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Wall-painting from the villa

AmnisosFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Amnisos, also Amnissos and Amnisus, is a bronze-aged

settlement on the north shore of Crete and was used as a port to

the palace city of Knossos. It appears in Greek literature and

mythology from the earliest times, but its origin is far earlier, in

prehistory. The historic settlement belonged to a civilization now

called Minoan. Excavation at Amnisos in 1932 uncovered a villa

that included the "House of the Lilies", which was named for the

lily theme that was depicted in a wall fresco.

Contents

1 Geography

2 Archaeology3 Bronze-Aged History4 Notes5 References6 External links

Geography

Amnisos is seven km east of Heraklion (Iraklio) on a beach used for recreation by the citizens of themodern city. The current sea level is three meters higher than the bronze-aged sea level. Drowned houses

are visible.

The ancient settlement bears the same name as the river exiting there. Currently called the Karteros, from

the iron-aged name of Caeratus, the river was the Amnisos during the Bronze Age. Across from its mouth

is a very small island called Amnisos. The river begins on Mount Ida in central Crete and runs through

Karteros Ravine. During the drier season, the river is reduced to a stream. The divinities, Amnisiades, were

associated with the river.

There was no navigable stream to Knossos, today part of the port city. The road was lined with veryancient cult sites. One site is the cave (http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/02/crete/en/gallery/spilaio.html) of the

goddess Eileithyia. It contained objects dating as f ar back as the neolithic period.

Archaeology

Amnisos was first excavated in 1932 by Spyridon Marinatos, who discovered the villa and "The House of 

Lilies", which was named for the only restorable fresco. The two-storeyed villa had ten rooms and

included a paved court, a hall with a polythyra, a kitchen area, a shrine, and a bathroom.

The restored 1.8-meter-high lily fresco on the second storey depicts red and white lilies, mint, iris, and

papyrus growing in pots. Concerning the date, Matz[1] has this to say:

Coordinates: 35.331295°N 25.207035°E

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"The blossoms ... are inlaid with coloured paste on a ruby ground, by a method similar to that usedfor inlaying intarsia. This is a rare technical process. Dating is made possible by concurrence with

vases originating from a Late MM IIIa level."[2]

If it is on the border between the middle Bronze Age (Middle Minoan, MM) and the late Bronze Age

(Late Minoan, LM), then the fresco is an early instance of a typical style in the early period of the late

Bronze Age, LMIA, or "Palace Period." Often termed the "naturalistic style", it flourished ca. 1570-1470

BCE. In it are stylized motifs from nature, especially floral, and courtly scenes. The original colors of red,

blue, yellow, and black were bright.

The house was destroyed by fire during LMIA.

Bronze-Aged History

Amnisos is mentioned in a few Linear B tablets, mainly from Knossos (KN), as a-mi-ni-so, reconstructed

to *Amnisos. An example is Tablet KN Gg 705 quoted by Ventris and Chadwick:[3]

"Amnisos: One jar of honey to Eleuthia,

One jar of honey to all [of] the gods. . . ."

The tablet records a votive offering from or at Amnisos to the goddess of childbirth, probably the one

worshipped at the cave mentioned above. The word "a-mi-ni-so" was pivotal in Michael Ventris'

deciphering of Linear B. Ventris had constructed elaborate tables with possible phonemic values for the

syllabary's symbols and had correctly identified key grammatical features such as declensional suffixes. He

then made the crucial educated guess that a particular word referred to Amnisos, the port of Knossos. The

guess proved an inspired one, as it was correct and let all the other pieces of the puzzle fall into place. The

date of the Knossos tablets is still uncertain,[4] but it is likely that they belong to the late Bronze Age.Amnisos is mentioned on the itinerary published on the statue base of Amenophis III at Kom el-Heitan, as

an ambassadorial stop to Keftiu (Crete), dated ca. 1380 BCE.

By that date, the residents of Knossos and almost certainly of its port, Amnisos, were speaking Greek. In

the thumbnail historical sketch given by John Chadwick in The Mycenaean World , Chapter 1, Chadwick

writes:

"Crete was occupied down to the fifteenth century by people who did not speak Greek..."

Instead, they spoke the language that was written in the yet undeciphered script called Linear A. Thesepeople, called Minoans by Arthur Evans, were extremely influential at sea:

"Around the sixteenth century the Minoan influence on the mainland becomes very marked."

During this floruit, the House of Lilies was occupied. Minoan civilization is not believed to have been

warlike; there are few traces of arms and armor. They probably represented a mercantile hegemony, safe in

their island home and protected by their fleet.

Around 1450 BCE, the villa was burned along with all of the other major sites in Crete except for

Knossos. These events are generally interpreted as an interest in ruling the island by Mycenaean Greeks.As the name Amnisos evidences the pre-Greek -ssos suffix, they probably took the name as it was.

Notes

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1. ^ Work cited, Chapter 3, The Age of Maturity.

2. ^ Matz cites a vase with lily design (http://www.usask.ca/antiquities/Collection/Lily_Vase.html) from Knossos

dated to approximately 1600 BCE.

3. ^ Work cited, Page 310.

4. ^ The original issue was called the Palmer-Boardman Dispute and concerned Arthur Evans' dating of the layer,

in which the tablets were found, to ca. 1400 BCE rather than to the 1200 BCE of the Pylos tablets.

References

Matz, Friedrich, The Art of Crete and Early Greece, 1st published in 1962.Chadwick, John, Documents in Mycenaean Greek , Second Edition, Cambridge University Press,

1973, ISBN 0-521-08558-6Chadwick, John, The Mycenaean World , Cambridge University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-521-21077-1hard, 0 521 29037 6 paper

External links

Swindale, Ian, Minoan Crete Amnissos page (http://www.minoancrete.com/amnisos.htm)The Tsunami Caused by the Prehistoric Eruption of Thera

(http://www.therafoundation.org/articles/volcanology/thetsunamicausedbytheprehistoriceruptionofthera), Thera FoundationThe Amnisos Gardens (http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/02/crete/en/habitance/index6e4.html),

Foundation of the Hellenic WorldWalberg, Gisela, Space and Perspective in Minoan Art 

(htt  p://www.noteaccess.com/Texts/Walburg/TI6SpacePersp.htm)

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Categories: Heraklion (regional unit) Minoan sites in Crete Populated places in Ancient GreeceFormer populated places in Greece Port settlements in ancient Crete

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