Amity - Ecosystems - Why So Dumb

7/31/2019 Amity - Ecosystems - Why So Dumb

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4/24

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{j m`fe j{ems `gk bl{ lg{j {emls

mgrlsjgnmg{'

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vn`hh `v ` ksjq jb y`{ms js

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bjsmv{'

L{ n`| cm ` qjgk( ` slrms( `g

jfm`g js ` bjsmv{ js mrmg `g

`p}`sl}n( ` k`n( ` i`skmg'

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5/24

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l, @}{j{sjqelf Fjnqjgmg{

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`}{j{sjqelf mfjv|v{mn'

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`,Cljqe`imv? L{ lgfh}kmv jsi`glvnv fjgv}nlgi j{ems hlrlgijsi`glvnv'

c,V`qsjqe`imv? L{ lgfh}kmv jsi`glvnv yelfe bmmk jg km`kjsi`glf n`{{ms'

@g mfjv|v{mn e`v {yj n`lg fjnqjgmg{v?

l, @clj{lf Fjnqjgmg{v

[em gjg.hlrlgi mgrlsjgnmg{ jb `g mfjv|v{mn lv {em `clj{lffjnqjgmg{'


6/24

L{ f`g cm f`{mijslzmk lg{j {em bjhhjylgi {esmm q`s{v?

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hlrlgi bjsnv'

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ll, Clj{lf Fjnqjgmg{v

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fjnqjgmg{v( yelfe lgfh}km qh`g{v( `gln`hv `gk nlfsj.

jsi`glvnv'

Clj{lf fjnqjgmg{v `sm jb bjhhjylgi {|qmv?

`,Qsjk}fmsvQsjk}fmsv `sm {em `}{j{sjqelf nmncmsv jb {em mfjv|v{mn'

[em| v|g{emvlzmk bjjk bsjn gjg.hlrlgi vlnqhm lgjsi`glf

v}cv{`gfmv'

V}fe qsjk}fmsv jb bjjk `sm jb n`lgh| {yj {|qmv?


7/24

0' N`lg qsjk}fmsv? Ismmg qh`g{v `sm {em n`lgqsjk}fmsv' [em| {s`q vjh`s mgmsi| }vlgi fehjsjqe|hh

`gk fjgrms{ l{ lg{j femnlf`h mgmsi| lg {em bjsn jb

f`scje|ks`{mv }vlgi vlnqhm lgjsi`glf fjnqj}gkv

g`nmh| y`{ms `gk f`scjg kljulkm' [elv qsjfmvv lv

dgjyg `v qej{jv|g{emvlv'

3' Nlgjs qsjk}fmsv? Qej{jv|g{em{lf c`f{msl` gkfemnjv|g{em{lf c`f{msl` `sm {em nlgjs qsjk}fmsv'

c,Fjgv}nmsv js Qe`ij{sjqevHlrlgi jsi`glvnv h`fd fehjsjqe|hh `gk `sm }g`chm {j

v|g{emvlzm {emls jyg bjjk' [emsmbjsm {em| kmqmgk jg {em

qsjk}fmsv bjs {emls bjjk' [emvm `sm dgjyg `v fjgv}nmsv

js em{msj{sjqev'

Fjgv}nmsv lgfh}km `gln`hv yelfe m`{ js lgimv{ j{ems

jsi`glvnv js q`s{lf}h`s jsi`glf n`{{ms'

[em fjgv}nmsv `sm jb bjhhjylgi {|qmv?

