An Age of Asian Technology

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    An Age of Asian Technology, AD 700-1100

    History of Science & Technology in non-Western Civilizations is a relatively new

    field of study.

    History of science and technology inChina:

    Joseph eedha! "#$%% #$$'(

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    SCIENCE ANDCIVILISATIONIN CHINA SERIES ) volu!es

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    The in e!ac ion "e #een $o$%la ionan& echnology

    *ncreases in population have often +een aspur to technological innovation,

    especially when !ore food and othernecessities have to +e produced fro! afi ed area or land.

    Survival technology/ 00 ew croppingpatterns in China, West 1sia, and 2urope

    fro! 13 )%% 000 technological change

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    4reat Sil5 6oad 00 Trade andtechnological change

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    Trade in lu ury goods+etween China and West1sia was a sti!ulatingfactor in technologicalchange +oth in the Westand the 2ast.

    2 port of Chinese sil5was a sti!ulus to te tileindustry in the West.

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    Chinese paper-!a5ing

    techni7ues spread as a

    result of contacts along

    the trade routes.

    *ranian wind!ills +eca!e

    5nown in China which

    eventually led to invention

    of a different type of

    wind!ill there.

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    Trade lin5s also !eans that co!!ercialprosperity in one region could influenceecono!ic conditions in very distantareas.

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    W. H. 8c eil, historian,

    says: the growth ofco!!erce in China

    during centuries on

    either side of the year

    #%%%/ was such that it

    tipped a critical +alancein world history.

    William Hardy McNeill, (bornOct. 31, 1917, Vancouver, B.C.,Can.), prominent historian whoseThe Rise of the West, coveringthe entire span o recor!e! humanhistor", ha! a ma#or e ect onhistorica$ theor".(Encyclopedia Britannica)

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    6apid 2 pansion of *ron *ndustry in China

    He+ei and Henan provinces: *ron ore 9coal

    Wood or charcoal fuel for furnaces was+eco!ing scarce +ecause ofdeforestation, and the e pansion of the

    iron industry depended on an increaseduse of coal and co5e.

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    He"ei i!on-#o!'ing

    The drawing +ased on theearliest 5nown picture of a

    +last furnace in China,dating fro! # ;

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    =iao 2!pire

    He+ei& Henan*ron *ndustry

    Canals

    Chinese

    I!onIn&%s !y

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    Chinese Hydraulic 2ngineering

    %pi$$wa"s & 'oun! $oc s

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    Total output reported +y a( officials : >,'%% tons per year in 13 $$?

    - $%,;%% tons in #%@;- #>',%%% tons in #%)?

    Liao h!ea : Song China +uilt up an

    enor!ous ar!y, e ceeding

    #%%%,%%% !en +y the #%;%s

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    8uch of the iron produced in the He+eiregion went to !anufacture !ilitarye7uip!ent: suits of ar!or, 1rrow-heads "#@,%%%,%%% iron arrow-heads

    per year for the cross+ow !en.

    Ather users of iron:

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    The north of the country, in the ellow6iver +asin, has a cool cli!ate, and theecono!y depended on wheat and !illetcrops rather than rice.

    00 4radual !ove!ent of far!ers to thewar!er, wetter southern regions "also+ecause of the Jin tartars threat(

    1 s!aller area of landthere had to support thegrowing population

    and feed the ar!y.

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    The 4overn!ent *nterference:

    *ntroduction of a new variety of rice fro!Cha!pa, in what is now Dietna!: Cha!parice 000 7uic5-growing rice

    * Could +e planted early, leaving ti!e after it washarvested for a second crop to +e grown.

    * *t could +e grown on land where there was aninsufficient water supply for ordinary rice.

    - Ere-!odern 6&3

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    4eography and Technology:*sla!ic territories: 3ry cli!ates

    *!portance of irrigated agriculture

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    The pro+le! of water:3ry lands in the 8iddle 2ast

    QanatsDams

    +++ Survival Technology

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    the Qanat

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    the Qanat

    http- www."outube.com watch/v0 a72 $1wu45

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    oria

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    Persian Windmill

    I &i O T! &

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    In&ian Ocean T!a&e

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    Spread of:

    *ndian Cotton *ndustry Steel 8a5ing 00 3a!ascus steel *rrigationF Wind!illsFla+or-saving

    techni7ues Ship-!a5ing technology Spice F Bood trade 4unpowder Co!pass Erinting press

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    Ane of the !aGor the!es of 1sian history is

    the relationship +etween the no!adic

    peoples of the northern grasslands and

    the settled civilizations of China, *ndia

    and *ranian plateau.

