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A MORAL BEING IN AN AESTHETIC WORLD: BEING IN THE EARLY NOVELS OF KURT VONNEGUT BY JAMES HUBBARD A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS English May 2015 WinstonSalem, North Carolina Approved By: James Hans, Ph.D., Advisor Barry Maine, Ph.D., Chair Jefferson Holdridge, Ph.D.

AMORAL!BEING!IN!AN!AESTHETIC!WORLD:! …...Sirens’of’ Titan , Slaughterhouse4Five ,and Breakfast’of’Champions .IwilluseMart in Heidegger’saestheticphenomenology!to!examine!how!Vonnegut!represents!notions!

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Page 1: AMORAL!BEING!IN!AN!AESTHETIC!WORLD:! …...Sirens’of’ Titan , Slaughterhouse4Five ,and Breakfast’of’Champions .IwilluseMart in Heidegger’saestheticphenomenology!to!examine!how!Vonnegut!represents!notions!

 

A  MORAL  BEING  IN  AN  AESTHETIC  WORLD:    

BEING  IN  THE  EARLY  NOVELS  OF  KURT  VONNEGUT      BY      

JAMES  HUBBARD    

A  Thesis  Submitted  to  the  Graduate  Faculty  of      

WAKE  FOREST  UNIVERSITY  GRADUATE  SCHOOL  OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES    

in  Partial  Fulfillment  of  the  Requirements    

for  the  Degree  of    

MASTER  OF  ARTS      

English    

May  2015    

Winston-­‐Salem,  North  Carolina    

 Approved  By:  

 James  Hans,  Ph.D.,  Advisor  

 Barry  Maine,  Ph.D.,  Chair    

 Jefferson  Holdridge,  Ph.D.  

       

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  ii  

Table  of  Contents  

Table  of  Contents                   ii  

Abstract                     iii  

Chapter  1:  Introduction                 1  

Chapter  2:  Being  Thrown                 7  

Chapter  3:  Being  as  a  Happening  of  Truth             27  

Chapter  4:  Projecting  the  Poetry  of  Being             47  

References                     53  

Curriculum  Vitae                   54  

                                             

 

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Abstract  

  In  this  this  paper  I  will  address  notions  of  being  in  four  of  Kurt  Vonnegut’s  

novels  using  Martin  Heidegger’s  aesthetic  phenomenology.    The  four  novels  that  this  

paper  will  address  are  Player  Piano,  Sirens  of  Titan,  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five,  and  

Breakfast  of  Champions.  Player  Piano  and  Sirens  of  Titan  are  Vonnegut’s  first  two  

novels,  and  they  approach  being  in  terms  of  what  Heidegger  referred  to  as  

“throwness.”    These  initial  inquiries  into  aspects  of  existence  give  way  to  a  fully  

developed  notion  of  being  in  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  and  Breakfast  of  Champions.    

These  novels  are  full  aware  of  themselves  has  happenings  of  truth  containing  

something  of  their  author’s  own  being.    Through  these  happenings,  Vonnegut  is  able  

to  poetically  project  himself  in  a  way  that  not  only  reveals  his  own  being,  but  also  

serves  as  a  mirror  that  can  reveal  the  being  of  those  reflected  in  it.    

 

 

 

 

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Chapter  1:  Introduction  

Kurt  Vonnegut’s  literary  significance  is  due,  at  least  in  part,  to  the  place  that  

he  has  carved  out  for  himself  in  popular  culture.    And  I  would  like  to  begin  this  

paper  by  bringing  up  one  of  his  more  notable  cultural  appearances  outside  of  his  

own  fiction:  his  cameo  appearance  in  the  Rodney  Dangerfield  comedy  Back  to  School  

(1986).    For  those  who  are  not  familiar  with  the  film,  it  is  a  comedy  in  which  

Dangerfield  plays  a  wealthy  businessman  who  decides  to  go  get  his  college  degree  

alongside  his  son.        

Vonnegut  appears  in  the  film  as  himself  when  Dangerfield’s  character  hires  

Vonnegut  to  write  a  paper  on  his  own  fiction.    Vonnegut’s  paper  on  himself  earns  

Dangerfield’s  character,  Thorton  Melon,  an  F.  As  someone  writing  on  Vonnegut,  I  am  

comforted  by  the  thought  that  even  Vonnegut  himself  might  have  had  no  idea  what  

his  writing  was  all  about.        

Although  I  may  not  know  what  Vonnegut’s  fiction  is  about,  in  this  paper  I  will  

analyze  four  of  his  novels.  The  novels  that  I  will  look  at  are  Player  Piano,  Sirens  of  

Titan,  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five,  and  Breakfast  of  Champions.    I  will  use  Martin  

Heidegger’s  aesthetic  phenomenology  to  examine  how  Vonnegut  represents  notions  

of  “being”  in  his  novels  and  how  those  representations  change  over  the  course  of  his  

career  from  his  first  (Player  Piano)  to  his  seventh  novel  (Breakfast  of  Champions).        

To  that  end,  I  would  like  to  quote  a  second  film  to  introduce  the  vision  of  

Vonnegut  that  I  am  about  to  present  in  this  paper.    The  quote  is  from  Wes  

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Anderson’s  2014  film,  The  Grand  Budapest  Hotel.      Through  layers  of  narrative  one  

character,  Mr.  Moustafa,  says  of  another,  Gustave  H.:  “To  be  frank,  I  think  his  world  

had  vanished  long  before  he  ever  entered  it.  But  I  will  say:  he  certainly  sustained  the  

illusion  with  a  marvelous  grace.”  (The  Grand  Budapest  Hotel).  

This  is  the  significance  that  Kurt  Vonnegut  has  come  to  possess  for  me  as  one  

of  his  readers.    In  his  fiction,  Vonnegut  allows  humanity  with  all  its  beauty  and  

meaning  to  persist  for  his  characters  despite  the  insanity  and  inhumanity  that  

seems  to  pervade  the  world.    How  is  it  that  being,  which  had  lost  much  of  its  

meaning  and  coherence  to  modernity,  is  able  to  persist  as  both  a  fully  moral  and  

aesthetic  phenomenon  in  Kurt  Vonnegut’s  fiction?    It  persists  simply  because  

Vonnegut  chooses  to  approach  being  that  way.      And  in  existing  this  way,  Vonnegut  

opens  up  himself  and  the  world  produced  by  his  existence  through  his  fiction.      Over  

the  course  of  his  career,  Vonnegut  accumulates  knowledge  of  his  own  being  through  

his  fiction,  and  he  shares  this  knowledge  with  his  readers.      

In  his  first  two  novels,  Player  Piano  and  Sirens  of  Titan,  Vonnegut  struggles  

against  the  constraints  and  impositions  that  accompany  existence.      Heidegger  refers  

to  this  position  as  the  “throwness”  of  being.  Because  being  occurs  prior  to  any  

willing  on  behalf  of  that  being,  existence  is  necessarily  an  imposition  on  the  

individual  consciousness  that  the  individual  cannot  shake  off.    These  first  two  novels  

struggle  against,  retreat  from,  and  deconstruct  the  constraints  imposed  on  beings  by  

existence.    

In  his  later  novels,  like  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  and  Breakfast  of  Champions,  

Vonnegut  embraces  the  “throwness”  of  being,  and  his  fiction  becomes  aware  of  itself  

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as  a  happening  of  truth,  to  use  Martin  Heidegger’s  terminology.    These  novels  

instead  become  temples  disclosing  a  part  or  aspect  of  Vonnegut  own  being.  

The  struggle  to  apprehend  the  essential  character  of  being  in  Vonnegut’s  

fiction  is  precipitated  by  the  collapse  of  normative  moral  philosophy  in  the  

preceding  century.    Morality  prior  to  Nietzsche  had  been  the  means  by  which  

humanity  justified  and  oriented  itself  within  existence.  It  was  a  self-­‐justifying  

enterprise  both  in  its  capacity  to  apprehend  formal  truth  about  “the  good”  as  well  as  

in  its  ability  to  prescribe  moral  action  to  all  individuals.      

The  two  most  significant  projects  in  normative  moral  philosophy  prior  to  its  

collapse  were  the  Kantian  deontological  notion  of  morality  and  the  Utilitarianism  of  

philosophers  like  John  Stuart  Mill  and  Jeremy  Bentham.    Kant  claimed  to  understand  

the  “good  will”  which  was  the  source  of  moral  obligation.    And  the  Utilitarians  like  

John  Stuart  Mill  claimed  to  understand  the  nature  of  “the  good”  through  the  

consequences  of  individual  actions.  But  both  of  these  notions  of  morality  collapsed  

under  the  weight  of  post-­‐modernism.    

Kant’s  deontological  morality  was  undone  by  Nietzsche’s  observation  that  

existence,  including  morality,  amounts  to  a  series  of  aesthetic  choices  on  behalf  of  

the  individual  rather  than  actions  based  on  moral  truth.    And  Utilitarian  project  

suffered  a  similar  structural  failure  because  it  failed  to  sufficiently  quantify  various  

goods  in  comparing  courses  of  action.    In  the  absence  of  these  normative  projects,  

morality  as  a  discipline  saw  the  ground  crumble  beneath  it.    This  began  a  decades  

long  retreat  into  subjectivity  that  profoundly  limited  the  individual’s  ability  to  make  

moral  utterances.      Morality  couldn’t  be  vindicated  in  theory  or  in  practice.  

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It  is  in  this  context  that  Kurt  Vonnegut  finds  himself  groping  for  a  coherent  

notion  of  human  existence  as  both  a  moral  and  aesthetic  phenomenon.    He  is  a  

profoundly  moral  man  living  in  a  post-­‐moral  time,  and  he  embraces  a  Heideggerian  

aesthetic  that  allows  him  to  remake  the  world  according  to  his  own  vision  of  it  as  a  

moral  and  aesthetic  phenomenon.  

According  to  Martin  Heidegger,  “He  who  truly  knows  what  is,  knows  what  he  

wills  to  do  in  the  midst  of  what  is.“  (Hofstadter  65).    Kurt  Vonnegut  begins  his  career  

as  a  man  who  is  searching  to  know  what  is  so  that  he  can  know  what  he  wills  in  the  

context  of  what  is.    Vonnegut  expresses  the  fundamental  shift  in  the  moral  character  

of  existence  in  his  novel  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  when  his  serial  character  Eliot  

Rosewater  says,  “everything  there  was  to  know  about  life  was  in  The  Brothers  

Karamazov  by  Feodor  Dostoevsky.  ‘But  that  isn’t  enough  any  more.’”  

(Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  412).      Vonnegut  is  referring  to  the  profound  humanity  of  

Dostoevsky’s  novel,  which  ultimately  embraces  existence  for  the  sake  of  human  

relationships.    

In  the  past  many  literary  critics  have  addressed  Kurt  Vonnegut  and  his  fiction  

as  a  largely  deconstructionist  project.    This  is  a  selection  for  The  Norton  Anthology  of  

American  Literature  Vol.  E  characterizing  Vonnegut’s  work  by  saying:  

“To  a  generation  of  young  people  who  felt  their  country  had  

forsaken  them,  he  offered  examples  of  common  decency  and  cultural  

idealism  as  basic  as  a  grade-­‐school  civics  lesson.  For  a  broader  

readership  who  felt  conventional  fiction  was  inadequate  to  express  

the  way  their  lives  had  been  disrupted  by  the  era’s  radical  social  

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changes,  he  wrote  novels  structured  in  more  pertinently  

contemporary  terms,  bereft  of  such  unifying  devices  as  conclusive  

characterization  and  chronologically  organized  plots.”  (Baym  372-­‐

373).  

While  many  of  his  novels  deconstruct  culture  and  society,  interpreting  Vonnegut  in  

this  way  ignores  the  larger  and  more  significant  constructive  project  that  he  

develops  across  his  novels.      His  unconventional  plots  and  themes  deconstruct  the  

familiar  in  order  to  arrive  at  a  new  awareness  of  things  as  they  are,  but  they  fall  

short  of  setting  up  a  unique  mode  of  being.    

However,  as  an  author,  Vonnegut  accumulates  his  own  knowledge  and  

awareness  of  being,  and  from  Player  Piano  to  Breakfast  of  Champions,  Vonnegut  

strives  to  articulate  his  own  notion  of  being  as  he  comes  to  understand  it.  He  

apprehends,  understands  and  articulates  his  own  notion  of  being  as  both  a  moral  

and  aesthetic  phenomenon  fully  in  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  and  Breakfast  of  Champions.  

The  final  product  of  this  enterprise  is  a  blending  of  fact  and  fiction  within  the  

figure  of  Vonnegut  himself.    He  becomes  fully  a  character  in  his  own  work  while  

remaining  fully  the  author  of  it.    While  many  authors  have  used  meta-­‐fiction  in  order  

to  evacuate  their  authorial  presence  from  the  work  (Vladimir  Nabokov’s  Lolita),  

Vonnegut  uses  meta-­‐fictional  devices  to  the  opposite  end.    His  meta-­‐fiction  makes  

him  an  essential  and  unavoidable  element  of  his  own  fiction.    His  work  depends  on  

his  internal  articulation  of  his  own  being  to  himself.    He  forms  himself  though  his  

novels  and  he  forms  his  novels  through  himself.        

