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AN
ANGLO -SAX O N GRAMMAR ,
DER IVATIVES
XVITH
PROOFS OF THE CELTIC DIALECTS’ BEING OF
EASTERN ORIGIN ;
AND
AN ANALY SIS OF THE STYLE
CHAUCER , DOUGLAS , AND SPENSER .
BY WILLIAM HUNTER ,
PROFESSOR O F MORAL PHILOSOPHY , LOGIC , AND RHETORIC ,
ANDER SON’S UNIVER SITY .
LONDON :
LONGMAN , REES , ORME , BROWN , GRE EN , AND LONGMAN .
E D IN BU R GH z -W I.LL IA1\I T AIT .
C L ISGO ‘V : ATKINSON 6: CO .
D. Pren tics Prin ters, Chron i cleOffice.
INTRODUCTION o
THOSEwho have studied English Composition , wi th a view to
acquire S implicity of S tyle, have gen erallyfoun d t hat t h e Etymon s
tiesof English Particles were n ot traced, n or thei r sign ification ex
{1‘plai n ed , in an y easi l y access i ble work .
To supply th i s defect by i n vestigati n g t h e Etymol ogy, explai ns
vl
1
i ngt h e S ign ification , an d exempl ifyi n g t h e use of t h ese Parti cl es4
DAL
.
i n t h e wri ti n gs of our earl i er aut h ors, i s on e of t h e obje cts of t h i s
Tract.
In t h i s part of t h e work muc h l ight hasbeen derived from t hat
i n gen i ous Ph i l ol ogist, Horn e Tooke ; but man y words are h ere
added wh i c h h e has n otn oti ced , an d explan ati on s offered , d iffer
i ngfrom t h ose wh i c h h e has given , wh en i t app eared t h at h i s
opi n i on was n ot supported by suffici en t reason s .T hus t h ere seems good reason to i n fer t hat h e i s m i staken i n
t h e derivati on of t h ewords odd ,” down ,
” fort h ,”etc. , etc. ,
i n h i s accoun t of t h e derivati ve or future infin i ti ve term i n ati n gi n n n e, an dalways preceded by to ; an d some substan tives i n th .
His views of abstracti on are gen eral ly, but n otalways e i t h er
clear or just“. W h e n he says stri ctly speaki n g t h ere i s n ot h i n g
arbitrary’
j n lan guage,” h e expresses what i s trul y ph ilosophi
cal, for h e eviden tl y admi tst hat weare struck wi t h a simi lar
INTRODUCTION .
i ty in certai n respects” before we i n ven t a comm on appel lati ve
to express t h e obj ects t hat agree i n exciti n g the sam e relati ve
feel i n g but t h i s adm i ss i o n , l ike expressi on s on t h e sam e subj ect
t hat are foun d i n several p h i l osop h i cal wr i ti n gs, “ arises, as
an able Metaphysi cian observes , “ from t h e i n con si ste n cy of
error, an d n ot
’
frm n t h e wri ters havi n g arri ved at t h e t rut h . ’
For how can i t be re co n ci led wi t h suc h expressi on s as t h ese ?
The busi n ess of th e m i n d;. as tur n s i t con ce r n s lan guage , ex
te n ds n o-{i i rther than to receive impression s, t hat i s, to h ave sen
sation s or feel in gs . Wh at are cal led th e operat i o n s of the
m i n d , are mer el y t h e operation s of language. Lan guage i s
t h e in strumen t of t h oug h t . Ifwe expela from t h e m i n d what
Bacon terms Id ola Fori , (“ Idol s of the market-place,’ t h at i s ,
prejud i ces ar i si ngfrom we r e wo rds an d term s i n our comm on
i n tercours e wit h we s hal l“fin d t hat allabstract trut h
ultimattaly rests upon ,— l st, Aperception or co n cepti o n of two
or m ore obj ects, Afeel i n g of t h ei r sim i lar i ty in certai n
respects, andBilly, T h e i n ven ti o n of a common appel lat ive,to
express t h e obj ects t hat agree i n exciti n g the sam e relative feel
i ng;
Besides , Tooke sometimes slides i n to fal lacy, by n ot d isti n
guishing t h e Etym ol ogi cal f r om the customary m ean in g of
wo rds, or i n n ot regardi n g som e words i n t h e i r Syn tacti cal ,
but in t h ei r or igi n al c haracte r ; an d in So far as hiswo rk
i s to be con sidered as co n tai n i n g a p h i losop h i cal argum e n t
upon abstract n oti on s , t h e force of i t, as has been observed ,
depen ds upon Hobbes’s prem ises . Truth» con si stet h i n t h e
rig h t orderi n g of n am es i n our affirmati on s . lVords give to
our con clus i on s all t h ei r gen eral i ty . I t i s certai n that, with
out gen cral'
terms, reaso n i n g must be im pe r fect; but t h e ve r y
i n ve n t i on of lan guage, an d still m ore the con duct of t h e un i n
structed deaf an d dumb, suffici en tl y prove t hat man can reaso n
wi t h out lan guage of ar.yki n d.
T h e i n gen i ous an d learn ed"l‘yrwlnittsecmsto be i n error wh en
he says t hat t h e term i n ati on i n ING supe r seded t h e Parti c i pl e i n
ENDE, for t h e verbal substan tive itl' l-NG'
, existed before t h e Nor
INTRODUCTION.
man con quest ; an d i t appears t hat th i s verbal substan ti ve in
ING, wi t h t h e defin i te arti cl e—thc— before i t, has n ot, as L i n d
l ey Murray imagi n es , becom e a Substan ti ve, but that'the Sub
stan tive i s used as a Presen t Parti ci ple ; an d that our an ci ent
Par ti ci pl e in ENDE, has been displaced an d superseded by the
V erbal Substan ti ves i n IXG. All spe culati on s foun ded on t h e
supposed derivat i o n of ve r bals i n ING from t h e Presen t Parti ci
p l es resemb l e (asthe i n gen i ous R i c hard Taylor, Ed itor of a n ew
Ed iti on of t h e Divers i o n s of Pur l ey, observes ,) h istori cal disquisi
t i on s i n wh i c h , facts an d dates n ot bei n g co n sidered of an y im
portan ce , i t s h ould be i n gen i ousl y argued a p r ior i t hat Hen gist
an d Horsawere so n s of Queen An n e an d“Jilliam t h e Con queror .
An ot h er object con templated i n t h i s Tract i s to i n duce the Stu
den t by a careful Exam i n ati o n of the Saxon Der ivati ves, an d t h e
styl e of C haucer, Douglas , an d Spen s er, to trace t h e Origi n ,
History , and Progress of t h e Lan guage;an d h en ce to acqui re an
accurate n oti on ofthe mean i n g, an d t h e proper employmen t of
thewords wh i c h compose i t .
An d, i n order to carry on an d compl ete our ul timate obj ect, an
En gl is h Grammar, con tai n i n g vari ous exam ples of t h e vi olat i on
of Puri ty an d Perspi cuity,wi l l soon be publi s h ed . In En gl ish
there areupon Grammati cal pri n ci ples on ly on eVoi ce, on eMood ,
an d two Ten ses . T h e Grammar of a lan guage i s on e th i n g,
i ts capaci ty of express i on i s an ot h er;
An d i f the public'
should approve t h i s attempt to faci l i tate an d
prom ote t h e study of En gl is h L iterature, a. seri es of small tracts
wi l l fol low, compri si n g an an alysi s of t h e co n sti tuen ts , an d an
exemplification of t h e employm en t of vari ous styles , from t h e
days of Spen ser ti llour own times . The plan sometimes recom
men ded even to person s m ore advan ced, of studyi n g t h e Bugl is h Lan guage detac h ed amd
‘
disti nguished f r om the study of
En gli s h L iterature, i s n ot on l y futi le but absurd ; for i t is o h
viously an error to imagi n e t hat Grammati cal i n formati on can
be attai n ed by a m ere mec han i cal proc ess o n l y—by t h e exer
ti on of the m emo ry , apart from the exe r ci se of ot h er powers of
the m i n d . i n the opi n ion of the celebrated aut h or of t h e I‘
bi l ~
INTRODUCTION.
osop h y of R h etori c, Grammar i n i ts gen eral pri n ci ple, hasa
c l ose con n exi on wi t h t h e un d erstan d i n g .
T h e study of t h e Saxo n part of t h e En gl i s h Lan guage hasbee n
recommen ded by t h e m ost em i n en t Li terary men , yet man y per
son s seem reluctan t to un dergo t h e labour of acqui ri n ga correct
kn owledge of t h e st r ucture of t h i s im portan t part of t h e Lan
guage .
T h e n eglect of t h i s on ly prope r mode of studyi n g the English
Languagean dLiterature by som e who have un dertaken to teac h
t h em i n d isti n gui s h ed s i tuati on s, may requi re t hat t h e disappro
bation here expressed s h ould be supported by t h e aut h ori ty of
very em i n en t aut h ors .
Swi ft, awri ter ofpure English, preferred {krillfrom t h e Saxon
verb thrillian , topenetrate from t h e Lati n verb pen etrare.
Doctor W hately, Arc h bi s h op of Dubl i n , an d a d isti n guis h ed
P h i losop h i cal wri ter, t hus expresses the sam e op in i on “ To
t h ose whowi s h to be un derstood, an d to wri te wi t h en ergy, on e oft h e bes t pri n ci ples of selecti on , i s gen erally to prefer terms of
Saxon origin .
”
T h e late Robert Hall , wh ose styl e combi n es t h e en ergy of
Jo h n son , wi t h t h e s impl i ci ty an d t h e elegan ce ofAddison , erased
t h e word pen etrate. an d substituted pierce from t h e Saxon verb
percian .
After, says Dr. Gregory, R obertHal l had wri tten down t h e
stri kin g apostrop h e wh i c h o ccurs i n h i s celebrated serm on on
I n fidel i ty, at about page 76 of m ost of t h e ed i ti on s Eter
n al God on what are t h i n e en em i es i n ten t ! what are t h ose
en terpri ses ofgui lt an d h orror, t hat, for t h e safety of t h ei r per
formers, requi re to be en vel oped i n a darkn ess wh i c h t h e eye of
Heaven must n otpen etrate !” h e asked “ Did I say pen etrate,
Sir, wh en I preac h ed i t ?” Yes .” Do you t h i n k, S i r, I may
ven ture to alter i t ? for n oman who con sidered the force of the
En gli s h lan guage, would useaword of t h ree syllables t h ere, but
from absolute n e cessi ty . You are, doubtless, at l iberty to
al ter i t, i f youwi l l . T h en he. so good , Si r, to take your pen
ci l , an d for pen etrateputpierce;pierce is t h e word, Si r, an d t h e
INTRODUCTION.
en ly word to be used t h ere .” I have n ow t h e eviden ce of t h i s
before me, i n t h e e n ti re man uscri pt, wh i c h I careful l y preserve
am on g myr i c h est l i terary treasures .
T h e acute an d en ergeti c aut h or, Dr . Crombi e, who “ hasdon e
m ore to s impl ify t h e st ructure of t h e En gl i s h Lan guage t han an ywri ter l ivi n g or dead ,
" t h us expresses h im self Of alllan guages
towh i c h the atten ti on of t h e studen t can be d i rected, tkut i s fi r st
e n ti tl ed to con siderati on wh i c h wi l l be called in to mostfrequen t
exercise in active life an d of h i s profici en cy, i n wh i c h almost
every i n d ividual , wi t h wh om h e may i n future c han ce to be as
sociated, wi ll be competen t to fo rm an op i n i on .
”
I t i s an egregi ous e r ror to imagi n e , that a perfect kn owl edge
of Greek an d Lat i n precludes t h e n ecessi ty of studyi n g t h e pri n
ciples of En gl i s h Grammar. T h e structure of t h e an ci en t an d
t hat of t h e m odern lan guages are very dissim i lar. Nay t h e pe
culiar idi om s of an y lan guage , how l ike soever in i ts gen e ral
p r i n ci ples to an y other, must be learn ed by study, an d an atten
tiveperusalof tbc bestwriters in thatlanguage.
‘
Nor can any im
putation be more rcproac/z/ulto tbcprqficien tin ClassicalLiterature,t han wi t h a cri ti cal kn owledge of Greek an d Lat i n , wh i c h are
n ow dead lan guages, to be superficial l y acquai n tedwi th h i s n ati ve
ton gue, i n wh i c h he must thin k, an d Speak, an dwrite.
An d i n t h e words of him , who hasgon e on wi t h a series of
i n tel lectual ac h i evem en ts so bri l l ian t an d so rap id, t hat t h ere i s
n o con temporary an al ogy to be foun d for t h em except i n t h e
m i l i tary con quests of him who sleeps at St . Helen a
T h e En gl i s h wri ters who real l y un l o ck t h e ri c h sources of
t h e lan g uage, are t h ose—who used a good Saxon dialect wi t h
ease, correctn ess, an d perspi cui ty, - l earn ed in t h e an ci en t clas
s i cs, but on ly en r i c h i n g t h ei r m ot h er ton gue, wh ere t h e Atti c
could supply i ts defects, T h ose greatwi ts had n o fore
kn owl edge of suc h tim es as succeeded t h e i r bri l l ian t age, wh en
styles s h ould arise , wi t h a n eedless profusi on of an cien t
wo rds an d flexion s, to displace those of our own Saxon , i n stead
of tem peratel y supplyi n g i ts defe cts . Least of all could t h ose
l ig h ts of En gl i s h el oquen ce ha‘-’e imagi n ed that men sh ould ap
INTRODUCTION.
pear amon gst us professi n g to teach composi ti o n , an d ign oran t of
t h e wh ole of its rul es , an d i n capab l e of rel i s h i n g t h e beauti es , or
i n deed appre h en di n g t h e very gen ius of t h e lan guage, s h ould
treat its pecul iar terms of expressi on an d flexion , asso man y i n
accuraci es , an d practi se t h ei r pupi l s in correcti n g t h e faul ty
En gl i s h ofAddiso n , an d trai n i n g down to them echan i cal r h yt hm
of Jo h n son , the li vely an d i n imi table measures of Bol i n gbroke.”
CONTENTS .
saxox D E R IV AT IV E S .
Adve r bs .
Terms, Par t i ci ples or Adjectives , gen e rally con sidered asei ther Arti cl es , or Substan tives , or Pron oun s , or Con
Par ti ci pial te rm i n ati on (I, c h an ged to t.
Par ti ci pial term i n ati o n d , ed , an den , affixed to the en d of
Ed, c n , an d y , Adjecti veI n stan ces of 23
Past Par ti ci ple formed by addi n g ed or en ei the r to the
I n di cati ve mood of t h e V e rb , or to t h e PastPast Ten se empl oyed asaPar ti ciPast Ten se formed by a c h an ge of t h e characte r i sti cl etter of th e Ve rb .
I n stan ces of the usage 01 the PastI n stan ces of the Past Ten se or PastPast Ten se ofV e r bs, wh ose c hara cte r ist i c l ette r was i o ry , wr i tten e it h er wi t h 0 or a broad , or on , or u, or1 short
Parti ci pl es form ed by a c h ange of the c haracteristic let
Substan t i ves i n th, asse r ti n g a Passive Sen se, are fo rmedgen eral l y f r om Adjectives , b utan Active Sen se, f r om
the t h i rd person si n gular of Ve rbs“lordswh i ch have total l y cast off all t h e l etters of t h ed isc r im i n at i n g term i n ati on
Adjective—Fore ign —Future Ten se Adj ectiveFutur e I n fin iti ve i nPartici ple i n i ng an d en de . .
24
CONTENTS .
The Past Te n se used for the PastPote n tial Act ive an dPass i veOfficial Pass i veExampl es for practi ceGreek , Lati n , an d Fren c hLati n an d Saxon Preposi ti on s used i nC reek Preposi t i on s to wh i c h referen ce i sExalllples for
An alysis Of Cllaucel~'
s
laxal’llplest.
01~
Defln itiOllsalld O O O O O C O O O O O l Q O O O C O O
An al ysis Of Dollglas’s
Exaln ples for practlceo o o e o oo o o o o o o o oo o oo o ooo oo o oo o oo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Defin i ti o n s an d R eferen ces
An alysi s of Spen cer’s styl e
Exam ples for
Defin i t i on s of, an d Referen ces to , Saxon
GRAE’
EMAR
OF THE
AN G L O - S AX O N T O N GU E.
THE ARTICLE.
Arti cl es were in ven ted to den ote t h e class, an d to po i n t out t h ei n dividual object referred to .Se, seo, t h at, (0, e , to) t h e, t hat, i s of t h ree Gen ders, an d de
eli n ed as fol lows
SING.
M'
asc. Fcm . N eat.
Nom . Se, Seo , That . Nom .
len . Thaas , Th zere, T h i s . Gen .
Dat. Tham ,Thmre, T hai n . Dat.
Ace. T h on e, Tha, T hat . Ace.
Voc . Voc .
Ab. Tham ,Thaere, T ham . Ab. Tham , from t h e .
For Se, som etim es i s used Seo, t h o n e, tli zen e.
T hat, n euter , i s som etim es prefixed for t h e sake of greateremp hasi s to Mascul i n e an d Fem i n i n e n oun s .bee
.
Saxon Der ivatives, page 21—A11alysisofthe Styleof Chaucer, page 62 ,
an dmy E nglish G rammar .
N OUN SUBSTANTIVE.
Noun i s t h at part of spee ch wh i c h expresses t h e subject of d iscourse, as sun u, a son .
The first D ecl en s i on makes t h e Gen i t i ve in es, t h e secon d i n an ,the th i rd i n n e, the fourt h in a. See the term i n ati on of the ot h ercases .
ANGLO -SAXON
FIRST DECLENS ION.
Sm i t h , faber, r i—aworkman .
Plur .
N . Sm i t h , a wo rkman . N. Sm ithasor Sm ithes,workm en .
G . Sm ithes,'
ofa. G . Sm itha, ofD . Sm ithe , to a D . Sm i t h um ,
toAce. Sm ith , a Ace. Sm ithas
V . Eala thu Sm i t h , 0 t h ou V . Ealaye Sm ithas, o yeAb . Sm i the , from a Ab. Sm i thum , fromAn dyit, sen sus , un derstan di ng, makes i ts N om i n ati ve, Accusa
ti ve, an d Vocati ve si n gular an d plural i n n . T h e Nom i n at ive,Accusat i ve , an d Vocative Si n gular, an d Plural of \Verd
’
, aword ,et c . areal ike .
SECO ND DECLENSION .
VVitega, propheta, ac
, vates, i s, a prop h etS ING. PLUR .
N . W’itega, a p r op h et . N . NV itegan , prophets .Witegan , of G . Witeyen a, of
D . lV itegan , or en ,D. VVitegum , to
toAec. Witega
-n , a Ace. Witegan , or, as,
V . Ealathu, VVitega, 0 V . Ealaye Witegan , 0Ah. Witegan , from Ab . W
'
itegum , f r omSee Saxon Der . page 18 .
T h e Dati ve S i n gular of dema, a judge, i s dzemen or deemanthe Gen iti v e Plural dmman a or daamen ai, of judges ; an d t h eAccusati ve Plural daemen asor dzeman as, judges .
See Sax . Der . page 43 .
Proper n am es , Adjecti ves , Pron oun s, an dPar t i ci pl es, wi t h t h oseen di n g i n a, havi n g a prefix, are decl i n ed i n t h i s man n er .
TH IRD DECLENSIO N .
n , an ci l la, 20, a maidservan t .PLUR.
N . VV iln a, n e, n o, n u.
G. . Wi l n a.
I) .
Acc . VViln a.
V . Eala ye V‘ Li n a.
Ab.
FO URTH DECLENSION .
Sun u,filius, i i , a' son .
PLUR.
N . Sun a.
GRAMMAB
l. Sun a. G . Sun a.
D . Sun a, n u. D . Sun um .
Ace. Sun a, n u. Acc. Sun a.
V . Eala thu Sun a, u. V . Eala ye Sun a,Ab. Sun u.
‘Ab . Sun um.
An alysisQfthe st of Chaucer , page 62 .
T h ere are man y Hetero cl ites . e der , fat h er, i s i n t h e si n guIar n um ber, aMo n optote but i n t h e plural fol l owst h e fo rm of
t h e fi r st Decl en si on . (Egan egg, makes (Egru i n t h e plural .An glo—Saxon n oun s to be decl i n ed .—Sce Sax.
1
i ler. page 20 to
T h e m ost comm on term i n ati on s of Mascul i n e Noun s , areer, o r , ere, wer, or, were, assan yERE, a s i n ger.a- ofprim i t i ve n oun s, as se n amA, t h e n am e .ln , asfleoM, fl ig h t .els, as raedELs, a riddl e .scype
—den oti n g care, oflice, etc . asfreon d-SCIPE, fri e n ds h i p .
i ngfi belon gin gto pat r o n yIn Its, asRleSING, theson of El i z a.
l i n g— den oti n g the state of a
pe r son or t h i n g, asdeorLING, a darli n g .
dom—den oti n g ri g h t or judgmen t, asgyn i ngDOM, a ki n gdom.
MOST COM MON TERMINATIONS OF FEMININE NOUNS .
estre, i stre, ystre, assan yIS'
rRE, a son gstress .e—seo eorthE, the eart h , an d heortE, t h e h eart .ang, an ge, i ng, (n ot patron ym ic,) on g, un ge , ascostn UNYE, tem ptati on .
en—saeyen , a sayi n g, an d byrthEN , a bu r thenli es , n esse, n is, iss, ysse, assothfaestn ySSE, truth .
u, o , uth , an d som e i n th , asstrengTH. Sax. Der . ,had, si gn i fy i n g state, con diti on ,or qual i ty, as gi ld- had, c h i ld h ood .
MOST COMMON TERMINATIONS or NEUTER News.
e, (afewN oun swi t h t h i s en ding, areNen ter,)asthe“ t earE, t h e ear.
ern , asth zetdomeru, the court of Justlce.
ed,as t h eet wered, t h e multi tude.
I, ast h eet set] , t h e seat .
ANGLO -SAX ON
ADJECTIVES .
An Adj ective expresses t h e qual i ty ofa t h i n g in con crete.
E n glish Gaammar , page 34.
God, bon us; gode, bon a; god , bon um , good .
SING. PLUR .
Mas. Fem . N uet. Of allGen ders.
N . God, da. Gode . God. N . Gode . Godan .
G . Godes, dan . Godre. Godes, dan . G . Godra. Goden a.
D . Godum , dan . God re . G odam , an . D . Godum .
Ace. Godn e, dan . Gode. God . Ace. Gode. Godan .
V . Goda. Gode . God . V . Gode. Godan .
Ab. Godum, dan . Godre. Godam , dan . Ab. Godam . Godan .
See Sax. Der ., page 23—11s Chaucer , page63 .
AllAdj ectives are decli n ed i n t h isman n er.
TERMINATIONS OF ADJ ECT‘IVES, AREi n ig—an 5\veringt o t h e term i n ati on y, asdreorxs, dreary .
m sum , some—expressi n g habi t or d isp osit i o n , as lan g-SUM, l on esom e .
i n o] , ul- also expressi n g hab i t or di sposi ti on , asthi n n UL, lean or t h i n .
i n beer, an dtyme—den oti n g ferti l i ty, ashefig-TYME, frui tful .i n ful l—de n oti n gpl en ty, aswoh-FULL, woeful .i n l eas—den oti n g pri vati on . as n ame-LEAS, n am eless .
Sax. Der . , page 7.
i n h e or l i ce—l ike, express i ve of sim i l itude, asgod-Lie, godl ike.
Sax. Der . , page lS—an d Chaucer , page 65 .
In en—expressi n g material i ty, etc . asbllc-EN, beec h en .
Sax. Der . , page QS—az zaE nglish Grammar , page 36.
In eun d -s ign ifyin g n ature or ki n d , aseorth-CUND, eart h l y.
i n ise, i s h , sign ifyin g n ati on or coun try, asengllsc, e n gl i s h .
Sax. Der. , page 11.
COMPARISON OF ADJ ECTIVES.
T h e comparative degree is formed by addi n g ar, aer, e r, ere,i r, or, ur, an d yr, (ere , before,) an t h e Superlat i ve , by addi n gast, zest, est, ist, ost, ust, yst, (erst, first,) an d by prefixingt i r,gi n , an d feest, an d by t h i s word postfixed to aN oun Substan ti ve,T h us,
Positive. Comparative. Super lative.
R ightwise, rig h teous . R ightwisere, more . R ightwisest, most.
Hadig h appy, ti r—eadig. h appi est—fast co n stan t, gi n fzest
m ost co n stan t—wuldor, gl ory, wuldorm fzest, m ost glori ous .E nglish G rammar ,page 38, an dAn alysis qfthe Styleof Chaucer , page 45
GRANM.\R
l X CEPTIONS
Positive. Compa ra! i ce.
N icel, great, or muc h . In zcre, m o r e .
God , good . h etero o r selre,Lytel, smal l . l esse, less .
c l, bad. wyrs, worse .
PRONOUNS .
Pron oun sare empl oyed to preven t t h e ti resom e repeti ti on ofn ames.
E nglish G rammar , page 2 3 .
T h e Primi t i ve Pron oun of t h e first p erson lo, ego, I , has aDual , an d i s decl i n ed as fol l owsSINGULAR or ALL GENDERS. DUAL , N01, I
'
o.
Nom . lo, I , ego, Nom W'
it, we two,Gen . Mi n , of me, or m i n e, Gen . Un cer, of us two,Dat. Me, to me, Dat. Un c, un ye, un crum , to us
two,Acc. Me, me, Acc. Wit, ustwo,Abl. Me, from me. Abl. Un c, un ye, un crum , from
ustwo.
PLURAL or ALL GENDERS.N . We, us.
G . Ure, to us.D . Us, to us.Ac. Us , us.
Ab. Us, from us.
Cogn ateLanguages, page 4‘ -a7ldAn alysisof thestyle of Chaucer
, page 63 .
Thu, tu, thouSING.
Nom . Thu, t h ou, tu.
Gen . Th i n , of thee.Dat. The, to thee .Acc. T h e , t h ee.Voc. Eala thu, o t h ou.
Abl. T h e, from t h ee .
Super/atI'
ve.
IllIOSt, m ost .Sax . Der . , page 13 .
bette r. hctst, solost, best .l zest, l east .
Saa‘
. Der . , page 10,
wyrrcst wyrst , worst .Slil ‘
. Der . , page 2 3 .
DUAL , SPHOI, SPHO .
Nom . Gyt, ye two.
Gen . In cer, of you two.
Dat. In c, i n crum , to you two.
Acc. In c, you two.
Vo c . Eala i n c, 0 you two.
Abl. In c, i n crum , from youtwo.
N om . Ye, you, vos .Gen . Bower, ofyou.
Dat. Bow, to you.
Acc. Bow, you.
Voc. Eala ye, o ye.
Abb. Bow, from you.
An alysis qfthestyleof Chaucer , page63
ANGLO—SAXON
He, h eo, h i t, h e, she, i t.M F
Nom . He , h e , i l l e. Heo , she, i l la. Hit,i t
, illud.
(l
ie n . His , oflnim . H i r e, of h e r . His,of it.
Dat. Him , to h im . Hi re, to h er . Him ,to i t .
Ace. Hi n e, him . Hi , h er . Hit,i t.
"lbl. Him , from him . Hi re, from h er. Hit,from i t .
PLUR . or ALL GENDERS .
N on i . Hi , t h ey, i l l i , ze, a.
Gen . Hi ra, of th em, or t h ei r, h eora, fem .
Dat. Him ,
Ace. Hi,
An alysisof the styleof Chaucer , page 63 .
Hig i s som etim es used for h i i n t h e n om i n ative , an daccusati veplural ; an d h eom for hi , accusati ve p lural . From h i ra an d
h eora, comes t h e old E n gl i s h word h er for t h ei r.Chaucer, page 63 .
SING.
T h i s, th i s, hie, hare, hoe.F . N .
Nom . T h is , t h eos , th i s, t h i s .Thises, thissere, th ises, of th i s .
Dat. Thisum, thissere, thisum , to t h i s .Ace. Thisn e, thas, th i s, th i s .Abl. Thisum , th issere, th isum ,
from t h i s .
PLUR . or ALL GENDERNom . Thas, t h ese, h i , hee, haz e .Gen . Thissera, of these .Dat. Thisum , to these .
Ace. Thas, these .Abl. Thisum , from th ese .
Thaes, t h es, thzes, that, thaet, are used i n stead of t h is , etc .Saxon Der . , page 11, 20, 21
—A91alysisof the style of Chaucer , page 63 ,E nglish G rammar .
T h e, who, qui , quae, quod .
T h e—fol lowi n gan y of t h e person al pron oun s , sign ifies who, aslo t h e, I who. Se the , i s sometimes al tered to T h e t h e—asThe
the on me belyfth , He who bel i evet h i n me, etc.
T h e prefixed to t h e several cases of h e, i s to be tran slatedwho, wh ose, wh om ; T h e thurgh h i s willan , T h roug h wh ose wi l l ,Gen . xiv. , 8 .
Saxon Der . , page ill—an dAhalysis qflhe Styleof C/maccr ,page 63.
ANGLO -SAXON
Ure, our
PLURAL or ALL Gaxon ns.
N . Ure ,G . U r es , Urre .D . Urum , Urre .
Ac. Urn e, U r e .V. U r e, Ure .Ab . Urum , Urre .User i s used i n stead of ure.
Un ecr, Un cres, (n oiteros,) belo n gi n g to us two, an d i n cer,
(sphoiteros,) bel on gi n g to you two, are i n flected as Urc.
An alysisof the Styleof Chaucer , page 63 .
OF NUMBER S .
T h e Card i n al Numbers are an , on e; twa, two ;fif, five ; tyn ,ten ; ctc.
, etc.Sax. Der . , page 32 .
From four to a h un dre d , t h e n umbers are of all gen de r s .Th e Saxon s used th e wo rd healf to i n crease the n umber to
wh ic h i t was j o i n ed , aswel l as to h al ve i t ; as ot h e r healf, on e
an d a half fifte h ealt; four an d a half. Sum, sign ifies some,m ore o r l ess, about, as sum e ten , about ten .
ORDINAL NUMBERS .
Se forma, first ; so ot h er, secon d, etc . , etc .Sax. Der . , page 7, 20.
The fin al syl labl e t ig, i n the cardi n al , i s c h an ged to tigotha, orteogotha to form t h e Ord i n al , astwen tig, twen ty, twen teogotha,twe n ti eth .
Sax. Der . , page 43, 4
VERB SUBSTANTIVE.
AVe rb pred i cates som e acti on , pass i on , or state of i ts subject .E n glish G ramma r .
lNDICATIVE Moon .
Presen t Ten se .
Beon or Wesan , to b e, esse.PLUR .
Person Of all Person s .1, Eom , cam ,
am , om , beom ,
boo, ar, sy, si , sum , I am . si en t, si n d , si n t . si n , si en , Seen ,
2 , Bar t , arth , bist; es, si , es , si e, syn don , si n dun , a r on bit h ~
Thou art. on , heath , sumus, esti s , Sun t,3,Vs, i s , byt h , bit h , s i , est, We are, you are, t h ey are.
He i s .O n ly on e, t h e first, of theform s to be comm i tted to memory .
GRAMMAR .
Past. Ten se.PLUR .
