An Age of Asian Technology

8/10/2019 An Age of Asian Technology

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An Age of Asian Technology, AD 700-1100

History of Science & Technology in non-Western Civilizations is a relatively new

field of study.

History of science and technology inChina:

Joseph eedha! "#$%% #$$'(


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SCIENCE ANDCIVILISATIONIN CHINA SERIES ) volu!es


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The in e!ac ion "e #een $o$%la ionan& echnology

*ncreases in population have often +een aspur to technological innovation,

especially when !ore food and othernecessities have to +e produced fro! afi ed area or land.

Survival technology/ 00 ew croppingpatterns in China, West 1sia, and 2urope

fro! 13 )%% 000 technological change


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4reat Sil5 6oad 00 Trade andtechnological change


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Trade in lu ury goods+etween China and West1sia was a sti!ulatingfactor in technologicalchange +oth in the Westand the 2ast.

2 port of Chinese sil5was a sti!ulus to te tileindustry in the West.


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Chinese paper-!a5ing

techni7ues spread as a

result of contacts along

the trade routes.

*ranian wind!ills +eca!e

5nown in China which

eventually led to invention

of a different type of

wind!ill there.


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Trade lin5s also !eans that co!!ercialprosperity in one region could influenceecono!ic conditions in very distantareas.


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W. H. 8c eil, historian,

says: the growth ofco!!erce in China

during centuries on

either side of the year

#%%%/ was such that it

tipped a critical +alancein world history.

William Hardy McNeill, (bornOct. 31, 1917, Vancouver, B.C.,Can.), prominent historian whoseThe Rise of the West, coveringthe entire span o recor!e! humanhistor", ha! a ma#or e ect onhistorica$ theor".(Encyclopedia Britannica)


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6apid 2 pansion of *ron *ndustry in China

He+ei and Henan provinces: *ron ore 9coal

Wood or charcoal fuel for furnaces was+eco!ing scarce +ecause ofdeforestation, and the e pansion of the

iron industry depended on an increaseduse of coal and co5e.


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He"ei i!on-#o!'ing

The drawing +ased on theearliest 5nown picture of a

+last furnace in China,dating fro! # ;


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=iao 2!pire

He+ei& Henan*ron *ndustry

Canals

Chinese

I!onIn&%s !y


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Chinese Hydraulic 2ngineering

%pi$$wa"s & 'oun! $oc s


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Total output reported +y a( officials : >,'%% tons per year in 13 $$?

- $%,;%% tons in #%@;- #>',%%% tons in #%)?

Liao h!ea : Song China +uilt up an

enor!ous ar!y, e ceeding

#%%%,%%% !en +y the #%;%s


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8uch of the iron produced in the He+eiregion went to !anufacture !ilitarye7uip!ent: suits of ar!or, 1rrow-heads "#@,%%%,%%% iron arrow-heads

per year for the cross+ow !en.

Ather users of iron:


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The north of the country, in the ellow6iver +asin, has a cool cli!ate, and theecono!y depended on wheat and !illetcrops rather than rice.

00 4radual !ove!ent of far!ers to thewar!er, wetter southern regions "also+ecause of the Jin tartars threat(

1 s!aller area of landthere had to support thegrowing population

and feed the ar!y.


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The 4overn!ent *nterference:

*ntroduction of a new variety of rice fro!Cha!pa, in what is now Dietna!: Cha!parice 000 7uic5-growing rice

* Could +e planted early, leaving ti!e after it washarvested for a second crop to +e grown.

* *t could +e grown on land where there was aninsufficient water supply for ordinary rice.

- Ere-!odern 6&3


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4eography and Technology:*sla!ic territories: 3ry cli!ates

*!portance of irrigated agriculture


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The pro+le! of water:3ry lands in the 8iddle 2ast

QanatsDams

+++ Survival Technology


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the Qanat


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the Qanat

http- www."outube.com watch/v0 a72 $1wu45


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oria


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Persian Windmill

I &i O T! &


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In&ian Ocean T!a&e


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Spread of:

*ndian Cotton *ndustry Steel 8a5ing 00 3a!ascus steel *rrigationF Wind!illsFla+or-saving

techni7ues Ship-!a5ing technology Spice F Bood trade 4unpowder Co!pass Erinting press


25/69

Ane of the !aGor the!es of 1sian history is

the relationship +etween the no!adic

peoples of the northern grasslands and

the settled civilizations of China, *ndia

and *ranian plateau.


