Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
An Analysis of L2 Learners’ Overuse and Underuse of
Intensifiers in English
�� ��
1� ��
•���$4����59 (��18+
•��3#����25 ��'8�6�����
•�����&%�/,���3#��*/�)"7���!
•������� �- .�����0+
1. ��
•#!�(.<7
? �/-�65�"�8*��3/�2)>���$�����������94
@ ���� �"�8*��/:;���/-&��%,1� 0 +'�=���
2. ����
• Quirk et al. (1985) ��������
examples
Amplifiers Maximizers absolutely, completely, extremely,
Boosters very, highly, strongly, terribly
Downtoners Approximators nearly, virtually
Compromisers enough, rather
Diminishers partly, slightly, somewhat
Minimizers hardly, scarcely
2. ����
• Firth (1968) : “one possible explanation for their overuse may well be that they have direct translational equivalents which are very frequent in French”. (for example, completely and complètement)
• Xiao $ McEnery (2006) explored the collocational behavior of intensifier and adjectives of Chinese-speaking English learners.
• Tuncar (2016) exaimined the use of maximizers and semantic prosodic awareness of Turkish speaking English learners.
3. ����
•%43�<:�'�=1�$6/$50A���+!�&��#7
B '�=1�*@1�8�/�� �������� �
C '�=1�semantic prosody��?;).�� �
D >-���2 ���9-�"(D '�=1�,���*@1�CEFR-level�"(
3. ����
•���� ���
ICNALE (��10��������������������)
BNC (��������������)
COCA (��������������)
3. ����
•�&/�%!-�����*"��'.→ICNALE��$#���+�/#�����)�
• ���������,(��� �→ICNALE��$#������BNC��COCA���+�/#�����)�
4. �� / . 14
4. ��4.1 �/� ��������������•������� �����
ICNALE(per mil) BNC(per mil)
very 2433 901
really 319 88
much 294 166
so 711 532
too 478 363
4. ��
• Downtoners . • downtoners.
Amplifiers Downtoners
BNC 81.6% 18.4%
ICNALE 97.9% 2.1%
ICNALE(per mil)
BNC(per mil)
virtually 2 20
partly 2 8
slightly 3 40
somewhat 5 27
hardly 2 17
4 1 /
2. ����
• Quirk et al. (1985) ��������
examples
Amplifiers Maximizers absolutely, completely, extremely,
Boosters very, highly, strongly, terribly
Downtoners Approximators nearly, virtually
Compromisers enough, rather
Diminishers partly, slightly, somewhat
Minimizers hardly, scarcely
4. ��
• very • so
BNC ICNALE
good important
much much
little bad
difficult good
different difficult
BNC ICNALE
much much
many bad
bad many
close important
easy easy
. .
4. ��
. .• too
BNC ICNALE
good important
much bad
little much
difficult good
different difficult
4. ��
�ICNALE�������
• Important��bad�����(per million words)
ENS in BNCLearners inICNALE
ENS inICNALE
important 393.43 1501.12 2120.22
bad 151.59 2399.32 860.76
4. ��
• absolutely • extremely
BNC ICNALE
difficult (harmful)
important high
useful bad
rare important
valuable dangerous
BNC ICNALE
right necessary
neccesary wrong
clear true
essential right
sure correct
. .
4. ��
• totally • very
BNC ICNALE COCA
Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%)
Positive 16.2 18.9 29.8
Negative 60.9 54.1 55.1
Neutral 22.9 27.0 15.1
BNC ICNALE COCA
Rate(%) Rate(%) Rate(%)
Positive 57.6 58.3 52.4
Negative 31.0 34.6 35.6
Neutral 11.4 7.2 12.0
4. ��
• very • so
words CEFR-level
important A1
bad A1
much A1
good A1
difficult A2
happy A1
words CEFR-level
much A1
bad A1
many A1
important A1
easy A1
close A2
- . 4
4. ��
• extremely • highly
words CEFR-level
high A1
dangerous A2
bad A1
important A1
essential B1
useful A2
words CEFR-level
likely B1
possible A1
dangerous A2
important A1
competitive B2
successful B1
- . 4
4. ��
• (3rd edition) : “The intensifier very does not
modify adjectives that include the meaning of very in themselves, such
as awful, great, wonderful, and so on”.
ØICNALE very wonderful, very terrible
4 / 5 (very terrible 21 )
./
4. ��
5 5 /5 5
• very non-gradable adjectives
. Quirk et al. (1985) : “most adjectives are gradable” but
some of them, such as right or perfect are not.
ØICNALE5 4 very right very wrong5
Ø 5very quite4
5. ��������
•'75�'78(�<%�7>��+!?2�$91F�� ��
Ø+!?2��E��6H��������4 �Ø#0@���=�;.�,�A��C�G���4 �
•'75�#.B.I5�"�������� �1F����:/����
Ø&-D2�*)�� �+!?2�3���������4 �
5. ��������
•-0�<(�3%�����"'�7+�) �@:
Ø!(9(?.�*=�������������#��-0�>8����2�/�6���
Ø5�&$�������>8��� ��81�;,4�,�
5. ��������
• Semantic prosody : totally�6-
�����$C1=������totally�*A.�37����B>�;�7&"5�*A.� ���!�#?�/ *A.������),� ��@0<�9@�����B>���$+%42�totally� ���!�#?�/ *A.�('���������8:�����
5. ��������
•�,����&#�"0
Ø �4%��collocation��semantic prosody����-5�����,!(��$1��'+��*�)�2���� -5�/�������3.����
6. ��
•$32�;9�(�<1�#5/#40?�����, %��"6
@ (�<1�+>1�7�/�����������
A (�<1�semantic prosody��=:*.����
B (�<1�'&����+>1�8-����!)
6. ��
• )64�><�-!@3�&9/&82D���5�0# :
F )64�2D�-!@3�.C3������� ��$1B1E4�"�������)64������� ���(?��������;!�A �����
G very�so����)64�&92D��-!@3��)64�)6:'�7*�6=�.C3�,+�����/%����-!@3�&92D����
6. ��
•/*?<I��82
Ø.(B6��� !�9M������+4D������@�=1 0�E�5J���GL��� 8��
Ø7����.(B6�3)�-����H8?;H��#&"�$%'���3)�:F�>8AK�
�������,.(B6 �����5�C������
�����
• E r r AA r I
• L e I eC
• N I