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Vonnegut  accumulates  his  own  being  within  the  world  of  his  own  work  so  

fully  and  completely  that  his  work  projects  his  being  into  the  world  in  much  the  

same  way  that  poet  project  themselves  through  their  poetry.      This  projection  makes  

Vonnegut’s  communication  of  own  being  his  greatest  work.  

     

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Chapter  2:    Being  Thrown  

 Player  Piano  

 Before  I  discuss  Vonnegut’s  novels,  I  must  first  address  the  nature  of  being.    

According  to  Martin  Heidegger,  “‘Being’  is  the  most  universal  and  the  emptiest  of  

concepts.  As  such  it  resists  every  attempt  at  definition”    (Heidegger  2).    But  at  the  

same  time  the  notion  of  “being”  is  one  of  the  most  essential  notions  in  terms  of  the  

referential  meaning  of  concepts.    According  to  Heidegger,  in  order  to  simply  engage  

in  discourse,  one  must  necessarily  employ  some  notion  of  being.    But  all  previous  

articulations  of  being  fail  to  apprehend  being  as  such  for  Heidegger  (31).    As  a  result,  

Heidegger  feels  that  an  answer  to  the  question  of  being  is  necessary  in  order  for  

philosophy  to  resume  some  semblance  of  progress.      

Vonnegut’s  interest  in  notions  of  being  is  plain  in  his  fiction,  as  is  his  

uncertainty  about  the  essential  character  of  it.    As  mentioned  earlier,  morality  was  

once  the  means  by  which  beings  justified  their  existence,  all  the  way  back  to  

Aristotle,  who  conflated  essential  being  and  moral  activity.  But  normative  morality  

collapsed  at  the  end  of  the  19th  century  as  a  result  of  formal  and  practical  criticisms  

that  destroyed  the  means  by  which  moralities  justified  themselves,  namely  the  

ability  to  apprehend  moral  truth  and  prescribe  moral  action  for  all  of  humanity.        

For  Heidegger  “Being  lies  in  the  fact  that  something  is  ,  and  in  its  Being  as  it  

is;  in  Reality;  in  presence-­‐at-­‐hand;  in  subsistence;  in  validity;  in  Dasein,  in  the  ‘there  

is’.“  (26).    One  of  the  essential  characteristics  of  being  or  Dasein  according  to  

Heidegger  is  its  “throwness.”    By  this  he  means  that  each  being  is  thrown  into  

existence  and  the  accompanying  constraints  of  existence  prior  to  the  existence  of  

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the  will.    Merely  existing  requires  that  one  submit  to  the  conditions  of  existence,  

namely  that  we  exist  within  time  and  within  the  world.      But  the  world  that  being  is  

thrown  into  is  not  bound  to  conform  to  the  will  of  the  individual  being,  and  

therefore,  being  can  be  seen  as  a  conflict  between  the  will  of  the  individual  and  the  

context  of  its  existence.      

Vonnegut  addresses  this  conflict  in  his  first  novel,  Player  Piano  (1952).  It  is  a  

dystopian  novel,  which  sets  the  protagonist  in  conflict  with  the  demands  imposed  

on  him  by  society.    Like  other  dystopian  novels,  it  renders  the  life  of  the  protagonist  

as  unlivable,  but  the  novel  accomplishes  it  in  a  different  way  that  other  dystopian  

novels.  For  Vonnegut,  society  threatens  the  individual  with  oppression  through  

indifference  rather  than  force.    

There  have  been  many  different  versions  of  the  dystopian  society  in  

literature,  but  the  character  of  these  various  dystopias  are  not  all  the  same.    George  

Orwell’s  novel  1984  is  probably  the  most  well-­‐known  dystopian  novel,  and  his  

dystopia  is  characterized  by  oppression  and  violence.  Aldous  Huxley’s  novel  Brave  

New  World  creates  an  entirely  different  dystopia  though  pleasure  and  banality.    The  

character  of  an  author’s  dystopia  reveals  what  it  is  that  he  or  she  fears  most  in  

society.    Neil  Postman,  author  of  Amusing  Ourselves  to  Death,  argues  that  Orwell  felt  

that  hatred  would  crush  society,  whereas  Huxley  feared  that  love  would  drown  it.  

However,  Vonnegut’s  dystopia  is  very  different  from  the  ones  represented  in  1984  

and  Brave  New  World.      

Rather  than  lives  filled  with  pain  or  pleasure,  Vonnegut’s  dystopia  is  

populated  by  lives  that  are  defined  by  their  pointlessness.    The  novel’s  title  provides  

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a  clear  representation  of  what  exactly  has  rendered  life  meaningless  in  Vonnegut’s  

dystopian  future.    The  phrase  “player  piano”  and  its  converse  “piano  player”  are  

composed  of  the  same  two  words,  and  both  refer  to  something  defined  by  its  ability  

to  produce  music.  The  obvious  difference  between  the  two  phrases  is  that  “player  

piano”  lacks  the  human  activity  entailed  by  “piano  player.”  

This  distinction  might  seem  trivial  considering  the  prominent  role  that  

machines  play  in  most  human  activity  today,  but  there  is  a  crucial,  aesthetic  

difference  between  a  musician  playing  a  piano  and  a  machine  playing  the  piano.      

The  player  piano’s  music  isn’t  art.    It  is  a  reproduction  of  art.  It  is  like  a  photograph  

of  the  Mona  Lisa.    Although  it  captures  the  physical  characteristics  of  the  artwork,  it  

fails  to  capture  the  thing  that  makes  art  beautiful:  its  humanity.      

  Vonnegut  reinforces  this  distinction  within  the  narrative  itself  during  an  

interaction  between  Paul  and  a  young  man  named  Alfy.    Alfy  has  the  uncanny  ability  

to  know  what  song  is  being  playing  by  the  piano  player  on  the  bar’s  television  with  

the  sound  turned  off.    To  explain  this  remarkable  talent  to  Paul,  Alfy  says,  “Gets  to  be  

a  kind  of  sense  –  you  kind  of  feel  it”  (Player  Piano  93).    The  act  of  performing  music  

communicates  far  more  than  the  notes  alone.    It  communicates  feeling.    A  piano  

player  feels  his  music  along  with  his  audience  in  a  way  that  a  player  piano  cannot.      

In  Player  Piano  Vonnegut  creates  a  world  that  has  no  interest  in  or  need  for  

beauty  and  meaning  in  the  life  of  the  individual.  The  society  of  Player  Piano  has  

willingly  sacrificed  these  things  in  order  to  end  war  and  poverty.      Managers  and  

engineers  are  responsible  for  bringing  about  this  change  through  their  single-­‐

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minded  pursuit  of  efficiency  and  technological  development,  as  indicated  in  

Vonnegut’s  “Foreword.”      

The  result  of  their  efforts  is  a  society  in  which  the  average  person  is  

completely  pointless.    All  the  labor  that  was  once  done  by  people  has  been  

automated.    Only  certain  people  with  high  I.Q.s  and  graduate  degrees  still  serve  a  

function  in  society.    The  average  person  can  no  longer  justify  their  existence  through  

their  work.    In  conversation  with  Paul  Proteus  and  several  other  characters,  

Reverend  James  J.  Lasher  explains  the  plight  of  the  working  man:  

“For  generations  they’ve  been  built  up  to  worship  competition  and  the  

market,  productivity  and  economic  usefulness,  and  the  envy  of  their  fellow  

men  –  and  boom!  it’s  all  yanked  out  from  under  them.    They  can’t  participate,  

can’t  be  useful  any  more.  Their  whole  culture’s  has  been  shot  to  hell.  My  glass  

is  empty.”  (86)  

Robbed  of  their  purpose  and  meaning,  the  characters  in  Player  Piano  are  

compelled  to  either  accept  the  conditions  of  society  or  resist  them  by  force.    This  

inevitable  conflict  will  determine  the  character  of  society.    Vonnegut  foreshadows  

and  characterizes  this  conflict  in  the  very  first  sentence  of  the  novel  saying,  “Ilium,  

New  York,  is  divided  into  three  parts.”  (7).  Julius  Caesar’s  famous  account  of  his  

military  campaign,  The  Gallic  War,  begins  with  “All  Gaul  is  divided  into  three  parts”  

(Offit  Vol.  I,  824).    This  allusion  to  Caesar’s  famous  conquest  introduces  Ilium  as  an  

enemy  territory  that  will  be  crushed  by  the  overwhelming  force  of  legions.    And  just  

like  the  Gauls,  the  people  of  Ilium  will  mount  a  desperate,  doomed  defense  of  their  

way  of  life.    This  is  the  first  of  several  references  to  violent  cultural  conflicts  in  

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Player  Piano,  which  Vonnegut  uses  to  help  characterize  the  existential  conflict  at  the  

heart  of  the  novel.        

  Additionally,  the  city  of  Ilium,  New  York  gets  its  name  from  the  ancient  city  of  

Troy,  which  was  also  referred  to  as  Ilium.    And  Troy  is  best  known  as  the  city  

besieged  by  the  armies  of  Greece  in  Homer’s  epic  poem  Iliad.  By  choosing  Ilium  as  

the  setting  of  his  novel,  Vonnegut  evokes  another  ancient  clash  between  cultures  in  

addition  to  the  Caesar’s  campaign  in  Gaul.  

  Virgil’s  epic  poem  the  Aeneid  links  the  destruction  of  Troy  to  Caesar’s  

conquest  of  Gaul,  through  its  protagonist  Aeneas.  In  the  poem,  Aeneas,  a  refugee  

fleeing  the  destruction  of  Troy,  wanders  the  world  eventually  settling  in  Latium  on  

the  western  coast  of  Italy.  The  poem  seeks  to  root  the  founding  of  Rome  in  the  

destruction  of  Troy  by  the  Greeks.    The  Greeks  were  eventually  conquered  by  Rome.    

Similarly,  Rome  conquered  Gaul  only  to  be  sacked  by  the  Gauls  several  hundred  

years  later.  One  culture  consumes  and  destroys  others  to  sustain  itself,  only  to  be  

destroyed  by  the  specter  of  its  own  past  conquest.  

Characterizing  the  novel’s  central  conflict  in  this  way  establishes  it  as  a  part  

of  a  series  of  cultural  conflicts  within  the  history  of  Western  Civilization  helps  to  

characterize  Paul  Proteus’  rebellion  as  the  latest  incarnation  of  cultural  conquest,  in  

which  the  authentic  individual  as  Paul  Proteus  knows  it,  is  doomed  to  perish.  

Despite  these  references  to  classical  and  military  history,  Vonnegut’s  

character’s  choose  to  adopt  the  position  of  the  Native  Americans  whose  destruction  

at  the  hands  of  encroaching  European  settlers  was  notoriously  one-­‐sided,  unlike  the  

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great  conflicts  between  powerful  rivals  in  the  ancient  past,  like  Greece  and  Troy  and  

Rome  and  Carthage.  

Paul  Proteus,  and  his  fellow  rebels  in  “The  Ghost  Shirt  Society,”  appropriate  

the  Native  American  Ghost  Dance  religion  as  their  cultural  equivalent,  in  that  they  

both  stood  to  the  last  in  defiance  despite  being  doomed  to  defeat  from  the  start.    The  

Ghost  Dance  Religion  arose  in  Native  American  culture  as  a  “last  desperate  defense  

of  the  old  values”  in  defying,  for  a  brief  moment,  the  overwhelming  force  of  

European  encroachment  (Player  Piano  260).    Like  these  desperate  cultural  warriors,  

Proteus  and  his  comrades  know  that  they  cannot  stem  the  tide  of  society.    They  can  

only  fight  to  sustain  it  for  as  long  as  possible.        

The  novel  and  its  protagonist,  Paul  Proteus,  seek  to  resolve  this  conflict  by  

forcibly  remaking  society  through  rebellion.    But  like  George  Orwell’s  protagonist,  

Winston  Smith,  society  crushes  Paul  Proteus,  rending  his  further  resistance  

impossible.    And  just  like  Smith,  Proteus  is  aware  at  the  outset  that  his  act  of  

resistance  a  futile  one  that  necessarily  will  entail  his  own  death  hence  their  name,  

The  Ghost  Shirt  Society.  

As  an  investigation  of  being,  Player  Piano  is  Vonnegut’s  initial  attempt  to  

address  the  conditions  of  being.  The  individual  is  thrown  into  a  world  that  defies  

their  will.    Merely  existing  in  the  world  requires  that  individual  submit  themselves  

to  the  external  constraints  imposed  by  the  external  world.  Every  individual  is  

thrown  into  being  in  so  far  as  it  has  in  each  case  already  been  delivered  over  to  

existence,  and  it  constantly  so  remains”  (Heidegger  321).    The  being  of  the  

individual  is  thrown  into  existence  without  ever  willing  to  exist,  and  the  individual’s  

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existence  in  the  world  makes  him  or  her  subject  to  the  various  constraints  that  

accompany  existence  in  the  world.    

