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Expansion Engine uses ammonia pressure to force and compress air Aqueous Ammonia pump increases pressure Ammonia is injected/ absorbed in water Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System Ammonia Absorption (Day Time Cycle) Anhydrous Ammonia Storage Heat Storage Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007 Thermal Solar Collectors High Pressure Cold Water Ammonia vapor under partial vacuum Aspirator High Pressure Hot Water Steam Turbine Condenser Ammonia Condenser Preheater High Pressure Hot Ammonia Vapor Pump Ammonia condenses at high pressure/temperature and generates steam. Ammonia Vapor and Water are separated Steam Turbine Generator Wind Turbine Generator Water Output

Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

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Page 1: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to

force and compress air

AqueousAmmonia

pumpincreasespressure

Ammoniais

injected/absorbedin water

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

Heat Storage

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Thermal Solar Collectors

High Pressure Cold Water

Am

monia vapor under partial vacuum

Aspira

tor

High Pressure Hot Water

Steam Turbine Condenser

Ammonia Condenser

Preheater

High PressureHot Ammonia Vapor

Pump

Ammoniacondenses

athigh

pressure/temperatureand

generates steam.

AmmoniaVaporand

Waterare

separated

Steam Turbine

Generator

WindTurbine

Generator

Water O

utput

Page 2: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

The target location in this example is Western Canada.

For the summer daytime cycle, assume that the ambient air temperature is 20°C and the shallow earth is 3°C.

The solar collectors would be concentrated solar trough or similar system capable of temperatures >400°C.

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 3: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

Anhydrous Ammonia (NH3) is stored as a liquid under pressure at ambient temperature.

(400psi/2700kPa)

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 4: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

The NH3 pressure is used to drive an expansion engine attached to a fan. There is a pressure drop in the engine as the NH3expands.

(~150psi/1300kPa)

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 5: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

The fan forces air through the heat exchanger increasing it’s pressure and temperature. The air is compressed to (20psi/150kPa) and the temperature rises to 35°C.

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 6: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

The NH3 is then completely expanded to a low pressure in a heat exchanger (evaporator) and it boils at -33°C.

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 7: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

The heat from the air (at the increased temperature) is transferred into the evaporating ammonia.

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 8: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

The water vapor in the air condenses as it is cooled and is captured.

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 9: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

The NH3 vapor is at a low pressure and contains the heat from the ambient air.

(<14psi/100kPa) 30°C

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 10: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

It is then absorbed into cool water. The absorption is exothermic and the resulting aqueous ammonia liquid contains the heat from the ambient air.

Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to

force and compress air

Ammoniais

injected/absorbedin water

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Am

monia vapor under partial vacuum

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 11: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

A pump pressurizes the aqueous ammonia liquid to 400psi(2700kPa)

Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to

force and compress air

AqueousAmmonia

pumpincreasespressure

Ammoniais

injected/absorbedin water

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Am

monia vapor under partial vacuum

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 12: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

This is a liquid and not compressible and the required power to increase the pressure is relatively low.

Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to

force and compress air

AqueousAmmonia

pumpincreasespressure

Ammoniais

injected/absorbedin water

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Am

monia vapor under partial vacuum

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 13: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

This pump is very similar in action to the feed water pump in a Rankine cycle.

Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to

force and compress air

AqueousAmmonia

pumpincreasespressure

Ammoniais

injected/absorbedin water

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Am

monia vapor under partial vacuum

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 14: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

The pressurized aqueous ammonia solution is then heated with concentrated solar heat.

400psi(2700kPa)400°C

A thermal oil and secondary heat exchanger would be used and is removed for simplification.

Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to

force and compress air

AqueousAmmonia

pumpincreasespressure

Ammoniais

injected/absorbedin water

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Thermal Solar Collectors

Am

monia vapor under partial vacuum

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 15: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

The ammonia boils out of the aqueous ammonia solution well below the boiling point of water.

This is fractional distillation.

400psi(2700kPa)400°C

Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to

force and compress air

AqueousAmmonia

pumpincreasespressure

Ammoniais

injected/absorbedin water

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Thermal Solar Collectors

Am

monia vapor under partial vacuum

High PressureHot Ammonia Vapor

AmmoniaVaporand

Waterare

separated

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 16: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

The ammonia vapor is condensed in a heat exchanger and the heat is transfered.

400psi(2700kPa)20°C

Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to

force and compress air

AqueousAmmonia

pumpincreasespressure

Ammoniais

injected/absorbedin water

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Thermal Solar Collectors

Am

monia vapor under partial vacuum

Ammonia CondenserHigh PressureHot Ammonia Vapor

AmmoniaVaporand

Waterare

separated

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 17: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

The condensed and cooled ammonia liquid is returned to pressurized storage.

400psi(2700kPa)20°C Anhydrous

AmmoniaStorage

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Ammonia CondenserHigh PressureHot Ammonia Vapor

AmmoniaVaporand

Waterare

separated

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 18: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

The water is cooled in a heat exchanger and the pressurized cold water travels though an aspirator creating a vacuum which draws the ammonia vapor.

The pressure drops to 200psi through the aspirator, this pressure drop is maintained by the aqueous ammonia pump intake.

Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to

force and compress air

AqueousAmmonia

pumpincreasespressure

Ammoniais

injected/absorbedin water

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Thermal Solar Collectors

High Pressure Cold Water

Am

monia vapor under partial vacuum

Aspira

tor

High Pressure Hot Water Preheater

AmmoniaVaporand

Waterare

separated

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 19: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

The heat from the hot water and the ammonia condensation is used to drive a steam turbine which produces electricity.

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

High Pressure Hot Water

Steam Turbine Condenser

Ammonia Condenser

Preheater

High PressureHot Ammonia Vapor

AmmoniaVaporand

Waterare

separated

Steam Turbine Generator

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 20: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

Cold water cools the steam turbine and the heat is transferred to underground thermal storage.

Heat Storage

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

High Pressure Hot Water

Steam Turbine Condenser

Ammonia Condenser

Preheater

High PressureHot Ammonia Vapor

Pump

AmmoniaVaporand

Waterare

separated

Steam Turbine Generator

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 21: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

The air pressure drops as it exits the heat exchanger and the much colder and dryer air is denser than ambient and negative buoyancy forces it down the convection tower.

Generator

WindTurbine

A wind turbine generates electricity.

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System

Ammonia Absorption(Day Time Cycle)

Page 22: Ammonia Solar Heat Engine

Expansion Engineuses ammonia pressure to

force and compress air

AqueousAmmonia

pumpincreasespressure

Ammoniais

injected/absorbedin water

AnhydrousAmmoniaStorage

Heat Storage

Design by Robert J. Rohatensky April 2007

Thermal Solar Collectors

High Pressure Cold Water

Am

monia vapor under partial vacuum

Aspira

tor

High Pressure Hot Water

Steam Turbine Condenser

Ammonia Condenser

Preheater

High PressureHot Ammonia Vapor

Pump

Ammoniacondenses

athigh

pressure/temperatureand

generates steam.

AmmoniaVaporand

Waterare

separated

Steam Turbine

Generator

WindTurbine

Generator

Water O

utputSolar Heat Pump Electrical

Generation System Ammonia Absorption

(Day Time Cycle)