AN ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURE AN ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURE SKILLS GAPSSKILLS GAPS

-The Case of Zambia –-The Case of Zambia –

Nelly Nyirenda

REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVE -MALAWI & ZAMBIAHELP A CHILD

TVET AVET CONFERENCEKAMPALA, UGANDA

03RD TO 5TH OCTOBER, 2012

CONTENT OF PRESENTATIONCONTENT OF PRESENTATION Current Situation Agriculture Training in Zambia Skill Gaps in Agriculture Training Challenges in Agriculture in General Recommendations Role of Stakeholders Conclusion

CURRENT SITUATION• The current agricultural policy (2005-2015) recognizes

that achievement of agricultural education and training targets requires strengthening of both formal and non-formal education modes because the formal education system alone cannot meet national training needs.

• The Government has expressed a strong political will to support open and distance learning (ODL) through education policies that recognize ODL as a complementary mode of education, and an information and communications technology (ICT) policy that seeks to integrate ICT in agricultural education and training.

Agricultural reforms in Zambia have created an enormous need to develop and re-train human resources to meet diverse needs of the agricultural sector. Unfortunately, a predominantly traditional formal educational system cannot meet the human resource needs of a dynamic social and economic development system. Similarly, agricultural education and training has traditionally depended mainly on formal training delivery systems, which have limited capacity to cope with the increasing training needs of sub-sectors in the industry

Even with an influx of donor funding, Zambia cannot meet training needs of the changing agricultural landscape using the traditional educational and training methods.

CURRENT SITUATION

Levels of Agriculture Training in Zambia• Formal University and College

Education in Agriculture• Continuing Professional Agriculture

Training in Zambia• Life-long Learning for Framing

Communities• Agriculture training for Primary and

Secondary education

SKILL GAPS• The agriculture staff are not re-

trained to meet the new production techniques. Some staff received training five to even more than ten years ago but new production methods have evolved over the years and these officers are out-dated. As a result out-dated methods are still being applied especially by small farmers

• New livestock production methods and management are not known to the veterinary staff and farmers at large, hence the animal population has reduced to the lowest levels in many areas of the country.

SKILL GAPS CONTINUED

• Extension Officers not trained in agriculture as a business;

• Where entrepreneurship is taught, it is theoretical;

• Inadequate skills in Post Harvest Handling;• No training for new varieties which

demand continuous training;• Orientation still towards maize , no proper

skill on other cash crops;• Inadequate skills to deal with diseases in

animals and plants;

SKILL GAPS CONTNUED

• Agriculture training Curricula` does not include small holder farmers but commercial farmers;

• Link between research branch and Extension officers is poor;

• Indigenous Knowledge is not tapped into and promoted -e.g. How to manage Finger Millet, Sorghum etc.

• Agro processing• Training does not prepare trainees for

signing of International treaties

SKILLS GAPS CONTINUED

SKILLS GAPS•Most University Students go into research at Mt Makulu• Land management skills lacking

CHALLENGES

• The agriculture sector is biased towards promoting maize products at the expense of other crops and livestock.• The agriculture sector is politicised,

Technocrats are not respected to use their skill as expected.• Zambia not allowed to do any research

on GMOs –No equipment, Knowledge and capacity to address GMOs

CHALLENGES CONTINUED

• Students not motivated to study agriculture ( Very few women)

• Zambian agriculture sector do not plan what to produce at what period.

• The market component has a lot of gaps; there is no match between production and market of crops. E.g. maize is bought at K65, 000.00 ($13) per 50kg bag from the farmers and sold at K45, 000.00 ($9)to the millers, other countries and the public.

CHALLENGES CONTINUED

CHALLENGES CONTINUEDCHALLENGES CONTINUED Agriculture taught as a theoretical subject

in Primary and Secondary schools More educated far from farmer , Less

educated close to farmer Good number of skilled workers taken

away from Ministries ( NGO Heads) Technology transfer is compromised by the

agriculture staff (agriculture extension officers). They do not pass the correct information and training to farmers.

RECCOMENDATIONSRECCOMENDATIONS Need to increase access by developing distance

learning programmes in agriculture Promote ICT . Develop agricultural research,

education and extension sub-sectors which greatly depend on sound ICT and distance educational policies.

Improve demand-responsiveness of TVET/AVETImprove demand-responsiveness of TVET/AVET Improve quality of TVET/AVETImprove quality of TVET/AVET Improve access to TVET/AVETImprove access to TVET/AVET Provide increased learning opportunitiesProvide increased learning opportunities

RECCOMENDATIONS CONTDUse of Short and customer-focused Use of Short and customer-focused

courses should be promoted;courses should be promoted; Application of Flexible curricula;Application of Flexible curricula;Place Emphasis on practical Place Emphasis on practical

Entrepreneurial and Business skills;Entrepreneurial and Business skills;Training must relate to “Training must relate to “what what

people do” and not “what people do” and not “what training training providers offerproviders offer”;”;

Roles of StakeholdersRoles of StakeholdersStakeholderStakeholder Role of StakeholderRole of Stakeholder

GovernmentGovernment National Skills PlansNational Skills PlansPolicy FormulationPolicy FormulationTVET/AVET FinancingTVET/AVET Financing

TVET/ AVET RegulatorsTVET/ AVET Regulators Learning Programmes/curriculumLearning Programmes/curriculumStandards and Quality AssuranceStandards and Quality Assurance

Training ProvidersTraining ProvidersLearning Programmes Learning Programmes Quality ManagementQuality ManagementFlexible Training SystemsFlexible Training Systems

Private SectorPrivate SectorJob/Occupational ProfilesJob/Occupational ProfilesWork-based learningWork-based learningTVET/ AVET FinancingTVET/ AVET Financing

NGOsNGOs Needs of Small Holder Farmers (MSEs) Needs of Small Holder Farmers (MSEs) Advocacy for vulnerable groupsAdvocacy for vulnerable groups

International DonorsInternational Donors Promote capacity of Implementing AgenciesPromote capacity of Implementing AgenciesSupport “Public/Private Partnerships”Support “Public/Private Partnerships”

CONCLUSIONS

There are a lot of Skill Gaps in agriculture, there is therefore need to come up with ways of bridging the gaps in order to develop a lucrative and robust agriculture sector in Zambia.

ENDENDThank YouThank You