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7/30/2019 AMPOL Lecture Slides
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ampol-lecture-slides 1/44
CH. 10:Congress
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Congress
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Congress’s Place in Our Constitutional System
• Bicameralism – the system of having two chambers withinone legislative body, like the House and the Senate in the
U.S. Congress.
Two-year terms in the House
Six-year terms in the Senate
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Women and Minorities inCongress
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Fenno s Concentric Circles
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The Job of a Member of Congress
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Congressional Behavior andVoter Behavior
Voters are typically not informed enough tomonitor their representatives.
However, members of Congress behave as if voters were fully informed, because anyissue might become salient in the next
election.
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Understanding Congressional (In)action
Gridlock – an inability to enact legislation
because of partisan conflict within Congress
or between Congress and the President
Electoral Connection – the idea that
congressional behavior is centrallymotivated by members’ desire for
re-election
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North Carolina Redistricting, 1992
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Origins of the IncumbencyAdvantage
Gerrymandering – attempting to use the
process of redrawing district boundaries to
benefit a political party, protect incumbents,or change the proportion of minority voters
in a district
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House Incumbency Re-electionRates, 1948–2010
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Senate Incumbency Re-electionRates, 1948–2010
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Elections and Member Behavior
Home style: a Congressperson’s way of
relating to their district
Many Members of Congress (MCs) are called
the Tuesday-to-Thursday club because
they spend so little time in Washington.
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The Responsibility–Responsiveness Dilemma
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Casework ( ConstituencyService )
Constituency service includes:
• Using the franking privilege to stay in touch with
voters• Doing casework to help voters with large federal
bureaucracy
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The Role of the Constituency
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Informal Norms
Universalism: As manydistricts as possible
should reap rewards or legislative benefits.
Reciprocity (logrolling):I’ll scratch your back if you scratch mine.
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Informal Norms (continued)
Specialization: Members become experts onspecific issues; this helps members claim
credit.
Seniority: maintains order and helpsincumbents win re-election.
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The Structure of Congress
The Speaker, Majority
Leaders, and Whips aredecided by straight
party-line vote.
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Party Votes in Congress, 1962–2009
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Party Unity in Congress, 1962–2009
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The Committee System
Standing Committee - permanent part of the House or Senate
structure with more authority than other committees
Select Committee – created to address a specific issue
Joint Committee - contain members of both houses but withlimited authority
Conference Committee - created to negotiate differences
between the House and Senate versions of legislation
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Congressional Rules
Open Rules – allows the addition of relevantamendments to a bill
Closed Rules – prohibits the addition of amendments to a bill
Modified rules – allows certain amendments to abill while barring others
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How a Bill Becomes a Law
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Oversight
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Reforming Congress
Potential reforms include:
• Term limits
• Filibuster reform• Strengthening parties
• Campaign finance reform
Many of these have either been tried and have notworked as planned or are under debate as to their
merits.
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Comparing Ourselves To Others
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Public Opinion Poll
Do you approve or disapprove of the way Congress
is handling its job?
a) Strongly approve
b) Approve
c) Disapprove
d) Strongly disapprove
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Public Opinion Poll
Do you approve or disapprove of the way your
member of Congress is handling his or her job?
a) Strongly approve
b) Approve
c) Disapprove
d) Strongly disapprove
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Public Opinion Poll
Do you believe we should have term limits for
members of Congress?
a) Yes
b) No
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Public Opinion Poll
Do you believe state legislatures should consider
the racial makeup of a district when
redistricting?
a) Yes
b) No
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Public Opinion Poll
Do you think it is important that the demographics of
Congress represent the social, racial, and
economic demographics of the country?
a) Yes
b) No
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Public Opinion Poll
When members of Congress cast a vote, which of
the following factors should typically most
influence their decision?
a) The interests of the country as a whole
b) The interests of their district or state
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Public Opinion Poll
Which of the following do you believe should be the
most influential factor in the voting decisions of
members of Congress?
a) The preferences of their constituents
b) The preferences of the president
c) The preferences of the members’ partyleadership
d) The members’ own ideology
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Chapter 10: Congress
Practice quizzes
Flashcards
Outlines
wwnorton.com/studyspace
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Following this slide, you will find additional
slides with photos, figures, and captions from
the textbook.
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Congress
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Congress
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Congress
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Congress
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Congress
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Congress
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Congress
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Congress