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)ongols* I n+asion of "o h I!an an& China* 1 0s

8 l


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8ongols:2cono!y: sheep and horse raising

o 5nowledge of irrigated far!ing syste!s

8aGor da!ages in irrigation canals and

qanats3ecrease in food production led to decline ofpopulation in central *ran and *ra7

Social tur+ulence in *sla!ic states00!igration of scholarsFscientistsFengineersto !ore westerly locations

l h di


28/69

Horses were central to the no!adic

econo!y

2 port

Transport

8il5 9 fer!ented !il5 00 alcoholic drin5

6iding for hunting F war

The 5ey technology associated with the

no!ads horses was the harness, and the

5ey ele!ent here was the iron stirrup

6he stirrup ha! evo$ve! in


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6he stirrup ha! evo$ve! inChina an! 5ongo$ia in the 2 th centur", but was sti$$ notuniversa$$" use!. 6his gavethe noma!ic armies with theirmounte! archers a !ecisivea!vantage in man" con $icts.

6he bow use! b" 6ur ish an!5ongo$ archers was a

compoun! !evice use!anima$ pro!ucts such ashorn an! sinew as we$$ ashaving a woo!en rame.

t was sti er to pu$$ than the8ng$ish $ongbow, eventhough it was ire! romhorsebac . t ha!consi!erab$e range an! a$etha$ e ect.

The conse7uences of 8ongols invasion to *ran and *ndia


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The conse7uences of 8ongols invasion to *ran and *ndia

estructive e ects in $earning, techno$og",

estruction o $ibraries, e!ucationa$ institutes,observatories, irrigation s"stems 8$imination o Bu!!hism in :. n!ia

%prea! o some techno$ogies such asstirrup harness ma ing, spinning whee$s;

S i i h l


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Spinning wheels:

The earliest clear illustrations of the spinning

wheel co!e fro! )%(, and 2urope "c. #>?%(

*t is said that the spinning wheel has an *ranian

origin.

Technological &ialog%e : there !ight +e

nu!erous !inor innovations, and once the windingwheel was 5nown, so!e for! of wheel for spinning

!ay have +een suggested to the !inds of a

nu!+er of individuals in 7uite different places.

* d d t i l i ti


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*ndependent regional inventions:

Thread produced in the *sla!ic countries

"and 2urope( was always twisted to !a5e itstronger, whereas Chinese !anufacturers

avoided it.

8echanical devices to twist the thread have

+een invented in the West rather than in

China.

C%l %! R li i & h l


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C%l %!e, Religion an& echnology


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The concept of Tool Complex and Technology

Complex in Survival Technology

o sign of co!plicated la+or-savingtechnologies "such as water !ills, co!pound

pulleys, transfer of force using gears, etc.( in

*ndia +efore the #>%%s.

Was *ndia +ac5ward/ co!pared to *ranI

Co!ple!entary tools

6ole of 2nviron!ental conditions "cli!ate, soil,

ecology( 9 ind of ownership 9 population density


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E tron ge Science nd Technolog


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Eatronage: Science and Technology

*sla!ic fine technology

The concept of prestige technology

Technology connected with gardens

Technology connected with

astrono!y

1uto!ata "


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Islam in North Africa

Transfer of:

Islamic schools / Mos ues

Irrigation systems/ !atermills

Social revolution in dress

in some "arts:#ich "eo"le ado"ted Islam $ut "oorer"eo"le continued to go nearlyna%ed&

2urope after the #> th century


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2urope after the #> th century

*!proved agriculture Strong econo!y

Trade with other states, especially 8usli!s

3evelop!ent in educational syste! eed to learn practical 5nowledge, such as

arith!etic, !edicine, astrono!y

T!ansla ion )o+e.en


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6he i usion o

'aper 5a ing


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Translations >.pdf

Translation from Ara$ic to 'atin


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..>? %6 1@A %tar :ames =rabic atin.D$s

Star Names: Ara$ic to 'atin

T!ansla ion*


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T!ansla ion* 1ra+ic to =atin

4ree5, Syriac "ancient languages( to =atin

2 pansion of 5nowledge 9 2ducationalrefor!00

2sta+lish!ent of the first universities in 2urope"Kniversity of Earis: ##'%L A ford: ##@)LCa!+ridge: #>%$L Eadua: #>>>M(


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3evelop!ent of the critical and co!+ativephilosophical tradition 5nown asscholasticis!.