Person Ofall Person s .1, “hes, cram , (Tui , fneram , I “heron , wresun , eramus, era
was, h ave , had bee n . tis , eran t, fuimus, ete., fueram
2 , e re, e ras , fn isti, fue ras , us, etc ., we were , have, had
Thouwast, hast , hadst been . bee n , etc. etc.
3 , “fas, waes , era-t, fui t , fi l er
at, He was, has, had been .
Future Te n se .
PLUR .
Pe r son Of allPe r son s .1, Bee, boom , biom , em , I Booth , bithon , erimus, eritis,
shall be. e mn t, We shal l be, etc . etc .
2 , Byst, c r is, Thou s halt be.
3, Byth , wres, erit, He s hallb e .
Somet imes the Future i s expressed by t h e I nfin i ti ve with seeal,s hall, prefixed , as 10 sceal beon . I s hall be, to be.
Chaucer , page 64.
IMPERATIVE Moon .
PLUR .
Perso n Perso n‘
2, Beeth , s i thu, vel sig thu, 1, Beon , 0th, vel sin we, simus,Wes, sis, esto , be th ou. l et us be .
3 , Byt h he, sy he, s i h e, Sig 2, Beon , ot h , beo ye, vel sin ye,h e, si e n de he, sit , esto, be wese ye, wosas ye, sitis, beh e, or l et h im be . ye .
3 , Beou hi , vel sin h i , s i en h i ,sun to, let them be.
An alysis of the Style of Chaucer , page 73.
POTENTIAL M001) .P r esen t Tense.
PLUR .
Person Person1 Beo, si , sy, sim , l may or 1, Beet h , on , si n , syn , simus,
can be . We may be .2 Byst, si , s i s, T h ou mayst 2 , Beoth, on , si n , syn , beoth ,or can st be . sitis, Ye may be .
3 Beo, byt h , Si , si t, He may 3 , Beoth , on , sin , syn , si n t,or can be. T h ey may be .
For si an d sin , s i o , seo , sig, si e, se, s i on , seon , are often used .
In t h e Optat i veMood , thewords Ealagif,-o h i f, are p r efixed to
eac h person i n both n um bers , asEalagi f ie beo, o h , i f I were .
xvi i i ANGLo-SAXON
Past Ten se.
S ING. PLUR .
Of all Person s . Of all Person s.
“her e, essem , fn erim , fuissem , “Heron ,an , en , n u, wzere, es
esses , etc. , etc .,[ m ighthe, may semus, essetis, essen t, fueri i n us,
have, could have bee n , etc. etc . fuissemus, etc . etc . We m ightbe, may have, could h ave bee n .
INFINITIVF. M001) .
Been , bi ou, b i. , n , byan , J i en ,wzeran , esse, to be .
“70 5 21 , wossa. wosan , wethe , wie, D . S .
, esse. To beon n e to
bi'
on ue, to wosan n e, existen di, existen do, existen durn , of bei ng,
to bei n g, i n bei n g, to be.
Hyt is t ima to beon n e, I t i s time to be .Page
“24.
U s i s h ere to beouue, We must be h ere .Page
‘
24.
INDICATI-vr. Moon .
Presen t Te n se .
W’eorthan , \Vyrthan , to becom e.Sax. Der . page 9 .
Sma.
’
PLUR ,
Person1, loweorthe, wart h e, wu rde,
sum , ero , sim , fio, ham ,1
am becom e, etc.
2 , Thu weorthest, wurthest,wurdest, es, e r is, sis, fis,fies , fias, . Thou art, etc .
3 , He weorthe, wurthe, weortheth , wu rde , est, cri t , 3 , Hi weordon , weorthou, an ,
s i t , fit , het, fiat, He i s, en ,n u, weorthath, wurth
etc . ath , suut, etc. They are,
Past Ten se.
S ING. I’LUR .
Person Person1, Icweart
’
h ,fii i , Ihave becom e . 1, Weweordon , an , en , fuimus.
2 , Thu wearthest, wurdon , 2 , Ye weordou, weordeth , fui sfuisti. (i s .
3 , He wearth, fui-t, He has 3 , Hi weordon , fuerun t, T hey
been , etc . have bee n , etc.
Person1, “lo weordon , weorthan ,
an , en , weorthath , wurt-hath , sumus, etc . \Ve are.
52, Ye weordon , weorthe, weortheth , ath , esti s , eritis,sitis, fitis,fietis, fiatis, Ye
GRAMMAR .
IMPERATIVE Moon .
S ixc . PLUR .
Pe r so n Pe r son2 , Weortha thu, esto, be thou. l, W
’
eorthon , an , en , n u, we,3 , warthe he ; si t . simus.
2 , \Veorthe ve. estete .
3 . “feorthehi, sun to , let t h em
lNFlNl’l‘lVE Moon .
W’
eorthau, yeweorthau, wo r t h an , esse , to be; to weortliau,
existeudi, do , dum, of bei n g, etc . ; worde n , yewordeu, factus;been ; d o n e .
Saxon Derivatives, page 9, J‘s—an d J ualysh of the Style of Chaucer , page
POSSESSIVE VERB.
Chaucer , page 64.
T h e Possess i ve Verb i s t h us co n jugatedInfin Pe r f.
Habbau, (haberc,) to have . Haefod, had.
INDICATIVE Moon . ELLIPTICAL FORM or THE VERB.
Prese n t . Past . Presen t. Past .lo hzebbe, haafod, hasbbe, 5 h zefod,Thu h zebbest, h zefodest, s
" h zebbe, hwfod,He h zebbath, ghaetod, g; llzebbe, g lm fod, g;
4 g:We h zebbath , haabbon ,
”5b haafdon , a
Ye haebbath , h zebbou, g? haefdou, g“
Hi h zebbath, haebbon , haefdon .
IMPERATIVE Moon . INFINITIVE Moon .
SING.
Hafathu, h ave t h ou. Hzebbau, to have, habere.
PLUR .
Habbath ye, h ave ye. Haebben n e,about to have, habi turusesse, e’tc .
PARTICIPLES.Presen t . Past .
Haebbeude, havi n g . Hzefed, hzefd, had.
ANGLO-SAX ON
Infin . Present.
Magan , posse, tobeable, Marg, may, Mild,Scealan , debere, to owe, Secal, shal l
, Sceold, s h ould.
Wyllau, vel l e, to will , VVylle, wi ll, Wold , wold-e, would .
INDICATIVE Moon .
SING.
Io maag, I may, 01 can . Secal, Isha’
ll. Wylle, I wi l l .Thumasyest,t h oumayst, etc . Scealt, t h oushalt. Wylt, t
'h ou wi lt .mesg, h e may, etc. Sceal, h e s hall. Wylle, hewi l l .
PLUR .
maegon , we may, etc . Sceolon , weshall . Wyllon , wewill .In zegon , ye may, etc. Seeo
’
lon , ye s hal l . VVyllo n , ye wi l l .m zegon , t h ey may, etc. Seeolon , !t h ey s hal l . Wyllon , t h eywi ll .
Mot,“t o be able. Most, must.
lo mot, ‘I may, or can , m ost, I must .
Thu motest, t h ou mayest, m ostest, t h ou must.He met, h e may, m ost, h e must.ewe m otou, wemay, moston , wemust .‘
Y e m otou, you may, m oston , you must .Hi m otou, they may, m oston , t h ey must .
iVERBS ACTIVE.
C haucer , [page64.
Presen t Ten se.S ING,
Person1, lo Lufiye, amo, amabo , I l ove, I s hall rlove .
2 , Thu Lufast, est. st, amas, amabis, T h ou lovest, shaltlove.
3, He Lufath, et h , {th, amat, amahit, Heloves, shal l l ove.
ism s.
Person1, We Lufiath , amamus, amab imus, Welove, sh all love.2 , Ye Lufiath , amati s, amabitis, Ye love, s hal l l ove .
3 , Hi Lufiath, aman t, amabunt, T h ey love , shall l oveon ,
IoEom lufieud, I am l ovi n g losceail:Iufian , IIshall love, to l ove.Saxon Derivatives, page lG—an d An alysis of the Style of Chaucer, page
64.
Person1, 1c Lufode, lufede,2 , Thu.Lufodest,3, He Lufode,
GRAMMAR .
PLUR .
Person1, We Lufwdop ,
2 , Ye Lufodon
3,Ii i Lul
’
odon ,
Perfect Ten se .SING.
Person1, Ic Hzehbe lufod, I h 'ave l oved .
‘
2 , ThuHzehbest lufod, Thou hast l oved .
3,He Ba h hath lufod, He has l oved .
PLUR .
Person1, We
“ Hzebbath lufode, \Ve h ave l oved .
2 , Y e Hazbbath lufode, You have l oved .
3, H i Hzebbath lufode, T h ey have loved .
Pluperfect Ten se .
SIM .
Person1, lo Hazfode yeheord I had h eard.
2 , Thu Hazfodesyeheord, T h ou hadst h eard.
3 , He Haefod yeheord, He had h eard.
PLUR .
Person1, We
‘ Hzefdon yeheorde, audiveramus, \Ve had h eard .
2 , h e Haafdon yehorde, audiveratis You had h eard .
3 , Ili Hazfdon yeheorde, audiveran t, Th ey had heard.
Chaucer, page 61.
T h e future ten se i s formed as t h e presen t, an d also by t h e
auxi l iari es sceal an d wi lle, from the verbs scealan , debere ;willan , vel le . T h
‘
u‘s , Ic lufi'ye, I s hal l l ove, 10 sceal or wi l le lu
flan , I s hall or wi l l love, to l ove .Cogn atc Lan guagesan d Chaucer , page64.
Future Ten se.SING.
Person1, lo Sceal fzestau, I s hal l fast .2 , Thu Seealtfzestau, T h ou shal t fast.3 , He Secal feestan , He s h al l fast .
ANGLO -SAXON . Xxi l
PLUR .
PCI‘
SUII
1, We Sceolon , feestaue, jejun abimus, We shal l fast .2 , Ye Secclou, jejun abitis. You shal l fast.
3 , Hi Sceolon , jejun abun t, T h ey shall fast .
Person2 , Lufa thu Love thou.
3 , Lufiye h e, Lethim l ove .
PLUR .
Person1, Lnfion we, Let us l ove .2 , Lufiye, iath, ye , Love ye .
2 , Luhou h i , Let t h em love.
PRESENT PARTIC IPLE.
Lufian d, en d, etc . aman s, Lovi n g.
L ovi n g i s som etim es improperl y termed Acti ve .E n glish C razm n ar .
Th i s Par ti ci pl e, d ropp i n g e fi n al , forms aN oun Substan ti ve.T h us freon de, freon d, frian d , a fri en d.
Sax . Der ., page 2 1, etc ,
I t som etimes acqui res the power of a Gerun d , as Raeden de ie
tzeee, By readi ngI teac h : an d i s sometim es used for’ t h e Pass i ve
an d Future Partieiples, as Th isum worde yehyren de, am ,T h is
word bei n g h eard .
An alysisQfthe Styleof Chauce r ,page 64.
OPTATIVE M001) .
Prese n t Ten se .
Eala gi f ic n u lufiye, (ut in am)n un c amem , o h , t hat I n owl ov
ed , etc.Past Ten se .
Eala gif ic n ulufode, (uti n am )n un e amavissem , o h , t hat I had
n ow l oved , etc .Future Ten se .
Eala gi f ic lufiyegyt, (uti n am) demam amem, o h , t hat I mayyet love .
ELLIPTICAL FORM OF THE VERB.—(SUBJUNCTIVE Moon .)
E ngli sh G rammar .T h isform of t h e Verb is, in all Ten ses, sim i lar to t hat of t h e
AXGLO -SAXON
Presen t Ten se.T h on n e ie n u eom lufod. cum amer, si n ce or wh en I (be) am
l oved .
PO TENTIAL Moon .
Pres en t Ten se .I 0 may beon lufod, amer, I may be l oved , etc.
INFINITIVE Moon .
Presen t Ten se .amari , bei n g l oved , or to be loved .
Future Te n se.
lufod gyt, aman dus, to be yet loved , or about
PARTICIPLE.
Past Ten se . Future Ten se .
Lufod, yelufod, amatus, lov ed . To lufiyen n e, aman dus, to be l oved .
Loved is sometimes improperl y termed Passive .
En glish G ramma r .
IMPER SONAL VERBS .
An Im person al ve r b is expressed i n t h ree ways, lst, by man ,asman brohte, t h ere wasbroug h t ; 2dly, by h it, as h i t t h un rode,i t t hun de r ed an d Sdly, by t h e t h i rd person of t h e Ve r b used i n
an absolute sen se, asme thin cth , me t h i n ket h , or i t seems to me.
AN OMALOUS VERBS .
An an , to gi ve ; an , I give ; un n o, I give, or t h ou givest ;un n on , we, you, t h ey gi ve : ut h e, uthethe, I or h e gave .
Sax. Der . , page 10.
Bacan , to bake ; boc, I baked .
Sax. Der., page 22 .
Beodan , to b id ;bead, bude. bed, bade .Sax. Der . , page 37.
Biddan , to pray ; bidst;b it, bad, bred .
Sax. Der. , page 37.
Bigeau, bugan ; to ben d , beah , bigde, begd.
Sax . Der . , page 34.
Faran , to go ; ferde, for ;ferdon , foron fare n .
Sax. Der. page 17—3 1.
C ifan , to i ve ;0'
eaf, (reef, d af;gifen .g D D 5
Sat . Der page 5—9—11.
GRAMMAR .
N iman , to take ; n imth, n om , n am ; n umen .
Sax. Der . , page 7—43 .
Pazean , to d ecei ve ; peehte, h e decei ved .
Sax. Der. , page41.
PlIghtau, to pledge o n esel f ;plighte, plat .Sax. Der. , page 28.
Stigan , to cl imb stag, stall, sti l'
i .
Sax'
. Der . , page 34.
Swigan , to b e s i l en t ;swigode;sun -ode ;suwon .
Sax . Der., page 37.
Teon , to draw or accuse ; teo , tyth : te h , tuge ; teo h .Sax. Der . , page 43 .
T h ean , on , to d raw, or profit by ; t h eah , thag, t hah .Sax. Der . , page 21.
Wacian , to wake ;wacode weaht, waken ed .
Sax. Der . , page 41.
VVireau, woreau, to work ;worhte, heworked worked.Sax. Der . , page 45 .
“7i tan , to k n ow;wat;wast ;wi t en , witod, kn own .
Sax. Der . , page 18.
VVreon , to cover ;wroh , wreah , h e covered .
Sax. Der . , page 35.
Don , to do or make do, I d o dest, dyst, t h oudost ;det h , dyth ,h e dot h ; dot h , We, ye, t h ey do did, died , dyde, h e d i d or hat hdon e ; dyden , we, ye, t h ey d id ; do, don , be, t h ey may do .
Sax. Der . page 12—40.
Gan , gan gan , to go ;ga, gan ye, I go ;gaet h , h e goes, gat h ,we,
ye, t h ey go code, yeode, l or h ewen t ;eodan ,we, ye, t h eywen t;
ga, go t h ou; ga, gat h , go ye.Sax. Der . page 16.
ADVERBS .
An Adverb den otes som e mod ificat i on of an expressed attribute;
En glish G rammar .
OF TIME.
Hwil-ou, wh i lom , h eretofore ; zer, before ;hrath'
e, soua, qui ckly, s h ortly ; tha, wh i le ; then dtn , wh i lst, ti l l , etc.
Sax, Der ,page12—40.
OF PLACE.Hwaer,where;hwider, wh i t h er ;ufan , above, etc.
Sax. Der. page 55 .
An d, an d t h e leS, I'est ; t h eah , th oug h.
D
ANGLO -SAXON
PREPO SI'PIONS .
Preposi ti on s s h owthe relat i on that on e t h i n g bears to an ot h er .E n glish G ramma r .
Gove r n i n g an accusati ve case, an d used in t h e con struc ti on as
wel l as the com positi o n of t h e lan guage .
Wi t h ; butan , wi thout ; uppan , up, upon ; etc.Sax. Der . page 11—12 .
ADATIVE on ABLATIVE CasrB9 , b i, big, by ; bufan , above ;on , in ; ti l , to , fill, to .
Sax. Der . page 11—12—13 .
INSEPARABLE PREPosn ‘
o s.
Un , i n , n ot, asun cuth , un kn own .
Sax. Der . page 58 .
Fore , befo r e, as FORE-C in n an , to com e before .
Sax. Der . page 58 .
Ed, re, asED- n iwian , to R-En cw,etc .
E n glish C rammar .
INTER JECTIONS .
I n te rj ect i o n s are empl oyed . on l y when , from some circumstances, the sh o r tn ess of tim e wi l l n ot perm i t men . to use speec h .VVa, alas; wel, wel l ; eala gi f,. 0 t hat, etc.
Sax. Der . , page 58 .
SYNTAX .
I . T h e cause isput ei t h er i n theGen itive, th e Aceusative, ort h e Ablati ve case, as Godes tudresyeszelig,
“ happy because of agood offsp r i n g ; Mzerthum yefraeye, cel ebrated because of hisMajesty .
II. T h e Ablati ve is often used absolutely, asHim forlaeten um ,
t h ey bei n g left .III. AN oun of mul ti tude i s often j o i n ed to a. Ve r b or Adjoe
ti ve plural , asTh zet fol e waes yean bidiyen dean dwuudrodon , thepeopl e were wai ti n g an dwo n dered .
IV. ANeuter Adj ecti ve, used absolutely, requires'
a Gen i ti vecase , asBalsi n ces, som e (som et h i n g of) treasure .
V . Adjectives s ign ifyi ng plen ty, wan t, l iken ess, dign i ty, an dt h e n oun VVan a, govern a; Gen i t i ve an d som etim es an Ablati ve,asFul l halgum Caste, ful l o f the Hol y G h ost
VL Comparati vesare fol l owed by t h e, t h on n e, t han , or by a
GRAMMAR . XXVI]
Gen iti ve , asHys i n ara, g r eater t han that ; or by an Ablat ive, asMar e eallum ouszegdn yssn m , m o r e t h an man y sac r ifices .
V II. Supe r lati ves requi r e a (len i t ive, asEalrawyrtamesst, theg r eatest of_all herbs .
‘
V I I I . TheVerb Substan ti ve requ’
i r es a (iei i it'
ive case, as Tha
th i n g t h e syn d Godes, the th i n gs wh i ch are God's . Verbs of de
si r i n g, rem emb eri n g, enj oy i n g, fear i n g, expecti n g , ceasi n g, gen
erally admi t a Gen iti ve case on fengan , on drzedan adm i t an Ac
cusative. V e r bs of accusi n g an d deprivi n g requi r e a Gen i t i ve ofthe th i n g, asBerefian dohtra, bearn a, to bereave of daugh te r s ;sometim es a Dati ve orAblati ve, asT hat h e us zet urum asson be
reafiye, that h e may depr ive us of our asses .IX . T h e I n fin i t ive has an Accusat i ve befo re i t, as ye yeseoth
me h abban , you see me to (o r that I)have.X . Verbs of aski n g an dteac h i n g r equi re twoAccusat i ves—on e
of t h e perso n , an d an ot h er of the th i n g, as Hi n e axodon thatb igspel, t h ey asked him that parable .
X I. TheR eci procal V e rb i s often used , as(Jud i-zed t h e th in n e
God , fear t h ee thy God .
X II. Som e Im person al Verbs'
require an Accusati ve of t h eperso n , an d aDati ve of t h e t h i n g , as T h on e welegan lyst an
wealdes, i t des ires a r i c h man of power,—a ri ch man desi r es
power ; som e take a Dati ve of t h e person , an d a Ge n iti ve of t h eth i n g , asHim was mesceamode, to t h em of th i s the r e was n o
s ham e,
-t h ey were n otas h amed of t h i s . Yebyrath hasa. doubl eDati ve , asHim n e yebyrath to tham sceapum , to him t h e r e was
n o care to t h e sh eep ,—he cared n ot for t h e sh eep .
E nglish Grammar.
THE LORD’S PRAYER , \VITH AL ITERAL TRANSLATION .
Feeder ure thu t h e eart on heofen um ; si'
thin n amayehaigFat h er our, t h ou t hat art i n h eaven , be t h y n am e hal l ow
od. To be cum e t h i n rice, yewurthe t h i n wil-Ia oned. Moreover l et com e thy dom i n i on , be don e thy wi l l on
eorthan , swa swa on heofen um , urn e ye dzeghwamlican h laf syleeart h , so as i n heaven , our dai l y l oaf sell
us to deeg, an d forgy-f usm e gyltas, swa swawe forgifavth
(give) usto day, an d forgi ve usour debts , so as we weurum gylten dum , an d n e yeladde thu us on costuun ye,
our debto r s, an d(do) n ot lead thou us i n to temptat i o n ,ac al ys us of ye .
but free us of evi l .
ANGLO -SAXON
PART OF THE FIRST CHAPTER OF THE GOSPEL BY
ST. JOHN .
1, O n fruman WasWord , an d
t hat word wasm id Gode, an dGod was t hat word .
2, T hat wason fruman m idGod.
3 , Ealle t h i ng waron ge
worhte thurh hyn e, an d n an
t h i ngwasgeworht butan bym .
4. T hat was lif the on him
yeworhtwas, an d t h e l i f wasman n a leoht.
5 , An dtheleohtlyhton t h ystrum , an dthystrothe n e yen amon .
6, Man n was fram God a
sen d, thas n amawas Jo hann os.
7, T h es com to yewitn esse,that h e yewitn esse cyththe be
that leohte, t hat ealle men
thurh h yn e yelyfdon .
8, Nas h e leoht, ac t hat he
yewitn esse fort h bare be t hamleohte.
9, Sot h leolitwasthe on lyht
alon e cumen dn eman on thisn e
m iddan card.
10, Hewason m iddan earde,an d m iddan card Wasyeworht
thurh h yn e, an dm iddan eardhy n e n eyecn eow.
11, To h is ayen um h e com,
an d big h y n e n eun derfengon .
12 , Sothliceswa hwlyceswahyn e un dert
’
engon , h e sealde
h im anweald t hat h i WarouGodes beam t ham t h e yelyfithon h ys n aman .
13 , Tha n e syn t accn n ede of
1, In the begi n n i ngwas t h e
word , an d t hat word was wi t hGod
, an dGodwas t hat word .
2 , T hat wasi n t h e begi n n i ngwi t h God,3 , All t h i n gswere made by
it, an d n ot h in gwasmadewi t h
out it.
4 , T hat was l i fe wh i ch in it
made was, an d the l ife was
m en ’s l ig h t.
5 , An d t h e l ight s h in et h i n
darkn ess, an d t h e darkn ess it
(do) n ot compre h en d .
6, Man was from God sen t,wh ose n amewasJo h n .
7, He came for wi tn ess t h at
h e testimon y m ig h t tel l con cern
i ng the l i g h t, t hat all men
t h roug h him m ight'
believe.
8, He was n ot t hat l ig h t,butt hat testimon y fort h (m ig h t)bear con cern i n g t h e l i g h t .
9, (T h e) true l ig h t (i t) was
wh i c h en lighten eth every com
i ng man to t h i s m iddle eart h .
10, Hewasin t h eWorld , an d
the world was made by h im,
an d t h e worldh im n otkn ew.
11, To h i s own he came, an d
t h ey h im n ot received .
12, Trul y, as man y as h im
recei ved , hegave to t h em power
t hat t h ey were God’s c h i ld ren .
to t h em t hat bel i eved i n h i sn ame.
13 , Wh i c h n ot are born of
GRAMMAR .
blodum , n eof flasceswi llah , n eof weros wiilan , ac h igsyin t
of God acen n ede.
1~I~, An d theword wasflasc,
yeworden an d eardode on us,
an d we yesawon h ys wuldor
swylce an cen n edes wuldor, offader, t h ewasfulm idgyfean d
sothfastn esse.
15 , Joan n escyth yewitn esscbe hym, an dclypath , t h us cwethen de, t h eswas t h e ic sade,Se t h e to cummen e isafter me,wasyeworden beforan me, fort ham h e was ar t h on n e ic.
16, An d of hys yefylledn esse
weealleon fengon gyfeforgyfe.
17, Fortham t h e ac wasyescald t hurb Moysen , an dgyfu
an d sothfastn es i s yeuworden
thurh Halen d Cri st .18, Neyeseah n afre n an man
God butan se an cen n eda sun u
hyt cythde se i s on his faderbearme.
19, An d t hat i s Jo han n es yewitn es.
20, Tha t h e Judeas sen donhyra sacerdas, an d byra. Diacon asfrom Jerusal em t o h im
tha h i axodun h yn e an d t h us
cwadon . Hwateartthu.
21, An d h e cythde an d
n ewithsoc an d t h us cwath . Ne
eom ic n aCrist .
22, An db igaxodon hyn e, an dt h us cwadon , cart thu Hel ias ,an d h e cwath, n e eom ic hyt;
tha cwadon h i eartthuwitega,
bl ood , n or of flesh’
swi ll, n or ofman
’s will , but t h ey are of Godborn .
14 , An d t h e word was fles h ,made an d dwel t am on g us, an dwe saw i ts gl ory such as of theo n ly begotten
’
sgl ory , of t h e fat h er, wh i c h was ful l of gracean d trut h .15 , Jo h n speaket h testim on y
of him, an d cri et h , t hus sayi n g,t h i s was h e I m en ti on ed , Hethat to com e i s after me, wash o n ored before me, because h ewas soon er t han I .16, An d of hisfull n essweall
rece i ve grace for grace .
17, For t h e lawwasgive n byMoses, an d grace an d trut h i swroug h t t h roug h t h e Savi our
C h ri st.18, N ei t h er saw n ever n o
man God except h is on ly begotten Son , li e
-
h at h told (it) whoi s i n h i s Fat h er’s bosom .
19, An d t h i s Jo h n’s witn ess
i ng.
20, W h en t h e Jews s en t t h ei rPri ests an d t h ei r Deacon s fromJerusal em to him , then theyasked him an d t h us spoke.\Vhat art t h ou21, An d h e told (t h em), an d
n ot den i ed , an d t hus spoke .N ei t h er am C h ri st .22, An d t h ey asked him, an d
t h us spoke, artthouEl ias an d
hesai d , n or am I h e ; t h en saidt h ey, art.thou a p r op h et an d
an d he an swyrde an d cwath h e an swered an d said, n o.
n ic .
It i s recommen ded to the Stude n t to parse allt h e Anglo-Saxon
X X X ANGLO -SAXON
words t h us: (See Lord’s P raye r . ) Fader, a n oun , substanti ve of
the first Decle n si o n— ih the s i n gular n um be r a m o n optote, but inthe pluraldecl i n ed (See Sm ithas page . ) N . Fade ras . G . fade ra,D . faderum , Ac. faderas, v . Eala. ye faderas , Ab . faderum - ure,
i s.an adjecti ve of on e term i n at i o n—ure, M . N -ure, F.—mascu
l i n e ge n der, si n gular n um ber ; an d vocati ve case to agree wi thi ts substan ti ve fader—(See ure, page See verse 12 , —h yn eun derfengon
—hyue i s t h e p r im i ti ve pr o n oun of t h e th i rd pe r son ,mascul i n e ge n de r, an d accusati ve case ; after t h e verb un derv
fen gou—See Syn tax—Rul e VII I .
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.
23 , Hig cwadon to h im , hwat cart thu t hat we an dwyrdebri ngon t ham t h e us to the sen don , hwatseystthu be t h e sylfum .
2st, He cwath , ic eom clywien desstefn on westen e; YerihtathDritn eswegswa se witega I saias cwath .
25 , An d tha t h e thar asen dewarou, thawaron of sun dorhal
gan .
26, An d hig axodon h yn e an d cwadon to bym , hwi fullast
thu, gyfthu n e cart C r i st n e Hel ias , n ewitega.
27, Jo h an n es h im an dwsarode, ic fullige on watere, to m iddes
eow stod the ye n e cun n on .
28, He i s t h e afte r metoweard i s ; so was yewbrden beforan
m e, me eom ic wyrthe t hat ic un bin de h i s sceothwang.
20, Thas t h i n g wzeron yeworden c on Bethan iabeveon dan Jor
dan en thar Joan n es fullode.
ASQERTION .
T h e striki n g an alogi es between t h e Cel ti c d ial ects , an dt h e lan
guages wh i c h arem ost gen eral l y al l owed to be of cog n ate origi n
wi th t h e San skrit, Greek, an d Lati n , affo rd ample proofs of t h ecommon origi n of all t h ese lan guages , an d of t h e Eastern origi n
of t h e Celti c Nat i on s .
PROOFS .
I. The verb substan ti ve in San skri t i s an alogous to t hat i n t h e
ot h er lan guages ge n erally al lowed to be al l i ed to i t , an dtheCel
t i c i n flection s partake i n t h e sam e gen eral an alogi es.
X X X “ ANGLO ~ SAXON
PRETERPLUPERFECT .
1. IN LATIN (OR IGINALLYJfuesam fuesasfn esamus fuesatis
2 IN WELSH .
bhuasit
bhuesych bhn esyn t.
NEGATIVE FORM OF THE PRESENT TENSE .
I. IN THE EusE, on IRISH CELTIC.ui fhuilh im ui fh n ilhir ui fhuilh
ui fhuilmid ui fhuilth i-dh n i fhuilidh
2 . IN THE GARLIC or SCOTLAND.
ui bheilui n i bheilthu n i bheil ePLUR . ui bheil si n n ui bheil s ibb ui bheil iad
I I . T h e i n fle cti on of person s i n t h e passi ve ten s es of Greek,Lat i n , an d Celti c ve rbs, i s defecti ve.
PERFECT TENSE.
In GREEK .
Pephileomen os, 0 , es, e,
IN LATIN.
Amatus, sum, es, est, Sec.
Carwyd,Anglo-Saxon G rammar , page 20.
III. R , i s t h e term i n ati on most characterestic of passi ve ten sesih Lati n an d Celti c .
An glo. Saxon G rammar , page 22 .
POTENTIAL Moon ,‘
FIITURE Ten se.
In Lati n , Amer. In Wels h , Ceri r.
GRAMMAR; xxxi i i
IV . T h e San skri t has i n i ts verbs t h ree voi ces, correspo n di n g wi t h t h e Greek .
IN SANSK RIT, Middle an d PassiveBhavam i s iCo rrespon dingwit/z IN GREEK
Didom i si
V . Proper future ten ses , formed by i n flecti on , are e n ti relywan ti n g i n the Teuton i c lan guages . In Lat i n , Greek, an d San sk r i t they are yet extan t ; an d i n all these an al ogi es may betraced i n t h ei r formati o n .
An glo Saxon G rammar , page 20.
In ' Lati n i n sert er , before t h e prom in al sufiix, -o, rexi , rex-er-o.
In Greek es , 010 , ol-es-o.
In San skri t sya or ishya yachami , Yac h[ i-sya or shya-m i .
Hen ce i t hasbeen i n ferred , t hat man y m od ificati on s (suc h asamav-eram for fueram ) of att r i butive ve r bs are de r i ved from a
composi ti o n of a verbal rootwi t h t h e ten ses of the verb substan
ti ve .—See Grammat i ca Cri ti caLi n gua: San sk itik ze, by Professor
BoppT h e secon d future i n Greek, an d th e m ost simpleform of the
future ten se i n Lati n are sl ig h t i n flecti o n s of t h e presen t .