0'Qsln`s| Fjgv}nmsv js Emsclrjsmv? [emvm `sm {emhlrlgi cmlgiv yelfe bmmk jg qh`g{v jgh|' Mu`nqhmv `sm

s`ccl{( f`{{hm( kmms `gk ij`{ m{f'

3'Vmfjgk`s| Fjgv}nmsv js Qsln`s| F`sglrjsmv?[emvm hlrlgi cmlgiv m`{ {em emsclrjsmv `gk `sm f`hhmk

qsln`s| f`sglrjsmv' Mu`nqhmv `sm f`{( bju( vg`dm m{f'


8/24

6'[ms{l`s| Fjgv}nmsv? [emvm `sm {em h`sim f`sglrjsmvyelfe bmmk jg {em vmfjgk`s| fjgv}nmsv' Mu`nqhm lv

yjhb'

;'P}`{msg`s| Fjgv}nmsv js Jnglrjsmv? [emvm `sm{em h`simv{ f`sglrjsmv yelfe bmmk jg {em {ms{l`s|

fjgv}nmsv `gk {em| `sm gj{ m`{mg }q c| `g| j{ems

`gln`h' Mu`nqhmv `sm {lims( hljg m{f'

f,Kmfjnqjvmsv( Nlfsj.fjgv}nmsv js V`qsj{sjqev[em| `sm felmbh| c`f{msl` `gk b}gil yelfe kmfjnqjvm {em

fjnqhmu fjnqj}gk jb km`k qsj{jqh`vn `gk `cvjsc vjnm

jb {em kmfjnqjvmk qsjk}f{v' [emvm nlfsjjsi`glvnv

`{{`fd {em km`k cjklmv jb qsjk}fmsv `gk fjgv}nmsv `gk

kmfjnqjvm {emn lg{j vlnqhms fjnqj}gkv `gk `hvj

smhm`vm lgjsi`glf g}{slmg{v'

[emvm lgjsi`glf v}cv{`gfmv {jim{ems yl{e j{ems jsi`glf

v}cv{`gfmv `sm sm}vmk c| {em qsjk}fmsv( smv}h{lgi lg `

f|fhlf mufe`gim jb n`{msl`hv cm{ymmg {em clj{lf

fjnn}gl{| `gk {em `clj{lf mgrlsjgnmg{ jb {em mfjv|v{mn'

[em kmfjnqjvmsv `sm dgjyg `v V`qsj{sjqev'

B}gf{ljg jb `g Mfjv|v{mn

[em n`lg b}gf{ljg`h `vqmf{v jb mfjv|v{mn `sm {em bjhhjylgi?

l, Mgmsi| bhjy

ll, Bjjk fe`lg `gk {sjqelf hmrmhv


9/24

lll, G}{slmg{ js cljimjfemnlf`h f|fhmv

lr, Ejnmjv{`vlv

r, J{ems b`f{jsv hldm klrmsvl{| q`{{msg( kmrmhjqnmg{ `gk

mrjh}{ljg

rl, Mfjhjilf`h q|s`nlkv

Mgmsi| Bhjy

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{em v}g mg{msv {em hlrlgi yjshk {esj}ie qej{jv|g{em{lf

jsi`glvnv `gk q`vvmv bsjn jgm jsi`glvn {j `gj{ems lg {em

bjsn jb bjjk' [em bhjy jb mgmsi| {esj}ie {em mfjv|v{mn lv

}glklsmf{ljg`h `gk gjgf|fhlf' L{ lv bsjn qsjk}fmsv {j emsclrjsmv

{j f`sglrjsmv' [em `nj}g{ jb mgmsi| kmfsm`vmv yl{e v}ffmvvlrm{sjqelf hmrmhv'

Ismmg qh`g{v f`q{}sm jgh| ` vn`hh bs`f{ljg jb vjh`s mgmsi| %0.

=- jb {em vjh`s s`kl`{ljg, `gk {em c}hd jb }g}{lhlzmk mgmsi| lv

klvvlq`{mk `v em`{( vjnm q`s{ jb {elv mgmsi| lv }vmk c| {em

ismmg qh`g{v bjs {emls smvqls`{ljg `gk n`lg{mg`gfm `gk bjs

bmmklgi {em emsclrjsmv %Bli,' [em }g}{lhlzmk qsjk}f{lrl{| lv

fjgrms{mk {j km{sl{}v yelfe lg {}sg n`| cm }vmk c| {em

kmfjnqjvmsv'

Mgmsi| jb `g mfjv|v{mn lgrjhrmv {s`gvnlvvljg `gk }{lhlz`{ljg

yelfe bjsn mgmsi| bhjy flsf}l{v'

[emvm flsf}l{v n`| cm jb klbbmsmg{ {|qmv?


