30
Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Amphetamine Toxicity

W. RahimiPharm D.

Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants

Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Page 2: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

آمفتامين با مسموميتمتيل / / / / افدرين آمفتامين مت متكاتينون دكستروامفتامين شامل

مترازين / / . فن هگزيدين پروپيل فنيديتو هذيان با همراه پارانوئيد حاد اسكيزوفرني مشابه مسموميت عالئم

توهم .است . كوكائين ترك از ناشي عالئم مشابه ترك عالئم

كاردي ) / تاكي است شديد سمپاتيك مشابه امفتامين حاد مسموميتو / ( / HTNترمور / كنترل قابل غير رفتارهاي گاه اريتمي هيپرترمي

حاد ) اسكيزوفرني با گاه بينايي يا شنوائي ، لمسي افتراقتوهمهايمشاهده ( . دوپامين از غني مناطق در نروني دژنرسانس شواهد دارد

بنام نروتوكسيني تشكيل بعلت كه است 6ميشود دوپامين هيدروكسيدارد . را آينده در پاركينسون ايجاد خطر كه

و آرام محيطي ايجاد شامل آمفتامين با مسموميت درمان اصولكلريد / BNZمصرف با ادرار كردن اسيدي اضطراب رفع جهت

سايكوز / ) ( . ضد هالوپريدول امونيوم

Page 3: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Psychoactive Substance

Psychoactive (psychotropic) substance is any substance which after absorption has influence on mental processes both cognitive and affective.

1. stimulative2. suppressive3. hallucinogenic

Page 4: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Mental and Behavioural Disorders Due to Psychoactive Substance Use

Disorders due to use of:F10.x alcoholF11.x opioidsF12.x cannabinoidsF13.x sedatives or hypnoticsF14.x cocaineF15.x other stimulants (caffeine)F16.x hallucinogensF17.x tobaccoF18.x volatile solventsF19.x multiple drugs and other psychoactive drugs

Page 5: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Specific Clinical Conditions Due to Psychoactive Substance Use:F1x.0 Acute intoxicationsF1x.1 Harmful useF1x.2 Dependence syndromeF1x.3 Withdrawal stateF1x.4 Withdrawal state with deliriumF1x.5 Psychotic disorderF1x.6 Amnesic syndromeF1x.7 Residual state, late-onset psychotic disorderF1x.8 Other mental and behavioural disordersF1x.9 Unspecified mental and behavioural

disorder

Page 6: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

AmphetaminesComparisonPowerful psychostimulants that markedly affect one’s mental functioning and behavior.They augment the synaptic action of several neurotransmitters (dopamine, Norepinephrine, and serotonin)Widely known as drugs of abuse

Page 7: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

AmphetaminesUsed and abused since 1930’s after reports of enhanced intellectual performance.Schedule I: MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)

(ecstasy), MDA, MDEA(3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine)

Schedule II: Adderall, Ritalin, etc. OTC: Ma Huang (ephedra), Sudafed

Page 8: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

AmphetaminesMechanism:

Enter neurons via serotonin/dopamine transporters, displace storage vesicles leading to NE, serotonin, and dopamine efflux. Catecholamine release leads to tachycardia, inc SVR, mydriasis, and hyperthermia.

Page 9: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

`

Amphetamine increases the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic cleft in 3 ways: (1) bind to the pre-synaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurones and induce the release of dopamine from the nerve terminal

(2) interact with dopamine containing synaptic vesicles, releasing free dopamine into the nerve terminal

(3) bind to the dopamine re-uptake transporter, causing it to act in reverse and transport free dopamine out of the nerve terminal. Amphetamine can also cause an increased release of noradrenaline into the synaptic cleft.

1

3

2

3

Page 10: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Psychological effectseuphoria, anxiety, increased libido, alertness, concentration, energy, self-esteem, self-confidence, sociability,

irritability, aggression,psychosomatic disorders,psychomotor agitation, grandiosity, repetitive and obsessive behaviors, paranoia,

with chronic and/or high doses, amphetamine psychosis can occur. Occasionally this psychosis can occur at therapeutic doses during chronic therapy as a treatment emergent side effect.