In Greek—l ego , l ego . In Lati n— l ego , am .
To suppose t hat t h i s se con d future i s m e r el y a first future in ad ifferen t form ,
would be con trary to t h e an al ogy of t h e cogn atelan guages .T h is future recal ls t h ose lan guages i n wh i c h t h e presen t ten se
i s used for a future . T h us t h e Briti s h futur e credav.
Anglo Saxon Grammar , page 18 .
V I . T h e Pote n tial , Optati ve , an d Con juctive m oods, m idd lean d pass ive voi ces i n t h e cogn ate lan guages , appear to be simpl ei n flecti on s , an d n otassom e have suspected , com poun d words .
Anglo Saxon G ramma r , page 21 .
V I I . T h e preterpe r fect seem s to have been fo rm ed o r ig i n al lyon the sam e p ri n ci ple i n t h e Greek, Lati n , San skri t, an d Teu
to n i c lan guages .
In Goth i c, ei t h er by rep eati n g t h e begi n n i n g of t h e m etbeforei tself, or by mod ifyi n g t h e vowel wh et h er i n i tial ormedialof t h eroot , or by t h e i n serti on of a syl labl e of wh i c h d i s t h e conson an t .
Sax . Der, page”
25 , an dAnglo Saxon Grammar , page 19.
XXXVI ANGLO—SAXON
begi n —atislitaN man ujah on t h e same pri n cipl e of euph on y the“Tish prepositi o n yn , n ot o n l y changes t h e i n i t ial of the fol l owi ng n oun , but i s l ikewi se i tsel f c han ged .
T h us for,yn ty, yn n hy,y“ ywr, yng n gwr.
The dialects of t h e Celti c n ati on s are con n ected the r efore with
the San sk r i t , G r eek, Lati n , an d Teuto n i c lan guages , by a con
iderablc n um ber of r oots , o r p r im i ti ve wo rds, an dal so by an al ogy“
i n grammati cal fo rm s. I—Ien cc all these lan guages are Cogn ate ,an d h e n ce the Easte r n o r igi n of the Cel ti c n ati on s i s i n ferred .
In som e of the lan guages ofweste r n Eu r ope, gutteral , o r h ard
pakatin e co n son an ts aboun d, an d take t h e place of t h e si bi lan ts ,softpalat i n es , an d den tals , an ti even of t h e labial co n son an ts,wh i ch are foun d i n the m ore easte r n lan guages .
i k deKa, Greek.
l 8c decem Lat.
das han , San sk, s h i g52h
322K
51
73511J a l h teHan , Teut.
L J II taiHun , Got h .See Easterr ori gi n of t h e Celti c Nation s” by t h e learn ed Dr.
Pricharil.—Sax. Der . , page 5 —an dAn alymsof the Styl e ofDouglas , page 71—72—73 .
ER RATA
Page 13 , For Cogn ateLanguages, an d—read Cogn atc Languages, page
and.
Page‘
15 , ForAuxiliary been—wr iteAuxiliary beon .
Page 18 , For that testimon y—read that he testimon
SAX ON DER IVATIV ES 5‘
AN ANALYSI S
THE S T Y L B
EBmtaIaes, «theater, 8: gymnast“
.
‘ In En gl i s h , an d i n all Lan guages, t h ere are on ly twosorts ofwordswh i c h are n ecessary
‘
for t h e commun i cat i on of our t h oug h ts.
1. Noun , an d
2 . VERBJ
All t h e ot h ers (wh i c h are n otn ecessary to speec h , butmerelysubsti tutes)are abbreviati on s ."
I t must be observed t hat the apparen tly d ifferen t appl i cat i oncon st i tutes t h e on l y d ifferen ce betwee n t h e Parts of Speech.
’
Con jun cti o‘n s have sign ification per se .’
IF i s t h e Imperati ve of t h e Saxon Verb n an , to give or gran t .C haucer comm o n ly us es i f, but sometim es yewe, yef an d yf forgi f. G . Douglas alm ost always uses gif, on l y on ce or twi ce h ehasused i f; on ce h e uses gewe, an d o n ce gifiis, an d sometimes i ncase an d i n cai s, for i f.
Gif luf be verteu, t han i s i t lefulthingef”
Gif i t be vi ce, i t i s gour un doi n g .
Dow n s.
Gif Inf—t hat is, Gran t t hat l ove, 85 0 .
Gour i s in man y i n stan ces c han ged i n to y .
She was so Charytab'
le an d so p i ton s ,S h e wolde wepeYF t hat s h e sawe aman sCaugh t in a. trappe, ifi t were deed or bledde.
‘
“
PR OL. TO CANTERBUR Y TALES .
6
So h ere t h e l etters selid of t h i s t h i n g,That I m ote bear e i n all the haste I mayYewe yewol l oug h t un to you r so n n e the Kyn g,I am your servaun t bot h e n yght an d day.
’
CHAU CER .
In Chauce r , an d i n othe r oldw-riters, t h e verb TO GIVE suffe r st h e same var iation s i n the man n e r of wr i t i n g an d pron oun ci n gi t, wh ethe r used co n jun ctivel y or otherwi se, as does al so t h e
n oun » deri ved from i t .
Forgiff me, V irgill, gi f I t h ee offen d .
’
Do r cu s.
tYeoven un der our si gn etLO DGE’S ILLU S TR ATIO N S .
GIN, the partici pl e gi ven ,gren , gI n , wasoften used fo r i f o r an .
O Gi n h er face waswan
I f my daughter t h ere s h ould: have don e so, I wou
‘d n ot h ave
gr n her a groat .’
‘VICIIER LY .
AN i s t h e imperati ve of t h e Ve r b an an , to g i ve, or gran t . I toften suppl i es t h e place of i f.
“An ’
t please you,’ that i s , an i t , or i f i t please .
As, m ean i n g t h e sam e as i t, that or wh i c h , i s com poun ded ofal
‘
an d es or as. I t was form e r l y wri tten al'
s.
Glidis away un der t h e fomy sees,A13 swi ft asgaugea fedderitarrowfleis.
DO UGLAS .
AL, wh i c h i n compari son s used to be very properly empl oyedbefore t h efirst es or as, but
“
n ot before t h e secon d, we n owsup
press.As swi ft as. Not;
AL as swi ft as, See.
So issa, or so, a‘
GotIIic arti cl e of t h e sam e import.
‘THAT i s t h e past Parti cipl e tbaet or {Treat of the Saxon Vet’b
(bean , to assume. I t i s eviden tl y , i n all cases, an adj ective .
I wi s h you to bel i eve t h at I would n otwi l full y hurt a fly .
’
R E S OLUTIO N .
‘ I woul d n ot wi l ful l y h urt a fly I wi s h you to bel i eve that
OUNLESS i s t h e imperati ve, on les, of ONLESAN, dim ittere, to d is
111155 .
In the'
rei'
gn ofQueen El iz abet h , t h i s con jun cti on was som etimes wri tten ouel es an d on elesse. Thus, i n the trial of S i r Jo h nOld Castle , An . 14 13 . I t was n otpossi bl e for t h em t o make wh oleC h ri stes cote with out seme —on e1esse certai n great men werebroug h t out of t h e way,
’ t hat i s—d ism i ss certai n great men , Sec.
.It i s sai d t hat Wi l l iam Tyn dal l , our immortal tran slator of theBi bl e , was on e of the fi r s t who wrote th i s word wi t h a n .
T h e sc r i pture was given , t h at we may applye the m ed i ci n eof t h e sc r i ptu r e , every man to h i s own sores, un lesse t h en wee n ten d to be i dl e d i sputers an d braulcrs about vai n e wordes,Sac .
Prol . VVhat’
st h e matter,T hat you un lace your reputati on t hus ,An d spen d your ri c h opi n ion for t he n ameOfa n i g h t brawl er
U n lace, i n t h is passage, m ean s you un l ess, or .on les yo urreputati on "—t hat i s, d ism i ss or l ose your reputati on .
“
I t does n ot appear t hat on less was empl oyed con jun ctivel y bythe An gl o—Saxon writers , aswe use un l ess, except i n d is cou r s e ;but i n stead of. it, t h ey frequen tly em ployed n ymthe, or an emthe,t h e im perati ve n ym or n em , of n yman or n eman . to wh i c h issubj oi n ed t h e, n am el y
,t h at Nymthe—take away t hat, may
very wel l supply t h e place of—on l ess (t h e expressed or un derstood)—Dism i ss that .
LES t h e imperat ive of LESAN, wh i c h has t h e sam e mean i n g asONLESAN, i s used sometimes by oldwri ters i n stead of un less.
GifheCommytisan ytreassoun , suld h e n ot de,LES th an his p r i n ce of grete -
‘
human ite
Perdoam h i s falt for h i s l on g trew servi ce .
‘
G . DO UGLAS .
4
T h is sam e imperati ve LES , placed at t h e en d of n oun s, hasgi ve n to our lan guage suc h adj ectives as h opel ess, (di sm i ss hope,)r estless ; t h e privati ve term i n ati on l ess , as breath l ess ; an d thecom parati ve l ess . The supe r lat ive Least, i sthe pastparti ciple ofLESAN. Least i s con tracted for lesed .
In every i n stan ce of t h e use of Less or Least to be foun d in t h elan guage , t h e s ign ifi cati on of Dism issin g , Separati n g, or Taki n gaway, i s con veyed.
The reader wi l l see at on ce t h e force of t h i s adjective asusedby our an cestors , wh e n . i n stead of n i n eteen an d e ig h teen , t h eysaid , An laes twen tig
—Twa laes twen tig; t hat i s, Twe n ty,m i ss (or take away) on e. We al so say,
—He deman ded twen ty ;I gave h im twoLess, t h at i s, Dism i ss two.
T h ri ce have I sen t h im (says Glen dower) weat h er-beatenh om e, an d bootless back .
’ Hom e wi t h out boots (repl i es Hotspur )an d i n foul weat h er too .
’
We som etim es supply the place of UNLESS i n En gl ish , eith erby but, or wi t h out, or be i t n ot, or but i f, 8 m.
T hat n ever was th e r e garden of suc h pryse,But yf itfive re the very paradyse.
”
FRANKELEY N S TALE .
O R i s a con tracti on for OTHER , al ius or alter, an d den otes d ivers i ty , ei t h er of n am e or of subJect.
‘
8
YET is t h e imperati ve, get, of GETAN, obtin ere, to obtai n , an dSTILL of STELLAN, pon ere, to place, to suppose . Yet an d st i l l wereoften used mutuall y for each ot h er,wi t h out an yalterati on i n them ean i n g of t h e sen ten ces .
For al bei t tariengbe n oyful, ALGATE i t i s n ot to be reprovedi n yeuynge ofjugemen t, n e in vengeaun cetakeyn g.
’
To GET i s sometimes spelt by C haucer GEATE.
STILL .
T h ough t h i s verb isn olon ger curren t i n En glish , except asac onjun cti on , yetitkeeps i ts groun d i n t h e col lateral lan guages.
In German an d Dutc h it is . STELLENIII t h e STOLAAn d i n t h e 0 0 STELLEN.
THAN is supposed to be a com poun d of t h e defin i t iveTHA, an dtheadditive term i n ati on .en , thus THAen , than n e, th en , an d n owspelled THAN .
ELSE ist h e imperati ve, ales, of t h e verb ALESAN, dim ittere, todi sm i ss . I t was formerly wri tten alles, al ys, alyse, e lles, cllus,
el l i s, el les, els .
Wi t h outen n oyse or clatteri n g ofb el les ,Te Deum wasour s on ge an d n ot h i n g ELLEs.
’
Him behoveth sern e himselfe t hat i s n oswayn ,O r ELS h e i s a fole, asclerkes sayn .
’
Carvers.
ELSE.
S . Jo h n son says Else, Pron oun , ot h er, on e bes ides . I t i sappl i ed bot h to person s an dth i n gs .’
He says agai n—J Else, Adverb—l. ot h erwise ; 2 . besides, except t hat m en ti on ed .
"
.
Else may be resolved i n to h o c dimisso, t h i s bei n g dism i ss ed , dism i ss t h i s . T hus, ‘ ~
you have s hewn impoten cean dmali ce en oug hW hat else have you s h ewn —Dism iss them , what have you
THOUGH i s the imperati ve, t haf, of the verb TRAFICAN, or THAFIAN, to al l ow, perm i t, gran t,
°
eld , assen t. By a tran s iti on ,THAF becam e thagh , thoug h , t ouh, an d thoch .
Fwasdropped from t h e pron un ciati on about the tim e of Hen ry
I n stead of t h oug h an dal th ough , our an ci en twri ters often usedall be , all be i t, all had, all s h ould , all were, all gi ve, how bei t, set, suppose , 8 m.
I fee l exceedi n gly for Mr. M., SUPPOSE I have n ott h e h on our
ofbei n g person al l y acquai n ted wi t h him .
’
For I wol speke, an d tel i t t h e,AL SHULDE I dye .’
CHAU CER
10
‘
Heuce i t' i s evide n t t h at the apparen tl y differe n t appl i cati on
«c on sti tutes the o n ly d i ffe r en ce between Co n jun ct i on s an d P r epoS ition s.
AND,t h e im perat i ve AN-ad, from ANAN-ad, dare congeriem ,
to add.
Two AND (add) two arefour .LEST i s the past par t i c i pl e,
‘ l esed, of LESAN , dim ittere. The im
perative LES was sometim es used for l est, aswel l as for un l ess .
I k n ew i t. was past four h ou r i s of day,An d thoc h t I wald n a lan gar e ly i n May;LES Phoebus suld me losingere atayn t.
’
C . DO UGLAS .
From the sam e ve r b we de r i ve to lessen , to lease , to rel ease,to lose , an d the n oun l oss .The verb to l ose wasfo rm erl y wri tten l ese, l oi s , l eis, 850.
Him n eeded n o n e h elpe , i f h e n e had n o m on ey, that hem ig h t LESE.
’
LES”
.
Lest for Lesed , (as bl est fo r bl essed . with the arti cl e THATexpr essed o r un derstood , mean t , wh i c h bei n g d ism i ssed , dism i ssth i s . You make use of such i n d i r ectar ts as t h ese to blast myreputati on , l est pe radve n tu r e, they m ight wi th som e i n differe n ceh ear reason from m e.
’
CHILLIN cwon TH.
Here Lest i s used wi t h propri etyYou make use of t h ese ar ts’ —\V hy T h e reason fol l ows ,
Lesed that’ —~ n am el y , that be i n g dism i ssed , men m ig h t h earreason from me.
’ 'l‘herefore,—you use these arts 1
But i t i s improperly used in the foll owi n g i n stan ce , for l est hasn o m ean i n g i n i t, t h ere bei n g n oth i n g di sm i ssed , i n co n seque n ceof wh i ch som eth i n g el se would fol l ow.
T h us K i n g Hen r y, I f we suffer the fyrste suggesti on un tosyn n e to tarry an ywh i l e i n our h artes, i t i s great peryell est t hatcon se n t an d dede wyllfolowe shortly after.
’
Lest, el se, an dun less, have allt h ree on emean i n g, an dare partsof t h e sam e verb Lesan , t hat i s , of ou- l esan , a—LESAN, LESAN .
SINCE, the past par t i ci ple of seon , to see, wasform erlywri t tens i t h e n , syn e, sean d, seei n g , si th , seen t hat, sen s, 860 . S ith en cean d si th we r e i n good use, down even to the time of t h e Stuarts .SINCE for sean d, seei n g t hat ;an d for siththe, seen that, i s used
asa con jun cti on but for siththan , t h en ce forward , an d for sy n e,se n e, i t i s used asa preposi ti on .
AS A PREPOSITION .
Did George t h e T h i rd reign before or sin ce t hat exampl e ? ’
AS A CONJUNCTION .
lfIs h ould labour for an y ot h er satisfacti on , butth at of m y
II
own m i n d , i t should be an effect of phren z y i n me, n ot of hopesin ce it i s n ot t rut h , but opi n i on that can t ravel the wo r ld withouta passpo r t . ’
EITHER i s from the Saxon cegllzer, ute rque, on e of t h e two;an dEACH from 610, elkeen , each , both take n i n d ividual ly , every on e.
T h usThe Gen eral orde r ed h i s t r oops to marc h on ez
'
t/wr side .
’
T h e Ge n e ral o rde r ed h is troops to mar ch 011 ego/1 side .
’
Man y of the co n jun cti on s may be used alm ost i n differcn tlywi t h a very l ittl e tu r n of exp r ess i o n ) for each oti1c1 .
An d soft he si ffhed, lestm en m igh t h im h ear . ’
An d softhe sigh ’
d, t/zatmen m ig h t n ot h im h earAn d so1t h e sigh
’
d, elsem en m i gh t him hear.Un less he sighed soft, m en m ight h im h ear .Wit/tout he s ighed soft, men m ight h im hear .If that he slcrhed n otsoft, men m i ght h im hear.An d an he sighed n ot soft, men m ight hear .Be 27 h e sigh ed n ot Sott, men m i ght him h ear .
PR EPO SITIO N S .
P r epositi on s have sign ificati on per se .
’
WITH is the impe rati ve of the ve r b wit/mm to joi n . The oth er
pa1ts of t h e ve i l) have ceased to be empl oyed i n th e lan guage.XVe sti l l r etai n i n En gl is h t h e substan t i ves wi t h or 11 ithe, 11 1the1s,an d wither-ban ds
T h e o n l y 111111it11re bel on gi n g to the h ouses , appear s to bean oblon g vessel made of bark, by tyi n g up t h e en ds wi th as /ze.
”
CAPTAIN Cooxs’ DES CR I-FTION or BOTAN Y .
An on seWITH , t hat 1’
s, jo in a party wal l . ’
BY an d WITH am always syn on ymon swhen WITH i s t h e Im perative of wy1tl1an for BY i s the im pe rati ve of beon to be .
THROUGH 13 f1om th e Goth i c n oun THURO , a doo r gate, or passage . It was fo rm erl y thom ugh , thu1ough , t h orow, t h rough,or t hr ,o tl1111 11gh .
T han com eth ydeln esse, t h at i s t h e yate of all harmes. T h e
ydlen esse Is the 11107 9Me of allwycked an dvylan n e thoughtes."
CHAU CER .
T h e An glo-Saxon employs i n differen t]y for Door ei ther D111eor Thu1 e . Distel an d Dorn in German are Th istl e an d T h orn i nEn gli s h .
FR OM 15 sim plythe An gl o Saxon an d Got h i c Noun FRUM , f1om ,
begi n n i n g, o1 igi n , sour ce , foun tai n , author . It i s IefeIable tot im e aswellasto m oti on , because i t relates to every t h i n g towh i ch relates .
F1om m orn to (or ti l l) n i g h t , th’
ete1n al larum ran g .
The la1u1n 1 2mgbegi n n i n g 11101 11111g'
19?
FROM.
Figs cam e from Turkey ,"
T hat i s ,Turkey t h e place of begi n n i n g to come .
’
T h e preposi ti on TO , opposed to FROM, i s from t h e Got h i c Substan tive tan i , act, result, effect, con summat i on .
Th i s substan ti ve i s t h e past parti ci ple of t h e verb, tuan , ortuon—ia Saxon teogan , i n t h e Teuton i c tuan , agere, to do.
C haucer som etimes drops the i n fin i tive term i n at i o n an or en ,an d uses TO , t hus
My l i ege , lady : gen eral l y quod h e,Women desyren To HAVE soverayuteAswel l over her husbon desas h er love .
Sometimes h e uses t h e i n fin itive term i n ati on , t h usIn al t h e cou r t was there wi fe n e mayde ,N ewidow, that con trar ied t hat he sai de,But sai d, h e waswort h y HAN h i s l yte .
”
DO , or To, m ean s act. To love , t h at i s , act love . Do love,t h at i s , act l ove . T i s c han ged i n to D—TO or Do.
TILL i s compoun ded of to an d wh i l e. t hat i s, time .
Som e an ci en t aut h ors use WHILE al on e asa preposi ti on , t hat i s ,l eave out to, an d say—Iwi l l stay wh i l e even i n g.
SygeberteWyth h ys two brethern e, gave backe wh yle t h eycame to t h e ryver of Ligoun e.
Som e p h i l ol ogists are of op i n i on that FOR com es from t h et h e Got h i c substan t i ve fairin a, cause, an d OF (in t h e Goth i can dAn gl o-Saxo n af) f r om a fragmen t of t h e Got h i c an dAn gl o
giaxon afara, prol es, offspri n g , con sequen ce, follower, successor,0.
T h is dron ken myller' hat h ytolde 115 h ere
Howe t h at begyledwasa carpen tere,Peradven ture i n skorn eFOR 1 am on e.
”
CHAU CER .
W h i lst t h e patron im ical term i n at i on of our n ort h ern an cestorswasSON , t h e Sclavon ic patron ym i c was OF. T hus, whom t h e Engl is h n am ed wi t h propri ety Peterson , t h e Russian s cal l ed Peterh of. OFwasformerly used wh ere we n owempl oy BY.
T h ese quen es were astwo goddesses ."
But t hat arte cout h t h ei n otfyn de,OFwh i c h Hisses wasdeceived.
GOWER .
Bx(in t h e An glo-Saxon wri tten be, be, big) is t h e imperativebyt h of the An gl o-Saxon verb been , to b e. Our an cestors wroteit i n differen tl y e i t h er be or b i .
Damvi l l e be ri g h t oug h t to have t h e l eadi n g of t h e arm y,but, beyeause t h ei be 005011 german stothe 111111111111, the i bemist rusted.
”—1568.
13
“ fith , t h e un perative of “frythan , wasused wi t h p rop r i ety fo rBy , the impe rati ve ofBeen . Benwaleuswaswar r ed W
'
ith theK i n g of Br i ton s . I t i s ofte n con foun ded wi t h the i 111perativeof withan , to joi n .
Bywas fo rm e r l y used wh ere we n ow use for, i n , dur i n g ,t h r oug h . As
Sleynge t h e peopl e wi t h out m ercy By all t h e wayes t h att h ey passyd.
FABIAN .
Betwee n , i s a dual prepositi on . Iti s theAn glo Saxo n Im pe rati ve Be, an d Twege n o r twai n .
The ve r b to twi n ,
’ i s sti l l used i n S cotlan d for to par t’ ors eparate .
’
Betwi xt(by Chaucerwr itte n bytwyxt) i s the imperati ve Be, an dt h e Goth i c Twos o r two, an d waswr i tte n i n the An glo Saxon betweohs, betweox, betwux, betwyx, an d betwyxt.Ben eath i s f r om the sam e impe rative Be, an d the n oun , NEATH ,
n adi r ; n ethe r an d n eth e rmost, are co r r upted f r om n eoth-emest,n ithaemast.
Wh i ch doct r i n e also t h e lordes bothespirituallan d tem po ral ] ,wi th t h e NETHER h ouse of our parl iam en t, have both sen e, an d l ykevery wel. ‘
Un der or O n N eder is from th e sam e wo r d .
To bot h t h e un der worlds . ’HUDIBRAS .
Beyon d i s from Be, an d t h e past parti cipl e Geon d, of t h e ve r b
gan gon gan , to go , o r to passWard . In the An gl o Saxon ward i s t h e im perat i ve of t h e ve r b
VVardiau, to l ook at, or to di r e ct t h e v i ew. It is t h e same Wordas the Fren ch Gar de r .
Take R eward of (pay r egard to , or l ook agai n at)t h y n e own eval ewe, that thou me be to foul e to t h y sel fe.
’
We kn owthat the sam e age n t is cal led e ither a l ooke r , awarden , awarde r , an overseer, a keepe r , a guard , o r a guardian .
The wo rd Ward was wi th p r op r i ety j oi n ed to the n am e ofan y pe r son , p lace , o r t h i n g, to o r from wh i ch our vi ew or sigh tmay be d ire cted .
T hat ec h e of you to shorte with ot h ers wayIn th i s viage, shal tel tal es twayTo Can terburyWARDE 1 m ean it so,An dHomewARDS h e s h al l tel tal es ot h er two.
’
CHAU CER .
At hwar t i s t h e past parti ci pl e ofThweorian , (towrest, to twi st.)Hen ce we h ave swe r ve, Veer, an d t hwar t .Am on g , form e r ly wr i tten emon ge, am un ge, amon ges, amon gest,
am on gst, am on g, i s f r om t h e prete r pe r fectGemongor geman g,or gam on g, -ung, Of m en gan , to m ix to m i n gleThe Saxon s were fon d of droppi n g the parti ci pial term i n ati on
od, ad, or ed , or en , an dprefixi ngespecial ly to t h ei r past parti c ip l es A, 213, Be, for, or ge.
Chaucer uses A111o11ges asapar ti cipl e i n the fol lowi n g sen ten ceItthen castet h thy seedes i n the feld es , thou shouldest have, i n
m yn dethat th e ye r es ben e Amouges, otherwhvle plen tuous, an dotherwhyle bareyn .
DO 11's.
Ymell i s used by Chauce r fo r a111o n g .
Herdest thou‘
ever slike a so n g ’ e r n owLo wh ilke a com pl i n i s hem allc.
Ymeddled, “ym elled, an d y111el l by the om i ss i on of the par t i c i
pial ter111111at10 11 m ean m ixed , m i n gled.
HeMedleth sorrowe wit h likyn ge.
’
C O “ FR .
ENDLO NG AND ALO NGEAre wo rds Often foun d in our an cien t wr i ters . Joh n son does
n ot accoun t for th e latter. The fo rm er an swe r s to An dlangan d t h e latte r to Gelan g . T h i s m ean s al 'on g , laid st r etched out, that, 0 11 l o n g .
En dlan g t h e styllIludis calm e an d be n e .
’
I) O UGL s.
For ever whan I thin ke am onge,Howe all i s on m ysel f Al on ge ,l‘ sai e, o foole of allfooles.
’
C 0 11 ER .
T h e wh ol e verb Dure , f r om theF ren c h parti ci ple Duran g, wassom e tim e used comm on ly i n our lan guage .
An d ath i s luste , an d al. h is besy cure ,Was fo r to l owe h er wh i l e h i s lyfematDure .
CHAU CER .
Outtake, an d Outtake n ,t h e impe rati ve, an d the past parti c i
p le were form e r l y in very comm on use.
But yron was the r e n o n e ue stel e,Fo r allwasgolde, men 111yght see,Outtake t h e
—fethersan d t h e tre .
"
R OMAUNT OF THE R OSE.
N ig h , n ear, n ext,i s t h e An gl o-Saxon Adjecti ve Ni h , n eh ,
n eah , n eahg, viciuus, n ear . N ext i s t h e An gl o-Saxo n Superlative N e h st.
F'
O rsoth th i s p r ove r be i t i s 110 lye,Men say thus alway , t h e Nye s lyeMaket h the ferre l ove to be l ot h e ."
CHAU CER .
About i s from ONBUTAN (ymbutan ,) compoun ds of butan an dthe pr epositi o n s on or ym .
But-ah m ean s to go , an d on m ean s i n .
I n stead i s from theAn gl o-Saxo n ,on stede i n place .
O ur oldest En gl i s h wr i ters comm on ly used the Got h i c wordSteds , or t h e Augl o-Saxon Stede.
Butge, un h appy 1111111, fie f rae th i s Stede.Dor cu s.
Th i s wo rd i s often com poun ded, —as, Homestead , bedstead, roadstead , steadfast, steady . stepmother, steps on . S tepm othe r in t h e place of, i n stead of. a m oth e r , afather , a b r othe r ,
Divide yoursel f i n to two hal fs, just by the Gi rdl estead; se n don e hal fwith you r f r i en d , an d k eep the othe r to you r self.
”
B. J OHN SO N .
fi fter, the com parat i ve of t h e 1101111 Aeft, aft, aft, h i n d , back.
In theAn glo-Saxo n th ey use i n difl'
eren tly b ehin dau, bezeftau,an d on baec .
D own i s f r om of-dun e , elf or f r om h i l l , down h i l l , proclivis,Of-dun e , down ward , down . Dun m ean s a h i l l .Upon , up, ove r , bove, above, com e from ufon , ufan , ufa, top or
h ead .
Ufon , altus , h igh .
Ufera, altior, hig h er , over, or upper.Ufem zest, alti ss im us, 11pmost, uppe rmost, upperest , overest .Be-ufan or b ufan bove .O u-bufan above.T h e use of t hese words i n a‘
il‘
the n ort h e r n lan guages asadjectIves, i s ve r y comm on .
Her O VER lip wyped s h e so elen e,T hat in h er cupwas n o ferthynge sen e .
PR IO RE S S K .
Ufon may easi l y be de r i ved f r om heofeu, t h e past parti ci pleOf heofan , to heave , or l i ft up.
O ur wo rds Head an d Heaven are eviden tlythe past par ti ci pl eheofen , heafad, an d heafd.
It i s n ot im p r obabl e that th e etym ology of In i s I n n a, the iaterior of the bod-y, a cave, acel l , a cave r n , an d of O ut, Ute , outa,Ski n .
0 11 has been de r i ved f r om an , upon , an d At, f r om act, at.
.Ithas been obse r ved that the n am es of allabstract r elati on (asi t i s cal led) are take n ei the r f r om the adjectived comm on n am esof obj ects, or from the par t i ci ples of comm on verbs .
ADVE RBS .
Adve r bs are abb r eviat i on s o r con tracti o n s for two or m o r e
pfords, they are em ployed to den ote t h e attributes on l y of attriutes .’
Th e term i n ati on Ly of adve rbs, i s on ly the, wo rd Li ke corrupted . In the Ge rman , the Dutch , the Dan i sh , an d Swedi sh , it i swr i tten l i ch , 1i k,
lig, l iga. Goodlike i s som etim es used fo r goodly, an d gen tl eman l ike for ge n tl eman l y .
In Scotlan d fo r a goodl y figure, the comm on peopl e say a
goodlike figure .
16
Adri ft, adrif’
d, adrifed, driffed, or driffen , i s t h e past parti cipl e of t h e An glo—Saxon verb ad r i-fan , to dri ve .
An d quwhat aven ture hasthe h iddir driffeDO UGLAS .
Go , ago, ygo, gon , agon , gon e, agon e , are all used ‘
indiscrim
i n ately by our old En gli s h wri ters as t h e past parti ci pl e of t h everb to go.
T h e dai c i s go , the h igh tes ch aun ce,Hat h derked all t h e brig h t
Gown s.
Twen ty yeai sagon e .
TILLOTSO N .
Asun der i s the past parti c i ple asu'n drian , of t h e verb sun drian ,to separate, as parti cl es of san d . Son d m ean s san d .
T h ese ylke two t hat bet h in armes lafte,So loth to hem ason der gon i t were .
’
Taoyws.
Astray i s t h e past parti ci pl e of t h e An glo-Saxon verb astrze
gan , spargere, to stray, to scatter.
T h i s pri est wasdrun ke, an d got h astrayde.
’
GOWER .
Me lyst n ot of t h e c h affe n eof t h e stree,Make so l on g atal e, as of t h e corn e .
’
From straw, or strab , pro ceed to stray , to straw, to strew,to
straggl-e, to stroll , straw-berry, (t hat is, straw’
d-bery, straybe r ry.)
Lewer, lefe, lewest, luf, l i ef, lei f, l i ever, l i evest, are t h e pastparti ci pl e of hgfiafl , to l ove .
