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Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to
force and compress air
AqueousAmmonia
pumpincreasespressure
Ammoniais
injected/absorbedin water
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
Heat Storage
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Thermal Solar Collectors
High Pressure Cold Water
Am
monia vapor under partial vacuum
Aspira
tor
High Pressure Hot Water
Steam Turbine Condenser
Ammonia Condenser
Preheater
High PressureHot Ammonia Vapor
Pump
Ammoniacondenses
athigh
pressure/temperatureand
generates steam.
AmmoniaVaporand
Waterare
separated
Steam Turbine
Generator
WindTurbine
Generator
Water O
utput
The target location in this example is Western Canada.
For the summer daytime cycle, assume that the ambient air temperature is 20°C and the shallow earth is 3°C.
The solar collectors would be concentrated solar trough or similar system capable of temperatures >400°C.
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
Anhydrous Ammonia (NH3) is stored as a liquid under pressure at ambient temperature.
(400psi/2700kPa)
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
The NH3 pressure is used to drive an expansion engine attached to a fan. There is a pressure drop in the engine as the NH3expands.
(~150psi/1300kPa)
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
The fan forces air through the heat exchanger increasing it’s pressure and temperature. The air is compressed to (20psi/150kPa) and the temperature rises to 35°C.
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
The NH3 is then completely expanded to a low pressure in a heat exchanger (evaporator) and it boils at -33°C.
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
The heat from the air (at the increased temperature) is transferred into the evaporating ammonia.
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
The water vapor in the air condenses as it is cooled and is captured.
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
The NH3 vapor is at a low pressure and contains the heat from the ambient air.
(<14psi/100kPa) 30°C
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
It is then absorbed into cool water. The absorption is exothermic and the resulting aqueous ammonia liquid contains the heat from the ambient air.
Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to
force and compress air
Ammoniais
injected/absorbedin water
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Am
monia vapor under partial vacuum
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
A pump pressurizes the aqueous ammonia liquid to 400psi(2700kPa)
Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to
force and compress air
AqueousAmmonia
pumpincreasespressure
Ammoniais
injected/absorbedin water
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Am
monia vapor under partial vacuum
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
This is a liquid and not compressible and the required power to increase the pressure is relatively low.
Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to
force and compress air
AqueousAmmonia
pumpincreasespressure
Ammoniais
injected/absorbedin water
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Am
monia vapor under partial vacuum
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
This pump is very similar in action to the feed water pump in a Rankine cycle.
Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to
force and compress air
AqueousAmmonia
pumpincreasespressure
Ammoniais
injected/absorbedin water
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Am
monia vapor under partial vacuum
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
The pressurized aqueous ammonia solution is then heated with concentrated solar heat.
400psi(2700kPa)400°C
A thermal oil and secondary heat exchanger would be used and is removed for simplification.
Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to
force and compress air
AqueousAmmonia
pumpincreasespressure
Ammoniais
injected/absorbedin water
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Thermal Solar Collectors
Am
monia vapor under partial vacuum
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
The ammonia boils out of the aqueous ammonia solution well below the boiling point of water.
This is fractional distillation.
400psi(2700kPa)400°C
Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to
force and compress air
AqueousAmmonia
pumpincreasespressure
Ammoniais
injected/absorbedin water
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Thermal Solar Collectors
Am
monia vapor under partial vacuum
High PressureHot Ammonia Vapor
AmmoniaVaporand
Waterare
separated
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
The ammonia vapor is condensed in a heat exchanger and the heat is transfered.
400psi(2700kPa)20°C
Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to
force and compress air
AqueousAmmonia
pumpincreasespressure
Ammoniais
injected/absorbedin water
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Thermal Solar Collectors
Am
monia vapor under partial vacuum
Ammonia CondenserHigh PressureHot Ammonia Vapor
AmmoniaVaporand
Waterare
separated
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
The condensed and cooled ammonia liquid is returned to pressurized storage.
400psi(2700kPa)20°C Anhydrous
AmmoniaStorage
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Ammonia CondenserHigh PressureHot Ammonia Vapor
AmmoniaVaporand
Waterare
separated
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
The water is cooled in a heat exchanger and the pressurized cold water travels though an aspirator creating a vacuum which draws the ammonia vapor.
The pressure drops to 200psi through the aspirator, this pressure drop is maintained by the aqueous ammonia pump intake.
Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to
force and compress air
AqueousAmmonia
pumpincreasespressure
Ammoniais
injected/absorbedin water
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Thermal Solar Collectors
High Pressure Cold Water
Am
monia vapor under partial vacuum
Aspira
tor
High Pressure Hot Water Preheater
AmmoniaVaporand
Waterare
separated
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
The heat from the hot water and the ammonia condensation is used to drive a steam turbine which produces electricity.
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
High Pressure Hot Water
Steam Turbine Condenser
Ammonia Condenser
Preheater
High PressureHot Ammonia Vapor
AmmoniaVaporand
Waterare
separated
Steam Turbine Generator
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
Cold water cools the steam turbine and the heat is transferred to underground thermal storage.
Heat Storage
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
High Pressure Hot Water
Steam Turbine Condenser
Ammonia Condenser
Preheater
High PressureHot Ammonia Vapor
Pump
AmmoniaVaporand
Waterare
separated
Steam Turbine Generator
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
The air pressure drops as it exits the heat exchanger and the much colder and dryer air is denser than ambient and negative buoyancy forces it down the convection tower.
Generator
WindTurbine
A wind turbine generates electricity.
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)
Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to
force and compress air
AqueousAmmonia
pumpincreasespressure
Ammoniais
injected/absorbedin water
AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage
Heat Storage
Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007
Thermal Solar Collectors
High Pressure Cold Water
Am
monia vapor under partial vacuum
Aspira
tor
High Pressure Hot Water
Steam Turbine Condenser
Ammonia Condenser
Preheater
High PressureHot Ammonia Vapor
Pump
Ammoniacondenses
athigh
pressure/temperatureand
generates steam.
AmmoniaVaporand
Waterare
separated
Steam Turbine
Generator
WindTurbine
Generator
Water O
utputSolar Heat Pump Electrical
Generation System Ammonia Absorption
(Day Time Cycle)