Page 11: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Acute ToxicityMay present paranoia, hallucinations, delusions agitation, seizures, palpitations, chest pain, Hypertension.Severe HyperpyrexiaHyponatremiaSecondary Conditions: Rhabdomyolysis DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation) Renal Failure Hepatic Necrosis GI Bleeding Diarrhea

Page 12: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Acute Toxicity

Thermoregulatory: up to 43 C°, which leads to rhabdo, DIC, multiorgan failureCV: tachy, inc SVR, HTN, dysrhythmia, late- hypotensionBrain HaemorrhagesNeuro: stimulant effects to comaElectrolyte: Severe Hyponatremia, acidosis and rhabdo changesGI: Hepatotoxicity and GI BleedingMSK: rhabdomyolysis Renal: ARF from rhabdo, DIC, shockHeme: DIC

Page 13: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Chronic Toxicity

Risk of vasculitisNeuropsychiatric abnormalities Damage to dopaminergic and

serotonergic neurons

Cardiomyopathy

Page 14: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Amphetamines containing drugs

AmphetamineMethamphetamine, Ritalin desoxyephedrineECSTASYSPEED, WHIZZ, METH, CRANK, GLASS, CHALK, UPPERS, FAST,TIC, ICE

+ + آیس ) آمفتامین ( 3یا 2تسبیح خطرناک اسید “Jib” (”Tinaو” متبلور ) آفتامین مت

Page 15: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

What is ICE?

"Ice" is a street name for crystal methamphetamine hydrochloride a smoke able, free-base form of potent, concentrated methamphetamine, which is a powerful, synthetic stimulant drug.

Page 16: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

What is ice?

Ice is more powerful than other forms of amphetamines.

It is more pure than the powder form of methamphetamine ("speed").

Ice often appears as large, transparent and "sheet-like" crystals that may have a hint of pink, blue or green colour.

Other street names for ice include "meth", "d-meth“ , "crystal", "crystal meth", "shabu" "batu", "tina" and "glass".

Page 17: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

What are the effects of Ice?

The effects of any drug (including ice) vary from person to person, depending on the individual's size, weight and health, how much and how the drug is taken, whether the person is used to taking it and whether other drugs are taken. Effects also depend on the environment in which the drug is used—such as whether the person is alone, with others or at a party.

Page 18: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Immediate effects of IceSoon after taking ice, a person may experience a number of psychological and physical effects including:• Euphoria and excitement;• Increased alertness, confidence and libido, more energy, feelings of increased strength, talkativeness, restlessness, repeating simple acts, and itching, picking and scratching;• Tremors of the hands and fingers;• Increased breathing rate, body temperature, blood pressure, a rapid and irregular heartbeat and excessive sweating; • Difficulty sleeping, reduced appetite, dilated pupils, dry mouth, stomach cramps, nausea, dizziness, blurred vision and severe headaches;• Abrupt shifts in thought and speech - potentially difficult to understand;• Nervousness, panic attacks, anxiety, paranoia; and • Irritability, aggression, hostility and "amphetamine psychosis", including hallucinations, paranoid delusions and bizarre behaviour.The variable purity of each batch of ice increases the risk of negative effects and overdose.If you use ice (or have a friend who uses ice) and experience any of these effects, it is important that you look after yourself. Check out the getting support section for more info. If you need urgent help, it is important that you call an ambulance immediately on "000".