Player  Piano  interrogates  being  from  the  position  of  throwness.    It  is  aware  of  

the  conflict  between  the  being  of  the  authentic  individual  and  the  constraints  on  

being  required  by  existence  in  society.  Player  Piano,  cultivates  the  conflict  between  

the  being  of  the  individual  and  the  social  context  into  which  the  individual  is  

thrown.    In  the  novel  society  robs  the  average  life  of  its  purpose.    Without  purpose,  

life  is  merely  an  aimless,  doomed  wandering.  The  novel  seems  to  think  that  human  

life  demands  purpose,  and  Paul  Proteus  leads  the  fight  to  preserve  a  threatened  

mode  of  being:  being  with  purpose.      

It  uses  its  status  as  a  narrative  of  the  probable  future  in  order  to  heighten  

and  exaggerate  this  conflict,  making  direct  conflict  between  the  individual  and  

society  into  a  necessity.    But  this  necessary  conflict  is  doomed  before  it  begins  just  

as  it  was  for  the  followers  of  the  Ghost  Dance  religion  when  they  stood  against  the  

encroaching  European  cultures.  

 

Sirens  of  Titan  

Because  of  the  unconventional  style  and  form  in  many  of  his  novels,  merely  

summarizing  Vonnegut’s  fiction  often  requires  significant  acts  of  interpretation  on  

the  part  of  the  critic.      And  I  have  found  this  to  be  especially  so  in  the  case  of  Sirens  of  

Titan  (1959).    In  order  to  analyze  this  novel  and  its  representation  of  being  as  

thrown,  it  is  necessary  to  articulate  an  interpretation  of  the  novel’s  plot  as  well  as  

some  of  its  philosophical  implications.      

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Sirens  of  Titan  uses  the  same  conflict  that  motivated  the  events  of  Player  

Piano  as  a  contrasting  background  for  a  new  experiment  in  the  “throwness”  of  being  

taking  place  in  the  foreground.    In  Player  Piano,  Paul  Proteus  and  his  comrades  

sought  to  restore  the  natural  relationship  between  society  and  the  individual.  

Similarly,  Winston  Niles  Rumfoord  writes,  directs,  and  produces  a  grand  tragedy  in  

order  to  bring  about  a  truly  just  society:  a  society  that  he  hoped  would  eliminate  the  

inherently  unjust  nature  of  individual  existence  in  Sirens  of  Titan.        

  Unlike  Player  Piano,  Sirens  of  Titan  considers  retreat  as  a  possible  course  of  

action  in  the  conflict  between  the  individual  and  society.    Rather  than  actively  

resisting  constraints  imposed  on  individual  being  by  society,  the  novel  suggests  that  

the  individual  must  look  inward  for  existential  harmony.  When  Winston  Niles  

Rumfoord  banishes  Malachi  Constant  and  his  family  from  Earth,  they  are  forced  to  

exist  apart  from  the  society  of  other  human  beings.      Constant,  the  mother  of  his  

child,  Beatrice  Rumfoord,  and  their  son,  Chrono  each  take  a  different  approach  to  

their  independent  existence.    But  ultimately  all  three  of  their  lives  fail  to  approach  

the  meaning  and  significance  that  is  available  to  those  within  a  society.  

The  novel  focuses  its  attention  primarily  on  two  characters,  Malachi  Constant  

also  known  as  Unk,  and  Winston  Niles  Rumfoord.    Malachi  Constant’s  significance  in  

Sirens  of  Titan  is  largely  contained  within  his  name.      As  Vonnegut  notes  in  the  text,  

the  name  “Malachi”  is  a  Jewish  name  that  comes  from  the  Hebrew  word  meaning  

“messenger.”    And  the  name  “Constant”  is  an  English  cognate  of  the  Latin  word  

“constans,”  which  is  the  singular  and  nominative  case  for  the  present  participle  of  

the  verb  “constare”  (OED).  In  its  present  participle  form,  “constans”  translates  to  

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“standing  firm.”  Vonnegut  translates  this  as  “faithful”  which  is  accurate  in  the  sense  

that  one  who  is  faithful  stands  firm  in  that  faith.    The  Latin  and  Hebrew  influences  

seem  to  clash  in  Malachi  Constant’s  name,  making  it  sound  contrived.    But  this  clash  

has  significance  beyond  mere  aesthetic  preference.  

Interestingly,  the  last  book  of  the  Christian  Old  Testament  is  The  Book  of  

Malachi,  which  contains  a  representation  of  God  as  full  of  wrath  while  prophesizing  

God’s  arrival  into  the  world  (interpreted  by  Christians  as  the  birth  of  Christ).  In  the  

text,  God  demands  the  fear  of  his  followers,  which  seems  to  contradict  the  New  

Testament  vision  of  God  as  merciful:    

“And  ye  shall  know  that  I  have  send  this  commandment  unto  you,  

that  my  covenant  might  be  with  Levi,  saith  the  Lord  of  hosts.    

My  covenant  was  with  him  of  life  and  peace;  and  I  gave  them  to  him  

for  the  

Fear  where  with  he  feared  me,  and  was  afraid  before  my  name.”  

(Malachi  2:4-­‐5)  

However,  The  Book  of  Malachi  also  predicts  the  coming  of  God,  heralding  the  birth  

of  Christianity,  and  the  stories  contained  in  the  following  Gospels  of  the  New  

Testament.  “and  the  Lord,  who  ye  seek  ,shall  suddenly  come  to  his  temple,  even  the  

messenger  of  the  covenant,  who  ye  delight  in:  behold,  he  shall  come,  saith  the  Lord  

of  hosts”  (Malachi  3:1).  This  prophetic  book,  in  very  few  words,  attempts  to  span  the  

enormous  cultural  gap  between  the  Hebrew  Old  Testament,  and  the  Christian  New  

Testament.  

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Malachi  Constant’s  name  contains  a  kind  of  caesura  that  echoes  the  cultural,  

theological,  linguistic,  and  historical  caesura  that  exists  in  the  Bible  between  its  

Hebrew  Old  Testament  and  its  Christian  New  Testament.      Vonnegut  is  observing  

that  prophets  and  saviors  often  appear  when  they  are  looked  for,  but  they  are  rarely  

what  they  were  expected  to  be.    

 In  addition  to  the  Biblical  context  of  Malachi  Constant’s  name,  Vonnegut  also  

invests  him  with  the  archetypal  role  of  messenger.    But  Vonnegut  complicates  this  

role  by  alluding  to  a  number  of  different  cultural  contexts  for  that  archetypal  role,  

which  are  distinct  from  one  another.      Malachi  Constant’s  name  contains  several  

conflicting  cultural  influences,  but  each  of  those  cultures  has  its  own  understanding  

of  what  a  “divine  messenger”  is.    Within  the  context  of  Judaism,  the  prophet  is  the  

figure  that  serves  as  the  divine  messenger.    The  prophet  carries  God’s  divine  

message  to  the  people  of  Israel.  

For  Christians,  Christ  is  the  divine  message  itself,  heralded  by  St.  John  the  

Baptist.  In  the  sense  that  he  presented  himself  to  the  world,  he  is  both  messenger  

and  message  itself.      He  delivers  God’s  word  to  humanity,  which  has  been  preserved  

in  the  Gospels  of  The  New  Testament.    And  finally,  the  pre-­‐Christian  Romans  had  the  

god  Hermes  as  their  divine  messenger.    He  was  divine  himself,  but  he  was  also  the  

messenger  of  the  other  gods,  delivering  their  divine  words  to  humans  and  gods  

alike.  While  all  three  of  these  cultures  have  attribute  significance  to  the  role  of  the  

divine  messenger,  they  each  have  a  completely  different  understanding  of  the  

nature  of  that  role.  

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It  is  this  tangle  of  cultural  significance  that  robs  Malachi  Constant  of  meaning  

as  a  messenger.    He  has  no  message  to  carry  no,  journey  to  undertake,  and  no  news  

to  deliver  because  his  role  as  messenger  has  no  context.    Winston  Niles  Rumfoord  

makes  Malachi  Constant  into  a  very  important  messenger,  but  like  Christ,  Malachi  

Constant  himself  is  that  message.    As  a  result,  he  never  knowingly  carries  or  delivers  

a  meaningful  message.    He  is  simply  present  in  the  appropriate  place  at  the  

appropriate  time  that  he  might  unknowingly  act  in  accordance  with  Winston  Niles  

Rumfoord’s  designs.      

Winston  Niles  Rumfoord  as  a  character  is  defined  by  the  unique  nature  of  his  

existence  during  the  events  of  Sirens  of  Titan.    Originally  born  into  the  aristocratic  

class  at  the  top  of  the  American  social  hierarchy,  Rumfoord  was  characterized  by  his  

gallantry  (Sirens  of  Titan  327).    Vonnegut  seems  to  view  Rumfoord  as  the  ideal  

aristocrat.    He  is  a  man  who  has  made  the  most  out  of  his  advantageous  position  in  

society  in  such  a  way  that  he  deserves  the  admiration  of  others.    But  Rumfoord  

doesn’t  exist  in  this  sense  during  Sirens  of  Titan.  

Throughout  the  novel,  Winston  Niles  Rumfoord  and  his  huge  dog,  Kazak,  

exist  as  electromagnetic  energy  (light)  rather  than  as  physical  beings.    Their  

physical  existence  was  converted  into  wave  energy  by  an  object  called  a  chrono-­‐

synclastic  infundibula.  The  discovery  of  these  phenomena  in  space  had  halted  space  

exploration  on  earth  until  Rumfoord  and  his  faithful  dog  decided  to  steer  his  own  

spaceship  into  the  middle  of  one.  But  his  gallantry  doomed  him  to  a  tragic  fate.    His  

being,  once  composed  of  matter,  was  transformed  into  a  “wave  phenomena  –  

apparently  pulsing  in  a  distorted  spiral  with  its  origin  in  the  sun  and  its  terminal  in  

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Betelgeuse”  (327).    Throughout  the  novel,  Rumfoord  periodically  materializes  on  

various  planetary  bodies  in  the  solar  system  as  they  pass  through  the  spiral  that  

composes  his  being.  

According  to  the  text,  the  name  chrono-­‐synclastic  infundibulum  is  a  funnel-­‐

shaped  object  in  space  where  time  is  curved  rather  than  straight.    The  text  also  

characterizes  the  chrono-­‐synclastic  infundibulum  as  a  place  where  two  mutually  

exclusive  opinions  can  both  be  true  (318).  It  is  a  physically  and  philosophically  

paradoxical.      

Vonnegut’s  chono  –synclastic  infundibulum  relies,  at  least  in  part  on  Albert  

Einstein’s  theory  of  General  Relativity  along  with  its  famous  equation  E=mc^2  

which  established  the  mathematical  relationship  between  light,  time,  matter,  and  

energy.  Existing  as  energy  in  the  form  of,  Rumfoord  is  both  physical  (photon  as  a  

particle  of  light)  and  an  immaterial  wave.    Also  as  light  energy,  Rumfoord  is  not  

bound  by  the  normal  constraints  of  physical  being.    He  possesses  omniscient  

knowledge  of  the  future,  and  exists  in  multiple  places  at  the  same  time.    His  

transformation  has  brought  him  to  an  understanding  of  time  as  synchronous  rather  

than  chronological.    He  exists  outside  of  time  in  the  same  way  that  light  exists  

outside  of  time  because  it  is  travelling  at  the  universal  speed  limit  (the  speed  of  

light).    

In  addition  to  scientific  influences,  Vonnegut’s  chrono-­‐synclastic  

infundibulum  seems  to  also  be  influenced  by  some  version  of  the  gyres  in  William  

Butler  Yeats  poetry,  specifically  as  he  represents  it  in  his  poem  “The  Second  

Coming.”    Vonnegut  characterizes  Rumfoord’s  path  through  space  as  a  “distorted  

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spiral”  rather  than  just  as  a  wave.    Light  travels  in  a  wave  rather  than  a  distorted  

spiral.        

But  the  distorted  spiral  does  fit  Yeats’  gyres,  and  it  also  gives  cultural  

significance  to  Rumfoords  transformation,  rather  than  simply  physics  equation.    

Looking  at  Yeats’  poem  “The  Second  Coming,”  one  cannot  help  but  notice  the  

similarity  between  the  Vonnegut’s  layering  of  historical  and  cultural  content  onto  

his  two  archetypal  figures  Malachi  Constant  as  the  messenger  and  Winston  Niles  

Rumfoord  as  the  savior:  

The  darkness  drops  again  but  now  I  know  

That  Twenty  centuries  of  stony  sleep  

Were  vexed  to  nightmare  by  a  rocking  cradle,  

And  what  rough  beast,  its  hour  come  round  at  last,    

Slouches  towards  Bethlehem  to  be  born?”    

(Yeats  187)  

This  stanza  from  Yeats’  poem  seems  to  be  an  accurate  characterization  of  

Vonnegut’s  character  Winston  Niles  Rumfoord.  He  also  sees  himself  as  distributed  

throughout  time/history  beyond  the  boundaries  of  an  individual  existence,  but  he  

also  sees  himself  as  participant  in  a  series  of  saviors  that  have  come  and  gone  with  

time.    And  he  sees  himself  as  the  end  of  that  cycle  of  salvation  because  he  plans  to  do  

what  all  those  previous  saviors  failed  to  do.    He  plans  to  remove  iniquity  completely  

from  the  condition  of  being.      