A!is o le/s scholas ic c!i ics&e+elo$e& i.$o! an al e!na i+esfo! so.e of his &oc !ines


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0 %n$o#&e! 2ha& een no#n in China

"efo!e AD 3004

De$loy.en of Chinese enginee!s in I!an in he 1 70sT#o "oo's f!o. E )e&i e!!anean !egions in 1 50 &esc!i"e "o."s,

!oc'e s an& fi!e-lances +e!y si.ila! o so.e y$es of Chinese #ea$on!y

6A+aila"ili y of high-ni !a e$o#&e! &e+elo$.en

of he 8fi!e-lance9


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Transfer of technology 00transfor!ation

The transfer of technology nearly always involve

!odifications to suit new conditions, and often

sti!ulate fresh innovations.

0 Transfer of gunpowder recipes and so!e

pri!itive hand-guns to 2urope

0 *nvention of the Canon in 2urope


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*ndependent inventionsSo!eti!es 7uite vague infor!ation fro! another country,

or an unusual artifact, is sufficient +y itself to sti!ulate

innovation in the recipient country 00 the telescope

So!eti!es two artifacts are so difference that they !ust

+e regarded as independent inventions000 Eersian

wind!ills vs. 2uropean wind!ills


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(arliest "icture of a(uro"ean cannon, )*+


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6he parts o a cannon !escribe! in Eohn FobertsG The Compleat Cannoniere , on!on,12HI

1!erica


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1!erica


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The possi+ility of highly developed civilizations in 1!erica was hardlygrasped +efore Cortes arrived in 8e ico in #'#$.

Three !aGor civilizations: 8ayan, 1ztec, and the *ncas

1griculture in the 8ayan civilization


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1griculture in the 8ayan civilization

*rrigation syste!s of the *ncas o iron, no wheel, no pulleys,M Technology Co!ple N The arrival of 2uropeans on the !ainland of

Central 1!erica in #'# : 1 real disasterN Co!+ination of !ilitary con7uest and epide!ic

diseases O disaster

water 'and: - meters $y - ).. meters

S!allpo


58/69

8easles

o natural i!!unity 8e ico is thought to have had a population of >'-

% !illion in #'%%L +y #'@), only a+out !illion

re!ainedN

Such a catastrophe led people to lose

confidence in their own culture and institutions.* 2ffect on language

* 2ffect on religion


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n 'eru, irrigation base! on rivers !eve$ope! be ore the rise o ncas (13 th centur") , with $ong cana$s e! rom !iversion !ams. One cana$ was 11@ i$ometers $ongan! ha! been care u$$" surve"e!.


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The )ongols of he seas

*t see!s unli5ely that Chinese shipsever visited the 1!ericas +eforeColu!+us

Chinese voyages in the #;%%s

While the largest 2uropean vessels werea+out % ! long, Chinese ships were!ostly over #%% ! long.


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Joseph eedha! s argu!ent:

*ndependent invention is not an ade7uate

e planation for si!ilarities +etween terraced

cultivation in Eeru and China.

6ope suspension +ridges in the 1!ericas andChina

8aya calendar and Chinese Calendar 8ul+erry-+ar5 paper

6he concept o step b" step !i usion o


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p p ptechniJues


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Pheng He "# )#-#; '(L Seven Doyages: #;%'-#;


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Transfer of ship+uilding technology


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p g gy The effect of hu!idity and heat on iron

nails 2uropean ships could not +e used for

!ore than >- years in the seasaround Southeast 1sia

Aa5 Elan5 wor!/ Kse of *ndian wood

3anish sea!en9 1ra+ !erchants 9Jewish cartographers


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2 change with 2urope +efore #'%%s

3evelop!ent of !ining in 2urope,especially 4er!any

The i!portance of central 1!ericane ploration


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Chinese trave$s to = rica-


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The Renaissance

The Scientific Revolution

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An Age of Asian Technology