Page 19: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

شیشه مصرف :عوارضجنون آمیزی ح نزند ركات سر هم زنجیری دیوانگان از شاید خما (كه ری(حالت پروستات دریچه عملكرد در شدید دفع اختالل به منجر هم که با اسپرم و ادرار

مصرف 6). میشود (ماه ،گوارش دستگاه در عفونت ایجاد صورت، جوش های و كبدی شدید آسیب های

جنس قوای تضعیف و شدید درد همراه به بیضه ها شدن كوچك ها، روده « ی خصوصا و نبوده ای ساده کار ها آن بیان که است ای گونه به شیشه توهمات

. شیشه مصرف از مدتی گذشت از پس ها ای شیشه نیست باورکردنیکنند می فکر ، دانند می خود دشمن را مردم همه ، شوند می بدبین « شدیدا

تا گرفته ب ، گ ، کا از امنیتی های فرد CIA سیستم ، هستند آنها دنبال همهخانه در حتی ، هستند او پاییدن مشغول جا همه در کند می تصور ای شیشه « شدیدا خود خانواده افراد نزدیکترین به اند، گذاشته کار مراقبت ابزار اشخود همسر به باشد متاهل اگر نیست، گفتن قابل که بدبینی شود، می بدبینبا وقتی ، نیستند او به متعلق فرزندانش که کند می فکر حتی شود می بدبینو بپذیرد را دیگران صحبت و حرف نیست حاضر هرگز کنند می صحبت اوفقط و کنند می اشتباه دنیا همه کنند، می اشتباه همه کند می فکر ، کند تاییداین ها ای شیشه جالب تفکرات از یکی ، کند می فکر درست که اوستبسیار اند شده شیشه کننده مصرف که زمانی از میکنند فکر که استمی را چیزهایی و اند شده دانایی های انسان به تبدیل و اند کرده پیشرفت

فهمند . نمی دیگران که فهمند

Page 20: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Long-term effects

Long-term use of ice can result in a number of health issues, including:  • High blood pressure and increased risk of heart-related complications such as heart attack and heart failure;• Malnutrition and rapid weight loss due to reduced appetite;• Sleeping problems; • Reduced immunity and increased susceptibility to infections due to the person not sleeping or eating properly; • Depression, anxiety, tension and paranoia; • Brain damage (there is some evidence that amphetamines may damage brain cells resulting in reduced memory function and other impairments in thinking);• Dental problems (from grinding teeth);• Smoking ice can damage the lungs;• Snorting ice can damage the lining of the nose;• Injecting ice can lead to scarring, abscesses and vein damage. Sharing injecting equipment increases the risk of contracting blood-borne viruses, such as Hepatitis B and C, and HIV.

Page 21: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

The behavioral states observed in high-dose amphetamine users:

Stereotypical behaviors include continual, purposeless, repetitive acts, sudden outburst of aggression and violence, paranoid delusions and severe anorexia

Page 22: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Use of amphetamine like drugs in treating adults, children and adolescents with ADHD

It is used to reduce aggressive behavior and activities characteristic of ADHD in children and in adults behavioral calming can also occur.

Page 23: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

What is meant by the phrase “Speed kills”?

It refers not only to a direct fatal effect of single doses of amphetamines but also to the deteriorating mental and physical condition that occurs in the addicted user

Page 24: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Ice Destroys Lives

Page 25: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Learning Points1. Hyperthermia has a broad differential, and drugs of abuse should be kept in mind.2. Watch for rhabdomyolysis, DIC, and multiorgan failure after hyperpyrexia.3. Amphetamines result in dopamine, NE, and serotonin release, catecholamine surge!

Page 26: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

THANKS!!

Page 27: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

What is Modafinil? How does is differ from amphetamines and what are its potential uses?

It is a nonamphetamine psychostimulant whose exact mechanism of psychostimulant action remains unclear, but is unique. It may potentiate excitatory glutamate neurotransmission and inhibit the activity of GABA neurons in the cerebral cortex and the nucleus accumbens, altering the balance between glutamate and GABA transmission.