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    )ongols* I n+asion of "o h I!an an& China* 1 0s

    8 l

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    8ongols:2cono!y: sheep and horse raising

    o 5nowledge of irrigated far!ing syste!s

    8aGor da!ages in irrigation canals and

    qanats3ecrease in food production led to decline ofpopulation in central *ran and *ra7

    Social tur+ulence in *sla!ic states00!igration of scholarsFscientistsFengineersto !ore westerly locations

    l h di

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    Horses were central to the no!adic

    econo!y

    2 port

    Transport

    8il5 9 fer!ented !il5 00 alcoholic drin5

    6iding for hunting F war

    The 5ey technology associated with the

    no!ads horses was the harness, and the

    5ey ele!ent here was the iron stirrup

    6he stirrup ha! evo$ve! in

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    6he stirrup ha! evo$ve! inChina an! 5ongo$ia in the 2 th centur", but was sti$$ notuniversa$$" use!. 6his gavethe noma!ic armies with theirmounte! archers a !ecisivea!vantage in man" con $icts.

    6he bow use! b" 6ur ish an!5ongo$ archers was a

    compoun! !evice use!anima$ pro!ucts such ashorn an! sinew as we$$ ashaving a woo!en rame.

    t was sti er to pu$$ than the8ng$ish $ongbow, eventhough it was ire! romhorsebac . t ha!consi!erab$e range an! a$etha$ e ect.

    The conse7uences of 8ongols invasion to *ran and *ndia

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    The conse7uences of 8ongols invasion to *ran and *ndia

    estructive e ects in $earning, techno$og",

    estruction o $ibraries, e!ucationa$ institutes,observatories, irrigation s"stems 8$imination o Bu!!hism in :. n!ia

    %prea! o some techno$ogies such asstirrup harness ma ing, spinning whee$s;

    S i i h l

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    Spinning wheels:

    The earliest clear illustrations of the spinning

    wheel co!e fro! )%(, and 2urope "c. #>?%(

    *t is said that the spinning wheel has an *ranian

    origin.

    Technological &ialog%e : there !ight +e

    nu!erous !inor innovations, and once the windingwheel was 5nown, so!e for! of wheel for spinning

    !ay have +een suggested to the !inds of a

    nu!+er of individuals in 7uite different places.

    * d d t i l i ti

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    *ndependent regional inventions:

    Thread produced in the *sla!ic countries

    "and 2urope( was always twisted to !a5e itstronger, whereas Chinese !anufacturers

    avoided it.

    8echanical devices to twist the thread have

    +een invented in the West rather than in

    China.

    C%l %! R li i & h l

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    C%l %!e, Religion an& echnology

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    The concept of Tool Complex and Technology

    Complex in Survival Technology

    o sign of co!plicated la+or-savingtechnologies "such as water !ills, co!pound

    pulleys, transfer of force using gears, etc.( in

    *ndia +efore the #>%%s.

    Was *ndia +ac5ward/ co!pared to *ranI

    Co!ple!entary tools

    6ole of 2nviron!ental conditions "cli!ate, soil,

    ecology( 9 ind of ownership 9 population density

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    E tron ge Science nd Technolog

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    Eatronage: Science and Technology

    *sla!ic fine technology

    The concept of prestige technology

    Technology connected with gardens

    Technology connected with

    astrono!y

    1uto!ata "

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    Islam in North Africa

    Transfer of:

    Islamic schools / Mos ues

    Irrigation systems/ !atermills

    Social revolution in dress

    in some "arts:#ich "eo"le ado"ted Islam $ut "oorer"eo"le continued to go nearlyna%ed&

    2urope after the #> th century

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    2urope after the #> th century

    *!proved agriculture Strong econo!y

    Trade with other states, especially 8usli!s

    3evelop!ent in educational syste! eed to learn practical 5nowledge, such as

    arith!etic, !edicine, astrono!y

    T!ansla ion )o+e.en

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    6he i usion o

    'aper 5a ing

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    Translations >.pdf

    Translation from Ara$ic to 'atin

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    ..>? %6 1@A %tar :ames =rabic atin.D$s

    Star Names: Ara$ic to 'atin

    T!ansla ion*

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    T!ansla ion* 1ra+ic to =atin

    4ree5, Syriac "ancient languages( to =atin

    2 pansion of 5nowledge 9 2ducationalrefor!00

    2sta+lish!ent of the first universities in 2urope"Kniversity of Earis: ##'%L A ford: ##@)LCa!+ridge: #>%$L Eadua: #>>>M(

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    3evelop!ent of the critical and co!+ativephilosophical tradition 5nown asscholasticis!.

