties, such as the Virtual Server assignment. Administrator also lets you work with servers (map server, image server and feature server) and with Map Notes and Edit Notes. Saving service properties in Administrator ensures that your services are restored each time you reboot your computer

4.3.3 Designer

ArcIMS Designer is an application that guides you through the viewer design process. One can design the web page using HTML or JAVA. In the java, designer can create a web page using java standard or java custom tool sets. Most of the tools do not appear if you choose the Java Standard. In the present study, we design the website to display the layers such as Settlement, Saltpan, Agricultural, Waste land and Water bodies for the year 1969 and 2003

4.3.4 Viewer

A viewer is a Web site or HTML page that one can create using Designer. Users use the viewer to view and work with the maps available via ArcIMS. One can choose among three ArcIMS Viewers: HTML, Java Standard, or Java Custom.

4.3.4.1 The HTML Viewer

The HTML Viewer interface consists of a map display area, title, toolbar, layer list, scale bar, North arrow, and overview map. The toolbar appears to the left of the map display area. It includes all the tools you selected when designing your Web site as well as two buttons unique to the HTML Viewer: Toggle Between Legend and Layer List and Toggle Overview Map. The layer list appears to the right of the map display area. Click Active to make a layer active. The active layer is the layer against which querying, buffering, and so on, will be performed. Check a layer to make it visible; uncheck it to remove it from the map display. After making changes, you must click the Refresh Map button for your changes to be reflected on the map.

4.3.4.2 The Java Standard and Custom Viewers

Both the Java Standard Viewer and the Java Custom Viewer have the same elements: a map display area, title, toolbar, legend, scalebar, and overview map. The primary differences are the organization of the elements and the contents of the toolbar. The illustration on this page is the Java Custom Viewer. In the Java Standard Viewer, the

toolbar is above the map display area, the legend is to the left of the map display area, and the overview map is above the legend.

The toolbar contains only the tools you specified when you designed your Web site. It does not include the Viewer Elements and Cancel Data Retrieval buttons found on the Java Standard Viewer toolbar. Also, instead of a Pan One Direction button, the Java Custom Viewer has four separate buttons for panning north, south, east, and west. Instead of a single Select Features tool, the Java Custom Viewer has four tools: Select by Rectangle, Select by Circle, Select by Line, and Select by Polygon.

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The implementation of Web-based GIS is a tool to invite public participation apart from providing information in the form of maps and data for public access, and paving the path for data sharing with agencies having the same interest. The implementation concept based on global data sharing permits users to acquire and implement the activities of interest through the local area network.

The Developed WEBGIS is placed on the web server in the Department of Geotechnology Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India as intranet applications. The information from the server is accessed by the other permitted department/organization to avoid any legal issues. The same principle can be used to upload in the internet through approved link server. The web server is connected with 500 clients. It is very much useful for the Agriculturalist, Geologist, land owners, Industrialist, Urban planner and also for the public who approaches the sever manager of the Department.

Tuticorin over the years has grown as port and petro-chemical city. Due to industrialization the land use and land cover is altered in the many parts of city. Land use change is an inevitable phenomenon in an urban space. How the use of land change from one to another could have inter connection with various entities and interaction between them in the spatial and temporal environment. It requires a comprehensive understanding and continuous monitoring of various factors, which influence the transformation of the land. By using the Identify tool in the WEB GIS it is easy to find out the particular type of land (Figure – 2).

Figure– 2. Identify the particular land type and its attribute data using identify tool

Figure– 3.Toggle between layer/legends

Query tool is one of the best option in the WEB GIS, The Query is written using SQL (structured query language). We can use Query with logic algorithm and basic arithmetic functions. The query function is used to select the particular Land use type as shown in the Figure – 4

Identify Tool

Attribute table for the selected land type

Layer/Legend Toggle

Figure – 4. Query function used to select the particular Land type

5.1 Overlay Operation in change detection Study

The overlaying operation of change detection analyze is very essential to determine what is exactly changing to what land use class changing to other. This information will be a vital tool in management decision. To carry out the overlay analysis first, one should select a particular land use layer of 1969 and 2003 from layer list. Then click the refresh button to display the new “Over layed” map. Then by using the identification tool we can click on the selected layers to find out the area of the particular landuse from the attribute table. In the present study we have found out changes in settlement, Saltpan, Industries, Agricultural land, Wasteland and Water bodies (Table- 1).