Page 28: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

Potential uses of Modafinil:

Cognitive improvement in patients with Alzheimer’s diseaseUse in treatment of ADHDPotentiation of the action of anitdepressant drugs

Page 29: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

( ECSTASYاكستاسي )

www.newlifeclinic.ir

: عاميانه ECCY ،XTC ،X ADAM ،E-DIAMONDS ،MITSUBISHI ،LOVERS اساميSPEED ،CLARITY

: ظاهري ميگرددMETHYLENE-DIOXYMETHYL-AMPHETAMINE( MDM  ) ازشكل تهيهگوناگون هاي اندازه و اشكال به . قرص زا توهم تـامين آمـفي نـوعي از مايع كپسول، گرد، ،

. ميگردد تركيب افدرين و تـامين آمـفي كافئين، رنگ، و تالك پودر نشاسته، با معموال ميباشد، : استعمال .نحوه   تزريق استنشاق، و كردن دود خوراكي،

آني آن :اثرات اكستاسي 20اثر ميگردد، ظاهر مصرف از پس هم دقيقه و است محرك همزا تا توهم آن اثر ميگردد شديدتر احساسات و رنگها اصوات، خوشي، حس و انرژي افزايش ،6

آن ساعت از شده ايجاد حالت به ميماند،   ROLLINGباقي تامين آمفي شبيه اثراتش گـويند، مياحـساس ميباشد، اضطراب، تهوع، بنفس،احساس اعتماد افزايش قلب، ضربان افزايش

شديد احــساس تعـريـق، اشتها، كاهش يكديگر، بـه دنـدانـها سـايـيدن ديـگران، بـا صمـيـميت . مغز در سروتونين و دپامين تـرشـح دارد مي وا رقصيدن به را شما شادي، و گرمي .لذت،

فـعـالـيــت :خطرات پـي در و گـردد مي استفاده آن از كلوبها در بيشتر چون گرمازدگي،فرد اســت، خطرناك بسيار كه ميگردد بدن گرماي شديد افزايش سبب رقصيدن مانند شديد

از بيـش شدن رقيق سبب خـود ايـن كـه بـنـوشد فـراوان آب اسـت مـمـكن تشنگي رفع برايسـبـب و شـده خون سديم تعادل رفتن مــيان از و خــون بـدن حـد اعـضـاء هـمـچـون تـورم

و  افسـردگـي احـسـاس فـرد بـعـد روز دو يـكـي از پـس شـود، مي فرد مرگ نهايت در و مـغزدر ميكند، استفراغ، خـستگي گويي، توهم گردد، مي مغز و كليه كبد، به آسيب سبب مدت دراز

تشنج.

Page 30: Amphetamine Toxicity W. Rahimi Pharm D. Amphetamines, and Other Behavioral Stimulants Kermanshah University of Medical Science - RUDC

متامفتامین آمفتامين و 

www.newlifeclinic.ir

: عاميانه ،SPEED ،WHIZZ ،METH ،CRANK اساميGLASS ،CHALK ،UPPERS ،FAST - شيشه

  : ظاهري . شكل آنـكه بـراي قرص كپسول، خاكستري، يا و رنگ سفيد گرد

دود قابل ميكنند آمفتيامين كريستاليزه را آن گردد آن كردن به صورت اين در كهICE. ميگويند

: استعمال .نحوه خوراكي مايعات، درون حل يا و تزريق كردن، دود استنشاق،آني  : اثرات آن اعتماد  4الي 3اثر زدگي، هيجان ميگردد، ظاهر بعد ساعت

محرك يك خوابي، بي اشتها، كاهش انرژي، پر هوشياري، افزايش باال، بنفسميباشد.

از : خطرات پس خستگي و افسردگي اضطراب، احساس سبب مدت دركوتاهخشكي ديد، در اختالل تنفس، و قلب ضربان افزايش شود، مي آن استعمال

. سبب مدت دراز در قلبي سكته و ناگهاني مرگ خشونت، و سـرگـيـجـه دهان،. ميگردد مرگ و تشنج حافظه، و مغز به آسيب وزن، كـاهش وحشتزدگي، توهم،