In t h e swete season t hat l efe i s .’
I ‘had aslief n otbe
Leof t h e past parti ci pl e of lufian , to l ove, mean s always bel oved .
Hal t i s t h e past par ti ci pl e of t h e verb ‘
healdan , to haltor h old .
Hold was form erl y wri tten h al t.
CHlUCER .
Every man , that Hal t h im worth a l eke ,Upon h i s bare kn ees oug h t allh islyfeThan k in God , t hat him hat h sen t awyfe.
"
La, l oke Ioketh , Lo , t h e imperati ve of l ook, were used i n differen tly by our old En gl i s h wri ters .
Lokketh Athylla t h e great con querour,Dyed in h i s slepe, wi t h s hame an d dis h on our .
IS
N eeds , n eed-i s, n odes, an d n ode i s , t h e ge n iti ve of N eed , ofn ecessi ty, as i n Ge rman Nach ts , by n ight . Ce rtai n Is, wasusedi nthe sam e man n e r , equi val en tly to Ce rtes . T h e co n sequen ce i sfalse , Nodesthe an tecede n t mote been of the same con di c i o n .
’
'l'o wit, the futu r e i n fi n itive of W ITAN ,to witan n e, to be k n own .
Th i s i nfin iti ve i n An gl o -Saxon , aswel l as i n toge run ds , supi n es, an d futur e par ti ci pl es .
False fame i s n ot to drede, n e of wyse person s to accep/e.
’
TE ST . O F L O UE.
For, furs, o r forth , t h e past parti ci pl e of FARAN, to go ,
‘Agai n e the k n ig h t the old wife gan ar i seAn d sai d S i r Kn ight, here Fo r th lyeth n o
Cu i vcsa.
Outfo r t h , i n forth , wi t h outfo r t h , wi t h i n fo r t h , we r e form e r l ycomm o n i n the lan guage .
Love peace Withouteforth , l ove peace \Vithin forth , kepe peacewi th allm en .
BO ECIUS .
Fi e, t h e im perati ve of t h e Got h i c An gl o-Saxon ve rb FIAN , toh ate .Qui ckl y, qui ck- l ike , f r om cwic, owlen , cwicod, vi vus, l i vi n g
(aswe sti l l oppose the qui ck to the dead), cwic i s the past partic iple of cwiccian ,
vivificare, to mak e a‘
li ve . Qui ckly , i n a l i fel ike or l i vely man n er.An on i n on e (un de r stan d i n stan t, m om en t,T han Dam e Prude n ce , without delay o r tariei ng, sen t an on e
h er m essen ge r . ’
In the An gl o-Saxon An m ean s on e, an d O n mean s i n . T h elatter wo rd we h ave i n En gl i sh co r r upted to a befo r e Avowel ,an d to An befo r e a co n so n an t; an d i n wr iti n g an d s peaki n g con
n ected it wi th t h e subseque n t wo rd . The adverbs wh i ch havesprun g from th i s doubl e corrupti on h ave n o co r r espo n den t adve r bs ln ot h e r lan guages , because there hasn otbeen i n an yotherlan guage a sim i lar co r r upti on .
5 f r om on daeg, on n iht, on l en ge , on braede, on baec, on
lan d , on li fe, on m iddan , on rihte, on twa, on weg; we haveaday, an ight, al on g, abroad , aback, alan d, al ive , am id , aright,atwo , away an d from on an , an on .
Douglas wr i tes , on an e.
T hus sayan d, s c h o th e b i n g ascen dison An e.
’
For Davi d fel l on sl eep , an dwas laid un to h i s fat h ers .’
Much , more, m ost, are from t h e ve r b MAWAN, METERE, to mow.
The past par ti ci ple i s meowen ,— om i t the parti cipalte rm i n ati on s,
an d thepar t i ci ple is regular l y compared .
MA MAREMAE MARE
MORE
l‘)
Above th e N on e the foresaid bed wasmaid .
’
“11011 e i s h e1 e used fo r a heap ofwood—Bl oke] , m yke] , mochil,
m uchel , m oche , we r e used by all our old En glisli autho r s .‘A l ittl e 111isgoyn g i n the gvn n i n g causeth llykel e r r ou1 i nthe en d.
’
Ra1h , 1atl'
1e1 , rathest, are simpl y the An gl o Saxo n R athe1 , or
1athost, cel e1 , vel ox , switt, ea1 ]yTO OKE co n side r s ‘ To have 1atl1e 1 ’ a barbar ous express i o n . It
i s better to say Iwi l l i athei .
’
Why ryse ye so R atheF” Ey ben edi cite .
What eyleth you9 ’
C i m can .
Br in g the Rat h e p r im r ose that forsaken di es .
M ILTO N .
Sta1k is f rom the 1 1 n g\lo Saxon sta1 e, stron g . Th i s wo rd n ever
had an 111te1val t/ disuse.
So that, my son n owe r t thou sou r an d Stai k .
BEAtM O N r AN D FLET CHER .
‘ Stai k bec i , boy ,
’ stout an d st1 on g bee 1 .
v Verv, for1n ei ly m itte n vei ay, i n F r e n ch vrai , is f r om t h eLat i n Ve i n ss , t rue .
An d i t i s cl e r e, an dupo n that th i ike sen ten ce of Plate is V e r y
an d soothe. ”
O n ce, Twi ce, Th i ice, formei lv 11’
1 itten an es , an i s , an 1 s, on es,on ys, twies, twyis, t\1yise, thries, th 1yis, a1ethegen iti 1 es ofAn ,Twa, Thri .
Fo r O n es that h e hat h been bl i t h e ,He s h al ben afte r so r i e Thries.
He sychtprofoun dlie owth ir Twyis o r Thryis.
Dorotas.
Al o n e, on l y , were wr itten al l on e all, o n el y, on liche.
The so r r ow, daughte r , 11 h i ch Imake,is n ot all On l y fol my sake ,But for t h e beth e, an d foi you all.
Gown s.
Aye, or vea i s the 1mperati ve of ave rb of 1101 ther11 ext ract ion ,
m ean i n g have 1t possess 1t an d \ es, i s ay-es, have , possess ,e n j oy that , t h e Fren c h si n g!T ‘
111a1 an d plu1al im pe rat i ve, aye,ayes .
He1 m ost j oy wasywi s ,“
’
han thatshe yafe , an d ssayd : Haue t h is . ”
hen she gave, an d sai d yes.
R OM . OF THE R osa.
No i s the im pe rat i ve of a ve r b of n ort h ern extracti on , to bave r se, or un wi l l in g .
90
In t h e Dan i s h Nodig, an d i n t h e Dutc h n oode, n ode, an d n o,
m ean ave r se, unwi l l i n g .
Man y te rms are, i n con structi o n , con si de r edas subst an tives,t h ough they are gen eral ly Par ti ci p les o r Adj ecti ves , used wi thout an y Substan tive to wh i ch they can be j oi n ed . Law i s thepast ten se an d past par ti ci pl e, LAG, o r Lam , of the Goth i c an dAn glo Saxon ve r b LAGISAN , lecgan , pon e r e , to lay down .
In our an cien t books i t was wr itten laugh , lag h , lage, an dIcy. F r om the sam e verb com e l og an d l oad .
ODD i s f r om t h e Saxon other, (from sin gulus,‘ on e
separately,’ or ‘ on e by i tsel f. ’ There are th r ee pai r s an d an
odd on e. He i n souerain e dign i ty i s odde.
’
Loud i s t h e past par ti ci pl e of the verb HLOWAN , to low. BEHLOWAN i s to bel low.
Loud was fo rm e r l y wr i tten Iow’
d.
Who cal ls so Low’dR OMEO AN D J tLIEr .
81Eac h of t h em i s t h e past par ti cipl e o f t h e ve r b
i red ,SCYRAN
, to s h eer, or to cut. off; t h us, shered, sln redS h e i d ,shered, s h e r d .
Cud—To chew t h e en d, t h at i s, to chewthe chew’
d.
Th i s c han ge of pron oun eiation , an d con s eque n tly of wr i ti n g,from ch to k, an d from k to ch, i s very comm on i n our lan guage.
In som e cool e s hadow from t h e scorc h i n g h eat,T h e wh i l es h i s fl ock t h ei r Chawed Cuds do eate.
’
SPEN SER.
Bastard—t h e past parti ci ple of DASTRIGAN , terre‘
re, to te r ri fy .
Dastriged, Dastriyed, Dastried, Dastred, Dastr’
d.
Bl i n d—Blin ed, Bl i n’d , i s th e past parti ci p le of t h e ve r b BLIN
NAN , to stop .
He sen t t h em worde he s h ould n ot blyn tyll h e had destroyedt h em .
FABIAN .
T hat have sleptsouls ,’—t hat i s,—bl i n ded t h em .
B r ead i s t h e past parti ci pl e of the ve r b to bray, (Fren c hBroyer,) to poun d , to beat to pi eces .
The sedes (of sorrel l)Brai ed an ddrun kewi t h wi n e an dwaterisvery holsome agayn st t h e colykeBran d i s t h e past parti ciple b r en ’d of t h e verb bren , t o burn .
An d bl ow t h e fire wh i c h t h em to as h es Bren t . ’FAERIE QUEEN .
Head , W r i tten h ewed , i n t h e tim e of Edward t h e III. , i s thepast parti ci p le heav
’
d of the ve r b heafan , to h eave, rai se, l i ft up.
Person s an d pri ests t hat Hewedsof h oly kyrke ben .
’
V ISION O F PLO UGHMAN .
Fi eld . formerly spel t feld, felde, ist h e past parti ci p le fell’
doftheverb Faellcm, to fell .
Ql
In woode, i n Felde , or i n ci tee,S hal l n o man stel e in 110 wi se. ’
Gown n .
In German t h ere i s t h e sam e co r respo n den ce between theequi vale n t ve r b an d the supposed substan tive Fell en—F eld .
Coward i s t h e past pa1ticiple of the verb to cower, cowre.
T h ey cow’r so o
’
er t h e 00163 , t h e ir eies be bler’dwith smooke.
’
Gu z man GeR T O N’s N EEDLE .
the p r oudest heWho leads you n ow,
t h en cowr’d, l ike a dar’d lark .
Fi en d i s the pr ese n t parti cipl e han d of the ve r b FIAN, to hate .— vin ew’
d, Fen owed, vi n n y, orfin ie, fan , fen , fai n t, i st h e past par ti ci pl e of the ve r b FINIGEAN, to corrupt, to decay, towi t h er, to fade, to pass away , to spoil i n an y man n er .
Speake then , then wli i n id’st, l ean en , speake .
’
He fel l am id t h e fen .
’
DO UGLAS .Frien d i s the presen t parti ci pl e of t h e verbfrian , to l ove .
For h e n o m ore t h an the fen deUn to n on e ot h er man i s fren de,Butall toward h imself al on e .
’
Gown n .
It—h i t, h et, h aet, i s t h e past parti ci ple of t h e ve rb HAETAN,n om i n ar e, to n am e .
Itm ean s , the sai d , an d i s e i t h ermascul i n e, fem in i n e, or n euter,s i n gular o r plu ral .
Th e greate Kynge, itwh i c h Cambyses,lvas hote . ’
GO WER .
‘W h ere i s t h e kyngdom of t h e dyuelle, yf kit be n ot i n
warreBE RTHE LET .
T hat i s t h e past parti ci ple thead, thaet, t h eat , of t h e An gloSaxon ve r b thean , sum ere, to t h e, to take , to get, to assume . Itwasform erl y used before a plural n oun .
T hat evyelan gel s t h e devills.’
LIFE or PIC US .
\Ve]lm ote yee ti me, as wel l can wi s h your t h ought .’
The, our arti cle (as i t i s cal l ed) i s from the imperati ve of t h esam e ve r b .
It suppl i es t h e place of t h e correspon de n t an d An gl o Saxonar ti cl e se, the impe rati ve of seen , to se, for i t an swers t h e samepurpose to say, see man or take man ,
Theman that hat h n otmusicke i n h imselfe i s litfor treaso n s ,See , or
Seeman taken man h at h musicke,’ 820 .
5 1:c man , or taken man isfitfor treason s, 850.
£39;
In Engl i s h we ofteir c han ge the parti ci-pial‘ te rm i n ati on 11 to t ,
thus—j oi n ed, join
’d, joi n t, gi ft, ri ft, cleft, haft, h i l t, be n t, felt,m ould
,mal t, ti l t, from tz
‘
lz’
an , to rai se, o r l i ft up.
Turn ed upside down e, an d ouer tilt t h e rote .
’
V IS EO N or I’IE n eE PLoeem u u.
R i ft i s R i ved , R iv’
d, R i ft.Cleft, Cl i ff i s Cl eaved , Cleav
’
d, Cl eft.S h r i ft i s Sh ri ved
, Shriv’
d, Sh r ift.D r i ft i s Drived, Driv
‘
d,
D r ift.Heft i‘s ll~eved,, Hev
’
d, Heft.I'Iaft i s fl awed, Hav’d, Haft.
Hi lt i s Held, Helt, HiltDesert is Deserved, Deserv
’d, Desert .Twi st i s Twieed, Twic’d, Twi st .t lt
‘
isQui l l ed , Qui ill’
d, Qui l t .Tight isTi ed , Ti
’
d, Tight, of theAn gloSaxon ' ven b tian , vin cire, to b i11d,, to ti e.
An d roun d about h i s n ecke an halter tv‘
glztFan atic: 01 111111 11 E .
“7an ti s Wan ed, VVan’dWan t, of t h e verbWan ian decrescere,
to wan e , to fal l away .
Gaun t i s lewan ed, Ge wasa comm on prefix . to An glo-Saxonverbs, asGan t asagrey h oun d .
M igh t t h e past par ti ciple of Dragan'
, to draugh , (to draw,)draughed, draugh
’
d, d raught .Mal t, m ould, f r om m oui l l er , to wet or to m oi sten—m oui l l e an
glieised becom es mouill‘
ed, m 011ill”d, m ould , then mon lt, maul t,
mal t.
He had a cote of cliristen dom aslioly’
kyrke bel ieveth ,An d i t wasMOLED i n man i places . ’
V ISION OF P. PLO UGHMAN . .
Our an c estors aflixed‘ ei th er the parti ci pial term in ati on ed ‘ oren to an ywo rd , as un derstan ded, un derstan den .
Leave n i s from t h e past par ti ci pl e h afen , of t h e verb R EAFAN,to rai se . Heave n , or h eaved i s f r om t h e sam e ve r b .
Bacon i s the past par t i ci pl e of the ve r b bacan to dry by h eat .
"Our b r ede was n ewe taken , an d n ow i t i s [ wreak—our hotels
an d our wyn e weren n ew, an d n owour hotels be n ygh bruslen .
’
Barren , barred , stopped, s h ut, fro mwh i c h can be n o frui t n orissue .
T h e erthe i s 6arcyn e.
"
The Lord hat h closed upall t h e wombs, 8z c .
"
Stern is t h e past parti ci pl e oftheverb '
stim n , tomove, to sti r,to Qteen .
m
T h e slern ewyn de so l oude.’
Taovws.
Tread on aworm, an d s h e willixs'
icz’r h er tai l .
R u’s Seon su Paoveaus.
Dawn is t h e past partici pl e of DAGM N, lucescere, to growmorean d m ore lig h t.
Tyllth e days dawecl t h ese dam osels dan ced .
’
V IS IO N or P. PL OUC IIMAN .
Born , Bore n , Born e, Born , i s t h e past parti ci pl e of BEARAN,to bear .Beam i s eit h er t h e past
'
ten sebare, or t h e i n di cati ve bear, wi t ht h e parti cipal term i n ati o n en .
4 For Mar i s l ove of h euen ,
That bare the bl issful bam e t hat boug h t uson t h e rode .’
V ISIO N or P. PLOUGIIMR N .
Bad- to bay, bayed , baed, bay’d , ba
’d, bad, ab h orred, hated ,
defie d, that i s , bad.
Bayen m bay’n, baen , wri te an d pro n oun ce ban e .
iood—ge-owed , gowed, good, wh i c h the Scotc h wri te an dpre
n oun ce gude.C h urn—chyren , chyr
’n , chyrn , i s t h e past parti cipl e ofGY RAN,
agitare, ve r tere, revertere, to m ove backwards an d fo rwards.Yarn—4 5 t h e past par ti ci ple of GYR IAN , to p r epare , to make
ready. Yare , yar e, good I ras . ”
The g of t h eAn glo-Saxon s i s usually soften ed by t h e i r des cen dan ts to y.
Yarn m ean s prepared (un derstan d cotton , si lk, Sec.)
Ed an d en arealso adj ecti ve term i n ati o n s.
When Phoebus t h e son n e begyn n eth to spread hys cleren essewith rosen chariottes.
’
a cn a.
R osy was formerlywri tten ROS-EN , sto n y , ston -en .
Boat wasformerl y pron oun ced hawt, cold , cawld, boar, bawr,Sec.
Or wi t h l oud cry followan d t h e c hace,Efter thefomy bawer.
’
Dot’cms.
By tran spos i ti on gri s wasmade grass, t h i r l ed , t h ri l l ed , wyrht,wright.
The gren e gem bedewitwasan dwet.
’
DO UGLAS .
Ash ort prayer THYRLETH h even .
Bi VES AND -PAL' PER .
(241
BRENTE By t h e lawe, suc h-
wytches s h ould be h eded an dBRENTE.
’
DIUEs AND PAUP ER .
BRYDDE—T h e n every BRYDDE upon h i s lai e.Gowen .
THRIDDE—Hepreide t h e THRIDDE tyme.
MATHEW .
THRYTAN—Judas solde C h ryste for THRYTTY pen s .DIVE S AND PAUPER .
THRISTY —T h e THRISTY give to drm ke.
SPEN CER .
ERASTE—T h e teares KRASTE outof h er eyen two.
Docroon or a srcxsTALE.
CRUDDLEs—Howmy bl ood CRUDDLES .
DR YDEN .
KER—Ofparam ours n eraug h t h e n otaKER , t hat i s, a cross
CHAU CER .
KERSE—I don ’t care a KERSE—a cress .
We have see n t h e Etym ol ogi cal use of t h e fin als, t d , y , an d n .
O ur an cestorsmade a past parti ci pl e, by addi n g ed or en , ei t h e rto t h e i n dieative m ood of t h e verb , or to t h e past ten se. T hus,k n ow-cd or k n owen , sowed or sowen .
The S h epherd‘ s boy (bestKNOWEN by t hat n ame.)
SPENCER .
Every breat h of heaven s haked i t.T h ey usual l y empl oyed t h e past ten se itselfwi t h out makin g apar ti ci pl e of i t by t h e additi on of ed or en .
Hefi, hafe, h owe.W han Luci fer wasHEPP i n h even .
GOWER .
In En gl is h orAnglo-Saxon , t h e past ten se i s form ed by ac han geoft h e characteri sti c l etter of t h e verb .
Wfingan , towri n g Wran g, wron g, wrun g. By t h e c haracteristic l etter ism ean t t h e vowel or dipthon g wh i c h imm ediatel yprecedes the i nfin iti ve term in ati on , an , can , can , or gan , gean ,nan .gFrom Alfred to Shakspeare, o ch i efly prevailed i n the Sout h ,
an d a broad i n t h e N orth . Si n ce that t im e th e fash i on of wri ti ng(as Tooke expresses i t) has decidedly chan ged to on an d u,an d i n som e i n stan ces to 0aan d 00 an d ai . Cl im b , c l omb , clamb .
Bi n d , boun d , ban d . Wri n g, wr on g, wran g, wrun g .
From Al fr ed to S hakespeare ag r eat var i ety of spelli n g appears,bot h i n t h e same , an d i n differen t writers . C haucer complai n sof thi s .
An d for t h ere i s s o greate diuersyte in Englyshc, an d i nwritynge of our touge .
”
‘26
He ROWE h imself on h i s owh e su'
ord.
HIST . or PR . ARTHUR .
Because t h e man t hat strowe wi t h him ,
Did touch the hol low placeOf Jacob’s thi gh , wh erei n h erebyT h e SHRONKEN syn ewewas.
GENE SIS .
So l oude san ge t hat allthewoode RONG.
BLACK KY GHT .
T h e water brookes are clean e SONKE down e , the pl easan t ban ks
S O NGE S AN D SON ErS BY THE EARL OF S UR R EY .
His sword SLODE down , an d kern ed asun der h i s h orse n ecke.HIST . OE PR IN CE ARTHUR .
An dwi t h my h an d t h ose grapes I tooke,T h at r ype we r e to the Showe
An d WRONGE t h em i n to P har os coppe,An dwyn e t h ereof d id make .
An d in h i s han d a si ckl e h e d id h olde,To reape t h e r i pe n ed frui ts t h e wh i c h t h e ear t h had YOLD.
FAIR IE QUEEN E .
C E NIS IS .
For God i t WOTE, h e satte ful ofte and sooW h en t hat h i s S h oe fn l bi tterl y byIn WRONGE.
WIFE O F BATuES PR O L.
Because to yi eld him l ove She doth den yOn ce to me YOLD, n ot to be YOLDE agam e .
FAE RIE QUEEN E .
Wt a man n es son e of R om e sholde be han ged , h e prayedh i s fader to kysse h im , an d h e BOTE of h i s fade r s n ose .
DIUES AND PAUPER .
Noedran ke wyn e so t hat h e wasDBONKE, for h e kuewe n ot
t h e myght of t h e wyn e.DIUE S AND PAUPER .
T h i s Pan darus came leapyn g i n at on es,An d sai d t h us, who h ath been welybeteTo-daywi t h swerdesan d SLONG ston es .
TR OY LUS .
Wi t h fin e smal l cords about i t stretc h ed wid e,
So fin el y SPONNE, t hat scarce th ey could be Spid e.SPEN SER .
T h o m ig h t h e great mern eile see,Of on e r y tot h in h isdeg r eeSPRONG up a kn igh t wi t h spere an dshclde.
Gou'
ER .
27
i n the m idest thereof was an an n ile of steele, an d therei nS
'
I‘
O OKE a fai re sworde n aked by t h e poi n t.
HISTO R Y OF PR IN CE Ali 'IIiC E .
W i t h serpen ts ful l ofyre,STONG oft with deadly pay n e .
’
E i R LE OE SUR Rv.
You n ever swom th e Hellespon t
He haue an acti on of batte r y agai n st h im , i f the r e be an ylaw i n IllvrIa, though 1 S L‘ROKE him fi rst, yet i ts n o matte r forthat .
TWELFE N u;HT .
Sweare t h en how t h ou escap’
d'
st
SWOM as hore (man ) l ike a ducke .
TEMPE ST .
T h e fiery Tahalt, wi th h i s swor dprepared",
Wh ich , as h e breath’
d defian cc to my cares ,He SWO .\ G about h i s head , an d cut the wi n de.
R O ME O AN D J ULIET .
Som e puthem to the ploug h , pleden ful l se lde,In settyn goan d sowyn ge swon ken full harde .
V ISIO N or PIE R CE PLO UGHMAN .
An d sai de, i f that he m i c h t acheiueHis purpos, i t Shal l well be WO LED .
C OWEE .
Lowe bon n de ha in cradel an dwon de i n cl outes ful poure .~DIUES AN D PAUPER .
Son g is th e Past Ten se o r Past Par t i c iple , (as som e c h oose tocal l it) s i n ged, Son g, o r sun g, son g . “Wi n g—of wri ngan , tor
q’
n eIe, to WIest—wran g, wr o n gD
wr un g . Bi n d , bon d , ban d ,boun d , bon de, ban de .
AS t h e custom of thelam : h im bon de.
LY DGATE .
Bun dle.
Bin d an d dael , a smal l part o r parcel boun d up.“ I t i s a
RUN DLE made up of an i n fi n i te n umbe r of h eresi es .
Bit, bai t, BAYT.
S h e feel i n g h im t h us bitupon t h e BAYT.
FAERIE QrEER N .
T hat brook wh ose cours e so BATFUL makes her mould .
DeI r '
rON .
T h ron g, from TIIRINcAN , to t h r i ng, comprimcrc, con stri ngcrr;thronge, thrynge, thri n g, t h ran g, t h run g .
Con n n aun dour, compan yesTHRYNGEN an dton rmen ten t h ee, an dthou seist, who ton ch ide me. III t h e an ci en t NewTestamen t .
Aman g t h e men h e THRANG, an d n an e h im saw.
DO UGLAS .
Stro n g— f r om to stri n g, stroon g, strun g.
Nor had I food on boardAtall times, t h erefo r e i am muc h UNSTRUNG.
Coe R’s TR AN SLATION or I‘IOM E R S O DES S Y .
Bui ld— f r om BYLDAN , to confirm , to st r en gthen , to con sol idate,bold , bui lded , bui l t man .
I-Iecn bath idder wi t h h er c h i lder for beid,Ran all i n van e.
DO UGLAS .
Plot—from PLIGHTAN, to pl i g h t, pleght, pledge, p lot.
Pilgramesan d Palmers ply/gilthem togyther.
For to seek St . James.V ISION or P. PDOUGHMAN .
SPITTAN , to Spi t, spout, spo t, spittan , spate .SNY '
I‘AN, cm n ngere, to Wi pe, sn ot, sn out, suited .
He t hat SNITES h i s n ose, an d hat h i t n ot, forfeits h i s face tot h e K i n g .
R AY’S PRovERBIAL SAYINGS .
SOI’I‘AN, proy ccre, (IPJICQI‘
G, to t h row, to cast fort h , to t h rowout, s h ot, s h otten , s h ut, shout, s h oot, s h eet .
T h e arc h er shetynge i n t h i s bowe i s Cryste .DIEUs AND PAUPER .
Our an cestors wrote the past ten se of verbs , wh ose c haracteristic l etter was i or y , e i ther wi t h o or a broad, or on , or n , ori S h ort . Shot wi n dow—n ot s h op or s h ut .
An d dressed h im by a SHOTwyn dowe.
M YLLER’S TALE .
T h ei run n e to the beres i e of t h e Don ati stes as to a SHO OTEan ker. ’
For on e SHOT offivepen ce, thou s hal t have five t h ousan dwelcom es .
Two GENTLEMEN OF VERO NA.
t are stude an ewod, wi t h schoutan d bewis sc h en e.DO UGLAS .
29
As h on t,—Jo h n son says i t isaword ofwh i c h n o etymology isk n own .
T h ey t h rew t h ei r capsAs t h ey would han ge t h em on t h e h orn s o’ t h e moon e,SHOOTING t h e i r emulat io n .
’
SHYTTE n Iy—ghtely your gates wi t h yron barres .
LYDGATE .
Sceat, —past par. Hen ce a s h eet ofwater, of l ig h tn i n g, for abed—a s h eet an chor .
The very SHOTE an ker .’
An glo-Saxo n SC was p r on oun ced bot h as SH an d SK .
s cot free , scot an d l ot, h om e soot, soot, scout, seate, Ski t.
For such as I am , all t rue l owe r s are,U n staid an d SKITTISH i n allm oti on s else.
San e i n the con stan t image of the creature,T hat i s belou’d .
TWELFTH N IGHT .
SENDAN wasused i n differen tly for scitan .
Oft times hat h i t CAST him i n to t h e fire an d in to t h e waters.
S h oe, sooe, 5 0011, from SOYAN, to place un der.C c-sood , s h od , calceatus, un derplaced.
SIPAN to sip , sop , soup, sup, sorbero, macerare.GYNTTAN—to kn i t, n ectere, kn ot, kn ig h t, kn igh t, n et, k n yt.
To KNIT t h e KNOT t hat ever shall romai n e .SPEN SER .
0,fin d h im , give t h i s r i n g to my true KNIGHT.
Thci ben to getherGOWER .
W i n cian ,to wi n k . Man y words i n En gl is h arewr i tten an d
p r o n oun ced i n diffe r e n tl y, wi th c h or k, as wen c h , speak, (like,wake, ki rk, speech , ditc h , watch , c h urc h .
I am agen tle woman , an d n oWENCHE.
MAR CHAUNT ES .
Thyrlian , by tran spos iti on t h ri l l , perforare, to p ierce.Th irlian , throll, th rn l, or trn ll.
Butwel lwot, t h e speare wi t h every n ai l eTHIRLED my soul .
MAR Y MAGDALENE .
How i ll beseem-ing i s i t i n thy sexTo triump h l ikean Amason ian . TRULL,
D
30
Di
eawian , to m oi sten , make wet, dew, d‘ough .
Whose beautie sh i n et h as th e m o r n i n g eleare,Wi t h s i lve r DEAW upo n the roses pearl i n g .
SPEN SER .
IIeafan , to rai s e, heaven , or l i ft, t h e place raised .
Illifian , to rai se, exal t, tol l e r e—l oaf, l ord , lady, l i ft, lafed,l eaven .
Un der the LIFT the mai st gen tyl r ivere was n owen .
DO UGLAS .
T here are ot h er par ti ci pial en di ngs besides ed , en , as
brown , brun t, gree n , yel l ow, See.
Bren , to bren , bri n , brun o Fren c h , bron so I tal ian .
ItBOURNETH our‘
mochev’
Hen ce brown , brun t, bran d , b ran dy .
To bear t h e BRUNT of t h e day.
’
C’
c-oelan , aeeen dere, yelk, yolk, yel low.
Gren ian , virescere, to grow gree n , g r ee nI—Iwathyan , s
—pumare, to foam , wh ite .
Geregn an , i nficere, to stai n , grey .
Sei ran , to s hear, cut, d ivid e , separate, S h eer, (SHEER i gn oran ce)sh 'erd
,shred
, SHO RE, SCO RE, Slrorn , shower, broken cl oud , s hare,s h i re, scare, s hard , sh i rt , ski r t, pl oughshare . All t h es e , sovar i ously written an d. pro n oun ced, are merely t h e past particip l e of scram .
An dwith t hat word“
h is SCHERAND swerd als tyteBy ut outofseeith .
DO UGLAS .
An dwh ereas befbre our forefat h ers had n o ot h er books but t h eSCORE an d t h e tal l y, t h ou hast caused prin ti n g to be used .
2d PART , HEN R Y V I.
Our an c estors reckon ed by the n umber of separate p i eces, or byS CO RES .
Al i ttle SKARE upon a ban k . t hat l ets i n t h e stream.
SCAR wasformerly appl ied to an y separated part .
T h ey hew’dthei r h elm es , an d plates asunder brake,As they had potsHARES ben e.
Yet bot h of'
good'
accoun tare reckon ed in t h e SHIERE.‘
‘ I had my feat h er s h ot SHAER away,’ t hat is, so separated
the s h ot, as n et to leave a parti cle be h i n d .
3 1
BLINNAN, to stop , to bl i n d—bl on , ed ,’d, blun
’
t.Allwere h is eart h ly eien bot h BLUNT an d bad.
FAER IE QUEEN .
R efan , to ri ve, reave, tear away—rob , roug h , riff-raff, rapere .
He RAFT h er hatefull h ead wi t h out remorse.
FIAN , to hate—fie, foe , faugh ,fien d, .fen .
F011 3 on e may smel i n such , awi l l m ost ran k,Foul e dispreportion s, th oug h ts un n atu1al.
O TIIELLO , PAGE 32 1.
GLIOFIAN ,fin dere, to cleave , cleeve, cleft, cl iff, cl i ft, cl out,eleve n , clouted cream .