    A!is o le/s scholas ic c!i ics&e+elo$e& i.$o! an al e!na i+esfo! so.e of his &oc !ines

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    0 %n$o#&e! 2ha& een no#n in China

    "efo!e AD 3004

    De$loy.en of Chinese enginee!s in I!an in he 1 70sT#o "oo's f!o. E )e&i e!!anean !egions in 1 50 &esc!i"e "o."s,

    !oc'e s an& fi!e-lances +e!y si.ila! o so.e y$es of Chinese #ea$on!y

    6A+aila"ili y of high-ni !a e$o#&e! &e+elo$.en

    of he 8fi!e-lance9

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    Transfer of technology 00transfor!ation

    The transfer of technology nearly always involve

    !odifications to suit new conditions, and often

    sti!ulate fresh innovations.

    0 Transfer of gunpowder recipes and so!e

    pri!itive hand-guns to 2urope

    0 *nvention of the Canon in 2urope

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    *ndependent inventionsSo!eti!es 7uite vague infor!ation fro! another country,

    or an unusual artifact, is sufficient +y itself to sti!ulate

    innovation in the recipient country 00 the telescope

    So!eti!es two artifacts are so difference that they !ust

    +e regarded as independent inventions000 Eersian

    wind!ills vs. 2uropean wind!ills

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    (arliest "icture of a(uro"ean cannon, )*+

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    6he parts o a cannon !escribe! in Eohn FobertsG The Compleat Cannoniere , on!on,12HI

    1!erica

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    1!erica

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    The possi+ility of highly developed civilizations in 1!erica was hardlygrasped +efore Cortes arrived in 8e ico in #'#$.

    Three !aGor civilizations: 8ayan, 1ztec, and the *ncas

    1griculture in the 8ayan civilization

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    1griculture in the 8ayan civilization

    *rrigation syste!s of the *ncas o iron, no wheel, no pulleys,M Technology Co!ple N The arrival of 2uropeans on the !ainland of

    Central 1!erica in #'# : 1 real disasterN Co!+ination of !ilitary con7uest and epide!ic

    diseases O disaster

    water 'and: - meters $y - ).. meters

    S!allpo

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    8easles

    o natural i!!unity 8e ico is thought to have had a population of >'-

    % !illion in #'%%L +y #'@), only a+out !illion

    re!ainedN

    Such a catastrophe led people to lose

    confidence in their own culture and institutions.* 2ffect on language

    * 2ffect on religion

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    n 'eru, irrigation base! on rivers !eve$ope! be ore the rise o ncas (13 th centur") , with $ong cana$s e! rom !iversion !ams. One cana$ was 11@ i$ometers $ongan! ha! been care u$$" surve"e!.

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    The )ongols of he seas

    *t see!s unli5ely that Chinese shipsever visited the 1!ericas +eforeColu!+us

    Chinese voyages in the #;%%s

    While the largest 2uropean vessels werea+out % ! long, Chinese ships were!ostly over #%% ! long.

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    Joseph eedha! s argu!ent:

    *ndependent invention is not an ade7uate

    e planation for si!ilarities +etween terraced

    cultivation in Eeru and China.

    6ope suspension +ridges in the 1!ericas andChina

    8aya calendar and Chinese Calendar 8ul+erry-+ar5 paper

    6he concept o step b" step !i usion o

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    p p ptechniJues

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    Pheng He "# )#-#; '(L Seven Doyages: #;%'-#;

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    Transfer of ship+uilding technology

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    p g gy The effect of hu!idity and heat on iron

    nails 2uropean ships could not +e used for

    !ore than >- years in the seasaround Southeast 1sia

    Aa5 Elan5 wor!/ Kse of *ndian wood

    3anish sea!en9 1ra+ !erchants 9Jewish cartographers

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    2 change with 2urope +efore #'%%s

    3evelop!ent of !ining in 2urope,especially 4er!any

    The i!portance of central 1!ericane ploration

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    Chinese trave$s to = rica-

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    The Renaissance

    The Scientific Revolution