Table 1- LULCC 1969 - 2003

Categories 1969 2003

Area Sq.km Area(%) Area

Sq.km Area(%)

Selltlement 18.82

5.26

49.97

13.96

Salt pan 23.72

6.63

33.05

9.23

Industries 0

0

5.76

1.61

Agricultural 95.35

26.63

94.85

26.49

Wasteland 197.63

55.20

153.32

42.83

water bodies 22.48

6.28

21.05

5.88

Total 358

100

358

100

Query Tool

Results for the Selected Query

Figure – 5. Settlement change detection analysis – Area for 1969

Figure – 6. Settlement change detection analysis – Area for 2003

Select the Settlement layer for the year 1969 and 2003

Area of the settlement for the selected polygon for 1969

Click here by using identify tool to select a

polygon

Click here by using identify tool to select a

polygon

Area of the settlement for the selected polygon for 2003

6. Conclusion

Attempts were made to capture as accurate as possible land use and land cover as they change through time. Tuticorin has witnessed remarkable expansion, growth and development activities such as urban sprawl development and conversion of land into settlement, Industrial area and saltpan. Mostly the contributers for the development are identified as waste land. But during the development the salt pans and some settlement near the cost, sand dunes and palaeo strandlines were demolished. These above said structures are storage tanks of freshwater in coastal aquifers. So the demolition of these structures leads to cause strain in coastal aquifer systems. Possible sustainable ground water measure is to enhance ground waste rechargeable area within Tuticorin and maintain the ground water table. Similarly, one should protect the present costal sand dunes from anthropogenic activity.

Reference

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Authors Biography

1. John Prince Soundranaygam

He is working as Associate Professor having teaching experience of 17 years. Received the M.Sc, M.Phil., degrees in Physics from Annamalai University, Chidambaram. in 1988 and 1990 respectively. He is currently pursuing PhD in Physics at Centre for Geo-Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, under UGC Faculty Development programme. His research area is urban development modeling using remote sensing and GIS. He has Published four research paper, three international journal and one national journal and three more research paper has been accepted by reputed journals also he attended International Workshop on Geomorhological Hazards held at Kanyakumari, 21-23, July,2010. Email: johnprince06@gmail.com

mobile: 09894029229

2. N. Chandrasekar

Received the M.Sc. Degree in Marine Geology in 1980 from CUSAT, Kochi and the PhD degree in Marine Mineral Exploration in 1992 from Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. He is currently Professor and Head of Centre for GeoTechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India. His research interests are Remote sensing and GIS application in Coastal geomorphology and marine exploration. He has published more than 100 refereed research papers in International and national journals. He is a member of various professional international/ national bodies and

government organizations. E-mail: profncsekar@gmail.com, Mobile No: 09443162820, Fax: 0462 - 2334363

3. P.Sivasubramanian

Received M.Sc degree in Geology from Madurai kamaraj University, Madurai and P.hD degree in Geology, Mysore University, Mysore Research papers. He is currently Associate Professor in Dept. of Geology, V.O.Chidambaram college Tuticorin. . He has published more than 15 refereed research papers in International and national journals.

E-mail: psivasubramanian@rediffmail.com

Mobile no: 09442018464

4. C. Divya

Received M.E degree in Communication System in the year 2010 from SSN college of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai. She is currently working as Assistant Professor in Communication Engineering, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,Tirunelveli, India. Her research interest is on Wireless sensor networks and Remote sensing.

E-mail: cdivyame@gmail.com,

Mobile no: 09443162820