Malachi  Constant  is  a  protagonist  twice  over.    He  is  the  protagonist  of  Kurt  

Vonnegut’s  novel,  as  well  as  the  protagonist  in  an  epic,  interplanetary  tragedy  

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written  and  directed  by  Winston  Niles  Rumfoord.    The  one  and  only  performance  of  

Rumfoord’s  great  space  drama  includes  a  Martian  invasion  of  the  Earth.    However  

this  first  war  between  worlds  fails  to  live  up  the  promise  of  its  epic  beginning.    

Instead  of  a  desperate  battle  for  Earth’s  survival,  it  becomes  a  massacre  of  nearly  

every  last  Martian,  just  as  Rumfoord  intended.      Thanks  to  Rumfoord,  none  of  the  

Martian  soldiers  had  any  idea  why  they  were  attacking  Earth,  or  how  victory  might  

be  achieved  against  the  Earth’s  superior  weapons,  including  the  nuclear  missiles  

that  were  used  against  incoming  Martian  ships.      

It  wasn’t  until  after  the  slaughter  was  complete  that  the  human  beings  of  

Earth  realized  that  the  would-­‐be  invaders  were  actually  human  beings  rather  than  

hostile  aliens.      The  Martian  ranks  are  actually  made  up  of  human  beings  from  earth  

that  were  kidnapped  at  Rumfoord’s  order  and  taken  to  a  human  colony  on  Mars  

where  they  were  transformed  into  part  of  the  Martian  war  machine  through  of  

combination  of  mind  control  and  induced  amnesia.    He  armed  them  with  antiquated  

weapons  pilfered  from  earth  and  sent  them  to  war  in  ships  built  and  powered  by  

Tralfamadorian  technology,  which  Rumfoord  acquired  from  the  alien  Salo  on  Titan.      

In  his  fictional  text  Pocket  History  of  Mars,  Winston  Niles  Rumfoord  says  of  

his  grand  plan:  

“Any  man  who  would  change  the  World  in  a  significant  way  must  

have  showmanship,  a  genial  willingness  to  shed  other  people’s  blood,  

and  a  plausible  new  religion  to  introduce  during  the  brief  period  of  

repentance  and  horror  that  usually  follows  bloodshed”  (Sirens  of  Titan  

431).  

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Rumfoord  is  certainly  a  showman  willing  to  shed  blood  as  evidence  by  the  grand  

suicide  of  Mars.    And  the  religion  that  he  introduces  in  the  brief  repentance  that  

follows  is  The  Church  of  God  the  Utterly  Indifferent  whose  chief  teachings  are  “Puny  

man  can  do  nothing  at  all  to  help  or  please  God  Almighty,  and  Luck  is  not  the  hand  of  

God”  (435).      

His  goal  was  to  eliminate  the  injustice  of  accident  that  the  existence  imposes  

on  every  individual  at  the  outset  of  their  being.  He  not  only  eliminates  the  

problematic  distinctions  like  race,  class,  and  nationality  that  have  plagued  society  

for  centuries,  but  he  also  eliminates  even  the  most  basic  advantages  of  the  

individual  that  are  randomly  portioned  out  at  birth.  

And  he  accomplishes  this  by  requiring  that  the  members  of  his  new  religion  

offset  their  natural  gifts  by  handicapping  themselves.    The  strong  wear  heavy  

weights  to  offset  their  strength.    The  beautiful  obscure  their  beauty  with  glasses  of  

bad  haircuts.    And  Rumfoord  uses  Malachi  Constant,  the  embodiment  of  both  

felicitous  and  tragic  accident,  to  symbolically  banish  fortune  from  the  domain  of  

human  existence.  

Malachi  Constant,  the  space  wanderer,  returns  to  earth  in  the  exact  place  that  

Winston  Niles  Rumfoord  had  predicted,  and  when  asked  to  speak,  he  unknowingly  

says  the  same  words  that  Rumfoord  had  predicted  that  he  would  say:  “I  was  a  victim  

of  a  series  of  accidents,  as  are  we  all”  (468).  By  saying  these  words,  Malachi  

Constant,  articulates  his  utter  confusion  at  the  events  of  his  life.    However  he  is  

acting  as  the  faithful  messenger  that  heralds  the  coming  of  the  divine  presence  of  

Winston  Niles  Rumfoord.    By  articulating  himself  in  these  words  as  Rumfoord  

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predicted  he  would,  Constant  has  unwittingly  fulfilled  Rumfoord’s  prophecy,  making  

Rumfoord  more  divine  that  any  previous  prophet  or  divine  incarnation.  

  This  new  religion  of  Rumfoord’s  bears  a  striking  resemblance  to  John  Rawl’s  

A  Theory  of  Justice.  In  this  text,  Rawls  examines  the  idea  of  justice  in  order  to  build  

an  understanding  of  how  society  ought  to  function  according  to  it.    Rawls  uses  the  

principles  of  justice  to  build  a  theoretical  society  where  justice  consists  of  fairness  

with  regard  to  one’s  initial  position  in  society  (Rawls  11).  In  other  words,  “justice  as  

fairness”  means  that  in  an  ideally  just  society,  everyone  ought  to  have  equal  access  

to  the  opportunities  and  resources  in  that  society.      For  Rawls,  society  must  open  

itself  up  by  affording  liberty  to  all  of  its  citizens  because  as  society  becomes  more  

open  and  liberal,  it  also  becomes  more  just.      This  progression  toward  the  ideally  

just,  liberal  society  parallels  America’s  own  slow  progress  toward  equality  with  

regard  to  race,  gender,  and  sexual  orientation.    

The  Martian  Invasion/Suicide,  Malachi  Constant’s  journey  across  the  solar  

system,  and  the  rape  of  Beatrice  Rumfoord  were  all  aimed  toward  creating  and  

sustaining  the  unprecedented  equality  afforded  by  Rumfoord’s  new  religion.    

However  there  is  a  flaw  in  Rumfoord’s  perfectly  equal  society.    Rawls  himself  

acknowledges  that  same  flaw  in  his  own  theoretical  society:    “Those  who  love  one  

another,  or  who  acquire  strong  attachments  to  personas  and  forms  of  life,  at  the  

same  time  become  liable  to  ruin:  their  love  makes  them  hostages  to  misfortune  and  

the  injustices  of  others”  (Rawls  502).    

In  banishing  the  injustice  of  accident,  Rumfoord  and  Rawls  have  banished  the  

very  thing  that  individuates  one  being  from  another.    It  is  that  difference  the  

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produces  struggle  and  strife,  but  it  is  also  the  source  of  beauty  and  triumph  in  life.    

Vonnegut  is  not  arguing  against  society’s  progress  toward  equality,  but  he  is  also  

aware  of  the  eventual  trade-­‐off  that  will  occur  as  society  approaches  absolute  

equality.    Instead  Vonnegut  has  a  complex  understanding  of  progress  as  relative  

phenomena.    Relative  to  equality,  Rumfoord’s  religion  has  made  unprecedented  

progress,  but  in  the  process,  he  has  mutilated  being  beyond  recognition.  In  creating  

a  world  without  inequality,  Rumfoord  banishes  circumstances  that  individuate  one  

being  from  another.    

Malachi  Constant  describes  himself  as  “a  victim  of  a  series  of  accidents”  but  

really  his  entire  life  is  composed  of  accident  (Sirens  of  Titan  468).    His  early  life  of  

luck  is  entirely  a  product  of  circumstances  beyond  his  control.    His  time  on  Mars  and  

traveling  the  solar  system  is  entirely  a  result  of  Winston  Niles  Rumfoord’s  will  

rather  than  Malachi’s  own.  It  isn’t  until  he  is  isolated  on  Titan  that  Malachi  

Constant’s  will  is  free  from  external  control  and  constraint.    As  a  merely  accidental  

being,  Constant  is  simply  a  being  manipulated  by  others  rather  than  authentic  being  

acting  in  the  world  according  to  his  own  will.  

The  other  constitutive  aspect  of  the  conflict  between  being  and  circumstance  

is  the  will,  which  is  embodied  by  Winston  Niles  Rumfoord  whose  encounter  with  the  

chrono-­‐syclastic  infundibulum  has  rendered  him  semi-­‐divine.      Unlike  Malachi  

Constant  and  all  other  human  beings,  Rumfoord  possesses  the  desire  and  capacity  to  

remake  the  world  according  to  his  will,  and  that  is  exactly  what  he  does.      

But  his  new  society  is  the  product  of  an  impossible  position  that  no  living  

being  can  occupy.    When  people  attempt  to  remake  society  according  to  their  own  

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will,  they  unjustly  assume  the  same  position  that  Rumfoord  occupies.      The  truth  is  

that  no  one  being  can  fully  comprehend  the  past  present  and  future  human  events.    

The  untenability  of  Rumfoord’s  position  is  underscored  by  his  eventual  

electromagnetic  dissolution  brought  about  by  the  fluctuations  of  electromagnetic  

fields  in  the  cosmos.  

Even  the  Progressive  Liberalism  of  John  Rawls,  which  is  aimed  at  opening  

society  and  fostering  justice  for  all,  becomes  profoundly  unjust  in  execution  by  

presuming  to  legislate  a  notion  of  being  for  all  on  behalf  of  one.      This  radical  

isolation  allows  these  three  characters  the  opportunity  to  define  the  nature  of  their  

own  being  apart  from  the  imposed  constraints  of  society  that  have  always  

accompanied  the  “throwness”  of  being.  

The  novel  closes  with  Malachi  Constant,  Beatrice  Rumfoord,  and  their  son,  

Chrono,  marooned  on  Saturn’s  moon,  Titan.    While  stranded  there  each  of  these  

individuals  attempt  to  exist  in  a  different  way.    All  of  them  isolate  themselves  and  go  

about  life  in  the  way  that  best  suits  them.    They  are  each  an  experiment  in  being  

apart  from  the  world.    As  the  beginning  of  the  novel  suggests,  they  are  forced  to  look  

within  themselves  for  understanding  and  justification  rather  than  looking  out  into  

the  world.      

Chrono  ran  away  from  life  with  his  mother  in  Rumfoord’s  palace  in  order  to  

live  with  the  Titanic  bluebirds,  “the  most  admirable  creatures  on  Titan”  (Sirens  of  

Titan  521).    He  would  periodically  return  to  his  mother  on  what  he  claimed  to  be  her  

birthday  in  order  to  defy  her  any  way  that  he  could.    And  finally,  he  occasionally  

would  make  little  shrines  from  sticks  and  stones  that  his  father  Malachi  would  

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occasionally  find.    Free  from  the  impositions  of  society,  Chrono  was  free  to  

determine  the  nature  of  his  own  being,  and  he  chose  to  become  the  thing  that  he  

found  most  admirable  in  his  world,  a  Titanic  bluebird.    He  chose  to  exist  in  nature  as  

something  other  than  human.  

After  Chrono  left  his  mother,  Beatrice  Rumfoord  started  writing  a  manuscript  

that  eventually  grew  to  occupy  thirty-­‐eight  cubic  feet  inside  Rumfoord’s  palace.    

Vonnegut  describes  it  this  way:  “It  was  a  refutation  of  Rumfoord’s  notion  that  the  

purpose  of  human  life  in  the  Solar  System  was  to  get  a  grounded  messenger  from  

Tralfamadore  on  his  way  again”  (Sirens  of  Titan  524).  This  solitary  endeavor  has  the  

quality  of  desperation.    It  seems  as  if  Beatrice  has  spent  her  remaining  years  on  

Titan  desperately  trying  to  refute  the  truth  as  it  has  presented  itself  in  her  life.      The  

manuscript  is  so  large  that  it  would  take  a  lifetime  to  read  and  understand,  that  is  if  

there  were  anyone  else  around  on  Titan  to  read  and  understand  it.      Literary  

endeavors  require  a  surrounding  culture  in  order  to  justify  themselves.    

Malachi  Constant  exists  in  the  way  that  one  might  expect  a  human  being  to  

exist  alone  on  another  planet.      He  pursues  various  hobbies  in  order  to  fill  his  time,  

including  reassembling  Salo  the  Trafalmadorian  robot,  and  gathering  food.      But  the  

validation  of  Malachi  Constant’s  existence  is  not  in  his  self-­‐reliance  or  his  internal  

being.    It  is  in  the  restoration  of  his  one  meaningful  relationship  in  life,  his  friendship  

with  Stoney  Stevenson  on  Mars.      Although  it  is  an  illusion  created  by  the  alien  Salo  

which  Constant  experiences  as  he  is  dying  from  a  knife  wound,  it  still  provides  him  

with  a  measure  of  comfort  and  happiness  that  can  only  be  found  in  the  company  of  a  

friend.    

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  Although  an  individual  can  sustain  his  own  being  in  the  absence  of  society,  

isolation  cannot  reproduce  the  substance  and  meaning  that  an  individual  can  enjoy  

in  the  context  of  society.  Society  is  an  amplifier  of  human  experience.  Although  it  

might  contain  greater  suffering  than  one  might  experience  in  isolation,  it  also  

provides  access  to  greater  joy  simply  because  there  are  other  people  around  to  

share  that  joy.  Ultimately  society  binds  individuals  together,  allowing  them  to  share  

collectively  in  the  emotional  experiences  that  characterize  that  society.    The  

sympathetic  character  of  existence  in  society  is  what  amplifies  human  experience.    