Faran , to go, fordWANIAN, decrescere , to decrease , wan e, wan , wan d , wan t.
T h e waters were WAN.
SKELTON .
All t h e c h arm s of l ove,Sal t Cl eopatra soften t h y WAND l i p , (n ot fon d but
th i n or del i cate.)
TILLIAN, to l ift up, to ti l l—ti lt, tail le, tal l , toll, tool , to i l .
T h ei TUELIN n ot, n e i t h e r spi n nen .
BYRGAN, to defen d , stren gt h en , fOItify,—ba1 11 , bar bon , aige,
a1ga1n , . BARK, a vessel—baxk of a tree— bark of a dog—bark en .
Fren c h . I tal ian . En gl i s h .HAUBERK USBERGO BURGH or BOROUGH .
Foxishan BORWIS . Hen ce werian , war, warre n , an dBOROWE,an ci en tl y a SECUR ITY .
T h ou broug h test meBOROWES my bidd i n gs to fulfyll,An d I wi l l be your BOROW ye s hal l have bread an d clot h .
V . or P.
T h is was t h e first source of shepherd’s sorrow,
T hat n own i ll be qui tt wi t h bai l l n or BOROW.
’
SIIEPIIE R D’S CALEN DER : MAY .
Bu1 ial , Byigan , sepelire, to defen d, to protect, asG1ay 111 h i sElegy expresses it
T h ese bon es from i n sul t to PROTECT.
’
STIBAN , to sti r, steer, m ove , ste r n . The par ti ci pl e of t h i s ve l bgives usalso t h e follow111gsubsta11tives :
—~ St01e, stei n stn i st i r1ed, (forme1ly appl i ed equall y to dust, wate1, men ) etui t, stai t,sti r, sturdy, etourdi .
SQ
T h e STOURE en cressisfuriusan dwod.
Lo a greet STYRYNGwasmai d in t h e sea s o t hat t h e litll s h ipwash ilidwi t h wawys.
’
Howdaungerous is i t to make STURREsat h om e. ’HURT or 8131111 1011.
STUR , stur-ed, stur’d, sturt.
Dolorous my l i fe I led in STURT an d pan e. ’DO UGLAS .
We have sturdy by t h e accustom ed addi ti on of igor y .
Storm , past part . of Styrm ian , agi tare, furere, toagitate , to rage .
Day, Daegian , lueescere, byaddi n g t h e parti ci pialterm i n at i on en , we have dagen , dawn .
Gyran , to c hur n , to turn backwards an d fo rwards , givesus t h e followi ngz—c har, CHAIR , CAR , cardi n al , cart, c hari ot,CHAR -WOMAN, c h arcoal , a-jar, to jar.
T h e wi tc h es of Lap lan d are theDiuel’s CHARE-wom en .
’
B. AND F.
T h e pypi ngwi n d blawupthe dure on CHAR .
Hen ce also charrueu—Fren c h—for p loug h , c harpen ti er, c har,afish , wh i c h turn s i tself qui ckly i n thewater .
O n e good turn deservesan ot her,’
(on egood CHAR .)
Gyrwan , yard, yare, m ete-yard , yardwan d , (yar-en ,’n , n ,
toprepare .) Yard i s form ed i n t h e accustom ed man n er by c han gi n g g to y , an d t h e c haracteri sti c l etter y to a.
T h e wi n de wasgood, t h e s h i p wasYARE .
’
GOWER .
Parti ci ples formed by a c han ge of t h e c haracteri stic lettersi an d y of t h e verb .
Dot, from DYTTAN, o ccludere, to stop up, to s hut i n , to d it.
T h e riuarisDITTITwi t h dede corpsiswox rede .DO UGLAS .
HLIDAN, to cover, tegere—lid, l ot, bl ot, glade, cl oud .
T h e parti ci ple hlod, hlot, suppress i n g t h e asp i rate i s the Engl i s h l ot, som eth in g covered .
Play i n g atthe dyce , stan det h i n LOTTE an d aven ture of t h edyce.FROM G-HLAD, comes glade, a Spot.
Covered wi t h trees or bonghsthe j oyous s hade,Wi t h green bough s decki n g agl oomy GLADE.
FAR Ri E QUEEN .
3 —11
Galvan—C h oi ce, el igere, to choose, c h ose , c h ese .han e sette byfore you lyfe an d dethe , good an den yll, bl es
si ngc an d curse, an d therefo r e drew t h e lyfe.
’
BIUE S FAurER .
Illyngian—ii’lon ey, to mark, or to coi n , m on eta,m i n yed , m i n yd, m i n
'd , m i n t, m on ey .
Titan ium—T h on g, decrescere, to de crease, t hwon g, thwang,t h i n , tho n g .
—He causyd t h e sayd bestes skyn to be cut i n to a smal l an dsl e n der thong.
FABIAN .
Syrwan —To so r row, to vex, m ol est , sorrow, sor r y, sore, sour,s h rewd , sh r ew. Th e par t i ci p le wasl on g wri tten i n En gl i s h sorwe,sorewe, soor &c.
,as
LE ARWE ARROWNARWE NARROW
SPARWE SPARROW
Judas wasSOROWE an d grutc h ed .
’
Dun es andPAUPER .
Sh rewd—T h e past par ti ci pl e of t h e verb syrwan , by addi n g edto the i n di cative , an d by an easy corrupti on of y to 11. Thus,syrop
, shrop, shrup, s h rub.
Vul can wasa skrewe i n all h i s yout h .
’
Gown .
Nowmuc h beslzrewmy man n ers an d my pride .
’
M ID SUMMER N IGHTS’DR EAM .
MIRRAN , m orrow,morn , m orn i n g, to d i ss i pate, d isperse
,
Spread abroad , scatter.
He expoun dedewi tn essi n g theKin gdom ofGod, fro t h e MOROWEt i l to even tid e .
PYNDAN, to pi n , pen , to s h ut i n , pon d , poun d , b in n .
BYGAN , flectere, to ben d , bow, (In all i ts sen ses,) boug h , bay,buxom .
T h ese ceremon i es ar to be eschuyed, as t h e sain g of priuatmasses, blessi n g ofwater, BOWGH bread .
J -OHAN HorER .
T h ey ply t h ei r oars, an d brus h t h e BUX OM sea.
To sti ck, Stican , figer‘
e, pun gere, sto ck, stocks, sto cki n g,stuck, stucco , stake, steak, sti ck, sti tc h .
He gives metheSTUCKE i n wi t h suc h amortalmoti on , t hat i ti s i n evi table .
TWELrE NIQIIT.
3 5
DRYGAN , to d r i ve off, rxcn tere, smeare, to d ry , dron e , d rai n ,dragon ,
’11 , (I ran , d r o n e . Drai n , that by wh i ch an y fluid (o r
oth er th i ng) i s d r i ven out.
IVRYGAN , to wrin e, to wry, tegere, to cover, cl oak . I i en eerogue, rock, roche, roc h et, r ocket, rug, ruck, array, rai l
,rai ls ,
rig, rigg i n g, rigel , r ill i n g, ray, (rogu e)
An d WR IE you i n that man tel cucrmo.
TR O Y LUs,
I ’l l prat h er—out of doore, youwitc h RAGGE.
M E R R Y WIVE S OF WIN D SO R .
T h e R oman i s ar botridlis, quod I to t h at RAY .
D O UGLAS .
As sc h e th at has n an c tltlllt’ r en t n or h yre ,Butwyth 11yr R OK an d Spyn n yn g for to thryffe.
DO LGLAS .
For al so welwol lon e be sette ,Un der RAGGEs as ryche RO CHE
'
PI‘
E, (pan of t h e dress of abis h op .)
R O M . OF TIIE R O SE .
Horror assum es h er seat, from wh os e abid i n gfl i esThick vapours , t hat l ike BUGS sti l l han g t h e troubled air.
POLY ALR i O N .
Certes i t 11011 h on our i s to th eTo wepe, an d i n thy bed to ROUEEN t h us .
TR O Y LUS .
He to t h e moun tai n es fledde for l i fe,Forgettin ge battel RAIE .
”
GEN ISE S .
Efter t ham e mydlit sam i n we n t ARAYNEThe uthir Troyan isan d fclk is I tal ian e.
DO UGLAS .
R ai l s , from BARCEL, that by wh i c h an y place i s th i n l ycovered .
The bustuousswyn e amyd theh n n tin gmu m an d t h e n ettys .
An c rouch R ILLING of raw hyde an d of hare,T h e toth ir fute coweritwel e an d k n yt.
DO CC LAS .
Hen ce also rigged , rock, raimen t , rai l , ral l y .
Storme tumbled up t h e sea, t hat she(t h e sh i p)alas 3S '
I‘
RAKE on a RO CK , t hat un der water lay .
SPENsER .
36
SCYLAN ,to ski ll , to d ivide , separate, discern . He n ce ski l l ,
s cal e, shel l , s h oal , scowl , skul l , s h oulder, (as scot , s h ot, wr it,wrote , wroten ,
wroot, wroatt, wratt, wrate , wri tten ,) so sh i l l i n g,slate, s cald, scagl ia, eschelle, escialle, eschallotc, s cal og n a.
See the bl i n d n ess of uswordlye folk, i n t h os e matters m ost inwh i c h we l east can SKILL .
SIR J . M O RE .
T h ere t h ey flye or dye, l i ke SCALED ScullsBefore t h e bel c h i n g whal e .
TRO YLUs.
Your t r oops are S CAL’D an d go n eT h r oug h wars an dwan t, yourselfe do see an d kn owe .
GO DFR EY or BULLO IGN E .
The pottlc ofwi n e i s SCALED. SCALE th e corn , t hat i s,SPR EAD the co r n .
An old seek i s aye sxAILING.
All i s n otwort h a coupl e of n ut SHALIS .
SHELTON .
You may have h eard t h i s pretty taleBut si n ce i t se rves my purpose, I wi ll ven tureTo SCALE ’
ta l itt l e m ore .CO RIOLAN U S .
T han scri pture seorn idme, an d a SKILE l oked .
V ISIO N OF P. PLO UGHMAN .
Scowl i n g (sh il in g) eyes), separated or looki n g differen t ways .
He hasa large n ecke an d SHOULDERs.
IIei
covereyd i t wit h plates of sylver, i n stede of scLATE orl ead .
BYRTH O F MAN KIN D ,1540.
SCYPPAN, formare, to fas h i on , form , p r epare, adapt . He n ces h op , s hape, s h i p .
We ben SHAPE.
Sometyme l yke aman or lyke an ape.
FRARES TALE .
SCR IDAN , to cl ot h e, vesti re, formerl y a gen eral term for an ysort of clot h i n g whatever.
In somer season wh an softe was t h e son n ,
I s h ope me in to a SCHROUD, as I a schepcherde wer.
V ISION or P. PLOUGIIMAF.
Suc h a n oyse arose ,As t h e SHROWDES made atsea i n astiffe tempest,As lowd, an d to asman y tun es .
HENR Y V III.
37
TRIBULAN, tribulare, tn n dere, to brui se, poun d , vex, tribulati on .
BRECAh , brozeean , to break, fran gere. Hen ce brook, broac h ,b rack, b r eak, breac h , breeches, brack, bracca, brac h ium .
At th i s day the street where some tyme ran n e t h e sayde BROKEi s n ow cal led “7ALBR0KE.
FABIAN’s CHRON IcLE .
T h e st r uggli ngwater BREAKS out i n a brook.
I s i t n o BREAR E ofdutie to with stan d your K i n gHear OF SEDITION .
He blessidean d BRAK .
Hm'
gan—To bow, to ben d , to i n cl i n e, i n cl i n are. Hen ce kn ee,N eck , Kn uckle , N od, N otc h , N ock, N ook, N i c h e, Nick .
L i ke the good fleacher that m en ded h i s bol tewit h eutti nge of t h e n oelle.
’
DR . MARTIN .
U’rz
’
flzan , torquere, to wri t h e—wrot h , wrat h , wreat h ,raddl e, wry, ridd le .
T h ey bui l t up t h e i r huts very han dsomel y
R OBIN S ON Car son .
DOELAN , to d istri bute, dividere . Hen ce deal, del l , dole,doule, dowl e .
T h e gryfi‘
on gryn n ed as h e were woad,An d l oked lon ely asan owle,An d swore by cockes h ert bloode,Hewould him te r e every DO ULE, (or p iece.)DEALING DOLE am on g h is foes .’
MILToH.
SWIPAN, to sweep , verrere. Hen ce swop , swoop.
T h e river goes SWOO PING by .
DRAY 'm N .
At last you came to s-woor itall.’
DRYDEN .
Aton efell SWOOPE.
’
SWIGAN, stupere, to swoon—swog, swowen , swoon .
T hat wh at for fere of slaun der an d dred of det h ,S he l oste bot h at on es , witan dbret h ,An d, in a SWOL
’
G’
H s h e lay.
CHAIISER .
BIDDAN, to b id , to pray, orar e .
All n ig h t s h e spen t i n BIDDING of h er bedes .WILAN, to wal l , con n ectere.
TYRAN , to make bitter, to tar, exacerbare.
Two curres s hal tam e eac h ot h er, p r i de al on eMust TARRE the mastiffeson , astwere thei r bon e.
Gyllan—Howl , ulular e, to yel l , h owl , owl, yel l .Hyman , exten dere, to exten d , (exten ded space, place,) room ,
rim , b r im , be-ryman .
He h ath t rusted mewi t h t hat weightie rooms of his grace’sh ig h chaun cellor.’
LIFE or SIR. T. MORE .
O
Gymmz , curare, to care fOr,’ to take care of—groom , b r id e
groom ,wh i c h our an cestors called b r ide-gum . An d, at pres en t,i n the col lateral lan guages there i s n o r ;
T h e German s cal l h im , Bran ti -gam .‘
T h e Swedes , Brud-gumme.
Cc-gifan ,-G
’ewgaw, n ngre, gan d , to gi ve away an y trifli ng
th i n g . Gewgawwas som etim es wr i tten gigawesan dgcwgaudes
An d of theHoly Sc r iptures sawes,He coun tet h t h em for GIGAWES .
’
SKEL IO N .
I’
veman y a pretty‘
GAUD, I keep in sto r e fo r thee .
PO LY-O LIIIO N .
HLI-HAN, ridere, to laug h .
German , Fren ch , I tal ian , Lati n ,SPINAH, to Sp i n , exten dere, Span n e . Espan . Span n a. Span n um .
An d eike h is coi t of golden thredis bric h t,Quhilk h ism oder h im SPAN .
DO UGLAS .
R IKYAN, to rak e, rack , rake, ri ck, r i c h es , radere, sar i r e .
HRING‘AN , con cion ari, to soun d— haran gue , by i n t r oduc i n g a
betwee n h an d r .
By theyr aduyse theKy n g Agamem'
n own eFor a trewse se n t i n to the town eFor t h irty dayes , an d Priam n s
'
theKynge‘
h out abodegran ted h i s ARYNGE.
L Y DGA'r E .
GYRDAN , ci n gere, to surroun d , gi rd , yard , garden , gi rdle, garter.HYRSIAN, to obey, par ere, Obedi re—h o r se .STIGAN, to ascen d , to go, ascen dere . Hen ce stage, stag, stack,
stalk, stay, stai rs, story , stage ry, stawry, o r sto r y, t hat is, a Setof: stairs—stye, sti le, sti rrup, etage, astraba, strepa.
LO we STEIG‘EN to Jerusal em .
O LDTR AN SLATIO N O F THE N EW TE STAMENT .
Ne STEYRS to STEY ONE is n on e.CHAU CER .
Pri n ce in t h e hous of thrc STAGIS .
J O AH, v. 8.
Boe h ls ful l STAY .
DO UGLAS .T h e corses were drawen down t h e STEYERS wit h out p i ti e
CHRON ICLE.
PINAN , to pai n , cruciare.
RaiGAN, to rai n , . pluere.
ln Helies tim e Heaven was closedT hat n o RAIN n e RONNE .
V ISIO N OF P. PLO UGHMAN .
STYRNA-N , to beget, to acqui re, giguere , acquirere. Hen cestrai n , stride .
IES'
I‘
M N, acquircre, yestran , yestern , yester, t h e day gotten ,
obtai n ed , or passed , yeste rday .
Sac red Reveren ce yborn e of h eaven ly STRENE .
SPEN SE R .
An d I t h y blade, t h y GET, an ddoch'ter scheme.
“
DO UGLAS .BRYSAN—Brulse, to brui se, to b ase, con terere.
S ir Hem ison BRISEt is spear upon -S ir Tristramll"
HIS-roam or l
’n IN CE ARTHUR.
T h e asse BROSED h i s fote .’
BRI'I‘TIAN, dispen sare, tob r i t, to, bruit.Ta sman—ran d spread abroad .
"
GRAY .
TM WS IAN, fidem dare” to p ledge on e’s fai t h , TRUC E .
The dai e of exp i rati on of the TRUEWES approchedl'F.ABIAN .
DYNGAN , (lQllC-EI‘
C, to cast d own , di n g, don g, dun g:_
My fore gran dsyr, hechtFyn Mac Cowl ,That DANG t h e deui l an d garth im yowll
Sc'
O'
rcII POEMS .TIRAN, to feed
,
upon , ti re , tyre, depasci .—S h e m ig h t TIR E wi t h h er eyes on my coun ten an ce
MX DAS .
M ISCAN, to mix, m iscere, to m i se, m ies , m ix.
HLISAN , celebrare , to prai se, 1905, 108, or praise.
Besi des t h e l oss of so muc h Loss an d fam e,As though t h e world t h ereby s hould gl ori fy h i s n ame .
,FAERIE QgEENE .
LIMPIAN, perti n ere, to bel on g, lim , l imp,l imbo .
He foun d h imself un wi st so ill bestad,That LlM h e could n otwag.
FAER IE QUEENE .
IMPAN, to plan t, to graft, serere, plan t ,
As i t i s i n youn ge an d ten der YMPES, plan tesxtwygges, thewhiche even asye bowe t h em i n theyr youthe, SO wyll t h ey everm ore remayn .
T h e n oble YMPE .
’
BY RTH OFMANKYNDE.
WICCIAN, i n‘ can tare, wi tc h , wicked, wi t c h ed .
S imon Magus, a grete WYTCHE.
DIUE‘
S . AN D PAUP ER .
HYLDAN, i n cli n are, to ben d down .
. Hewas som e HEILDING fel low, t hat had stolen t h e h orse h erode on .
’
FAERIE QUEEEN .
Din , DYNAN, strepere, to din , di n t, dun .
All t h e castl e ran g of t h ei r DIN '
rs.
HIST . O E PR IN cE ARTHUR .
S n ake, SNICAN, serpere, crepere, _to creep , to sn eak, sn ai l ,
sn n cr .
(”
D
40
Grim, GRYMMAN, Soevire, fremere, to rage, grim .
SMITAN, pol laere, to pol lute, smut.
Hewi ped h i s S haggy breast from SMUTCH .
CO WPER’S ILIAD .
Dician , fodere, to d ig, d ike, dyc h e , di tc h .
Two freres walkynge on aDYCHES bryn ke.
DIVE S AND PAUPER .
Tryman , dispon ere , to order, trim .
In gal lan t TR IM t h e gi lded vessel goes .’
GRAY .
R h ime, Hriman , to rime, n umerare.To do—DON, dooed, d id , dede, deed .
‘ I DO n oug h t asUlysses DEDE .
’
GOWER .
NYDIAN, to push , to drive, cogere. Hen ce n eed, n eedle,kn ead .
N eedle isa d im i n uti ve of n eed—acus .DIPPAN, mergere, to di p, to d ive . Hen cedab, or dab-c h i ck,
dap, or dop, deep .
ASpun ged DEAPED in coldwater.CASTEL OF HELTH
The DIVING DOB-c h i ck, h ere amon gst t h e rest you see .POLY-OLBION .
T h is officereT h i s fa n ed frere ,W han e was come aloft,HeDOPPED t h em,
An d grete t h i s manRel i iouslyan d oft.
WILLAN, ebullire, eéiuere, to spri n g out, towell .T h ereby a christall stream e di d gen tly play,W
'
h i c h from a. sacred foun tai n e WELLED fort h alway.
WILLIGAN, volvere, to rol l . Hen ce welki n , W h eel, wh i le.Com e, (S i r Page)Looke on mewi t h your WELKIN eye.
The grace of h eaven ENWHEELE t h ee roun d .
’
O THELLO .
Hewould n ot h ear t h em WHILEST a h un dred suters sh ouldcom e at on ce .
R . AS CHAM .
WRICAN, loedere, to hurt. Hen ce wreck, wretc h , wretc h ed,rack.
Sothat com es an dfruitisgoi s to WRAIK,T h rou t h e corruptitare.
DO UGLAS .Wesay go to RACK an d rum .
”
DEMMAN, to obstruct, Obstruere—dam, dumb, sobarren , bl i n d ,wh i c h see.
I wi ll DAM up t h i s yawn i ngm on t h .HENR Y VI.
Poor poor DUMBmon ths.AsDOME asdeat h .
V ISION or PIERCE PLOUGHMAN .
4oe v
T h ey HELEDwi t h t h e gren e grass .’(lowEn .
WHOLE, hal e, t hat i s , covered HELLIER an d P lasterer . ’
\VICAN, labare, to totter, to fai l , weak .
lYRAN, In ercari, to buy or sell—c hap . c h eap, c h op .
To CHO P an d CHANGE.
’—~TO bargai n an d c han ge .By that i t n eghed to haruest, n ew corn e cam e to CHEPING.
’
V ISIO N or P. PLO UC IIMAN .
Hyrstan , or n are, to adorn—h earse , hurst.To deck h is IIERcE.
’
FAIR IE QUEENE .
Hurst—a place orn amen ted by t r ees .From eac h ri s i n g HURST.
l’OLY -O LEIO N .
“ figlian , Ge-V Viglian , to con jure, to divi n e, divi n ar e, i n can tar e ,
to p racti se impostur e, an d e n chan tmen t, wi l e , gui l e , gui l t, gul l .O ur n oti on s of en c han tm en t, are very differen t f r om th e n oti on s
of t h ose from whom we rece i ved t h e words .Gui l t an d gul l are used by uswi thout an y al lus i on to wi tc h
Verbs wi th ot h er c haracteri sti c letters c han ge i n t h e sameman n er.flIelcan , mulgere, to m i lk, m i l c h .Illets‘ ian , ci bar e , to fur n i s h m eat o r food, m ess .Gretta” , turpare, vilefacere, to make wo r t h l ess, orts.
T h e fracti on s of h er fait h , O RTS of h er l ove .
’
TIMO N O F ATHEN S .Haztan , calefacere, to h eat, h ot .
Heat wi t h am biti on .
’
BEN J O N SO N .
Wg/rman , to warm , calefacere.
Hlywan , tepere, to make lew. (luke)warm.
T h ou artLEW, an d n et h er cold n ether h oot ,’
‘VICKLIFFE’S V ER SION .
Gclcm ,refrigerare, to cool , kei l , c h i l l, cold .
To t h e l overs O uidewrote,An d taug h t, i f love be too h ote,In what man n er i t S h ould AKELE .
’
GOWER .
Hn eseim z , mollire, to soften - n es h , n i ce .
I t seemet h for love his h erte is ten dre an d NESSHE.
’
CO URT OF L O VE .
Aidlian , irritum facere, to make empty, to corrupt, addle, ail,
I f you love an ADDLE egge .’
TROYLUS AND CR E S SIDA.
Pry/flan , superbi re. to be proud .
Lao-an , docere, to teac h , l o re .Harman , coi re, to go toget h er, h om e .Ilym m, Ge-byuan , hum iliare, to bri n g down to t h e groun d .
IIEN CE G O \V N .
LCENAN, to len d, to len e, commodare, lon e, l oan .
Yen e ye your LONE hopynge n oowyn n ynge.
DIUEs AND PAUPER .
BRCEDAN, di latar e, broad , board , b r id , bi rd .
SEACAN, to shake , shoke, quatere.
He SHOR E h i s cares . ”
S IR T . MO RE .
DEMAN, judi care, to judge , deem , doom .
IVhan I DEME DOMES, an d do as trouth teac h eth I”V . O F P . P.
BREDAN, fovere, to che r i s h , breed , bro od , b r ide , b rat .TELLAN, to sel l . sal e , r etai l , ven de r e . To sell by sal e , t hat i s ,
by en um erat i o n . RETAIL , sold ove r agai n .
HENTAN , capere, to take h old of, han d , h i n t, han d l e .
‘ His riehthan d hass c h o HYNT t h e h are .
DO UGLAS .
JERMAN , lzedere, to h u r t—harm .
HRAEFAN , sustin cre. From the past par t i ci pl e hrof comesR O OF.
IVEFAN, texere, to weave—woof, weft.FIO CLAN , volare, to fly—POWL by m etat h es i s .FECCAN , to tug, n i ti— tooth .
NYMAN ,capere , to sei z e—n un ] , ben um b .
FENCAN , prehren dere, to catch , fan g, fingr.
SPECAN, to speak , loqui— speech .
THECAN, tegere, to cover, t hack, t hat ch .
Awel l bui l t gen tleman ; butpoo r l y THATCHT.
BEAUMO N T AN D FLETCHER .
HANGAN , pen dere, to h an g, han k, h aun ch , h i n ge .
The same body t hat HANKYD upon t h e c r oseJ OHAN HO PEH.
T h e d ifferen t fin al pron un ciati on , eit h er of k , c h , or ge, i scomm on throug h out t h e lan guage—as i s exem pl ified .
Preston , torquere, to wrest, wrist, han dwr i st, wr est .
An d Guyon ’s s h i eld about hiswresthe bon dFAER IE QUEEN E .
Lengian , exten dere, to exten d , l on g, len gt h .Slcfan , i n duere, t o cover, sleeve .
SLEEVELESS m ean s wi t h out a cover or preten ce.’
Beddéan , stern ere , to s catter, bed.
Nesan , vi si tar e , to v isitfr equen tly, to h aun t, n est .
Out of t h e Almightie’
s bosom , wh ere h e NESTS
MAWAN, m etere, to mow, m ead , m eadow.
GAEGGIAN ,to con fin e, to shut i n , obserare. Hen ce cage, gage,
Wages , gag, keg, key , quay.GBAFAN, fode r e , to dig, grave, grove, groove, graft, grot , grotto .
La
—mymai ster C haucers n owe i s GRAUE .
’
LYDGATE.
4141
SCEADAN, separare, to separate, s hadow, Shaw, s h ed .
Han titto ryn i n woddisan d i n SCRAWIS .
’
DoUGLAs.
MENGAN, m iscere, to m ix, mean y , man y.
HowMANY a m essage would h e sen d .
’
SWIFT .
Ye spen d a great MEANY ofwordes In vayn e .’
BISHO P GAR DIN ER .
—oft h e Grek isMENYE (compan y) an e am I
In n owmer war they but an e FEwMENYE,Bot they war qn yk an dvalyean t i n m el le .
’
DO IC LA.
R EGAN, exhalare, to reek, rack, wraych , recke .
Leave n ota RACKE be h i n d .
’
TEMPEST .
I have cut t h rough em pty air,Far swi fter t h an the sayl i n gRACK t hat gal l opsUpo n th e wi n gs of an gry wi n ds . ’
I t i s as h ateful to meas t h e R EEKE of a l im e-ki l l .’
ME RR Y WIVE S OFWIN D SO R .
Apai r of REEKIE ki sses . ’HAMLET .
T h e wi n ds as wel l as colours h ave t h ei r den om i n ati on fromsom e ci r cum stan ces atten di n g them .
YRSIAN , irasci . to rage—East, YestyT h e wyn d , cl eped N ort h Eest, or wyn d of tem pest .
’
DE‘
DS
WESAN, macerare, towet, WEST.
NYRWAN, coarctare, to con fin e closely, N ort h , N ord .
Frosts t hat CONSTRAIN t h e groun d .
’
DR YDEN .
SEOWAN, coquere, to seet h e, sout h , soth ,'
sod, Sodden , suds .Peter fyshed for h ys foode, an d h isfellowe An drewe,Som e t h ey sold an d som e t h ey SOTI—I, an d so t h ey l i ved bot h .
’
T h ere i s an ot h er m et h od of s h orten i n g commun i cati on by artificialsubstan tivcs.
M i rt h , thatwh i c h dissipateth care, sorrow, melan c h oly,’ from
MYRRAN, to d issi pate, disperse, diss i pare—murrai n , m orra.
W h en substan tives i n th assert a passive sen se, t h ey are m ostlyformed from adjectives,wh e n an active sen se, from t h e t h i rd person s i n gular of verbs .
SEE M ONTHLY R EY IEw,N O . 3 , V O L. 72 , P . 83 .
TREOWAN , to t h i n k, to bel i eve firm l y, to be t h orough l y persuaded of, to trow, troweth , trowt h , trot h—persuasum esse .
T h e past ten se was an ci en tly written trew, so, blew, kn ew,
grew, Sec.
In kepyn ge TREWE tn tchean d promesse in bargayn ynge.
’
R OBERT WHYTINTON .
45
DEIIIAN, n ocere, laedcre, to h urt, to dere, make dear, dearth.
Would I had metmy dearestfee in h eaven ,Ere I had ever seen that day.
‘
HAMLET .
DRIGAN, arescere, to d ry, droug h t, drugs , drith.
DR ITH greueth t h e body.
’
CASTEL O P HEALTH.
METIAN, cderc, to eat, mouth , m ot h .FAEOAN, pan gere , to e n gage , to cove n an t, FAITH .
Buglan dc was l earn ed t h e j aiet/z of C h ri st .’
DR . MACKIE .
ERIAN, arare , to pl oug h , to ere , care, eart h .He t h at ERITH , owith to ERE i n h ope . ’
Tel lus , maist n oble god of Erd.
’
WYR CAN , operari , to work, W r igh t.Work, the r egular past ten se of th i s ve rb , by t h e addi ti o n of
the par ti ci pial te rm i n ati on ed , becam e worked , work’d, Wo rk.
Our an cestors by substi tuti n g h for k or c, wrote worht, an dby tran sposi ti on , wroht, wh i c h we n owwri te wroug h t .For Wh eel/I our an cestorswrote wyrht, an d by tran spos i t i on
wryht, wh i c h wi t h us iswr ig h t.
T h ere areman y words wh i c h h ave total ly cast off all t h e letters of t h e d iscrim i n ati n g term i n ati on .
R oom t h wast h e favour ite term of Dray‘ton , an d blowt h wast h e common express i on of S i r Walter Ral eigh ,
Whosc m ost ren own ed acts s hal l soun ded be as l on gAS Bri tai n ’s n am e i s kn own , wh i c h spred t h emse lves sowideAS scarcel y hat h for fame left an y ROOMTH bes ide .
’
DRAYTO N .
T h i s first age after the fl ood was, by an ci en t h i storian s, cal led Golden , am bi ti on an d covetousn ess bei n g as then but greenan d n ear l y g r oun up; the seeds an d effects wh ereof were as yetbut poten tial , an d i n t h e BLOW
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I‘H an d bud.
’
SIR’
WALTER RALEIGH.
(Elan ,i nfiammare, to i n flam e, ALE.
Alewas i n the An gl o-Saxo n (ELOTH .
