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8/10/2019 An Age of Asian Technology
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An Age of Asian Technology, AD 700-1100
History of Science & Technology in non-Western Civilizations is a relatively new
field of study.
History of science and technology inChina:
Joseph eedha! "#$%% #$$'(
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SCIENCE ANDCIVILISATIONIN CHINA SERIES ) volu!es
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The in e!ac ion "e #een $o$%la ionan& echnology
*ncreases in population have often +een aspur to technological innovation,
especially when !ore food and othernecessities have to +e produced fro! afi ed area or land.
Survival technology/ 00 ew croppingpatterns in China, West 1sia, and 2urope
fro! 13 )%% 000 technological change
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4reat Sil5 6oad 00 Trade andtechnological change
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Trade in lu ury goods+etween China and West1sia was a sti!ulatingfactor in technologicalchange +oth in the Westand the 2ast.
2 port of Chinese sil5was a sti!ulus to te tileindustry in the West.
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Chinese paper-!a5ing
techni7ues spread as a
result of contacts along
the trade routes.
*ranian wind!ills +eca!e
5nown in China which
eventually led to invention
of a different type of
wind!ill there.
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Trade lin5s also !eans that co!!ercialprosperity in one region could influenceecono!ic conditions in very distantareas.
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W. H. 8c eil, historian,
says: the growth ofco!!erce in China
during centuries on
either side of the year
#%%%/ was such that it
tipped a critical +alancein world history.
William Hardy McNeill, (bornOct. 31, 1917, Vancouver, B.C.,Can.), prominent historian whoseThe Rise of the West, coveringthe entire span o recor!e! humanhistor", ha! a ma#or e ect onhistorica$ theor".(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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6apid 2 pansion of *ron *ndustry in China
He+ei and Henan provinces: *ron ore 9coal
Wood or charcoal fuel for furnaces was+eco!ing scarce +ecause ofdeforestation, and the e pansion of the
iron industry depended on an increaseduse of coal and co5e.
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He"ei i!on-#o!'ing
The drawing +ased on theearliest 5nown picture of a
+last furnace in China,dating fro! # ;
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=iao 2!pire
He+ei& Henan*ron *ndustry
Canals
Chinese
I!onIn&%s !y
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Chinese Hydraulic 2ngineering
%pi$$wa"s & 'oun! $oc s
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Total output reported +y a( officials : >,'%% tons per year in 13 $$?
- $%,;%% tons in #%@;- #>',%%% tons in #%)?
Liao h!ea : Song China +uilt up an
enor!ous ar!y, e ceeding
#%%%,%%% !en +y the #%;%s
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8uch of the iron produced in the He+eiregion went to !anufacture !ilitarye7uip!ent: suits of ar!or, 1rrow-heads "#@,%%%,%%% iron arrow-heads
per year for the cross+ow !en.
Ather users of iron:
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The north of the country, in the ellow6iver +asin, has a cool cli!ate, and theecono!y depended on wheat and !illetcrops rather than rice.
00 4radual !ove!ent of far!ers to thewar!er, wetter southern regions "also+ecause of the Jin tartars threat(
1 s!aller area of landthere had to support thegrowing population
and feed the ar!y.
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The 4overn!ent *nterference:
*ntroduction of a new variety of rice fro!Cha!pa, in what is now Dietna!: Cha!parice 000 7uic5-growing rice
* Could +e planted early, leaving ti!e after it washarvested for a second crop to +e grown.
* *t could +e grown on land where there was aninsufficient water supply for ordinary rice.
- Ere-!odern 6&3
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4eography and Technology:*sla!ic territories: 3ry cli!ates
*!portance of irrigated agriculture
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The pro+le! of water:3ry lands in the 8iddle 2ast
QanatsDams
+++ Survival Technology
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the Qanat
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the Qanat
http- www."outube.com watch/v0 a72 $1wu45
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oria
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Persian Windmill
I &i O T! &
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In&ian Ocean T!a&e
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Spread of:
*ndian Cotton *ndustry Steel 8a5ing 00 3a!ascus steel *rrigationF Wind!illsFla+or-saving
techni7ues Ship-!a5ing technology Spice F Bood trade 4unpowder Co!pass Erinting press
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Ane of the !aGor the!es of 1sian history is
the relationship +etween the no!adic
peoples of the northern grasslands and
the settled civilizations of China, *ndia
and *ranian plateau.