 

 

 

   

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Chapter  3:  Being  as  a  Happening  of  Truth  

Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  

In  this  chapter  I  will  examine  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  and  Breakfast  of  

Champions,  which  are  his  sixth  and  seventh  novels  respectively.    These  two  novels  

have  a  much  greater  awareness  of  themselves  as  works  of  art,  and  in  order  to  

understand  how  they  function  as  works  of  art,  I  would  like  to  examine  Martin  

Heidegger’s  philosophy  where  he  argues  that,  “Art  then  is  the  becoming  and  

happening  of  truth”  (Hofstadter  69).    Every  thinker  is  a  poet  in  that  he  or  she  is  the  

author  of  the  truth  that  happens  in  their  own  being.  And  the  act  of  artistic  

production  is  an  encapsulation  and  communication  of  that  truth  in  a  piece  of  art.        

  In  order  to  characterize  his  understanding  of  how  art  exists  as  a  happening  of  

truth,  Heidegger  uses  a  temple  as  a  metaphor  to  explain  his  aesthetic  philosophy.  

According  to  Heidegger,  each  work  of  art  is  a  happening  of  truth  in  so  far  as  it  

discloses  some  part  of  the  being  that  created  it.    He  says:  

“The  temple,  in  its  standing  there  first  gives  to  things  their  look  and  

to  men  their  outlook  on  themselves.    This  view  remains  open  as  long  

as  the  work  is  a  work,  as  long  as  the  god  has  not  fled  from  it…    It  is  in  a  

work  that  lets  the  god  himself  be  present  and  thus  is  the  god  himself.”  

(42)  

Where  Sirens  of  Titan  and  Player  Piano  struggled  against  the  “throwness”  of  being,  

Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  and  Breakfast  of  Champions  choose  to  embrace  limitations  

imposed  on  being  by  being,  and  they  embrace  themselves  as  works  of  art.    They  

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have  an  awareness  of  themselves  as  created  works  and  as  happenings  of  truth  that  

indirectly  disclose  the  being  that  created  them.      

Published  in  1969,  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  is  Kurt  Vonnegut’s  sixth  and  most  

famous  novel.    In  it,  he  addresses  the  experience  in  his  past  that  shattered  his  

personal  being,  the  fire-­‐bombing  of  Dresden,  Germany  during  World  War  II.    In  this  

novel  Vonnegut  moves  beyond  mere  experiments  in  being  instead  attempting  to  

construct  his  own  sense  of  being  alongside  with  his  readers.  

While  most  of  Vonnegut’s  fiction  is  deeply  entrenched  in  his  own  experience,  

this  is  especially  true  in  the  case  of  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five.    In  this  novel  Vonnegut  uses  

his  fiction  to  engage  the  most  traumatic  experience  of  his  life,  witnessing  the  fire-­‐

bombing  of  Dresden  during  World  War  II  as  a  prisoner  of  war.    It  is  a  meta-­‐fictional  

novel  in  which  Vonnegut  acts  as  both  author  and  narrator,  recounting  in  part  his  

own  experiences  along  side  those  of  his  fictional  protagonist,  Billy  Pilgrim.    

In  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five,  circumstance  and  his  sensibility  conspire  to  make  

Vonnegut’s  existence  untenable.    He  must  either  accept  life  as  full  of  death  in  order  

to  preserve  its  beauty  or  he  must  retreat  into  fantasy  and  indifference  where  

“everything  is  beautiful  and  nothing  hurts”  (Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  426).    While  the  

novel  resolves  this  question  with  respect  to  Vonnegut  himself,  it  doesn’t  afford  the  

same  resolution  to  the  reader.    Instead,  the  novel  asks  the  reader  to  answer  for  

themselves.    

Looking  at  the  full  title  for  this  novel,  one  can  plainly  see  that  Slaughterhouse-­‐

Five  is  a  novel  about  Vonnegut  himself  rather  than  his  characters.  This  is  the  full  title  

page  of  the  novel  looks  like  this:  

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“Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  or  

The  Children’s  Crusade  A  Duty  Dance  with  Death  

By  Kurt  Vonnegut,  Jr.  

A  Fourth-­‐Generation  German-­‐American  Now  Living  In  Easy  Circumstances  

On  Cape  Cod  [And  Smoking  Too  Much]  

Who,  As  An  American  Infantry  Scout  Hors  De  Combat,  

As  a  Prisoner  of  War,  Witness  The  Fire-­‐Bombing  Of  Dresden,  Germany,  

“The  Florence  of  the  Elbe,”  A  Long  Time  Ago,  

And  Survived  To  Tell  The  Tale.  This  Is  A  Novel  

Somewhat  In  The  Telegraphic  Schizophrenic  Manner  Of  Tales  

Of  The  Planet  Tralfamadore,  Where  The  Flying  Saucers  

Come  From,  Peace.”      

(Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  341)  The  subtitle  of  the  novel,  The  Children’s  Crusade:  A  Duty-­‐Dance  With  Death,  

sets  out  Vonnegut’s  relationship  with  the  events  contained  in  the  novel.    It  is  an  

inherent  injustice  like  the  Children’s  Crusade,  but  that  status  doesn’t  free  Vonnegut  

from  his  obligation  to  contend  with  it.      Vonnegut  seems  to  view  both  his  own  

experiences  in  World  War  II  and  war  generally  in  this  way.    War  necessarily  subjects  

the  innocent  to  the  experience  of  death,  bringing  about  the  death  of  innocence  

through  experience  in  a  manner  that  evokes  William  Blake’s  Songs  of  Innocence  and  

Experience.    However,  the  ultimate  outcome,  the  death  of  innocence,  doesn’t  release  

the  individual  from  his  or  her  obligation  to  contend  with  death.    Billy  Pilgrim’s  life  

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and  perspective  are  Vonnegut’s  attempt  to  escape  the  “duty  dance  with  death”  that  

his  life  experience  demands  from  him.      

  In  addition  to  the  novel’s  subtitle,  Vonnegut  includes  a  relatively  lengthy  

description  attached  to  his  name.  This  description  begins  with  his  origins  as  a  

German  descendant  living  in  American  and  then  it  transitions  to  the  facts  of  

Vonnegut’s  life  in  the  present.    His  life  on  Cape  Cod  is  an  easy  one  where  he  smokes  

too  many  Pall  Mall  cigarettes  (his  personal  favorite).    From  this  present,  the  

description  retreats  into  Vonnegut’s  past  as  World  War  II  veteran  that  fought  for  the  

United  States  and  was  captured  by  Germany.      

  From  these  past  and  present  facts,  the  Vonnegut’s  self-­‐description  departs  

from  reality  and  enters  the  fictional  world  of  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five.      This  new  domain  

of  fiction  and  fantasy  arises  out  of  Vonnegut’s  experience,  and  gives  birth  to  the  

fantastic  and  schizophrenic  qualities  that  characterize  Billy  Pilgrim’s  life  unstuck  in  

time.      This  description  that  Vonnegut  offers  of  himself  illustrates  the  relationship  

between  author  and  text  perfectly.    Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  is  a  fantasy  that  has  arisen  

from  the  author’s  reality  as  a  part  of  his  search  to  make  peace  with  himself  and  his  

past.    

This  title  page  tacitly  embraces  certain  philosophical  notions  about  the  

nature  of  being  from  the  work  of  thinkers  like  Arthur  Schopenhauer  and  Friedrich  

Nietzsche.    Both  of  these  writers  understand  existence  as  an  act  of  aesthetic  

interpretation.    Schopenhauer  understood  existence  as  being  composed  of  will  and  

representation  (Schopenhauer  3).    The  internal  will  of  the  individual  orients  itself  

within  the  external  world  composed  of  representations  provided  by  the  senses.      

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  Nietzsche  took  Schopenhauer’s  ideas  a  step  further  by  arguing  that  existence  

is  composed  of  the  act  of  interpreting  the  representations  produced  by  the  senses.    

For  him,  existence  is  an  aesthetic  phenomena  defined  by  the  act  of  interpretation.    

Understanding  life  in  this  way  eliminates  the  barrier  separating  reality  and  fiction  

because  real  experience  is  simply  an  ongoing  process  of  narrative  production  that  

an  individual  undertakes  in  order  to  contain  and  store  their  experience.  

But  life  as  a  purely  aesthetic  phenomenon  is  somehow  poorer  in  the  eyes  of  

writers  like  Vonnegut.    He  longs  from  a  mode  of  existence,  which  can  restore  

existence  as  both  a  moral  phenomenon  as  well  as  an  aesthetic  one.    

However,  beauty,  as  a  category  of  human  experience,  has  the  capacity  to  

obliterate  the  moral  content  of  the  experiences  that  they  contain.    To  phrase  this  

problem  in  Vonnegut’s  own  terms:  if  everything  is  beautiful,  then  nothing  can  hurt.    

For  example,  readers  have  found  Sophocles’  great  tragedy  Oedipus  Rex  to  be  

beautiful  for  centuries  despite  the  incest  and  self-­‐mutilation  that  it  depicts.    

Aesthetic  representation  has  the  capacity  to  create  distance  between  the  viewer  and  

the  thing  represented  in  such  a  way  that  the  terrible  can  become  beautiful.      

If  existence  is  an  aesthetic  phenomena,  then  morality  must  also  be  an  

aesthetic  phenomena,  but  viewing  morality  in  this  way  robs  it  of  its  ability  to  

evaluate  human  action.      This  is  the  central  problem  of  Kurt  Vonnegut’s  

Slaughterhouse-­‐Five.    How  might  a  man  be  moral  in  a  world  composed  of  aesthetic  

interpretation?  

 

 

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The  novel’s  protagonist,  Billy  Pilgrim,  lives  a  life  that  has  been  entirely  

evacuated  of  its  moral  character  through  a  unique  understanding  of  time.    He  

acquires  this  understanding  of  time  through  his  encounter  with  the  people  of  the  

planet  Tralfamadore.    This  experience  can  be  interpreted  as  a  device  created  in  

Billy’s  mind  or  as  an  actual  event  in  his  life.    The  origin  of  his  notion  of  time  isn’t  

nearly  as  important  to  the  novel  as  the  effect  that  it  has  on  Billy’s  response  to  reality  

“The  most  important  thing  I  learned  on  Tralfamadore  was  that  when  

a  person  dies  he  only  appears  to  die.    He  is  still  very  much  alive  in  the  

past,  so  it  is  very  silly  for  people  to  cry  at  his  funeral.    All  moments,  

past,  present,  and  future  always  have  existed,  always  will  exist.      The  

Tralfamadorians  can  look  at  all  the  different  moments  just  the  way  we  

can  look  at  a  stretch  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  for  instance.”  

(Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  362)  

This  attitude  toward  time  effectively  eliminates  the  moral  significance  of  even  the  

worst  human  tragedies.    Whether  literal  or  figurative,  this  perspective  of  time  yields  

an  “alien”  category  of  experience  that  is  fundamentally  different  than  normal  human  

experience.    Billy’s  moral  disinterest  is  articulated  by  the  novel’s  catch-­‐phrase  “so  it  

goes,”  which  is  uttered  in  response  to  death.    The  statement  has  the  character  of  

acknowledging  a  fact  rather  than  one  that  conveys  sympathy  and  grief,  which  ought  

to  accompany  the  loss  of  life.  

It  may  seem  odd  that  a  conception  of  time  can  have  such  a  dramatic  effect  on  

the  nature  of  moral  action  because  time  and  morality  seem  to  be  distinct  rather  than  

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dependent  dimensions  of  human  experience.  But  looking  at  Aristotle’s  Metaphysics,  

one  can  see  the  point  at  which  morality  depends  on  time.      

Moral  action  in  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  relies  on  an  Aristotelian  notion  of  action,  

in  which  all  activity  is  the  realization  of  some  active  or  passive  potency  (Aristotle  IX  

1046a).    A  transition  between  potency  and  activity  occurs  through  an  act  of  will  or  

habit.    This  transition  between  potency  and  activity  is  an  act.    And  acts  must  occur  in  

time  in  order  to  accommodate  the  transition  between  the  active  and  potential  states.      

Just  as  the  individual  cannot  act  outside  of  time,  theories  of  action  must  occur  within  

time.      

While  many  moral  philosophers  have  argued  for  very  different  theories  of  

moral  action,  Vonnegut’s  manipulation  of  morality  by  distorting  time  seems  to  be  

strong  evidence  that  moral  action  does  indeed  depend  on  its  context  within  lived  

experience.    Vonnegut  includes  a  second  experiment  in  temporal  morality  when  

Billy  Pilgrim  watches  a  movie  about  World  War  II  in  reverse.    Instead  of  film  about  

death  and  war,  the  reversal  of  time  transforms  it  into  the  opposite  of  war.    A  

miraculous  magnetism  reassembles  and  stores  bombs  in  planes,  rebuilds  collapsed  

buildings,  and  removes  lead  from  the  bodies  of  soldiers.    By  the  end  of  the  movie  

making  this  miraculous  force  makes  “everything  and  everybody  as  good  as  new,”  

effectively  undoes  the  tragedy  of  World  War  II  simply  by  playing  events  back  in  

reverse  (Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  394).    Making  time  simultaneous  makes  morality  

meaningless,  and  reversing  time  reverses  the  moral  significance  of  action.    