The An glo-Saxon s had man y terms, ofwh i c h we have n ot in
our lan guage an y trace l eft .Gretan , to sati sfy, satisfacere, G
'
RYTH.
C h ri st sayd Qui glad i o percutitWit h swerd s h al l d ye.
He had h i s priestesp eace an d GRYTH.
’
(‘
IIAUCER .
DUCAN, valere, forti s, to be val ian t .DOUGHTY. (ledes—pl’2801al‘a facta, i l lustrious deeds .
ADJECTIVE.
An ADJECTIVE den otes an y substan ce or att r i bute, n ot by itsel f, but as con j o i n ed wi th a subj ect, or pe r tai n i n g to i tsc haracter.i t i s by n o mean s a n ecessary part of speech , for it i s resolvabl e
i n to th e n ame of t h e th i n g impl ied, an d an y term of referen ce orcon jun cti on , as of, wi t h . Thus, a p ruden t man ," ‘ fl i s equivalen t to a man joi n pruden ce,
" or to aman of pruden cc.
"
In En gl i s h , i nstead of ADJECTIV ING our own substan tives, weh ave bo r rowed , in imm en se n umbers , ADJ >ECTIVED s ig n s f r om ot h erlan guages ; wi thout bo r rowi n g the UNADJ EC ‘
I‘
IV ED si gn s of thosesam e ideas ; because our autho r s f requen tl y foun d t h ey bad
’ o ccasion for t h e former, but n ot for t h e latter. An d, n ot un derstan di n g the n ature of lan guage , or t h e n ature of
'
t h e ve r y ben efit they “we r e receivi n g t h ey d id n ot, as t h ey m igh t an d s h ouldh ave don e, improve t h ei r own lan guage by the sam e con trivan ce
wi th i n i tself; but bor r owed from ot h er lan guages abbreviati on sready made to t h ei r han ds .’
T hus t h ey have in corporated in the En gl ish—forT h e Substan t i ves T h e Foreign Adjecti ves .C h ild i n fan t, I n fan t in e.Boy Pue r i l e.Man V i ri l e . Human , Masculi n e, Male .Woman Female, Fem in i n e, Eflim in ate.
M i n d Men tal , Magn an imous , Pusillan imous, Un a
an im ous .Bi rt h Natal, Nati ve .L ife Vi tal , V i
'
vacious, V i vid , Amph i bi ous .Alms El eem osyn ary .
Aims i tself became an Adje cti ve by successive co rruption s ofELEEMO SYNE, lon g befo r e i ts Adjecti vewasrequi red ; havi n g successi vel y ex h i b ited i tself as Almosin e, Almosie, Almos e;Alm es ,an d fin al l y Alms .
0 T h e adopti on of suc h words . as t h es e was i n deed a ben efit,an d an im p r ovem en t of our lan guage ; wh ic h , h owever, wouldhave been mo r e prope r l y ob tai n ed by ADJ ECTIVINGour own :words .For, as t h e matter n ow stan ds , when a poor Foreign er hasl earned all t h e n am es of t h i n gs i n the En gl ish ton gue, he must go toot h er lan guages for a multi tude oi? the ADJ ECTIVED n am es of t h eSAME THING’S . An d even an un l earn ed n at ive can n ever un derstan d the m ean i n g ofon e quarter of t hat wh i ch i s cal led h is n avti’ve ton gue . ’
We have n ot i n En gl is h an i n stan ce of t h e FUTUR E TENSE ADJ ECTI-VE, except t h e wo rd Future .
About to do , o r i s to do , i s a lam e expressi on ’for Facturum .
Our old tran slato r s expressed t h i s FUTURE Abbreviation thus,4 T h ou t hat ART TO comm on .
"
447
T h e Future I n fin i t i ve i n Saxon , termi nated in n ge, wasalwayspreceded by TO , an d i t an swered to gerun ds, supin es, and futureparti ci ples .
C h ri st J h esu that Is TO DEMX NGE the quyke an d deed .
’
2dTm . car . 4 , vEu. 1.
PARTIClPLE.
A PARTICIPLE i s deri ved from a verb , an d agrees with itsprimiti ve i n den oti n g acti on , bei ng, or sufi
’
er‘
in g, but differsfromi t i n th i s thavthe parti ci pl e impl i es n o affirmati on .
T h e term i n ati on ING i s from the An gl o-Saxon ANDE, AENDE,ENDE, m 1), O NDE, INDE, YNDE, an d correspo n ds to the term i n ationof t h e Lati n gerun ds i n an dum an d cudum, expressingcon tin ua
t i o n , as, Aman dum , LufiANDE, LO VING.
Vers i on of t h e Gospels. (14th cen tury ) An d h e preéhydeSAYANDE,
’—he preac h ed sayi ngResoun dAND to t h e heven n isfirmamen t,R esoun di n g to the
'
heaven‘
sfirmamen t.The term i n ati o n s an d,9an d i ng coexisted in An glo
Saxon an d Old En gl ish , as t h ey sti l l do i n Dutc h an d German ,the o n e used for form i n g what is calledtthe Presen t Parti ci ple,
the ot h er t h e verbal substan ti ve.T h e Parti ci p le i s n ot n owused asa Substan ti ve. The Substant ive i s used asa Prese n t Parti ci pl e .
the,ten der flowris I sawUn der dame Naturisman tilllurkYNGlaw.
T h e Smal l fowl i s i n flokk is saw 1fie,To Nature makAND grei t Iamen tatioun .
’
Sm D . LIN D SAY .
I t was customary to use t h e PAST TENSE i tself wi th out an yc h an ge of term i n ati on , i n stead of wh at i s usual ly cal led t h e PastParti ci ple .
You m ig h t, h owever, h ave TOOK a fai rer way.
’
DR YDEN .
I d o than k i ngis to God up on t h e un errable , or, THAT MAYNOT BE TO LD, gifte of bym .
’
ADMISSIBLE, INCOR RIGIBLE, FORM ieABLE.
T h eywhofirsti n troduced t h ese POTENTIAL Passrvn ADJ ECTWESt h oug h t i t n ecessary to explai n t h em to the i r readers, and ao
cordin glywefin d i n the quotati on I do than k in ges)the explan ati on THAT MAT NOT BETO LD, accom pan yi n g t h e word UNERRABLE.
The term i n ati on ABLE (or ible) i s t h e An gl o Saxon or Goth i c(Ebal , R obur, st r en gt h .
Our a n cien twri ters were l ed to adopt t h es e words by t h ei r
great practi cal con ven i e n ce an d useful n ess, for they could n ot
possi bly be tran slated i n to En gl ish , but by aperi p h rasi s .
All t h e abbreviatlon s wh i c h we en j oy of the PO TENTIAL ACTIVE ADJ EC '
I‘
IVE, are eith er borrowed from t h e Lat i n , an d thent h ey term i n ate i n IV E, asPurgat ive , 8cd , or t h ey are borrowedfrom t h e Greek, an d t h e n t h ey term i n ate i n ic, as Emeti c, Sce.
48
From t h e Lati n—Aperi t i ve , passive, san ative,From t h e Greek—An al yti c, C r iti c, syn t h eti c, Sec. &c.
T h i s abbreviati on wi l l n ot serve for corrupti on s .
W h i les stood rapt i n t h e won der of i t cam e MISSIVESFrom t h e Ki n g, whoall hai l ed me T han e of Cawdor.
’
MACBETH.
MISSIVE, in t h i s useMISSIBLE, isn o l on ger curren t i n En gl i s h .We are very scan t i ly provided wi t h words of the OFFICIAL
PASSIVE ABJ ECTIVE.
T h e followi n g verse from V i rgi l‘ In fan dum ,
regi n a, jubes ren ovate dolorem,
’
ist hus tran s lated by DouglasT h y desi re, lady, is
R en ewi n g of UNTELLYBYL sorrow I wys.’
Un tellybylm ean s—WHAT CANNOTBE UTTERED, butV i rg i l savsIn fan dum
’-THAT WHICH OUGHT NOT TO BE UTTER ED.
T h i s was n otthe Bis h op’s fault, but t h e pen ury of t h e language .
R EVEREND, t hat is-Wh i c h oug h t to be revered—an dMEMOB
ANDUM—T hat wh i c h oug h t to be remembered, arewords of t h issort .
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.
The etymology of THEWORDS IN SMALL CAPITALS i s to be traced ,an d t h ei r usage i l lustrated by quotati on s from wri ters, who l i vedlN DIFFERENT cen turi es.1 Cen turioun wen te to t h e tr i bun e an d tolde to bym , seyi nge,
what art t h ou To DOYNGE forsotheth i s man isa citeseyn
romayn .
2 I say, TisNOT To BE PUT UP.
3 I t i s n otBEABABLE.
4 Shetakeallh irlysten oug h of heasteswh i c h beu CHACEABLE.
5 Youmi
g h t h owe’er h ave TOOK a.fai rer way.
6 Hors, or h un d , or othir t h i n g,T hat war PLESAND to t har likin g .
7 WEST OCCIDENTAL Are t h e n oun s an dadj ecti ves8 SHOR E LITTORAL de r i ved from t h e same Ian9 HEAVEN C ELESTIAL guage Why n ot ?
10 T h e seas wan ti n g ROOMTH to lay t h ei r boist’rousload .
11 T h e Alm i g h ty S h a‘per man i fested h im sel f t h roug h t h e great
wo rk t hat h e WRO L’
GHT at t h e begi n n i n g.
12 For in h er st r eam i n g bl ood h e d id EMBAYHis l i ttl e h an ds. A hot BATH . He hasfai rl y d run k uph i s BRO '
I‘
H.
—Let t h em goe13 To BARF. t h e lan d . Tellus, maist n obi l l god ofERD.
50
W hat i s hisDOOM ?
45 T h e erthe SHOKE. HE SHO OK h i s ears .Yfaman LENE awaye an other man n es good wi t h out assen tof him .
LEND h im—Give h im t h e LOAN of L.IOG.
O n e step s h e SLOWES .
SLACK—SLOW SLUG—SLUT.
48 T h y ge n try go before t h i s LOWT.
Li e LOWS t hat h ouse.49 T h e prayer of hym that LOWETH bym i n h i s p rayer, th yr
let h the cloudes.50 Go, SMUG yoursel f.5 1 As h e satan dwoke, h i s Spi ri te m ete t h at h e h er saug h . To
METE, or DR EAM.
52 W hat ayleth you to GRUTCHE t h us an d gron eHe i s a GRUB.
5 3 Your covetousn ess hasqui te DULLED mymuse . DULL pate.54 O h gul l , o h DOL
'
I‘
, as i g n o ran t as dur t .5 5 Poor p oor DUM mon ths. AsDOME as deat h .56 I fyou l owe an ADDLE egge, aswel l asyou l owe an IDLE h ead,
youwould ease c h i cken s i’th
’ s h el l . ILL. AIL.
57 To KELE somwhattheyr hygh courage.CH ILL blasts—CO LD day.
58 LUKE WARM MYLKE.
59 Agay HERS , HER CE.60 He i s a very WREECHID creature.
S h e i s aWR ECK—RACK .
61 T h e sack t hat t h ou hast drun k me, woul d have boug h t mel ig h ts as good CHEAPE, at t h e dearest C han dlers i n Euro e .
62 Heagen '
sgrace INWHEEL ye—VVHEEL.
63 Com e h i t h er, pretty mai d, wi t h t h e WELKIN eye .Wai t aWHILE .
64 An dwi t h i n trus i ve en m i ty to l ig h tWELLED l ike a spri n g, an d dimm ed t h e orbs of ligh t .
65 Aspun ge DRAPED i n cold water—DEEP WELL.66 Be a lyon , bot h i n WORDE an d DEDE67 Symon Magus, a grete WYTCHE—WICKED DOG.
68 O t h ou sacred IMPE of J ove -V i l e IMP.
69 T h ey are curi ous i n putt i n gon t h e i r TRIMS.In gal lan t TRIM, t h e gi lded vessel goes .
70 Two freres wal ki n g on a DYCHES bryn ke.
T h e Ki n g of DIKES—DITCHER .
71 His feet were NUMMEDwi t h cold .
72 Hercul es had t h e great Loos—Magn a LAUS .
73 An d like an empty eagl eTYRE on t h e flesh of me—To TIR E him .
74 Dowel s hal l DING him down — DING-DONG, bel l .75 I t wasun der col oure of a fayn ed TREWCE.
ATRUCE to t h oug h t .76 His acts do fly by BRUIT of fame.77 YESTER sun be h eld our en emy .
5 1
78 Does t h i s becom e our STRAIN79 R och is full STAY . STAY b rae .80 Eighteen were slai n e by t h e fallyingof a
‘
STEYER .
81 The STALKES of t h e ladder .
81 STAGsgraz’
d upo n t h e shaggy heat h s82 Hast t h ou clothed th e HO RSE
’
S n eck wi t h t hun der ?83 T h e smoake un to h eaven did S
'
l’
IE .
84 Wl
hat ben ye ‘
troblid, an d thoughtis STEIG'
EN up' in to your
Iertis
85 He hasafin e GARDEN .
86 He HARANGUED the c r owd .
87 To RAKE pur e l ear n i n g h uman an d d ivi n e outof t h e embersof forgotten ton gues .
Pride al on e must TARR E t h e masti-ffeson .
The TART i s TART i n deed .
90 T h ick wasthe WALL .
91 An idiot LAI'
GH .
92 Cry for thy GtGAWS .
93 All n ig h t s h e spen t i n BIDDING of'
her BEDES '
.
94. An d i n a SWOUGH she lay.
95 Proud Tam er SWO O PS al o n g.
96 He strayed ai’ouewith outen GRO OME.
97 He wasworthie to h ave t h e h ig h est ROOME i n the realme.
98 Ahatwi t h R IM exten ded .
99 Aful l good peck wi t h i n t h e utmost BRIM.
100 DEALING DOLE amon g h i s foes .101 He WR ITHED t h e RADDLE102 Guess t h e R IDDLE .
103 I pry i n to the depth of every NOOK.
104. Alas ! she NICKED h i s NOTCH .
105‘ Ben d' t h e KNEE . Be n d th e NECK .
NOD t h e h ead . Save the KNUCKLES .
106 T h e LOOSE gave a twan g .
107 Hewaswi t h YEF’
I‘
ES all besn ewed.
108 His schulderisheilditwith n ew fal l i n SNAw.
109 An d hold h i s way down by a BRO KE side .110 The an gel TROUBLED thewater .111 Ascabbit s h eep FILES allth e flock .
112 All the SHROUDS wh erewi t h my l i fe s h ould sai l , are turn er.to on e t h read , on e l i ttle haire .
118 Afin e SHO P . An oble SHIP .
114« Adresse m ost stran ge i n SHAP .
115 W hat lusty SHOULDFS .
116 ASCALD h ead . I t i s n otwort h a SHILLEH.
117 SCOWLING l ooks .118 AN OLD seek i s aye SKAILING.
seek aye
119 T h e SHOALswere S CALED by t h e bel ch i n g whale .120 ASHEAL
’
D peas cod .
121 My si lver-SCALED SCULS about my streams do sweep .
I SKILL n otwhat i t i s .She STRAKE on aRO CK, that un der water lay.
5 2
124. He RALLIES well . T h e s h i p i sfin el y RIGGED.
T h e Sky—RO CKETS rival led the m oon .
T h e beast was betrappit am i d t h e h un ti n g RALISn ettys .
127 T h ese four d id march i n batte l RAYE,128 The wh i te R O CHETTE (ROKETTE.)129 Se h e has n an e uthi r ren t n or h yre,
Botwi t h h er RO CK, to susten e h er empty lyffe.
130 T h ou arta RAY (a ROGUE)13 1 WRYE me in myfoxerye.
13 2 T h e RUG did cover half t h e roomDRY weat h er—id le DRONE—deep DRAIN
134: To stan d l ike a STO CK .
135 T h e chambre dore wasSTOKE .
136 There to abyde STICKYED i n pryson .
137 STITCH t h e STOCKINGs—c h eap STEAK .
138 My STICK—my f r i en d139 He gi ves me the ST UCKE in wi t h
am o r tal m ot i on .
140 He BOWED low.
141 W h en t h roug h t h e BOWES t h e wi n d b r eat h es calmly out142 T h ey stood talki n g ata BAY wi n dow of t h e
castl e .143 Abarn of t h ree BAYS .
144. Be BUX UM to fade r an dm oder .145 PINNE t h e gates—Pen t up i n Uti ca.
146 BIN t h e madman . T h e kn ee deep POND.
147 He rose in MORNE before the sun n e .From t h e MOREWE ti l l t o even t i de.
149 T h e l i g h t DISPELS t h e dark .
150 T h e cock wi t h l ively din SCATTERS t h e rear of darkn ess t h i n .
151 I am SO RROW for thee. The SORY mayd .
152 T h e ale i s SOUR . He seems a SHR EW.
SHR EWD boy . BESHREW my pride .154 Un byn de the THWONG of h i s e SHOON .
155 He DWINED, (wh i n ed , t h i n n ed)away156 MONEY from t h e MINT,157 Take your CHO ISE . C h ese on e Of t h em .
158 TYNE t h e gap i n t h e h edge . In ci tee an d i n TouNEs.
ATUN ofwi n e . T h e TEN comman dmen ts .159 T h e smallPOX . T h e PYE PYKETH outon e eye .
160 OPEN t h e door . GAPINGwoun d . To stop CHAPS .
161 S i x years OLD. Tyme ELDETH k n yges.
162 To ICH t h e tim e. He hat h born e t h e YOK .
163 Wi t h DRUMS an d TRUMPETS .
164 P i ck t h e LO CK . Stumbl i n g-BLO CK .
165 Take i n m ore BALLAST.
166 L i ft t h e LID.
‘ Draw LOTS . W hat a BLOT167 AGLEOMY GLADE . T h e CLOUD COVERS t h e day.
168 Makea DOT.
169 T h e riuar’sDITTITwi t h dede corpses .170 I t isa. YARD in len gt h . T h e sh i p wasYARE
5 3
171 Do t h i s CHARE . Take a CHAIR . Hi re a CAR .
172 Br i n g CHAR-coal . I’ll take a TURN at i t .173 JARRING el em en ts . He m oun ted t h e CHARIOT.
174 At t h e DAWN of DAY . The STO RMY seas .175 ASTO RE-house . He STARTS . He STIRs. He is STURM .
176 T h e siluir fysehis STO URAND h ere an d t hare .
177 T h e p i l ot si ts in t h e STERN .
178 Th ey BURIED h im l owl y at d ead of n ig h t .179 These bon es from in sul t to PR OTECT (DEFEND.)180 BAR th e doo r . St r i ke a BARGAIN .
The BARK DEFENDS the t r ee . I t i s a BOROUGHE TOWNE .
My dear B‘
ORROWE. I t was foun d i n the BARN .
181 He i s TALL . Pay TOLL. L i ft the TO OLS . TOLL t h e bel l .The lilies/TUELIEN n ot, n et h er spi n n in .
182 ABATCH of BREAD.
183 T h e m oon WANES . AwAN c h eek .
Hi s spear was but aWAND.
184. He c r ossed t h e FO RD. The TIGHT-rope .185 She ren t itall to CLOUTES . CLEAVE the wood .
CLOUTED cream . The RO CKY -CLIFF. CLOVEN ton gues .186 Misch iefe h ath RAFT us of our m errimen t .
BIFF-RAFF. R OUGH fel l ows .I am BEREAVED of my all.
187 He fell am i d t h e FEN . She i s PAINT.
188 FYE on you, HATEFUL creature .189 His eart h l y eien were BLUNT an d bad.
190 To SHEER the S h eep . You have SCHOR Ewi t h SHEER S h i s t h redof si lke . SHEER ign oran ce. T h e sea SHORE. A h eavySHOWER . A l i n en SH IRT. Coun t t h e SCORES . Lan arkSHIR E. A rugged SCAR . Ploug h -SHAR E . T h e days areSHORT.
An d on h is brest a bloodie crosse h e bore,T h e dear rem embran ce of h i s dyi n g Lord ,Upo n h i s Sh i eld the l ike wasalso S COR ’
D.
191 To stan d l ike a LOG. A h eavy LOAD. T h e LAD i s just.To hear the BRUNT of t h e day. ABROWN mare.
193 Fal l ows GREY . WHITE vei l . GREEN grass . YELLOW as
saffron . BROWN HO RSE. BRUNT-as h es . Afire-BRAND.
BRANDY i s c h eap .
194 Abrown LOAF. A n obl e LO RD. AFINE LADY .
O n t h at part whair t h e LIFT wasmai s t CLERE .
T h ey lay full LOFT. LO FI‘ Y n oti on s .195 Wi th S i lver DEAW upon t h e roses pearl i n g .
BEDEWED were h er eyen cl e r e . Morn i ngDEW.
To kn ead DOUGH . BREAD i s CHEAP .
196 T h e vi l e offsp r i n g of a TRULL .
He THRYLLED h im wi th a spear.T h e vo i ce THRILLED my h ear t.Teac h your cousi n to con sen t WINKING.
198 T h e hun tsman by h i s SLOT, or breakin g eart h . SLIT the bag.
199 The KNOT was KNIT by fai t h .
h e kn owe eke h owe i t i s your own e KNIGHT.
5 4
T h ei ben to get h er KNET. Drawt h e NET.
200 Tur tle SOUP . SIP a SOP. SUPPER-time .201 T h e SHO E PLACED un der the foot .202 An ot h e r soul i n to my body SHOT.
An d dressed h im by a SHOT-wyn dowe.
T h e comm on s made a s h ower an d t h un derwi th t h ei r caps an d SIIOUTs.
Shytte (Shut) your gates wi th yren bar res.A SHEET ofwater—l i g h tn i n g—an ehor .SCO T an d LO T. He SENT out S CO UTS .
Apai r of ScATEs. SKATE glad on Thames .203 He l eft a PLEDGE. PLIGHTED FAITH .
204 BOLD were the FOE. BOLT the door.MO ST n oble An t h on y,
Let n ot t h e peece of vertn e, wh i ch is setBetwi xt usast h e cymen t of our l oueTo keep i t BUILDED, be the ramm e to batterThe fortresse of it.
205 T h e compan yesTI—IRYNCEN t h ee.
T h ik t hai THRANG about the portis all n ycht.
To THRoNG a place . He THRANG aman g t h e mere.
206 Asthe custome an d t h e statute BANDE .
BOUND wi t h a BAND h e satan dwept .207 1 don ’t care a KERSE .
208 W h en eueryBRYDDE upon his lai eEm on g t h e gre n e l’eues s in get h .
209 The gren e GERS bedewitwas an dwet.2 10 Or with l oud
'
c r y followan d the chace~Efter the fomy BARE.
211 He wasserued i n TREEN cuppes.
212 An d I sawa. GLASUN see (a sea of glass .)213 YARE, YARE, good l ras . The YEARNE SHE SPUN.
2 14 For Mar i s l oue of‘
he uen
T hat BARE t h e BLIssfiil BARNE t hat bought us om the ROBE.
215 T h e DAWN of day. Them orn in gDAWNS .
216 STERN impati en ce . STERNE tim e-wi n d .
His steed was bloody red , an d fomed yre'
,
W h en with t h e maistrin g Spur h e d id him roughly STIRE.
217 T h ey eate t h e foulis BAKEN. Afl itch of BAC O N.
218‘ To make MALT. T h e bread grows MOULDY .
Wh en mamoekeswas your m eate ,Wi t h MOULD bread “
to eat.
319 He wasa TILLER of t h e groun d. To TILL, TILT.
An d O UERTILT al h is TRUTH .
220 How is i t wi t h aged GAUNT221 FARE you222 TIE i t tig h t . He TIGHT a great lon g c h ai n e223 He HELD the HILT.
An d in her other h an d a cup s h e HILD.
Butyet n e fon d l n oug h t th e RAFTWhichem ig h t un to t h e blade accorde.
225. Speake t h en , t h ouWHINID’
ST l ean en , speake.
5 5
THE man . THAT MOON. THAT four places . He t hat wyllan d can n o skyll, is n ewer lyke to THE (wyse .)
227 Thefire, _IT bu rn ed .
He toke tho—euppeAn d dran ke HIT up, an d e h aun ged n oth is chaere
2 28 Art then aTR IEND, or a FIEND 9
For h e n o m ore than the FIENDE.
U n to n on e ot h e r man is FRENDE.
229 He’l l BRAY you i n a m o r tarBread , h avi n g much BRAN, n ou r is h es l i ttle.
230 BLIND of on e eye.She could n otBLYNNE h er syghes.
My tears s h al l n ever BLINTo moist t h e eart h .A COWARD.
Kym es m ote to hem kn eelan d COWRE.
2 32 To c ewthe CUD. To RUMINATE.
T h e fl ock t h ei r c hawed CUDS do eate.
233 An open FIELD. FIELd-lan d . W'
ooddan d.
Them e, beeche, hasel , were FELDE.
234 aPet-SHERD. I t was but a SHR ED.
ALOUD an d m erry peal.They si n g LOWD. BELLOwthe
'
her'
de i n lusty droves.236 His HEAD isHEAvED.
He had a. rey n bow i n h i s HEWED.
237 He i s an ODD man .
238 Fi re-BRAND. T h e ncan‘
del BR ENS up i n t h e c hapell.2 39 A i s lai d down .
240 S h e sai d AYE, t h en NO .
ALO NG, ALIVE, AMID, ATWAY .
Ever an d ANON.
A c h i ld ALONE. AN ONLY c h i ld.
He-sm iled ONCE.
For ONES t hat h e hath ben bl i t h e,He s hall ‘ben after sorie THRIES.
245 T h e VERY man .
Wi t h out VERAY cause drede .246 STARK mad. Th ou artsouir an d STERK.
247 To judge the QUICK an d t h e‘
dead248 To have RATHER . I wi l l rat h er.
T h e RATHER lambs been starved wi t h cold .
An d made t h e RATHE an d timely p r im rose grow.
He cam e RATHEST an d abode l en gest .249 MUCH or MANY , MOR E, MO ST.
Hay-MOW . MO CHE folke were MOWEN .
250 To go FO RTH . With i n FORTH t h ere ism i rt h .25 1 ButWHILE h er daugh ter l i ved .
251 He i s ALIVE.
For prouder woman is t h ere n one ON .LYUE.
3 53 TO wIT. I do you TO WI-T.
254 IfNEED be.
l haue graun ted t hat NEDESgood folke'
moten bee n mig h ty.
56
255 HALT. Butsowel l HALTE n o man the PLOUGH .
256 I had asLIEF n ot be, as l ive to be i n‘
aweOf suc h a t h i n g as I , m yself. A h ouse TO LET.
An d bym h er LEFE an d DERE h ert cal.257 So FAIN . He’s FAIN to com e to t h ee .What won der i s t h oug h I be FAINE.
258 He i s goi n g ASTRAY . STRAWberry.
259 To go ASUNDER . T h ey n ever ASONDER won deTylldeth departet h hem .
260 Si x years AGO . Worldly j oye i s soon eAGO .
261 He stood AGHAST. He hasan AGUE an d fever .262 S h e’sgon e ADRIFT. W hat hasDRIFFE you hiddir
I t wask i n dLY don e. AgoodLY figure .264 AT t h e palace. He fel l OFF t h e h orse.
ON h orseback. IN t h e h ouse. OUT, OUT, get OUT.
265 UPON t h e h i g h an dgi ddy TOP. Over the h i ll .266 ABOVE our HEADS t h e l ig h tn i n g ran .
267 He’s goi n g DOWN t h e b ill.268 Go AFT. He t hat com et h AFTER me.269 He t hat wen t ABOUT doi nggood .
270 Jo h n com esINSTEAD of Jam es .A hars h STEP-m ot h er. BEDSTEAD.
271 To si t NIGH—NEAR—NEXT him .
272 S h e stretc h ed h erself ALONG, an d rested AWHILE.
273 AMID t h e dai s i es on t h e green .
274 All t h ese t h i n gs areAGAINST me275 Saul AMONG the people .W han words MEDLEN with theson ge,I t dot h plesan ce wel l t h e m ore .O MEDLE t h y mercy wi t h justi ce .An d j oye MEYNT wi th byttern esse.
276 ATHWART t h e starry h eaven s .277 WARD by WARD. R eWARDth emAFTER t h eirdoi n gs .278 N on e sen t s o vast a col on y
To bot h t h e UNDER wo r lds.279 BENEATH t h e ban k. T h e NETHER h ouse of Parl iame n t .280 BEFORE —BEHIND —BELOW -BETWIXT;281 Twelve m i l es BEYOND t h at place.282 N O , n otFOB. an h our.283 T h e bravest OF t h e brave.284 Watc h , WHILE I plun der .
I wi l l stay WHILE even i ng.
285 FROM GlasgowTO Edi n burg h .FR OM m orn TILL n ig h t.
286AllBUT on e. All Ee PT on e.
287 He was S lain BY a Sword , orWITH a Sword.
'
Asoldi erWITHa sword .
288 As swi ftAS an arrow. ALS swift as289 I read THAT l may l earn .
290 Such a system of Govern m en t as t h e presen tn has n ot beenv e n tu r ed on by an y Ki n g SINCE the expulswn of Jamesthe Secon d .
5 3
LATIN DER IVATIVES .
Man y terms, h oweve r de n om i n ated in con structi on , aregen eral ly Parti ci pl es or Adjecti ves used wit h out an y Substan ti ve towh i ch th ey can h e j oi n ed , an dare t h erefore, i n con struction , con
Sidered as Substan ti ves . ”
Act (al i quid , som et h i n g)Fate (al iquid , someth i n g)Post (al iquid , som et h i n g)P rem i ss (al iquid , som et h i n g)Verse (al iqui d , som et h i n g)El ect (al i qui d , som et h i n g)Flux (al iquid , som eth i n g)Credi t (al iquid , somet h i n g)Pol i te (al iquid , som eth i n g)Lapse (al i quid , som et h i n g)
GREEK DER IVATIVES.
An gel , t h e past parti ci p l e of Aggellein ,to an n oun ce.
Epistle, t h e past parti ci pl e of Epistellei n , to sen d .
Apostle, t h e past parti c i pl e of Apostellein , to sen d out.Pore, t h e past parti ci ple of Peirei n , to go beyon d .
FRENCH DER IVATIVES.
Lash , the past par ti ci ple of Las c h er, to t h rowout.
C han ce, t h e past particnple of Cheoir, to befal l .Desti n y, t h e past parti ci ple of Desti n er, to purpose .
The Saxon Preposi ti o n s used i n t h e com posi ti on of t h e wordsto wh i c h referen ce ismade , are t h ese
A, sign ifies on or i n , as Afoot, on foot, 17Be, s ign ifies about or before
, asBEstir, BEfore, 13
For, den i es or depri ves, asFoRbid, FoRsake, 12
Fore, sign ifies before , as FoREsee, 18
M is, den otes defeet or error,“
asM Istake, MISdeed, 13
Over. den otes em in en ce or superi ori ty, asOvERcome, OvERhasty 15
T h e Latin Preposi ti on s referred to, are t h ese
A,ab, or abs, Sign i fyingfrom or
away,Ad, si gn ifies to or at,Con , com , co, col , sign i fy toget her,De, si gn ifies down ,Di , d is, asun der, as,E, ex, out of, or t h rowout, as
In , before a. verb has itsS impl e meani n g,
Ob , den otes opposi ti on ,Per, t h roug h o r t h oroug h ly,Pro , fort h or forwards,Re, agai n or back,Se
,apart or wi t h out,
Actn m , don e.Fatum , spoken .