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)ongols* I n+asion of "o h I!an an& China* 1 0s
8 l
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8ongols:2cono!y: sheep and horse raising
o 5nowledge of irrigated far!ing syste!s
8aGor da!ages in irrigation canals and
qanats3ecrease in food production led to decline ofpopulation in central *ran and *ra7
Social tur+ulence in *sla!ic states00!igration of scholarsFscientistsFengineersto !ore westerly locations
l h di
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Horses were central to the no!adic
econo!y
2 port
Transport
8il5 9 fer!ented !il5 00 alcoholic drin5
6iding for hunting F war
The 5ey technology associated with the
no!ads horses was the harness, and the
5ey ele!ent here was the iron stirrup
6he stirrup ha! evo$ve! in
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6he stirrup ha! evo$ve! inChina an! 5ongo$ia in the 2 th centur", but was sti$$ notuniversa$$" use!. 6his gavethe noma!ic armies with theirmounte! archers a !ecisivea!vantage in man" con $icts.
6he bow use! b" 6ur ish an!5ongo$ archers was a
compoun! !evice use!anima$ pro!ucts such ashorn an! sinew as we$$ ashaving a woo!en rame.
t was sti er to pu$$ than the8ng$ish $ongbow, eventhough it was ire! romhorsebac . t ha!consi!erab$e range an! a$etha$ e ect.
The conse7uences of 8ongols invasion to *ran and *ndia
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The conse7uences of 8ongols invasion to *ran and *ndia
estructive e ects in $earning, techno$og",
estruction o $ibraries, e!ucationa$ institutes,observatories, irrigation s"stems 8$imination o Bu!!hism in :. n!ia
%prea! o some techno$ogies such asstirrup harness ma ing, spinning whee$s;
S i i h l
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Spinning wheels:
The earliest clear illustrations of the spinning
wheel co!e fro! )%(, and 2urope "c. #>?%(
*t is said that the spinning wheel has an *ranian
origin.
Technological &ialog%e : there !ight +e
nu!erous !inor innovations, and once the windingwheel was 5nown, so!e for! of wheel for spinning
!ay have +een suggested to the !inds of a
nu!+er of individuals in 7uite different places.
* d d t i l i ti
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*ndependent regional inventions:
Thread produced in the *sla!ic countries
"and 2urope( was always twisted to !a5e itstronger, whereas Chinese !anufacturers
avoided it.
8echanical devices to twist the thread have
+een invented in the West rather than in
China.
C%l %! R li i & h l
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C%l %!e, Religion an& echnology
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The concept of Tool Complex and Technology
Complex in Survival Technology
o sign of co!plicated la+or-savingtechnologies "such as water !ills, co!pound
pulleys, transfer of force using gears, etc.( in
*ndia +efore the #>%%s.
Was *ndia +ac5ward/ co!pared to *ranI
Co!ple!entary tools
6ole of 2nviron!ental conditions "cli!ate, soil,
ecology( 9 ind of ownership 9 population density
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E tron ge Science nd Technolog
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Eatronage: Science and Technology
*sla!ic fine technology
The concept of prestige technology
Technology connected with gardens
Technology connected with
astrono!y
1uto!ata "
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Islam in North Africa
Transfer of:
Islamic schools / Mos ues
Irrigation systems/ !atermills
Social revolution in dress
in some "arts:#ich "eo"le ado"ted Islam $ut "oorer"eo"le continued to go nearlyna%ed&
2urope after the #> th century
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2urope after the #> th century
*!proved agriculture Strong econo!y
Trade with other states, especially 8usli!s
3evelop!ent in educational syste! eed to learn practical 5nowledge, such as
arith!etic, !edicine, astrono!y
T!ansla ion )o+e.en
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6he i usion o
'aper 5a ing
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Translations >.pdf
Translation from Ara$ic to 'atin
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..>? %6 1@A %tar :ames =rabic atin.D$s
Star Names: Ara$ic to 'atin
T!ansla ion*
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T!ansla ion* 1ra+ic to =atin
4ree5, Syriac "ancient languages( to =atin
2 pansion of 5nowledge 9 2ducationalrefor!00
2sta+lish!ent of the first universities in 2urope"Kniversity of Earis: ##'%L A ford: ##@)LCa!+ridge: #>%$L Eadua: #>>>M(
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3evelop!ent of the critical and co!+ativephilosophical tradition 5nown asscholasticis!.