Billy  Pilgrim  and  his  perception  of  time  are  articulated  by  the  epitaph  

depicted  in  an  illustration  of  the  text  drawn  by  Vonnegut  himself.    It  is  an  illustration  

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of  a  simple  rounded  tombstone  with  the  words  “Everything  was  beautiful  and  

nothing  hurt”  (Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  426)  

  But  Vonnegut  and  Billy  share  an  experience  in  Dresden  that  would  seem  

disprove  the  Billy  ‘s  epitaph.    As  prisoners  of  war,  they  sheltered  in  the  safety  of  

slaughterhouse  number  five  during  the  bombing,  and  afterward,  they  were  given  the  

horrific  task  of  recovering  the  dead  buried  in  the  ruins  of  buildings.    Vonnegut  

describes  the  experiences  this  way:  “There  were  hundreds  of  corpse  mines  

operating  by  and  by.  They  didn’t  smell  bad  at  first,  were  wax  museums.    But  then  the  

bodies  rotted  and  liquefied,  and  the  stink  was  like  roses  and  mustard  gas.”    

(Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  489).  

  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  is  Kurt  Vonnegut’s  response  to  the  question  posed  by  a  

bird  in  the  last  sentence  of  the  novel,  and  Billy  answers  the  same  question  by  

coming  unstuck  in  time.      The  bird  asks  the  same  question  of  the  reader  when  it  asks  

“Poo-­‐tee-­‐weet?”  (Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  490).    It  wordlessly  inquires  if  Billy,  Vonnegut,  

and  the  reader  are  willing  to  accept  the  external  world  as  it  has  presented  itself,  full  

of  beauty  and  terror.      

Vonnegut  inhales  mustard  gas  and  roses  offered  by  his  life,  and  that  smell  

becomes  a  part  of  him  such  that  his  breath  is  composed  of  beauty  and  death  for  the  

rest  of  his  life  presumably.    Billy  decides  to  think  about  all  the  times  in  those  

people’s  lives  when  they  were  charred  corpses.    The  novel  asks  the  reader  to  decide  

for  themselves,  whether  they  can  face  the  shoulder  tragedy  for  the  beauty  of  

meaning.    Life  is  beautiful  for  Vonnegut  precisely  because  it  has  worth  beyond  mere  

aesthetic  preference.    

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There  is  another  phrase  held  in  contrast  to  this  one  that  is  also  depicted  in  

one  of  Vonnegut’s  illustrations.    It  is  an  illustration  of  a  heart  shaped  locket  set  

between  Montana  Wildhack’s  breasts.    Montana  Wildhack  is  the  pornography  star  

that  Billy  shared  his  exhibit  with  on  Tralfamadore.      

“God  grant  me  the  serenity  

to  accept  the  things  I  

cannot  change,  courage  

to  change  the  things  

I  can,  and  wisdom  

always  to  tell  the  

difference.”    (Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  487)  

The  text  of  this  pray  appears  in  one  of  Vonnegut’s  illustrations  in  the  text.    It  is  

inscribe  on  a  locket  resting  between  two  breasts,  which  seem  to  belong  to  Montana  

Wildhack,  Billy’s  pornstar  companion  on  Tralfamadore.  While  illustration  may  not  

respect  the  tone  of  the  prayer  or  reflect  Vonnegut’s  theological  beliefs,  I  think  that  

Vonnegut  embraces  it  in  the  novel.      The  illustration  contains  all  the  things  that  life  

ought  to  be  into  one  image.    The  sacred  struggle  for  serenity  is  nestle  within  a  

representation  of  desire  and  beauty.  

This  prayer  represents  the  ideal  to  which  Vonnegut  himself  aspires.    While  it  

is  true  that  life  can  saddle  the  individual  with  more  tragedy  than  he  or  she  can  bear,  

especially  if  the  individual  feels  compelled  to  suffer  alongside  of  their  fellow  human  

beings  as  Vonnegut  seems  compelled  to.      Fractured  but  not  broken  by  the  tragedy  

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that  he  has  experienced,  Vonnegut  has  captured  a  glimpse  of  his  shattered  self  in  

Slaughterhouse-­‐Five,  and  its  protagonist.      

In  addition,  Vonnegut  also  provides  a  glimpse  of  himself  intact  through  his  

discernable  authorial  presence  in  the  novel.    The  first  chapter  of  the  novel  takes  

Kurt  Vonnegut  as  its  protagonist  and  narrator.  And  throughout  the  novel  Vonnegut’s  

life  periodically  erupts  into  Billy  Pilgrim’s  fictional  narrative.    The  most  memorable  

of  these  eruptions  comes  when  Vonnegut  (as  character)  says  “There  they  go,  there  

they  go.”  Meaning  that  he  had  just  shit  out  his  own  brains  thanks  to  the  bounty  of  

food  that  accompanied  their  arrival  at  the  prisoner  of  war  camp.      

Despite  his  brief  appearances  in  the  novel,  it  is  Vonnegut’s  voice  and  

perspective  that  dictates  the  direction  of  the  novel  rather  than  any  one  of  his  

characters.    This  is  because  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  is  the  story  of  Vonnegut’s  struggle  

to  breath  air  that  is  necessary  for  life,  but  contaminated  by  death.    In  the  first  

chapter  of  the  novel,  Vonnegut  reveals  himself  as  he  is  in  order  to  contrast  it  with  

what  Billy  Pilgrim  will  become.    Vonnegut  says  of  himself:  

“I  get  drunk,  and  I  drive  my  wife  away  with  a  breath  like  mustard  

gas  and  roses.  And  then,  speaking  gravely  and  elegantly  into  the  

telephone,  I  ask  the  telephone  operator  to  connect  me  with  this  friend  

or  that  one,  from  whom  I  have  not  heard  in  years.”  (Slaughterhouse-­‐

Five  347)  

Vonnegut  has  internalized  the  smell  and  the  memory  of  Dresden  in  such  a  way  that  

he  periodically  spews  it  out  with  his  very  breath  to  those  who  may  be  able  to  

tolerate  it  for  a  while.  But  his  breath  contains  both  beauty  and  death.      

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  For  Vonnegut,  the  experience  of  beauty  is  a  privilege  purchased  by  the  

awareness  of  death.    He  sets  up  existence  as  a  choice  between  two  realities,  the  

willing  madness  of  Billy  Pilgrim,  or  life  contaminated  by  death.    But  as  I  will  explain  

later,  Vonnegut’s  construction  of  this  choice  fails  to  acknowledge  the  infinite  

possibility  of  being  as  described  in  Martin  Heidegger’s  aesthetic  phenomenology.      

 

Breakfast  of  Champions  

 

 

The  final  novel  that  I  will  address  in  this  thesis  is  Kurt  Vonnegut’s  seventh  

novel,  Breakfast  of  Champions  (1973).    The  novel  begins  with  a  “Preface”  which  is  

signed  with  the  name  Philboyd  Studge.    This  pseudonym,  which  Vonnegut  adopts,  

seems  out  of  place  both  in  the  preface  and  in  the  rest  of  the  novel.    Everything  about  

the  narrator  seems  to  shout  that  it  is  Kurt  Vonnegut  narrating  his  own  novel,  but  the  

signature  on  the  “Preface”  seems  to  refute  this  assertion.      

The  narrator  shares  personal  history,  his  sensibility,  and  his  characters  with  

Kurt  Vonnegut.    In  my  opinion,  Kurt  Vonnegut  is  the  narrator  of  his  novel  Breakfast  

of  Champions,  not  a  character  named  Philboyd  Studge.    Instead  of  naming  a  

character  in  his  novel,  Vonnegut  is  naming  himself  as  a  character  from  someone  

else’s  story.    

The  story  that  Vonnegut  is  alluding  to  is  “Filboid  Studge”  (1911)  by  Saki  

(Offit  “Notes”  Vol.  2,  847).      It  is  a  short  story  about  a  distasteful  breakfast  cereal,  

which  is  successful  despite  its  poor  quality.    The  reason  behind  this  unexpected  

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success  is  a  sense  of  duty.    As  Saki’s  narrator  observes:  “people  will  do  things  from  a  

sense  of  duty  which  they  would  never  attempt  as  a  pleasure.”      Vonnegut  is  using  

this  allusive  pseudonym  as  a  tool  to  characterize  himself.    He  feels  compelled  by  

duty  do  what  he  does  despite  the  distasteful  consequences  that  follow.    The  nature  

of  this  duty  or  even  compulsion  on  Vonnegut’s  part  is  made  clear  in  the  “Preface”  

itself.  

According  to  Martin  Heiddeger,  “He  who  truly  knows  what  is,  knows  what  he  

will  to  do  in  the  midst  of  what  is.”  (Hofstadter  65).    In  his  fiction,  Vonnegut  has  

always  been  a  keen  observer  of  “what  is,”  but  it  isn’t  until  the  “Preface”  of  Breakfast  

of  Champions  that  Vonnegut  finally  articulates  to  his  reader  what  he  wills  in  the  

midst  of  what  is.  He  reveals  his  will  while  discussing  the  difference  between  

Armistice  Day  and  Veteran’s  Day.  He  says:  

“Armistice  Day  has  become  Veterans  Day.  Armistice  Day  was  sacred.  

Veterans’  Day  is  not.  

So  I  will  throw  Veterans’  Day  over  my  shoulder.  Armistice  Day  I  will  

keep.  I  don’t  want  to  throw  away  sacred  things.  

What  else  is  sacred?  Oh  Romeo  and  Juliet,  for  instance.    

And  all  music  is.”    (Breakfast  of  Champions  505)  

He  chooses  to  keep  Armistice  Day  because  it  has  more  meaning  for  him  

personally.  Armistice  Day,  celebrates  a  day  in  the  past  on  which  millions  of  men  

agreed  to  stop  killing  each  other.  Veteran’s  Day  is  just  another  Federal  holiday  were  

we  celebrate  nameless  and  faceless  soldiers  from  no  war  in  particular.  In  choosing  

Armistice  Day  over  Veteran’s  day,  Vonnegut  is  deciding  for  himself  what  is  sacred  

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and  what  is  not.        He  also  chooses  to  hold  Romeo  and  Juliet  and  music  as  sacred.    In  

these  three  choices,  Vonnegut  is  willing  that  human  life,  love,  and  art  have  value.    It  

is  evidence  that  he  finally  knows  what  he  wills  in  the  midst  of  what  is.    

The  narrative  of  the  novel’s  itself  follows  events  in  the  lives  of  two  men,  

Kilgore  Trout,  and  Dwayne  Hoover.    Dwayne  Hoover  is  a  successful  and  respected  

man  who  is  attempting  to  conceal  his  madness  and  suffering  from  the  world.    

Kilgore  Trout  is  an  unknown  bitter  science  fiction  writer  who  supports  himself  

selling  storm  windows.    Trout  willingly  withdraws  from  a  world  that  he  finds  

repulsive.  He  only  attempts  to  contend  with  reality  through  his  writing.      Dwayne  

Hoover  is  forcibly  pushed  out  of  reality  by  a  chemical  imbalance  in  his  brain,  but  in  

the  process,  Dwayne  desperately  tries  to  conceal  and  cope  with  his  madness  in  

order  to  maintain  his  place  in  the  world.    

 Each  of  these  two  protagonists  is  an  interpretation  of  Vonnegut  by  

Vonnegut,  and  each  reveals  something  of  Vonnegut  himself,  but  their  simultaneous  

existence  conceals  him  through  revealing  him.    They  are  involved  in  a  striving  of  

their  own.    Trout  is  striving  to  communicate  his  being  to  others  through  his  fiction.    

And  Hoover  is  striving  to  regain/maintain  his  sanity  by  speaking  to  the  original  

author  of  the  delusion  that  has  become  the  face  of  his  madness  (Trout).  Both  are  

struggles,  in  which  Vonnegut  was  involved.  

The  characters  finally  meet  and  come  to  blows  in  The  Mildred  Barry  

Memorial  Center  for  the  Arts,  which  bears  an  interesting  resemblance  to  the  temple  

of  Heidegger’s  aesthetic  phenomenology.    It  is  a  building  that  sets  forth  a  being.    It  

does  this  both  literally  and  metaphorically.    Mildred  Barry  is  the  deceased  wife  of  a  

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rich  man,  and  the  building  is  named  in  her  honor,  and  in  the  sense  that  the  festival  

sets  forth  the  being  of  Art  through  its  festivities.    

The  commemorative  title  can  also  be  read  as  a  memorial  to  “art”  in  the  name  

of  Mildred  Barry.    But  in  either  case,  the  building  is  a  space  consecrated  to  art,  in  

which  art  is  set-­‐up  and  set-­‐forth,  but  it  is  also  a  place  where  Trout  and  Hoover’s  

strivings  are  revealed  as  part  of  the  author’s  own  striving  for  control  and  expression  

of  his  own  being.        As  a  result  the  author  is  an  essential  character  in  the  lives  of  his  

own  literary  creations.      