Postum , placed .
Missum , sen t.
Versum , turn ed .
Lectum , ch osen .
Fluxum , fl owed .
C reditum , trusted .
Politum , pol i shed .
Lapsum , gl ided .
a'
s'
to ABsorb ,asto As cen d ,as CoNcussion ,
asDEcrease,
asDIsperse,toEject, to Elect,
as to INfect,as OBstruct,
as to PERforate,as to PROjeet,as REvolve,
asSEparate,
59
T h e Greek Prepositi on s towh i c h t h e studen t i s referred , are
t h ese
An a, asun der, asANAlysis,
Syn , toget h er, as SYNthesls,
Derivati ves from t h e Lat i n words to wh i c h the Studen t is refe r red .
FTom (Compounded of)
Absorbere, (ab 85 sorbeo) absorb ,Accen dere, (ad Sc can deo) accen d ,Acquirere, (ad 8: quoero) acqui re
,
Addere, (ad Sc do): add,Agitar e, (ad 8
5 co) agi tate,Al levare , (ad Sc l evo) al l eviate,Aperire, aperture,
Ascen dere, (ad 85 scan do) ascen d,
Ca-lefacere, (cal eo fac i o) calefy,Caput , capital,Can ere, can t, (al iquid ,) can tum , sun g, 27Capere , captu r e, (al i quid,) captum , taken , 43Celeb rare, cel eb rate , 3 9
Cessar e, (cessatio) cessati on , 20
Gi bus, c ibari ous, 42
Co'
arctare, (con 8: arcto) coarct, 44
Cogere, (con 85 ago) co-active, (al i quid,) coactum ,fore
ed ,Co i r e, (con 85 co) coi ti on , coitio, a ve r bal n oun ,Con cutere, (con 8: quatio) con cuss i on ,
stern o)con stern ation , conste r n ation , a verbaln oun
,
Con terere, (con 8: tere) con tri tion ,C r epi tare , (fr om crcpo) c r epitat i o n ,
Decrescere, (de Sc cresco) dec r ease, 3 1
Dispe r se, (dis 8: spargo) d isperse, 3 4
Divide r e, (dis 8: video) di vide, 3 7Dolere, dolorus, dol or, oris , pai n , gri ef, 41
Ebullire, (e 8: hullio) ebul l i ti'on , 40Efiiuere, (e 8c flue) efii ux, 40El igere, (e 85 l ego) elect, (al iquid ,) electum ,
c h osen out, 34
Expan d, (ex 8: paudo) expan d, 3 3
Facere , fact, (al i quid ,) factum , don e, 46Fin dere, fissu r e, (al iquid ,)fissum ,
cl eft, 3 1
Fodi re, fosse, (al i quid ,) fossum , dug,Fran gere, fracture, (al iquid ,)fractum ,
broken ,
Gram en , gram i n eous,
PAGE
29
30
3 8
3 2
3 2
22
(al iquid, som et h i n g,)apertum , open ed,
60
From (Compoun dedof)Hebetare, hebetate,Hum ilitas, humiltiy,
Imm ergere , (i n 85 merge) immerge,Inficere, (i n 85 faci o) i n fect,I n vest, (i n 8: vestio) i n vest“
Judi care, (f r om judex) judi cature,J n uge r e, jun cti on ,
Locus , lo cal i ty,Lucere, lucid ,
Macerare, macerate,Miscere. m ixture, (aIIquid,)m i xtum , m ix
ed ,
Preparare, (pre Sc paro)R ecludere, (re 8: claudo) (al i quid,) reclusum,
s h utup,
R evolvere, (re 8c volvo)R os eus, (a um)
Satisfacere, (sati s Sc faci o)Separare, (se 85 pare)Succi n gere, (sub Sc ci n go) (al iquid ,)succin ctum ,
gi rded ,tepidus, a, um ,
(al i quid ,) tractum ,
drawn ,
Ven dere, ven d ,Ve rus, veri l y,V icin us, vi ci n i ty,V isi tare, (from video) vi si t,Vovere, vote, (al i quid,) votum, Wi s h ed
for, 45
DER IVATIVES FROM GREEK.
An aluein , (an a8c luo) an alyti c,Emeein , em eti c
,kri tikos, E, on ,
KrIn eIn , c r i ti c, emetikos, E, on ,
Sun thein ai, (sun 85 tithemi)syn t h etic,
lucidus, a um—b r ight,
PAGE .
4 ]
42
48
30
36
43
3 3
14
23
29
44
20
8
3 9
29
39
61
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.
TheDerivation of t h e words i n SMALL CAPITALS is to be traced ,an d t h e sign ification of t h e Preposi t i o n s used , to be told .
T h ese beam s of i n tel l igen ce wi l l be ABSO RBED. T h e flame CREPITATEs. Ful l of CO NTRITIO N. In g r eat CONSTERNATION . Asudden CONCUSSION . C ESSATION from h osti l i ti es . Sym pat h y ALLEVIATEsgri ef. As i f to ACCEND t h e seas . The FLUX an d REFLUXof t h e tide . He was ELECTED.
W hat i s IMMERSION ? T h e JUNCTION of t h e beautiful rivers.INVEST theewi t h a r oyal robe.To impede i s n otto O BS '
I‘
RUCT. T h e door WasPERFORATED. Hei s a PRO JECTO R , but h e has n ot fo rm ed a proj ect . ASUCCINCTaccoun t . Awaste TRACT of lan d . Whowoul d VEND his h o n ourfo r gewgaws ? In the VICINITY of Lon don . N O wi seacre S hallhave my VOTE. Adm i rabl e C RITICW hat i s t h e de r i vat i on of t h e wo rd EMETIC ? He treats t h e
s ci e n ce both ANALYTICALLY an d SYNTHETICALLY . A h un dredLASHES . CHANCE, h ig h Arbi ter ! A h ard DESTINY . PO LITE Li t ~erature. The LAPSE of tim e. Agood ANGEL . Aletter i s n otanEPISTLE. Paul t h e APO STLE. He bled at every PORE.
APO ST i n t h e groun d.
Am i l i tary PO ST.
To take PO ST.
APO ST un der Govern men t .T h e POST for letters .POST c haise or POST horses.To travel POST.
GEOFFREY CHAUCER .
Geofirey Chaucer was born in the secon dyear (f Edward [ I] , A.D
BALE says h e was aBerks h i r e man , Pitts would e n ti tl e OxfordSh i re to h i s bi r th but i t. i s probabl e that h e d r ewh isfirst b r eath
i n t h e C i ty of Lo n don . (See h i s Test. of Love .)
Wemay refer to t h e age ofC haucer for t h e gen ui n e comme n cem en t of
'
o nr Literature , for t h e ear l iest d iffus i on of free i n qui ry,an d: for tlre first great m oveme n t of the n ati on al m i n d towards
eman ci pation from spi r i tual ty ran n y . We fin d hi m f r equen tl y
(says Campbell) usin g sati re asthe moralwarfareof i n dignat i o n
an d ridi cule agai n st tur p itud‘e an d absurd i ty, an d h en ce h e has
been claimed asaPrim it ive R efo rm er. Hisappearan ce, con s id eri ngt h e lapse ofour poet r y after h i s time , has bee n com pared to
a premature day i n an En glish spri n g, after wh i c h , t h e gloom ofW i n ter return s, an d the buds an d bl ossomswh i ch have been cal led forth by a tran sie nt sun s h i n e, are n iptby frosts, an d scatteredby sto rm s .In the Can terbury Tal es i t appears to have bee n t h e design of
C hauce r to com pose a compan y of in dividalsof differen t ran ks, in
order to produce a great variety of di sti n ct character, asmay be
hearn ed f r om t h e Prol ogue wh i ch h e has prefixed"to t h emIn o rder to trace the progress of an y lan guage, i t i s n ecessary
t h at we s h ould have before usa con ti n ued se r i es of aut h o r s ; thatthose authors sbould have been reputable, an d [bat their writings
should bare been exactly copied. In t h e En gl is h Lan guage wehave n otan app r oved aut h o r wh ose writi n gs have been preserved ,before the time of C haucer .In h i swri ti n gsthearticPe SE, SO E, WAT, waslai d aside, an dTHE,
our defin i te article, used i n its stead .
to THE b ighc God.
”
T h e decl‘en si on s of n oun s substan ti ve, were reduced from sixto
on e; an d‘ i n stead ofa vari ety of cases i n bot h n umbe r s , t h ey had
on l y a gen i t ive case si n gular,wh i c h was deduced from t h e n o
m in ative, by addi n g to i t es, or S on ly, i f i t en ded in efemin i n e;
an d t h e same form wasused» t o express the plural n umber in all:
63
i ts cases , as n on ). s h our, gen . s h oures, plur . shom’
es—n om. n ame,
gen . n am es, plur. n ames .
ChristEs secree th i ngEs.
" Peters wordes.
Som e n oun s retai n ed t h e term i n atio n r
c nf rom the secon d de
clen sion of the Saxo n as oxen , hosen . bret h ren ,Afew seem to have b ee n always i rregularl y decl i n ed, as-men ,
wimmen , m i ce , feet .
The n oun s adjecti ve had l ost all d isti n ction of ge n der, case,an d n umber.
To yi eld J esu h i s propRE ren t .
The prim i ti ve pron oun s retai n ed on e obl i que case in eac h n um
ber, asme, us; t h e, you; h im , h i re, hem , or t h em .
T h e ge n i ti ve cases m i n , t h i n , our e, vyoure, were h ardl y everdistiguishable f r om pron oun spossessive as.-i n Lat i n , t h us,
Amer MEI, Th e l ove I hear to myself.
Am or MEUS , —T h e l ove I bear to an ot h er.
In t h e plural n um ber the gen i tive case sometimes retai n eddtscpro
per power .Our ALLER (of all) h ouse, -t h e h ouse of usall.
C haucer uses t h ey or h e, but n ever t h em or the i r.
T h e pron oun s possessivewere i n t h e same statewith t h e adjecti ves,m in , t h i n , h i s, h i r e , ou r e, you r e, h i r, or t h ei r. T h e last four of
t h ese pron oun s were som etimes expressed a l i ttl e differen tl y,h i res, oures, youres, an d h i r or t h ei rs
, as they are stillusedwh en t h e n oun to wh i c h t h ey bel on g i s un derstood . W h ose booki s t h i s ? “
fe an swe r , h ers, ours, yours, or th ei rs, or we declare
t h i s book i s h ers , ours , See.
T h e i n te r rogati ve and relat i ve who, h ada gen i ti ve an d accus
t i ve case, wh ose an dwhom , but n o vari ety of n umber.
T h e dem on strat ive p ron oun s thi s an dt hat, hadapluralexpress i on t h i se an d tho, but n o vari ety of case .
T h e other words wh i c h are ofte n (t h oug h improperly) placedi n t h e class of pron oun s, we re all uudecli n edlike th e adj ectives ,except eyther, n eyther, ot her, wh i c h h adagen i ti ve case s i n gular,eytheres, n eytheres, otheres;ot h er, an ot h e r , al ius, hadagen i t i veeas e si n gular , an da plural n umber, otheres;an d al ler, a corrupti on of EALRA, wasi n useast h e gen i ti ve plural of all. Self i n theSaxon lan guage
, wasdecl i n ed like oth er adj ecti ves , an d j oi n edi n con st ructi on wi t h per son al pron oun s an d substan ti ves. Theysaid Iosylf, mi n sylfes, me sylfn e, Peter sylf.Self, l i ke ot h er adj ecti ves wasun decl i n ed, wh en Chaucerwrite
“
(it
self, selvan dselven , t h ose vari eti esdo n otden ote an y d isti n cti on
of case or n umber, for h e uses i n d iffere n tly h imselfan dhemselven ,h emself an d hemselven . I n stead of decl i n i n g t h e person al p ro
n oun s prefixed to sel f, h e con stan tl y uses m yself for I-sel f an d
me-self t h y-self for t h ou-sel f an d thee-self h ims elf an dh ireself
for he-self an d she-self; an d i n t h e p lural n umber, ourself for
we-selfan d us-sel f, yourself for ye-self an d you-self, an d hem
sel f for t h ey-self.
The verb had on em ood , t h e i n di cati ve ; an d two ten ses, t h e
presen t an d t h e past. All t h e ot h er var iet i es of m ood an d t im e
were expressed by auxi l iary verbs . T h e grammar of a lan guage i s on e t h i n g, i ts capaci ty of expressi on i s an ot h er .
”
In t h e i n flect i on s of t h ei r verbs t hey differed very l i ttl e from
usi n t h e si n gular n umber, I l ove, th ou l oves , h e l ovet h , buti n t h e
plural , som e ad h ered to t h e oldSaxon form , We lovet h , ye l ovet h ,t h ey l ovet h ,
“ ot h ers adopted what seems to h ave been the Ten te
n i ck, we loven , ye l oven , t h ey l oven . In t h e plural of t h e past
ten se t h e later form prevai led, we levedou ye loveden , t h ey loveden .
T h e secon d person plural of t h e imperat i ve term i n ated i n et h .
T h e Saxon i n fin i tive in an had been c han ged i n to en —to l ovento l i ven , an d t h ey were begi n n i n g to d rop t h e n—to l ove, to l i ve .
T h e presen t parti cip l e began to be term i n ated i n i ng, as lovi n g,t h oug h t h e old
‘
form i n e n de or an de, wassti l l 111 use, asloven de,lovan de, an d t h e past part i ci pl e (as i t i s som etim es cal led) conti n n ed to be formed , as t h e past ten se i tself was, i n ed , exceptam on g the i rregular verbs, i n wh i c h i t gen erally term i n ated in EN.
T h e greates t part of the auxi l iary verbs were used an d i n fl icted i n t h e presen t an d past ten ses of t h ei r i n di cati ve an dsubjun cti ve m oods, an d p refixed to t h e i n fin i tive m ood of t h e verb towh i c h t h ey were auxiliary, I W011 l ove n , I mow or con l oven ,
we shullen or wi ll en l oven , We m owe n‘
or con n en l oven . In
t h e past ten se, I shulde l oven , I wolde, mighte, or moughteloven ,we shulden , wolden , m ighten , or moughten , or couden l oven .
T h e auxi l iary to h aven was a com pl ete verb, an d prefixed tot h e parti ci pl e of t h e past t im e, was used t o express (wh at som egrammarian s are pl eased to cal l) t h e preterperfect an d preterpluperfect ten ses .
The auxi l iary to ben was a compl ete verb . an d i t, prefixed to
t h e sam e parti ci pl e wi t h t h e h el p of the ot h er auxi l iary ve rb , suppl i ed t h e place of t h e wh ol e passive voi ce .Wi t h regard to the i n declin eable parts
'
of speec h , t h ey re~
mai n ed eit h er pure Saxon , or abbreviati on s .
(56
an y superfluities in C haucer’s verses t h at mavn ot be reduced to
just m easure by t h e usual practi ces of m odern poets ,
Agreat n umber of C haucer’s verses labour un der an apparen t
deficien cy of a syl lable or two but t h i s verse maybe made cor
rect by adopti n g, i n certai n words, a pron oun ciation , wh i c h weh ave reason to bel i eve was used i n h i s tim e, for i n stan ce , th egen i ti ve case s i n gular an d plural of n oun s t h e regular term i n
ati on of the past Verse an d i ts parti ci ple ; e , fem i n i n e;t h e i nfin it ive m ood an d t h e plural n umber of verbs, were all pron oun ced .
T h us , shourEs, croppES , shirES , lordEs, percED, bathED, werED ;hoe ,
faeE, largE ; slepeN, makeN, longeN, sekeN.
C haucer appears n ot to have accen ted t h e sam e syllabl es t h atwe do, on t h e con trary , in h is Fren c h words h e m ost comm on l ylai d h i s accen t accordi n g to t h e Fren c h custom , on t h e last sy l
lable , or thelastbuton e. In Fren c h words e n d i n g in e fem im i n e,t h e p ron un ciati on , we k n ow, i s sti l l t h e very reverse of ours .T hus, l i cour, eorages, reson , viage, v i sage, usage, man ere, laboure, prelat, lan gage , mar iage , con tree.In t h e sam e man n er he accen ts t h e last syl lable of t h e parti ci
ple i n i ng,—weddi n G, com iNc , llV ING, Cl
'
yING, bl’
emm ING. T h eold parti ci ple of the presen t ten se i n an d appears to h ave beenorigi n ally accen ted on t hat syl lable . T h us bel'aND, spryngAND,fleAND, seAND.
He seem s to h ave fol lowed t h i s practi ce i n t h e m iddl e of ver
ses, wh en ever i t gave a m ore harmon i ous flowto h i s m etre. T h usvertuE, n atuRE, aven tuRE, hon oUR .
I t i s surpri si n g t hat C haucer with out masters, ei t h er Fren ch ,or I tal ian to guide h im , has so s eldom fai l ed to place hisaccen tsi n suc h aman n er as to produce t h e caden ce best sui ted to t h e n ature of h i s verse .
GENITIVE CASE, ALD PLURAL NUMBER , IN Es, TO BE PRONOUNCED.
PEES , quod our Hoste, for CHR ISTES m oder dere,Tel l fort h t h y tal e, an d Spare i t n otatall.In s h ri ft, i n prechiug, i s my di l igen ce ,An d study, in Peters wordEs, an d i n PAULEs.An dm ore we seen of CHRISTES secree t h i n g
,
T han borel folk, alt h ough t hat t h ey be ki n gs.
O LD INFINITIVE AND PLURAL NUMBER USED.
T h i se curates bEN so n egl igen t an d sl ow,
To gropEN ten drelya con sci en ce.I dare welsaw t h at er t han hal f an hourAfte r h isdcth 3 Isawhim bo r n e to bl isse .
(57
N SOMETIMES n uorrm .
lam e to an ho n s the r he waswan t to BE,R efreshed m o r e than i n a hun d red places .'I0 yi eld our Lord J esn his p r op r e ren t ;TospreadE h isword is sette allm i n en ten t .
E FEMININE PRONOUNCED.
He l ooked as i t were awildE bar e,An d gri n te wit h h is teet h , so was h e wroth .
Bed- r ed upon a couchE lowhe lay.
But by your gretE good n ess by you r l eve°
I woldE pray you that ye n ot you greve .
E SOMETIMES SILENT“
.
Gran d m ercy , Da-m iE, that h ave I foun d alwa-y.
Nowby your fai t h , 0 de r e sin : Iquod she.
AUXILIARY HAVE, WITH THE INFINITIVE.
Ii
have upon t h i s beuche farEN fulwel l ,Here h ave I etEN man y amerry m el e .
AUX ILIARY SHALL , IV ILL, COULD, SHOULD, W'ITH THE INFINITIVE.
O dere maister Iquod th i s S ike' man ,
How have ye farEN sin t hat Marc h began .
I could of i r e say so m oc h el sorwe,My tale s hul
-d-e lastEN til to-morwe .Th is Cambuscan ofwh i c h I h ave you told,In real vestim en ts , si t on h i s d'ei sW i th diadem ful h igh i n hispaleis,An d h olte h i s feste so sol-empn ean d so r i ch eThat i n th i s wo r ld n ewas the r e n on i t l i ch e
,
Of wh i c h i f I shal l tellEN all the ar1r ,ayThan wold i t occ upie a som e r s day.
FRENCH ACCENT EMPLOYED.
An d dron ken uesse 1S eke a foul e recon nOf an yman , an d n amely of a loi dWe l i ve 111 povei te an d 111 abstin ENCE,An ‘
d borel folk i n richESSE an d dispENCE.
God wot, quod h e , labour ed h ave I feel sore ,An d special ly fo r thy sal vaTIONHave I sayd man y a p1ecious o r i son .
CONDITIONAL FORM OF THE VERB.
An d after that a roasted pigges h ed ,
(But I n ewolde for me n o beest WERE (led).
AS saith Sen ek, t h at du r i n g h is estat,Upo n a day, out I‘ldEN k n ightestwo ;An d, as I‘ ortun eWold that i t WERE s o ,T hat on of hem cam e h ome, that oth er n oug h t .
68
ron as &c. ,—Nor PERSONAL BUT POSSESSIVF. PRONOUNS .
An d t h erefore may ye see t hat our praieresBen to the h ighe God m ore acceptabl eT han youres, wi th YOUR festes at your table.
I’ARTICIPLE.
Accordan t to h i s wordes was his chere ,As helpet h art of speech hem that i t l ere.
ME, THEE, HIM THINKETH USED BY CHAUCER .
ME t h i n ket h t h ey hen l ike Jovi n ian ,
Fatasawhal e, an dwalken asa Swan .
Us though t i t was n otwo r th to make i t wise ,An dgran ted h im wi t h outen m ore avi se .
ALLER— GEN. OF ALL.
Shall have a supper at your allER cost,Here i n th is p lace s i tti n g by t h i s p ost .
Up rose our Hoste, an dwasour allER cok,An dgadered us toget h er i n a flock.
IMPERATIVE IN ETH.
NowdraWE'
rH eutte or t h at ye fart h er twin n eHe wh i c h t hat hat h t h e S h ortest s hal begin n e .
Ne studie'
rH n oug h t ; lay han d to every man ,An on to drawen every wi g h t began .
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE .
We may have a Taste of C haucer’s styl e, i n h i s Descri pti on
of t h e sudden sti r an d fear that happe n ed on theCook’
sbei n gri ed away by a Fox.
T h e sel y W i dowan d h er Daug h terstwoHerde t h e Hen n Es cri e an d make wo,An d at t h e DorE sterte t h ey an on ,
An d sawthe Fox towarde t h e wood goN,An d bare upon h i s back the Co cke away,An d cri ed outHarowan d
!
wel l away .
Aha, t h e FOXE, an d after H-EM t h ey ran ,
An d eke wi t h stavEsman y an ot h er man ,Ran , Col l or Dog, Tal bot an d eke Garlon de,An dMalki n wi th h er d istaff in h er h on de .
Ran Cowan d Cal fe, an d eke t h e very HoggES,For t h ey so sore aferdewere of t h e DoggEs,An d s h outi n g of men , an d ofwome n eke,They ran so , h er hertE t h oug h t to breke .They yellEN as fen des d o in hellT h e Duckes crieD asmen would t h em quel l .
In at t h e hal l e dore al Soden ly,T h er cameak n ig h t upon astedeofbras,
GAVIN DOUGLAS ,B I S H O P O F D U N K E L D .
GAWIN DOUGLAS, Bis h op of Dun keld , was born i n t h e en d of
1474, or t h e begi n n i ng of 1475 , two years after t h e b i rth ofJames IV .
Sir D . L i n dsay, whowas con temporarywi t h Bishop D ouglas ,i n formsust hat “theBis h op’s works arem ore t han five Demp
ster specifies on l yfive but t h e Bis h op h imself alludes to a sixt h .
T h e five of wh i—bh Dempst er gives us' a particular li st, arePalatiums Hon oris, Aurem Narrati o n es , Com edies Saerae, V ir
gilii (En eis-S
'
coti‘
cisrythm is tran slata, L i ber de R ebus Scoticis.
The Palace of’
Hon our wh i ch t h e Bis h op wrote wh en h e wasabout 27 years of age, . is an Al legorical‘ Poem , design ed to S h owthevan ity
'
ofworldl y “ pomp , an d t h e Fel i c i ty of Vi rtue .
Of t h e AuremNarrat i on es, an d t h e Comed ia Sacrae,we can given o oth er accoun t t han t hat t h e former was probably a s h ort Treatise orr Heat hen Myt h ol ogy, an d the latter an amusi n g descripti on of great
'
an d virtuous c haracters, taken from Sacred an d
Profan e History;
TheBook de R ebus Scoticis, ATreati se on Scoti s h Affai r s,"
was probabl y t hat sen t to P'
olydore, in 13520, or 1521, t h e year
ofGawi n Douglas’sdeat h .
ANALYSIS OF BISHOP DOUGLAs’sSTYLE.~
I. His Ort h ograp hy i s n ot UNIFORM.
II. HE, SHE, HIM, m s, OUHAM, are appl i ed to t h i n gs i n am ~
mate, as,An d lyke as t h e grete roc h e crag wi t h an e sounFrom t h e top of sum m on tan e tuml
'
yt doun ,Quhen that it i s ouer symte wi t h win dis blast,Or wi th t h e drum l y schouris spate down cast,Or t han be lan g procesof m on y z eris,Lowsi n g away t h e e rd an d away we r i s ,Ismadeto fal an d tom bilwi t h allHIs S\Ve0ht,.Lyke tilanewikkythil of hugewec h t,
71
HaldyngHrs farde t h e discen ce of t h e bra,VVyth m on y skyp an d sten d baith to an d fra,Quhyl t hat HE schoutys fer 011 t h e plan e groun d ,An d all that h e ower rekysdoys con foun d ,Woddys, heirdis, flokkys, cattal an d men ,Ouer welteran dwyth HYM in the depe glen e
III. Z i s used for u or y, wh en u or y begi n sa syl lable, or
”
is
a con son an t, (assom e term it,) as ZE, ZEAR , for ye, year, an d
SULZE, cheiuz es, for sulye, chein yes, o r as t h ey are n ow spelt,So i l , c hai n s .
T h e plan is eik an d SULZE of Cel en e .
IV. Y i s som etimes om i tted for t h e sake of t h e vers e ; as, 53.
for say, da for day.
V . Wi i s sometimes used i n stead of 0115, asrichtwis for rig h teon s, wrangwis for wrangous.
VI . U i s gen eral l y employed for o an d 00, an d on the con
trary, o i s frequen tl y used for a, as buke for book, luffor J ove,ton e for tun e.
VI I . V an d U areused prom i scuously. W ‘ i s used for u, an d
sometimes 11 for w, asbewty for beauty, doun for down .
V I I I . T i s often omi tted before c h, as cach e for catc h . Tc h
or c h i s used for k, as pik for p i tc h . T i s sometim es added to
t h e en d ofwords, as cauchtfor catc h . D i s frequen tl y c han ged
i n to t an d t i n t’o d, asstan dart for stan dard, boddoum for bottom .
IX . S an d c are often used for each other, asdecistfor desist,rai s for race.
X. Quh i s always used for wh , as, qubyte for wh i te, or h ypo
cri ti cal .
An d h i s dissimillitslek itwourdesQUBYTE.’
XI . Words wh i c h n ow have 11 afterg, have i tbefor g, as, ri ngfor reign .
XII . L i s Som etimes usedwh ere i t i s n ow om i tted, an d om it
ted wh ere it i s n owused, asawalk , awake, foufor ful l .
XII I . K or kk i s often put for ct, as, con trakk for con tract.
XIV. I i s gen eral l y p r i n ted as i . I an dy areused promiscu
ously for eac h ot h er, an d i i s ofte n used for e an d u, asi n vy for
en vy, si n dry for Sun dry .
XV. H after sisoften om i tted or turn ed i n to an ot h er 5 , asbus
for bus h , wissit for wish ed .
79
XVI . F is frequen tl y used for v, an d v for f, asluf for love ,wiflis for wives, l i ve for l i fe. V i s gen eral ly emp loyed i n stead of
f for t h e sake of verse .
XVI I . E i s frequen tly foun dwh en wen owuse ee, ea, ae, eo, y or
ie, an d before 11 or wwh ere i t i s n ot n owused , as, ken e for kee n ,tre for tree, pece for peace, susten e for sustai n , boun tefor boun ty,roul e for rul e. E1 i s som etimes used for ea, as, reik for reac h .
XVI I I . D , i n im i tati on of t h e Fren c h i s sometim es om i tted,as, plege fer pl edge, avice for advi ce. D i s foun d for th , an d thfor d
, as fader for father, tythi ngs for ti d i n gs . De i n i tial i s
used wh ere we do n ot n ow use i t, an d vi ce versa, asdefaid for
faded, gre for degree.
XIX. C is put betwee n s an d h , before h wh en we n ow
use g, gen erally om i tted before k, an d som etimes turn ed i n to k,as, sc h ort for S h ort, riehtfor rig h t, n ek for n eck, skattir for
scatter.
XX . A l etter i s added sometimes to t h e en d of aword , or n earit, som etimes to t h e b egi n n i n g of i t, an d sometimes taken away,sermon d for s erm on , adoun for down , armon y for h arm on y .
X X I. I t den otes t h e Partici ple of t h e Perfect Ten se, t h e t h i rd
person si n gular of verbs, an d ed. 1t h i s put for eth.
His feri s alBASIT t h e clam our h i e.An d followan d t h ei r chiftan e, h e an d h e .
XXII . I s i s t h e sign of the plural n umber, of t h e gen i tive
si n gular, an d t h e secon d person S i n gular of verbs .
XXII I . Twowords n ow separated arejoin ed i n to on e, wordsn ow j oi n ed were t h en separated, an d som et imes j oi n ed , an d
som etimes separated , as t ocam for to com e, wi t h all for wi t hal ,over flowis for overflowes, perordour for per ordour.
XXIV. To i s prefixed to ve rbs an d parti ci ples , as, to lame,for lam ed, to bristsfor bursts, t o quaki n g for quake.
T h e dere so dedelie woun dit, an d to LAMEUn to h i s kyn d ressettgan fleing h ame.
To before al si gn ifies altoget h er, as, all to sc hai k, t h at i s , altoget h er shaken .
X X V . Man y wo rds n ow fo rmed from t h e sup i n e of Lati nve r bs we r e fo rm ed f r om t h ei r p r ese n t ten se, as exprem e for ex
press, propone for propose, diffoun dedfor diffused.
74
t hat, wh i c h ; afte1°
,-of, asbefore SO ON as; d o, be, have, i s , are,
the, I, an d par ti cles of t h e same descri pti o n .
Quham t h e Troyauis so awfull felt i n arm es,An d dred sa oft h i s furour, WRO CHT thaym harmes.
’
X L. T h e accen t gen e ral l y fal l s upon t h e sam e syllabl es except
on the last syl labl e of the ve r se, t h e n umber of syl lables int h e verses are un equal , but t h i s i n equal i ty may i n a great mea
sure be accoun ted for by con tracti on s or el is i on s , an dd izereses ord ivi s i on s of syl lables . Rutulian emust be scan n ed , t h us ,Doun bet an e R ut’l’an e h ec ht Emathio; an d bran e , t h us,
Quhil blude an d bra—en e alltogiddir m i xt.’
Huge i s often of two syl lables , as,Quhilk wassa HUGE, bot to his estate.
’
I s at t h e en d of words Som etimes makes a separate syl lable,Sometimes n ot, as,
T h e BATTELLIS an d t h e man I wi l l discriue,FraTROYIS boun dIs fi r st t hat fugitiue,By fate to lt-al i e com e. ’
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.
T h e words i n SMALL CAPITALS are to be referred to t h e rul esgi ven . T h e derivat i on of all t h e words may be traced by referen ce to SAXON DER IVATIVES .
Or FOR to 'se thaym mac h i t on t h e gren e,Bereue t h e bargan e wyth thare wappin n isken e .
’
An d Son e As h e persauisquhare t h at wen t .
N OR Se t hat NO man be swereNOR SLAW to rinTyl our haistyun set wewyl
’
begyn .
An d fei l tymes defen ditt h e, an d forbadTo go t h e way t h ou BEGUNNYING had.