A!is o le/s scholas ic c!i ics&e+elo$e& i.$o! an al e!na i+esfo! so.e of his &oc !ines
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0 %n$o#&e! 2ha& een no#n in China
"efo!e AD 3004
De$loy.en of Chinese enginee!s in I!an in he 1 70sT#o "oo's f!o. E )e&i e!!anean !egions in 1 50 &esc!i"e "o."s,
!oc'e s an& fi!e-lances +e!y si.ila! o so.e y$es of Chinese #ea$on!y
6A+aila"ili y of high-ni !a e$o#&e! &e+elo$.en
of he 8fi!e-lance9
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Transfer of technology 00transfor!ation
The transfer of technology nearly always involve
!odifications to suit new conditions, and often
sti!ulate fresh innovations.
0 Transfer of gunpowder recipes and so!e
pri!itive hand-guns to 2urope
0 *nvention of the Canon in 2urope
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*ndependent inventionsSo!eti!es 7uite vague infor!ation fro! another country,
or an unusual artifact, is sufficient +y itself to sti!ulate
innovation in the recipient country 00 the telescope
So!eti!es two artifacts are so difference that they !ust
+e regarded as independent inventions000 Eersian
wind!ills vs. 2uropean wind!ills
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(arliest "icture of a(uro"ean cannon, )*+
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6he parts o a cannon !escribe! in Eohn FobertsG The Compleat Cannoniere , on!on,12HI
1!erica
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1!erica
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The possi+ility of highly developed civilizations in 1!erica was hardlygrasped +efore Cortes arrived in 8e ico in #'#$.
Three !aGor civilizations: 8ayan, 1ztec, and the *ncas
1griculture in the 8ayan civilization
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1griculture in the 8ayan civilization
*rrigation syste!s of the *ncas o iron, no wheel, no pulleys,M Technology Co!ple N The arrival of 2uropeans on the !ainland of
Central 1!erica in #'# : 1 real disasterN Co!+ination of !ilitary con7uest and epide!ic
diseases O disaster
water 'and: - meters $y - ).. meters
S!allpo
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8easles
o natural i!!unity 8e ico is thought to have had a population of >'-
% !illion in #'%%L +y #'@), only a+out !illion
re!ainedN
Such a catastrophe led people to lose
confidence in their own culture and institutions.* 2ffect on language
* 2ffect on religion
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n 'eru, irrigation base! on rivers !eve$ope! be ore the rise o ncas (13 th centur") , with $ong cana$s e! rom !iversion !ams. One cana$ was 11@ i$ometers $ongan! ha! been care u$$" surve"e!.
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The )ongols of he seas
*t see!s unli5ely that Chinese shipsever visited the 1!ericas +eforeColu!+us
Chinese voyages in the #;%%s
While the largest 2uropean vessels werea+out % ! long, Chinese ships were!ostly over #%% ! long.
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Joseph eedha! s argu!ent:
*ndependent invention is not an ade7uate
e planation for si!ilarities +etween terraced
cultivation in Eeru and China.
6ope suspension +ridges in the 1!ericas andChina
8aya calendar and Chinese Calendar 8ul+erry-+ar5 paper
6he concept o step b" step !i usion o
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p p ptechniJues
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Pheng He "# )#-#; '(L Seven Doyages: #;%'-#;
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Transfer of ship+uilding technology
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p g gy The effect of hu!idity and heat on iron
nails 2uropean ships could not +e used for
!ore than >- years in the seasaround Southeast 1sia
Aa5 Elan5 wor!/ Kse of *ndian wood
3anish sea!en9 1ra+ !erchants 9Jewish cartographers
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2 change with 2urope +efore #'%%s
3evelop!ent of !ining in 2urope,especially 4er!any
The i!portance of central 1!ericane ploration
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Chinese trave$s to = rica-
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The Renaissance
The Scientific Revolution