He  is  able  to  make  Trout  intelligible  to  the  world  by  bestowing  him  with  the  

Nobel  Prize  using  his  omnipotent  authorial  authority.      He  allows  Dwayne  to  

embrace  the  madness  that  tragedy  has  brought  on  him.    And  Vonnegut  is  able  to  

accept  that  the  world  might  drive  him  mad  by  imposing  suffering  on  him  and  that  

the  world  might  ignore  his  attempts  to  make  himself  known  through  his  art.  As  the  

author,  he  can  address  these  bleak  realities  on  behalf  of  his  characters,  but  he  

cannot  do  the  same  for  himself.  However,  Vonnegut’s  characters  have  made  his  own  

being  known  to  him  through  their  fictional  struggles,  just  as  Vonnegut  did  for  

Kilgore  Trout.    

  The  relationship  between  Vonnegut  and  his  characters  is  that  of  creator  and  

created.    What  separates  the  two  is  knowledge:  knowledge  of  themselves  as  

characters  in  a  story  told  by  someone  else.    Vonnegut  gifts  this  knowledge  to  Kilgore  

Trout  at  the  end  of  the  novel  in  return  for  their  gift  of  awareness  that  they  have  

given  them.    It  is  an  awareness  of  himself  as  the  author  of  his  own  being.    In  the  

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same  way  that  he  constructs  narratives  for  his  characters,  he  constructs  a  narrative  

of  his  own  life  to  tell  himself.    

This  notion  of  being  is  articulated  in  the  novel  by  the  artist  and  guest  of  

honor  at  the  Arts  festival,  Rabo  Karabekian.    It  is  part  of    his  defense  of  his  

expensive,  but  opaque  painting  entitled  The  Temptation  of  Saint  Anthony.  This  

painting  is  the  most  prominent  work  in  the  Festival  of  Arts  that  serves  as  the  arena  

for  Dwayne  Hoover’s  violent  madness  and  Kilgore  Trout’s  vindication.      

Karabekian’s  painting  is  composed  of  a  white  field  and  one  strip  of  color,  is  

incomprehensible  for  many,  but  his  explanation  vindicates  both  the  painting  and  

existence  itself.    He  says:  

“’I  now  give  you  my  word  of  honor’  he  went    on,  ‘that  the  picture  

your  city  owns  shows  everything  about  life  which  truly  matters,  with  

nothing  left  out.    It  is  a  picture  of  the  awareness  of  every  animal.    It  is  

the  immaterial  core  of  every  animal-­‐  the  ‘I  am’  to  which  all  messages  

are  sent.  It  is  all  that  is  alive  in  any  of  us  –  in  a  mouse,  in  a  deer,  in  a  

cocktail  waitress.  It  is  unwavering  and  pure,  no  matter  what  

preposterous  adventure  may  befall  us.    A  sacred  picture  of  Saint  

Anthony  alone  is  one  vertical,  unwavering  band  of  light.  If  a  cockroach  

were  near  him,  or  a  cocktail  waitress,  the  picture  would  show  two  

such  bands  of  light.    Our  awareness  is  all  that  is  alive  and  maybe  

sacred  in  any  of  us.    Everything  else  about  is  dead  machinery’”  

(Breakfast  of  Champions  675).      

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In  this  quote,  Vonnegut  articulates  a  notion  of  being  that  is  remarkably  similar  to  

Martin  Heidegger’s  notion  of  Dasein  (literally  “there-­‐being”).      Vonnegut  uses  the  

word  awareness  to  denote  an  entity  which  understands  both  its  own  being  and  the  

being  of  other  entities  in  the  world.      Hiedegger  says:    

“That  wherein  [Worin]  Dasein  understands  itself  beforehand  in  the  

mode  of  assigning  itself  is  that  for  which  [das  Waraufhin]  it  has  let  

entities  be  encounters  beforehand.    The  ‘wherein’  of  an  act  of  

understanding  which  assigns  or  refers  itself,  is  that  for  which  one  lets  

entities  be  encountered  in  the  kind  of  Being  that  belongs  to  

involvements;  and  this  ‘where’  in  is  the  phenomenon  of  the  world.”  

(Heideggar  119).  

In  understanding  one’s  own  existence  as  participating  in  the  notion  of  being,  

the  individual  gains  an  awareness  that  is  beyond  itself.  The  essential  character  of  

being  for  Heidegger  is  its  understanding  of  itself  as  a  participant  in  the  category  of  

being.  In  other  words,  being  has  an  awareness  of  itself  as  a  being.      This  awareness  

of  itself  as  being,  allows  a  being  to  assign  the  being  to  other  entities  outside  of  itself.      

Therefore,  one’s  understanding  of  themselves  as  a  being  allows  them  to  understand  

other  individuals  as  fellow  participants  in  the  category  of  being.    Part  of  Martin  

Heidegger’s  notion  of  being  is  an  awareness  on  behalf  of  the  self  both  of  its  own  

being  and  the  being  of  others.      It  is  this  notion  of  being  that  allows  Vonnegut  know  

what  he  wills  in  the  midst  of  what  is.    

While  Heidegger’s  phenomenological  notion  of  being  doesn’t  demand  that  

being  contain  a  morality,  Vonnegut  chooses  to  assign  moral  content  to  both  place  

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moral  value  to  his  own  being  and  the  being  of  others  It  rescues  him  from  the  radical  

isolation  and  moral  relativism  imposed  on  being  by  its  status  as  act  aesthetic  

interpretation  while  preserving  the  possibilities  and  freedom  afforded  by  

interpretive  existence.    

Knowledge  of  the  human  condition  is  a  gift  for  Vonnegut,  given  to  him  by  his  

literary  creations,  and  he  chooses  to  symbolically  return  the  favor  in  Breakfast  of  

Champions  by  giving  Trout  a  symbol  containing  the  same  knowledge  that  Trout  and  

his  fellow  characters  have  given  Vonnegut,  knowledge  of  his  existential  condition.  

Trout  explicitly  articulates  this  profound  truth  in  the  novel  as  a  response  to  a  phrase  

written  on  a  bathroom  wall  asking,  “What  is  the  purpose  of  life?”  (Breakfast  of  

Champions  552).  Kilgore  Trout’s  poetic  response  reads:  

“To  be  

The  eyes    

And  ears  

And  conscience  

Of  the  Creator  of  the  Universe,  

You  fool.”(Breakfast  of  Champions  552-­‐553)    

The  first  line  of  the  poem  establishes  that  being  as  an  essential  part  of  life.    The  

second  and  third  lines  establish  our  ability  to  apprehend  the  external  world  through  

the  senses.    This  access  to  the  external  world  transforms  life  into  dialogue  between  

the  internal  life  of  the  individual  and  the  lives  of  the  external  world  beyond  him  or  

her.      In  the  interplay  between  individual  and  world  mediated  by  sensation,  life  

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becomes  an  aesthetic  experience  full  of  beauty  and  terror,  love  and  hate,  elicited  by  

the  world,  apprehended  by  the  senses,  and  felt  by  the  individual.  

  The  fourth  line  of  the  poem  states  that  all  beings  evaluate  the  world  as  it  

presents  itself  through  the  senses  and  that  these  judgments  have  a  moral  character.  

Referring  to  the  Creator  of  the  Universe  in  the  fifth  line  of  the  poem  is  not  a  

reference  to  the  Christian  God.  Rather  it  refers  to  the  individual  because  he  or  she  

creates  their  own  universe  within  their  being  simply  by  existing.    Additionally,  when  

the  artist  creates  a  work,  they  create  a  new  world  that  contains  its  own  being.    And  

the  final  line  of  the  poem  serves  to  solidify  the  Creator  as  a  being  other  than  the  

Christian  God.    This  is  simply  because  that  particular  Creator  is  all  knowing  and  he  

rarely  makes  jokes.    Instead  it  refers  to  the  foolish  condition  of  the  individual,  who  is  

responsible  for  creating  and  sustaining  their  own  universe,  but  fails  to  realize  that  

they  are  capable  of  doing  either.      

The  poem  makes  a  rather  Nietzschian  statement  about  the  nature  of  

existence  that  is  both  sarcastically  false  and  tragically  true  at  the  same  time.  But  

each  line  contains  its  own  separate  assertion  that  characterizes  the  poem’s  larger  

statement  in  a  unique  way.  The  poem  taken  as  a  whole  implies  a  notion  of  religious  

belief  that  entitles  believers  to  see  and  judge  the  world  as  God’s  representative  on  

earth.    But  the  individual  statements  of  each  line  combine  to  form  a  very  different  

and  entirely  secular  notion  of  the  purpose  of  life.  

While  all  art  communicates  the  being  of  the  artist  that  created  it,  it  is  usually  

separate  from  the  being  of  the  work  itself.    However,  the  meta-­‐fictional  quality  of  

Vonnegut’s  text  makes  the  being  of  the  artist  an  essential  and  continuing  part  of  the  

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artwork  itself.    Its  awareness  of  itself  as  a  created  work  of  art  is  part  of  the  essential  

being  of  the  work  itself,  rather  than  something  that  one  infers  from  the  created  

nature  of  the  artwork.      Works  of  art  contain  their  own  being.  While  this  being  is  

derived  from  the  being  of  the  author,  the  two  beings  are  separate  enough  for  

Vonnegut,  as  the  author,  to  converse  with  characters  that  he  has  brought  into  being  

“’Mr.  Trout,  I  love  you.’  I  said  gently.  ‘I  have  broken  your  mind  to  

pieces.  I  want  to  make  it  whole.  I  want  you  to  feel  a  wholeness  and  

inner  harmony  such  as  I  have  never  allowed  you  to  feel  before.  I  want  

you  to  raise  your  eyes,  to  look  at  what  I  have  in  my  hand.’  

  I  had  nothing  in  my  hand,  but  such  was  my  power  over  Trout  

that  he  would  see  in  it  whatever  I  wished  him  to  see.  I  might  have  

shown  him  a  Helen  of  Troy  for  instance,  only  six  inches  tall.  

  ‘Mr.  Trout  –  Kilgor  –‘  I  said,  ‘  I  hold  in  my  hand  a  symbol  of  

wholeness  and  harmony  and  nourishment.  It  is  Oriental  in  its  

simplicity,  but  we  are  Americans,  Kilgore,  and  not  Chinamen.  We  

Americans  require  symbols  which  are  richely  colored  and  three-­‐

dimentsional  and  juicy.  Most  of  all,  we  hunger  for  symbols  which  have  

not  been  poisoned  by  the  great  sins  our  nation  has  commited  such  as  

slavery  and  genocide  and  criminal  neglect,  or  by  tinhorn  commercial  

greed  and  cunning.’”  (Breakfast  of  Champions  731-­‐732)  

This  rather  unusual  and  incredible  interaction  levels  the  disparity  in  existential  

awareness  between  author  and  character.      It  transforms  Vonnegut  the  author  into  a  

character,  and  Kilgore  Trout,  the  character,  into  his  own  author.    While  it  is  an  

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obvious  allusion  to  the  Fall  of  man  in  Genesis  in  a  number  of  ways,  it  is  also  unique  

in  a  several  ways.      

Rather  than  taking  knowledge  from  the  creator  as  Adam  and  Eve  stole  from  

God,  Vonnegut,  as  the  creator  of  this  literary  world,  chooses  to  give  knowledge  to  his  

creation.    Knowledge  of  his  existential  condition  lifts  Kilgore  Trout  up  rather  than  

laying  him  low  as  God  did  to  Adam  and  Eve.  This  mutual  dependence  between  

Vonnegut  and  his  fiction  is  more  fully  developed  in  Breakfast  of  Champions  than  in  

Slaughterhouse-­‐Five.    This  is  the  quality  that  has  made  Vonnegut’s  fiction  so  

powerful  to  so  many  readers  for  so  long,  and  I  will  be  addressing  its  development  

over  the  course  of  his  career  in  the  fourth  chapter  of  this  paper.  

 

 

 

   

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Chapter  4:  

Being  is  a  happening  of  truth  for  Martin  Heidegger.    But  the  truth  in  being  is  

elusive,  as  Vonnegut  displays  in  his  early  fiction.  Uncertain  of  essential  character  of  

being,  he  is  forced  to  rely  increasingly  on  the  character  of  his  own  being  in  order  to  

advance  his  own  inquiry  into  being  as  such.    The  result  of  this  process  is  an  

increasingly  discernable  authorial  presence  in  each  of  Vonnegut’s  novels.  This  

process  culminates  in  the  meta-­‐fictional  novels,  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  and  Breakfast  

of  Champions.      

In  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  Vonnegut  transforms  the  events  of  his  own  life  into  

fiction,  and  in  Breakfast  of  Champions  he  goes  even  further.    There  he  transfigures  

himself  into  a  character  while  remaining  aware  of  himself  as  the  author  of  the  story  

in  which  he  is  appearing.  He  is  fully  character  and  fully  author  simultaneously.    This  

position  demonstrates  the  true  nature  of  existence  for  Vonnegut  and  Heidegger.  

Each  being  is  the  author  and  only  reader  of  our  life’s  story.    Each  being  is  the  creator  

of  the  world,  and  the  being  for  which  it  was  created.    Vonnegut  as  both  author  and  

character  in  the  “Epilogue”  of  Breakfast  of  Champions  represents  the  truth  

happening  in  every  being.    