0 h i e Prin ces, quham to Jup i ter hasGRANTTo bei ld an e n ew ci ete, an d to dan tT h e v i ol en ce of proude folk by just law.
0 z e sa happy saul is, TELLITH me,An d t h ou, mai st soueran e poet, SCHEW,
quod SCHE.
An d thare eldaris of Troy wreik an d reven ge,
An d t h e tempyl of Mvn erue POLLUTE clenge.
75
An dwyth hyr Soli s first d id mark the GR OUND,
Wi th darti"s ken e , an d lredisscharplie GROUND.
T hat un der e r t h , or law in h e] doun BENE,O r i n the fomy seyisstremes gre n e .
Than lat vs stri n e t h at realme fo r “ to PO SSEDE,T h e QUHILK was hecht to Ab raham an d hi s sedeLord , that vs wrocht an d bocht, g raun t vs that hal d .
T h e craggis al about t h is rolk WAS worn c,W'
ith wedderis blast TO HOLKI'I’ an d TO SCHOENE .
A. GOOD‘ COUNSELL FOR EUERY MAN TO“
DO ‘ AS THEY W'
OLDE
DONE UNTO .
Be n ot ouer studyous to spy an e mote in . myn E ,
T hat i n z ou r awi n an e ferrye bot CAN NOT se,An d do to me, as WALD be don e toN ow hark schirris, thare i s NAmar e adoQUHA l i statten d , GYFFIsaud ien ce an d d raw n ere '
,
ME thocht V i rg il BEGO UTH i n th i s MANERE.
THE SPACE, TYM-E, AND DATE OF THE. TRANSLACIOUN OF
BUKE .
Completitwas t h i s we rk Virgi l ian e ,Apoun the feist of Marye Magdalan e,Fr
‘
a Cristi s bi r th t h e date QUha l ist to h ere,An e thousan d fyue hun d r eth an d thretten e YereQuh ilk fo r vth ir g rete occupacioun layV n sterit cloi s bes ide me m o n y an e dayAn d n euirtheles, quidder l SERF t h an k or wyte,Fra tyme I thareto set my pen to wryte,(T h ocht God wate gi f t h i r boun diswer fulwydeTo me, that had si c besin es besyde,)Apoun thiswyse, asgod l ist
‘
LEN me grace,I t was compilyti n an chten e mon ethisspaceSet Ifei l syith si c twa mon ethis i n fe r eWrate n euir an ewourd, n or m i cht the volum e stere,For g raue materis , an d g r ete sol l i ci tude,That al si c laubourefe r bes ide me stude,An d t hus grete skan t of tim e, an d besy cu r e,Hasmade mywe rk mar e subti l an d Ob scure
,
An d n ot SO PLESAND as i t aucht to be .
Quharfore, ZE cu rtes redaris, perdoun me;Zewritarisa] , an d gen ti l redaris eik,O ffen dis n otmy volume, I beseik ,
76
BOT rode lele, an d tak gude ten t in tyme,Ze n outhir magi ] , n or m ismeter my rym e,N O R al ter NOT mywourdis, l 2 011 pray .
Lo t h i s i s all, bewschirris, haue gude day.
CONCLUSION .
Now ismywerk alfin IST an d com pl ete,
QUHom IouiS YKE, n or fyris birNAND hete,Nor tren SCHEAND swerd SAL defAYs, n or doun THR
Nor lan gproces of age, con sum es allth i n gQUhen t h at Vn k n awin day sal h im addres
,
Quh ilk n ot buton t h i s body powe r has,An d en dls the date of my n e vn certan e ei ldThe bettir par t of me sal be vpheil
’
d
Aboue the stem s perpetualy to ri n g,An d h ere my n ame reman e, but emparING 2T h rowOUT the yl e YclepIT Albion eR ed sal I be, an d SoUngwi th m on y on eT h us vp mypen an d i n strumen tlsful z oreO n V irgillis post I fix for euermore,Neuir from t h en s s i c matterIs to discriueMy muse sal n owbe clen e con templatiue,An d solitare, asdoith t h e b i rd i n cageSEN fe r bywar n e all i s my c
'
n yldlsage,An d of my dayis n ere passit the half date,That n ature sul d me gran ti n g, wel e I wate .
T h us sen I fei le doun sweyAND the bal lan ce,He r e I r esign e up Zoun keris obseruan ce;An dwy] derek my labouriseuermoirVuto t h e commoun welth an dGoddls gloi r .Adew, gud readerls, God GIF Zou algud n ycht,And eftir deith gran t vshisheuin ly lycht.
EDMUND SPENSER .
SPENSER was born i n Lon don , an d educated atPembrokeHal l ,i n Cambridge .
He was createdPoet Laureat to Queen El i z abeth , butfor som etim e, says Mr. Upton , he wore a bar r en laurel , an d possessed
on l y. the plaicewithout t h e p e ns i on .
It 15 said the Queen , upon h i s presen ti ng some poem s to h er,ordered him ‘
a gratui ty of'
a h un dred poun ds but that the Lo r dTreasurer objectin g to it, said , wi t h s corn of t h e poet, W hat
ail th i s for ason g T h e Queen repl i ed , T h en give h im what
is reason .
” Spen ser"waited for som e time , buthad t h e mortifica
ti on tofin d h imsel f di sappo i n ted of t h e Quee n’
si n ten ded boun ty .
Upon th i s he took a proper opportun i ty to p r esen t a paper toQuee n El iz abet h , i h the man n er of a peti ti o n , i n wh ic h . h e re
mi n ded h er of the orders s h e hadgiven , i n t h e followi ngli n es
I wasprom is’d on a time“
To have reason for my r h im eFrom t hat tim e un to t h i s season ,I h ave receivv’d n or r h ime n or reason
T h is paper p r oduced“ th e desi red effect, an d the Queen , n ot
wi t h out reprovi-ngthe Treasurer, imm ediate ly di rected t h e‘
pay
m en t of t h e h un dred poun ds s h e had first ordered.
C haucer an d Spen ser are t h e two an cien t En glish poet'
s, »who
seem , asawr i ter observes, to have taken deep root, l ike old Bri t’
isltoaksr an d to fl ouri s h in defian ce of allt h e i n juri es of time an dweat h er. Thes e two gen iuses were of a ve r y differen t ki n d .
C haucer . excel led i n h i s characters , Spen ser i n h is desc r ipti on s .T h e latter has been t h e fat h e r of m ore En gl is h poets than an yot h er offour wri ters, because h i s embel l ishm en ts of descri pti on ,the-m ost striki n g part of poetry, are r i c h an d lavis h beyon d com
pari’
som
I t is~ said t h at Cowley first caug h t h i s flam e by readi n g SpenScr;M i lton own ed h im for h i s origi n al;Dryden studi ed an d com
m en ded‘ h im;Gray habitual ly read him wh en h ewi shed to frame“
79’
h is t h oug h ts for compositi on , an d there are few em i n en t p'
o' ets inthe lan guage who have n ot bee n essen t ial l y i n debted to him .
Hi t h er, as to thei r foun tai n , oth er starsR epai r, an d i n thei r ur n s d raw golden ligh t.
’
His Fai ry Quee n i s more k n ewn an d celebrated t han an y ofh i s other wri'i ngs.
I t i s an Al legory, (con ti n ued Metap h or,) Fabl e, or Story, i nwh i c h , un der imagi n ar y pe r so n s or th i n gs, . i s s h adowed som ereal acti on or i n structive m o ral . In som e i n stan ces the c harn oters i n t h e Fai ry Queen ' have a‘
threefold al lus i on .
Glorian a i s at o n ce an emblem of true glory, an~Empress of
Fai ry-lan d , an d herMaj es y , Quee n El i z abet h . En vyi sa perso n ihed pass i on . an d al so a wi tc h , an d, wi th n o very chari tabl e i ns i n uati on , a type of t h e un fortun ate Mary Queen of Scots
"
. T h eKn ig h t i n dan gerous d istress i s Hen r y IV . of Fran ce—wan dt h e Kn ight of Maguificen ce, P r i n ce Art hur—an an ci e n t B r i tish h ero , i s t h e bulwark of t h e Protestan t faith i n the N et h erlan ds .
Upton , i n t h e preface to h i s edit i on of t h e Fairy Queen , ohserves t hat t h e fable has a begi n n i n g, a. m iddle, an d an en d.
The begi n n i n g is , t h e Bri ti s h P r i n ce saw . i n a. visi on t h e Fai ry
Q ueen , an d fel l i n l ove wi t h h er ; t h e m iddl e, h i s searc h after
h er, wi t h t h e‘
adven tures t hat h e un derwe n t; t h e en d, h i s fin di ngwhom h e soug h t .
lt i s t h e gradual advan ce of our languagei nto m odern pol i s h
an d succin tn ess t hat has n ow to be poi n ted out. In Spen ser we
m eet wi t h butfewof theAn glo-Saxo n i d i oms wh ic h are so com
mon in C haucer.Spen ser,
” says Campbel l , t h rew t h e soul of harm on y i n to
our verse, an dmade i t m o r ewarm l y, ten derl y, an dmagn ifice n tl ydescri ptive t han ever i t was before, wi t h a few excepti on s ,t han i t has ever been si n ce. We S hal l n owh ere fin d m o r e ai ryan d expan sive images of Vi si on ary t h i n gs, a sweeter ton e of sen
timen t, or a fin er flus h i n the colours of languageh than i n thi s
R uben s of En gl ish poetry . His expression , t h oug h an tiquated,i s beauti ful i n i ts an ti qui ty, an d l ike t h e moss an d it"y on som e
majesti c bui ld i n g, coverst h e fabri c of hislan guage wi t h roman ti c
an d ven erable associat i on s .
Wi t h regard to t h e time of his deat h , the i n scri pti o n on h is
m on umen t ere cted by R obert Devereux, i n form s usHeare lyes (expecti n g t h e seco n d comm inge of our Savi our
C h rist Jesus)the bodv of Edmun d Spen ser, thepri n ce of poetsi n
80
histyme;wh ose d ivi n e spi ri t n eeds n oe ot h er wi tn ess , t h an t h eworks wh i c h he l eft be h i n d h im . He was born e i n Lon don i n
t h e year 1510, an d d i ed i n t h e yeare 1596.
His stan z a con si sts of n i n e verses of the h eroi c ki n d , in wh i c ht h e lstan d 3d, t h e 2d 4th , 5 t h , an d 7th , t h e 6th , 8t h , an d 9th,rhyme to on ean ot h er, asi n the fol lowi n g i n stan ce
En forst to seeke som e covert n igh atHAND,Ashadie grove n ot farr away th ey SPIDE,That prom istayde the tem pest to WithsTAND,Whose loftie trees, yclad wi th summ ers PR IDE,Did spred so broad t hat h eaven s l ig h t d id HIDE,Not perceabl e wi th power of an y STARR ;An d allwi t h in were path es an d alleiesWIDE,W i t h footi n g worn e, an d l eadi ngi nward FARRE,Fai re harbour t hat t h em seems, so i n t h ey cutted ARRE.
li st and Sid—hand—wi t h stan d .
2d, 4th , 5th, an d 7th—5pide—pride—hi de—wide.6th, 8t h , an d 9th—starr—farre—arre.In order to preven t so man y J i n gl i n g termi n ati on s i n on e
Stan z a, hesom etimes i n troduces hemistics, t husAn daftert h em h erself eke wi t h h er wen tTo seke t h e fugi ti ve (completed i n the secon dedi ti on ) bothfarre an d n ere.
Healso makes twowords, t h ough sp el t the same, yet i f of dif
feren tsign ification s, to r h ym e to each ot h er.P h oebus, wh i c h i s t h e sun HOTE,T hat s h i n et h upon eart h HOTE.
An d commi ngwh ere t h e kn ig h t i n slumber LAY,T h en seemed him his lady by h im LAY .
B. I. , c. L , ST. 47.0
Yet isCleopoh sfor earth ly FAMET h e fai rest peeceT hat covet i n t h e immortal booke ofFAME.Buton e of you, a] be hym l ot h e or LEFE,He must go pi p ih i n an ivi e LEFE.
even alters, adds, an d takes away a l etter.Buttemperan ce, said h e, wi t h golden SQUIBE, (square)Betwi xt t h em bot h can m easure outam ean e,Ne i t h er tom eet i n pleasures whodesmn .
B. c. I. , ST. 58.
Som e mouth’
d l ike greedy ostryges, some FASTE (faced)L ike l oat h l y toadcs, some fash i on ed in t h e wasteL ike swi n e.
a. M., c. ST. 58.
89
T h oug h Spen cer’s styl e i s n ot n ow R eputable, Nati on al , an dPresen t, yet we have reason to i nfer t h at i t
“
was o n ce deemedElegan t , for i t i s said by h i s con temporar i es t hat to Puri ty an dPerspi cui ty , h e added all t h e graces of Figure an d Harmo n y .
His Metap h ors, bot h Elevatin g an d Person i fy i n g , are gen eral l y
sui tabl e, Wel l c h osen , an d striki n g. He seldom crowds t h em on
t h e sam e obj ect, pursues t hem too far, or blen ds Metap h o r i cal
an d Plai n lan guage;an d i f h i s Metaphors are occasi on al l y m ix
ed , it is because t h ey are agreeabl e to n ature, an d thereforesui tabl y suggested : Som e of h i s Person ification sare very bold ;i n an imate obj ects n ot on l y l i ve, butt h ey actan devm cc emoti on ;t hus,
Upon the top of all h i s loftie crest.ABOUNCH of n am es discolon rd di versl y ,W i th spri n kled pear l e an d gold ful l r i ch l y drest,Did s hake, an d seem ed to DAUNCR for JOLLITY .
T h e obj ects from wh i c h h e d rewhis compari son s, were aecom
m odated to t h e n ature of h i s subject, an dmust have been kn ownto m ost of h i s readers .T h e resemblan ce di rect or an al ogous i n h i s S im i l es, IS seldom
ei ther too striki n g or too remote.
Am on g t h e Al l egori es i n Can to X ., i t i s impossible n ot to
d isti n gui sh t hat ven erab le figure of con tem plati on i n h i s‘ h erm i t s
age on t h e top of a h i ll , represen ted asan oldman alm ostwasted
away i n study,”
Wi t h sn owy l ockesadown e h i s s h oulders s h ed ,AsHOARY f r ost wi t h span gles‘
doth atti reT h e massy braun c h es of an oke h alfe DED.
T h e R esemblan ce, impl i ed or expressed i n t h e fol l owi n g figures
(of speec h ,) is to be traced, an d reason s are to be assign ed fort h ei r n aturalan d harmon isingsuggestion .
T h e l ig h t wh i c h i s l et i n to t h e h ouse ofRi c h es, i sSuc h Asa lamp, wh ose LIFE dot h FADE AWAY ;Or ast h e m oon , CLOATHED wi t h cl oudy n ig h t .
Agian t’sfal l i s Asan aged tree,
W h os e HART-STRINGS wi t h KEENE steel e n ig h HEWEN be ;T h e m ightie trun ck , h al f ren t wi t h RAGGED RIFT.
Dot h rol l adown e t h e rocks, an d fal l wi t h fearefulldri ft.
T h e fol lowi n g verses are a beautiful m em orial of thefrien d
sh i p wh i c h Spen ser con tracted wi t h S i r Wal ter Raleig h , described un der the n ame ofthe S h ep h erd of t h e Ocean :
83
Isate, aswasmy trade,U n der t h e FO OT ofMole, that moun tain here,Keepi n g my sheep am on gst the cooly s hadeOf the gree n alders, by theMulla
’s shore ;Th en a stran ge shephe rd chan c
’
d tofin d me out,WVh ither al lured wi th m y pi pe
’s del i g h t,Whose pleasi n g soun d yshrilled far about,O r t h i ther led by c han ce, I kn ow n ot ri g h t ,Wh om , wh en I asked from what place he came,An d how h e h ig h t h im-self he d id. ycleepT h e S h ep h e rd of the Ocean by n am e,An d said h e cam e far from . themai ns-sea deep .
He si tti n g me bes id e, i n that sam e s hadeProvoked me to p lay some p leasan t fit,An dwh en h e h eard t h e musicke that Imade ,He foun d h im self ful l g r eatl y pleas
’ilat i t.
Yet,aemul i n g m y pipe , h e took i n h on d
My p i pe, befo r e t hat aemul ed of man y,An d plai d t h e r eon , for wel l t hat ski ll he con
’d,Himself as ski lful i n t hat artasan y.
T h e last Can to of t h e Secon d Book, bei n g design ed tot h e trial‘
of t h e vi rtue of Temperan ce, aboun ds wit h the m ost
p l easurabl e ideas , wh i c h the fan cy of the poet could suggest .
Spen ser has two stan z as desc r i pti ve of a garden an d foun tai nIn t h e latter stan z a, wh i c h isan im i tati on of Tasso, he seems
to make t h e musi c h e descri bes . ”
Eftsoon es t h ey h eard am ost m el odious soun dOf all t hat m o r e delight adai n tie eare,Suc h asat o n ce m igh t n oton l ivi n g g r oun dSave in t h i s paradi se , be heard elsewh e r eR ig h t hard i t wasfor wight wh i c h d i d i t h eareTo read what m an n e r musicke that m ote bee,For all t hat pl eas i n g i s to l i vi n g car eWas t h ere con s o r ted i n on e harmon ee
Birdes, voi ces, i n strum en ts, wi n des . waters , allagree
T h e j oyous birdes, s h rouded in chearfull s hade,Thei r n otes un to t h e voi ce attempred sweetTh’ an gelicall s oft t r em bl i n g voycesmadeTo th
’ i n strumen ts of d ivi n e respon den cc m eet ;T h e si lver-soun ded i n strumen ts d i d m eetW
'
i t h the base murmur e of t h e water’s fallThe wate r ’s fal l , with differen ce di sc r eet,N owsoft, n ow l oud , un to th e wi n d d id cal l ;T h e gen tlewar bl i n g wi n d lowan swe r ed to all.
B. M . , C . VIII. , ST. LVIII.
I t i s n ow recomm en ded to t h e Studen t to explai n thepecularities of t h e style, an d trace t h e Deri vati on of t h e words foun di n the Fraieres Tal e (of t h e Can te rbury Tal es ,) an d t h e last
Can to of t h e Se con d, Book of t h e Fai ry Queen .
844
DEFIN ITIONS AND REFERENCES.
S ee Saxori Derivatives.
Page 44. Am essage, ofmessages ,14 . Ben e , h ear ty, pleasan t, from ben us , (bon us)18 . Bi n g, heap , pi l e , cumulus .14 . Compl i n , even i ngson g, s i n gi n g i n gen e ral .9. Con dign , deserve, from con dign er.
Couth , were n otable , imp of CANAN , to be abl e .2 1. Dar’d , terrified , from DERIAN, to h urt. make dear.
See Sax. Der . page 45 .
15 . Ferthi ng, a very smal l Spot .44 . Fewmen ye, few i n n umber.
Sec Sax. Der. page 44.
F. Gauz e, a dart, javelm , or arrow.
Han tit, f r om han tan , to frequen t , -HAUNT.
16. Hiddir, a lurker , from R YDAN . Hen ce “ H IDE an d seek .
21. Hote, n amed , t h e imp. of HAE’
I‘AN .
See Sax. Der . page 42 .
O 43 . Hyn t, sn atc h ed , from HEN'
I‘AN.
See Sax . Der . page 43 .
26. Kerved , carved , cut, imp. of KERFAN .
44 . Mel l e, co n test, fig h t, battl e, from m el l ee .Lat. Barb . melleia. He n ce Chan ce—MEDLEY.
21. Mote, must, from mustan , oportet, i t be h oves .25 . Mott, m easured , imp. of METAN.
See Sax. Der . page 43 .
3 5 . Mydlit, m ixed, from MENGAN.
See Sax . Der. page 44.
3 1. N i l l , n ewi l l , will n ot.
49. Offeran dis, offeri n gs . F . offeran des; Lat. ofleran da.
24 . Raug h t, cared , imp. of RECCAN, to reek , care .Ray, a rogue, a kn ave, a poetaster .
See Sax. Der . page 35 .
R i c h t, n ow, just n ow, lately .
R ote , wh eel , from rota. Hen ce rotatory.
3 5 . Ben c h , roug h , from ROWAN , to row.
3 5 . Sam en , at the sam e time, toget h er.Sceith , s h eat h .
27—43 . Se h e, s c h o, seo , h eo, h i o- s h e .
27. Selde, seldom, from seld , an d don e.9—10. Sen , si n ce.
See Sax. Der . page 13 .
27. Swon ken , from SWINKAN, to labour, breat he.
30. Tal l y, a cleft p i ece of wood to score an accoun t uponby n otc h es . ”
See Sax. Der. page 22 .
49. Turn es , turfs, from TURFAN to d ig or cut.Tyte, qui ck ly, from TIAN, to ti e.
See Sax. Der. page 22.
5 1. Yeftes, gifts .See Sax. Der . page 5 an d 6.
19. Ywis, certai n l y . Gise, Sax. ;Yea, Du. ; I s, C . Br.Yes .
See Sax. Der. page 19.
(‘
OmrnO llal'
eu n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(lon eion zn i u
(ion firmare(lon n eotere n
(Im i tei ei c n
(‘
rt uel‘
c . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(‘
orrun ipere
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(J‘
l65 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 . C . Q . Q . O . O . 0 .
(Illl(l(llcs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(‘
llll. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
—110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Un stodu
01 V10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Db all) . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dzigian . .
l).lbtdld 0 . 0 0
Dasti igzm
Deal .
Decrcscelf: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Qg—si -34u
Deep . .
Deman
Dermn
Dic iar‘ O O O O O O Q O O O O O O O O O
Dim ittere. .
0 0 r0 0 0 0
l)ippau. .
Biscei n ereDispen sare
Dispon ele . .
Dissn n ulare
DISSlpale u
Dividere
-0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
D ulzm
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dolt
Doom
1)0t0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
l’llllgll . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
Don n ” .
30
” leer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40
INDEX .
00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
r
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. l ' O O O O C C O O Q Q Q O O O O O
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. . O O O O Q O O O U Q O O O Q Q O
.n0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
8—lO—ll
I O O O O O O O
Elin n
El‘ ipere . .
Et
Exculvle
Exlialation “
00 " 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
. O
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0-0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-0 0
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 ° 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
” 33—45
4-3
33
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
14'
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 p 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. . D O O O O O C O O I O C Q O O
Fl‘orm .
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
‘0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O . 0 0
. Q O C O O O O
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C . 0 0 0 0-0 0 0 .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 ‘
0 0
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. Q Q O C O O O D O O O O O O O O
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
D1 ith
lh on c
Ulon k cDlought
lh um
DlyUrvm zm
Dn clian
Dn lnDum bDunDungDu nclh
’
n an
Dvn gonD)ttau
37—38 -13
Factum mFaeganFacgcn ianFdellanFaunFa n ‘ inaFai th "
PdnFang”
Fau nFare
FaughFenFon gan1'mmFldem da le"
FieldFien dFigercFm doreFinge rFm igcanFlareFlectcrclil on gb 10“ e
17—31
3 1‘21
43
91—3 1
43
F0 11Poub hotForFoulFolgifi
'
Foxmm o
FoulsFox‘sFm thPovereFrangerFree z e
Om berGmulGaun tGeutoGe-gi fanC c-lomr.
Ge—hyn mrGol anCoki ngGe-lema n
Gcn oganGe
GeregmGestram .
Getan
C i n 'ere
miGiulGirdleGisanGladeGl eamGliofianG loom .
Gn yttanGO , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gon e . .
Good '
Goomllv, good l i keGon efl ownGraba n
GrattGramenG1assGraueG1ave
Grcn izmGrotzmGleyG r i eveG1imG roomGroove
G lot
(h ub, gm che, grudge0 0 o . 0 .
Gllilc o . 0 0 O . I . O . l . 0 . 0 0 Q .
Gui l t ”n ull. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
l lm l
v tm
Gym nl dan n
H
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C Q O O O O O O O H O O O O O O 91
92
4141
lb
4343
4343
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Qfl
16
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90—92—3”
—23—31)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41
91
92l 39
4141
16
43Houfan11817" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
l-h c haveF1| |l0 0 0 0 . 0 C I O . 0 . O . 0 .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
l_llt0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HlidanHlxfianHh hanHlisrm .
Hlywan u n
lLeman .
Howl .
Hrim n n
0
J
1 01‘l(li00lrc. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
INDEX .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
J LlllgL‘ lCou . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 3-0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
I
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Luccsccrc0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lufi.nn .
0 .
IJ Y0 0 Lyt
‘
t—Oll0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t o 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ke’
2‘
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0fi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kcil . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
K i lk . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
lfillefld 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kllcca 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ¢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
li llll lc . t § 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lad. . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 . 0 O O O U Q O O Q
L'
lgu - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Leavcn u
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Len gth ” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 0
Len gian
Ile‘ssg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
IJ ester0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ile\V . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
IJ i(1 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O .
Q Q O Q Q O I O O O O C
0 0 0 0 0 0
M irth
M iscere
NIlb b iVQb . 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
M n :
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mmdele
MO
M ouldLlef
L1 |t
Limpian
Loco‘ “
Ln -cvzm
L’xn dll 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. . Q O O Q O Q O Q O I O Q D O
Im dereL'l'l
‘
dll
Lon eLon g
10 Il()k 0
IF“. LOqU I
ld
lelum nIt has
Ill Lose .
Imp, impan u Lossn u 0 0
Imo Lo rd.Inln elin m e Loud
In f-a n twe
In hm dn mInfivm e"
In flammareIn torthIn naIn s t eadIn t elIlmsci n
In ‘ itum tam-re
Is to doMadMadefacereMaemaestMakan d
MaltMumsMany
Bi cadM eadowPACdleth n o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
M elcanM emoran dumM en ganMcn ye
McwanMergeleM essM e ta l), m eteM et ersM eteyardWlt'tian
M nlch , n n lk
M in tM inor .
Na'led O O O O O Q O
Near. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N ecesse . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NectcreuNeed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NeedS is0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N csh
B' e i t . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N etL
Y
ext0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N IClle. . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N i c kN igll. ‘
N il] . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00
N i fl i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N i t i . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N OOk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nod . 0 0 0 0 04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N Odeoo 0 0 00 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N 00k 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N 01Ch . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nord. . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N 0rth0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N un ] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N llmD. . 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nyman . .Nymthe n n o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0O bedireu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 bstruere. .
O bservare. ‘ O . 0 . 0-0 0 0 0 . l .
O ccludereo(ld . 0 0 0 0
(t h er 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0
a lan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gi loth o0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O f-dulle ‘ 00 0 0 0 0 C O 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 .
O ldO O O Q Q O O . 0 . 0 . O . . O
on , an 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
on ' butan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O llbutfl n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
onO n era re 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 n e8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O n ly 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0n 1e8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
ope. . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Open.O peral
‘
eu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
orn M e. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O rr-80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O the rOut,011mOuttakc6‘Owh
7
INDEX .
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O . O .
0 0
0 .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41—4 3
0 .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. 0 0 0A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
QQllam 0u . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 04 0 0 0 0
Quay. .
‘
R0 0 00 0 0 0 0 04 0 0 0 0 38-4 0—4 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Q Q O Q O Q Q O O O O O O O
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10—15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 .
O . 0 .
0 0 0 .
S0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
60-0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 00
0 .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O O O C O C O O Q Q O O D O
0-0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O .
O Q Q Q O O O O C I O O O Q O O -O
. g O Q O O Q C O O O O O I Q Q O O
0 . 0 . 0 .
Pain 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pagean tPan erePanParcrePat e l] 0 0 0 0 0 0
Peck
PerPeregrePerm i tterPertorare
I’ialll’i tanPl igh tPl edgePlightanPluerePlusPlurimumPlan tare . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pert inerePi nP i t
Pon dmst. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pon erePot ins. 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
PortaPockPokePoun dPox.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PolluerePmccean .
Prehen dere
RakeRathRapereRatherRa th est
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Recn n
Reck eRex-k
RefzmReh igerareResoum l.mdResoumlm gReta i lRcvenen dReveltere
He“ ald0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O . 0 . 0 . Q . . 0 O . 0 0 O .
R iff-m l?R igR icyanR ifiginR i
R'
R ive O . C . 0 0 C . 0 0 C . O . 0 . 0 0
R0b0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RoburRockRodeRoch eRocketn an
Rogue .
Ronge .
RoomRos
Rosen0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RoseusaumRowe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RumaRumin areRymaJIO O 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 .
in g0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SandSarireSat isSan atlve.Satisfacere
SayS ayaudeSaving.
Sca ldS ca laSca leScareSceadanSchawisSoi tanScoreSchroudSco tScowl
Se r idan
Scyppan
Sed. ‘ Q 0 0 . 0 0 0 . O . C . O . O . O .Seethe
0 . O . O . O . 0 .
Se m curvare
Sen t , sen dzmSeonSt-mel
SeparateSeparatlm
Sepelileu
Serpere0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ShardShawSha leShak eShave.Shed
U n tellyble
Upon “
Upperm ostUs
lJtCIQ\lc ou t o . o . o . 0 0
V
V ilh c n v O O Q O Q . -0 0 0 . 0 0
V en dele
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
V est i reV iC illuso o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
0 0 0 0 c o o.
V ircsccre
V i ta l0 0 0-0 0 0 0 t o
0 . t o
Wa l lwan iafl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 p 0 0
wan e . . u 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0
Wan t" o o o o o o -o o o t o
ward . n o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 .
Warm0 0 0 0 o o c o o o
INDEX .
5
0 0 0 .
o o o o o o c o o c o o o c oo
n o . 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 o . n o
O . 0 . 0 .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
eo n . o . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O I O Q
“Toto
O . 0 .
‘VreCk . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
W'
rctchedu
O . O . 0 . 0 .
0 0 0 .
0 0 0
0 .
. o o o o o o o o o o c o o o o o o c
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Y eovcn
0 .
-0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
o o o c o o o o ‘ i o o g .
.0—0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
WeltWelk m
Wen chWanWestWet a“ 0 0 n o o . 0 0 o . o .
W heelWh i le
Wha t cann ot beut tered.Wh at ought n o t to beutt eredW | 101e0 . o0 0 0 C . 0 . O .
W iccian
W ickedo . c o a . o . t o t o o . o .
W illiganW illiam
Win c ianW in kW i tanW i th
V V ithe
W i ican
“7mWri n ganWlist. .
Wrustan
WrongW roth .WWW iyganWrythan
Wyrman
Wyrht
Wyrth zin -utanwytllutan Q O C O O . O . 0 0 0 .
YardYardwandYareYarnYea 0 . 0 .
Yel kYell. . 0 0 . o o o o o o o o o o o
Yest erdayXreStYO O C Q C O O O
YetY ldan
Yok eY OId. o o t o 0 0 0 0 0 0 a . o .
Yppan
Yrsian
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PAGE .
6 Forgang» , r eadgam e .
6 For a fetlderit, le ad or fcddt r i t .9 For lan d, le ad [all/dcf.9 For V i rgi l, lead V i rgi l.
For he,he, read bi , be.
12 For heyeause, l e ad Ly ca'usz .
For daic,r ead daic’.
29 For i t cast him,lead i t cas t (sen te) h im .
For ing i s from , red ing(as som e u'
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