He  accomplishes  this  by  introducing  himself  as  an  essential  feature  of  his  

own  fiction,  and  there  are  a  number  of  ways  in  which  Vonnegut  accomplishes  this  

self-­‐introduction  into  his  own  work.    The  first  is  in  Vonnegut’s  repeated  use  of  place  

and  character  names  across  his  works,  independent  of  any  narrative  continuity.  This  

repetition  without  continuity  makes  Vonnegut  as  the  author  the  only  possible  

explanation  for  their  repetition.    Vonnegut  often  uses  his  characters  synchronously.  

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Diana  Moon  Glampers,  Eliot  Rosewater,  and  Kilgore  Trout  are  just  some  of  the  

character  names  that  appear  in  more  than  one  of  Vonnegut’s  texts  without  any  

explicit  connection  between  them.        

Diana  Moon  Glampers  appears  in  Vonnegut’s  short  story  “Harrison  

Bergeron”  and  his  novel  God  Bless  you  Mr.  Rosewater.    In  “Harrison  Bergeron”  Diana  

Moon  Glampers  is  the  Handicapper  General  responsible  for  eliminating  accidental  

advantage  in  humanity.  She  is  also  the  one  that  fatally  shoots  Harrison  Bergeron  in  

the  midst  asserting  his  the  individual  superiority  of  his  existence.  However,  in  God  

Bless  You  Mr.  Rosewater,  Diana  Moon  Glampers  is  a  lonely  old  woman  that  

incessantly  calls  the  Rosewater  Foundation  for  reassurance  from  Eliot  Rosewater.      

She  even  calls  him  for  comfort  during  a  lightning  storm.  “Harrison  Bergeron”  is  set  

in  the  year  2084,  and  God  Bless  You  Mr.  Rosewater  is  set  in  the  middle  of  the  20th  

century.    These  are  two  separate  characters  living  in  two  separate  centuries  in  two  

very  different  positions.    

Eliot  Rosewater,  the  title  character  of  Vonnegut’s  God  Bless  You  Mr.  

Rosewater,  also  appears  in  a  number  other  texts,  including  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five,  

Breakfast  of  Champions.    Much  like  Diana  Moon  Glampers,  the  various  incarnations  

of  Eliot  Rosewater  lack  explicit  unity.    In  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five,  Eliot  Rosewater  

shares  a  hospital  room  with  Billy  Pilgrim,  and  he  introduces  Billy  to  the  fiction  of  

Kilgore  Trout,  another  one  of  Vonnegut’s  serial  characters.    In  God  Bless  You  Mr.  

Rosewater,  Eliot  is  the  heir  to  the  ill-­‐gotten  Rosewater  fortune.      In  Breakfast  of  

Champions,  Eliot  Rosewater  is  the  magnanimous  donor  who  secures  Kilgore  Trout’s  

invitation  to  the  Arts  Festival  in  Indiana.  

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  While  there  is  no  explicit  relationship  between  the  various  incarnations  of  

Eliot  Rosewater,  there  is  also  nothing  that  logically  excludes  their  continuity  across  

texts.  And  there  is  also  a  thematic  unity  surrounding  Eliot  Rosewater.    In  addition  to  

similar  dispositions  and  attitudes,  each  version  of  Eliot  Rosewater  is  a  passionate  

fan  of  Kilgore  Trout’s  novels.      

The  final  multi-­‐textual  character  I  will  address  is  Kilgore  Trout.  He  appears  

several  of  Vonnegut’s  novels,  including  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  and  Breakfast  of  

Champions.  Across  novels,  Trout  possesses  an  even  more  distinct  thematic  unity  

than  Eliot  Rosewater  along,  but  there  is  also  a  similar  discontinuity  in  his  character  

as  Diana  Moon  Glampers.    Trout  always  appears  as  an  under-­‐appreciated  science  

fiction  writer  toiling  in  anonymity,  addressing  and  communicating  with  the  world  

through  fiction.      

In  Breakfast  of  Champions,  Trout  is  a  storm  window  salesman  who  must  go  

into  pornographic  bookstores  in  order  to  buy  one  of  his  own  novels.  In  

Slaughterhouse-­‐Five,  Trout  is  a  “circulation  man”  for  the  Ilium  Gazette,  who  bullies  

flatters  and  cheats  little  kids”  (Slaughterhouse-­‐Five  456).    Until  his  author  and  

creator  vindicates  him  at  the  end  of  Breakfast  of  Champions,  Trout’s  words  fall  on  

deaf  ears.      

The  significance  of  these  recurring  characters  is  that  they  create  a  necessary,  

consistent,  and  undeniable  authorial  presence  across  Vonnegut  fiction.    Many  

aesthetically  driven  texts  seek  to  exorcise  the  presence  of  their  authors  in  order  to  

free  themselves  from  the  interpretational  limitations  imposed  on  them  by  the  

author’s  personal  biography.  Vonnegut  instead  injects  himself  into  his  fiction,  

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creating  a  specifically  authorial  continuity  by  reusing  character  names  in  his  various  

texts.        

He  transitions  from  two  novels  about  future  incarnations  of  society  to  

Slaughterhouse-­‐Five,  which  is  a  novel  about  Vonnegut’s  own  experiences  during  

World  War  II,  and  Breakfast  of  Champions  which  is  in  many  ways  a  novel  about  

Vonnegut’s  own  fiction.      Rather  than  evacuating  his  authorial  presence  in  relation  

to  his  growing  aesthetic  interest,  Vonnegut  chooses  to  pour  more  of  himself  into  his  

fiction.      He  chooses  to  disclose  his  being  completely  and  directly  in  his  art,  which  

facilitates  his  ultimate  emergence  as  a  both  character  and  author  of  his  own  fiction  

in  the  Epilogue  of  Breakfast  of  Champions.  

Heidegger  uses  the  metaphor  of  a  temple  in  order  to  characterize  being  as  a  

happening  of  truth.    If  one  considers  Vonnegut’s  novel  Breakfast  of  Champions  using  

Heidegger’s  metaphor,  one  would  enter  the  temple  set  up  and  set  forth  by  Breakfast  

of  Champions  only  to  find  the  deity  himself  hard  at  work  within,  sculpting  an  idol  of  

himself  for  the  world  to  see.    The  idol  itself  does  not  contain  the  value  of  Vonnegut’s  

novel  as  a  work  of  art.    In  revealing  Vonnegut  as  both  author  and  character  that  

makes  him  a  metaphysical  necessity  within  his  own  work.    He  engages  being  as  an  

entirely  aesthetic  act  in  which  he  is  able  to  will  a  world  into  being,  but  he  makes  

sure  that  his  reader  knows  the  being  behind  that  willing.  

Vonnegut  projects  himself  through  his  works  so  thoroughly  that  he  achieves  

his  unusual  position  between  author  and  character.    This  sort  of  self-­‐projection  is  

something  that  Martin  Heidegger  ascribed  to  the  poet.    Although  Vonnegut  uses  

poetry  in  his  novels,  he  is  not  a  poet  because  of  his  poems  according  to  Heidegger.  

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For  him,  all  art  participates  in  poetry  because  “language  alone  brings  what  is,  as  

something  is,  into  the  open  for  the  first  time.“  (Hofstadter  71).      In  so  far  as  an  

artwork  sets  forth  its  own  being,  it  participates  in  poetry  for  Heidegger.  However,  

even  though  all  art  participates  in  poetry,  Heidegger  still  places  poetry  in  a  

privileged  position  above  other  art  forms.  He  says,  “the  linguistic  work,  the  poem,  in  

the  narrower  sense  has  a  privileged  position  in  the  domain  of  the  arts.”  (71).      

 The  reason  that  Heidegger  places  poetry  above  all  the  other  arts  is  because  

he  sees  it  as  the  purest  mode  of  projective  saying.    All  the  other  art  forms  project  

themselves  in  poetic  terms  even  though  they  may  not  be  poetry.    In  other  words,  a  

painting  cannot  project  itself  or  make  itself  known  without  the  aid  of  language.    

Simple  worlds  like  blue  or  red  are  required  in  order  for  the  mind  to  apprehend  the  

being  of  contained  within  the  painting.    For  Heidegger,  all  artists  are  indirectly  

poets.    What  is  it  that  makes  Vonnegut  and  the  poetry  of  his  fiction  special?  Why  is  

he  a  poet  in  a  different  way  than  the  painter?    The  difference  is  that  a  painting  does  

not  uses  language  alone  to  communicate  its  aesthetic  content.    The  painting  

articulates  itself  in  shapes,  colors,  and  textures  that  still  rely  on  language  in  order  to  

make  themselves  intelligible.    

Projective  saying  is  poetry:  the  saying  of  the  world  and  earth,  the  saying  of  

the  arena  of  their  conflict  and  thus  of  the  place  of  all  nearness  and  remoteness  of  the  

gods.    Poetry  is  the  saying  of  the  unconcealedness  of  what  is.“  (Hofstadter  71).  The  

projective  character  of  his  fiction  makes  him  and  his  being  so  accessible  to  his  

readers.  Kurt  Vonnegut’s  fiction  is  therefore  a  poetic  saying  of  the  truth  happening  

within  his  own  being.      He  remade  the  world  through  his  being,  and  his  projection  of  

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that  being  gives  all  of  his  reader’s  access  to  that  same  world,  that  humane  world  

where  life  and  its  beauty  retain  their  moral  meaning.    

   Vonnegut’s  poetic  projection  of  himself  through  his  works  renders  him  

accessible  to  future  generations  to  a  larger  degree  than  most  novelists.    The  fullness  

and  clarity  of  his  projected  being  goes  beyond  the  typical  boundaries  of  fiction.  His  

fiction  achieves  the  pure  projection  that  Heidegger  attributed  to  poetry.    In  the  same  

way  that  Dante  was  able  to  resurrect  Virgil  in  The  Divine  Comedy,  so  too  have  other  

authors  been  able  to  justly  incorporate  Vonnegut  into  their  own  work.        

Niel  Gaiman  to  write  the  Foreword  to  Vonnegut’s  short  story  “God  Bless  You  

Dr.  Kervorkian.”    The  “Foreword”  was  written  several  years  after  Vonnegut’s  death.    

In  it  Gaiman  ventures  into  the  afterlife  and  encounters  Vonnegut  mowing    his  lawn  

in  heaven.    When  Gaiman  enquires  about  the  purpose  of  life,  Vonnegut  essentially  

ignores  his  question  only  for  Gaiman  to  provide  Vonnegut’s  answer  for  him.    Gaiman  

says,  “’A  purpose  of  life,  no  who  is  controlling,  is  to  love  whoever  is  around  to  be  

loved’?  

  ‘Sure,’  he  said,  ‘Tell  them  I  said  that.’”  (Gaiman  9-­‐10).      

  This  is  the  power  of  Kurt  Vonnegut  and  his  fiction.    He  doesn’t  have  to  tell  his  

readers  what  it  means  to  be.    He  doesn’t  tell  his  readers  how  to  be.    He  shows  them  

how  they  can  “be”  by  telling  them  how  he  “is”  so  that  they  might  come  to  know  

themselves  and  their  own  being.    

 

 

   

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15.  Rawls,  John.    A  Theory  of  Justice.  Cambridge,  Mass.,  The  Belknap  Press.  1999.  

Print.      

16.  Saki.  Filboid  Studge,  the  Story  of  the  Mouse  that  Helped.  New  York,  Penguin,  2011.  

Print.    

17.  Schopenhauer,  Arthur.    The  World  as  Will  and  Representation.  Trans.  E.  F.  J.  

Payne.  New  York:  Dover  Publications  Inc.  1969.  Print.    

18.  Vonnegut,  Kurt.    Sirens  of  Titan.  Kurt  Vonnegut:  Novels  and  Stories  1950-­‐1962.  Ed.  

Sidney  Offit.  New  York:  The  Library  of  America,  2012.  309-­‐532.  Print.  

19.  Vonnegut  Kurt.  Player  Piano.  Kurt  Vonnegut:  Novels  and  Stories  1950-­‐1962.  Ed.  

Sidney  Offit.  New  York:  The  Library  of  America,  2012.  1-­‐307.  Print.    

20.  Vonnegut  Kurt.  Slaughterhouse-­‐Five.  Kurt  Vonnegut:  Novels  and  Stories  1963-­‐

1973.  Ed.  Sidney  Offit.  New  York:  The  Library  of  America,  2011.  309-­‐532.  

Print.  

21.  Vonnegut  Kurt.  Breakfast  of  Champions.    Kurt  Vonnegut:  Novels  and  Stories  1963-­‐

1973.  Ed.  Sidney  Offit.  New  York:  The  Library  of  America,  2011.  309-­‐532.  

Print.  

22.  Yeats,  William  Butler.  “The  Second  Coming.”  The  Poems  of  W.  B.  Yeats.  Ed.  

Richard  Finneran.  New  York:  Macmillan  Publishing,  1983.  Print.  

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Curriculum  Vitae  

• James  Robert  Hubbard  Jr.,  

o From  Cincinnati,  Ohio  

o Graduated  from  Archbishop  Moeller  High  School    

o B.A.  in  English  from  the  University  of  Notre  Dame    

o M.A.  Student  at  Wake  Forest  University.