10/24

l, Is`zlgi {|qm? Lg {elv {em mgmsi| lv klsmf{h| fjgv}nmk c|hlrlgi qh`g{v'

ll,Jsi`glf km{sl{}v flsf}l{? L{ lgrjhrmv {em `ff}n}h`{ljg `vymhh `v kmfjnqjvl{ljg jb km`k n`{msl`hv'

Mfjhjilf`h V}ffmvvljg

Mfjhjilf`h v}ffmvvljg lv {em jcvmsrmk qsjfmvv jb fe`gim lg {emvqmflmv( v{s}f{}sm jb `g mfjhjilf`h fjnn}gl{| jrms {lnm' Yl{elg

`g| fjnn}gl{| vjnm vqmflmv n`| cmfjnm hmvv `c}gk`g{ jrms

vjnm {lnm lg{msr`h( js {em| n`| mrmg r`glve bsjn {em

mfjv|v{mn `h{jim{ems' Vlnlh`sh| jrms vjnm lg{msr`h( j{ems

vqmflmv yl{elg {em fjnn}gl{| n`| cmfjnm njsm `c}gk`g{( js

gmy vqmflmv n`| mrmg lgr`km lg{j fjnn}gl{| bsjn `ko`fmg{

mfjv|v{mnv'

[em fe`gim jb qh`g{ `gk `gln`h fjnn}gl{lmv lg `g jskmsh|

vmp}mgfm lg `g `sm`( smv}h{lgi lg mv{`chlvenmg{ jb v{`chm js

fhln`u fjnn}gl{| lv f`hhmk mfjhjilf`h v}ffmvvljg'


11/24

Bjjk Fe`lg

Jsi`glvnv jb `g mfjv|v{mn `sm lg{mshlgdmk yl{e m`fe j{ems c|

bjjk fe`lgv' M`fe jsi`glvn m`{v {em vn`hhms jsi`glvn( yelfe lv

m`{mg c| {em h`sims jgm' [em klbbmsmg{ vqmflmv lg ` bjjk fe`lg

`sm f`hhmk {sjqelf hmrmhv'

Ismmg qh`g{v lg `g| bjjk fe`lg `sm {em blsv{ {sjqelf hmrmh `gk

f`hhmk {em qsln`s| qsjk}fmsv' [emvm qh`g{v `sm m`{mg c|

emsclrjsmv( yelfe `sm f`hhmk vmfjgk {sjqelf hmrmh `gk qsln`s|fjgv}nmsv' F`sglrjsmv fjgv{l{}{m {em {elsk {sjqelf hmrmh `gk `sm

f`hhmk {em vmfjgk`s| fjgv}nmsv( yelfe m`{ emsclrjsmv'

F`sglrjsmv `sm `hvj m`{mg c| j{ems f`sglrjsmv `{ {ms{l`s| {sjqelf

hmrmh `gk `sm f`hhmk {ms{l`s| fjgv}nmsv'

[emsm `sm vjnm jsi`glvnv( yelfe m`{ qsjk}fmsv `v ymhh `v

f`sglrjsmv' V}fe jsi`glvnv `sm f`hhmk jnglrjsmv `gk jff}q|

njsm {e`g jgm {sjqelf hmrmh lg {em bjjk fe`lg'

Bjjk fe`lgv n`| cm jb {yj {|qmv?

l, Is`zlgi Bjjk Fe`lg?[elv lv ` {|qm jb bjjk fe`lg lg yelfe ismmg qh`g{v `sm

m`{mg c| emsclrjsmv( yelfe lg {}sg n`| cm m`{mg c|

f`sglrjsmv' [elv bjjk fe`lg v{`s{v bsjn ismmg qh`g{v `gk

njrmv {j is`zlgi emsclrjsmv' Vjh`s s`kl`{ljg qh`|v `g

lnqjs{`g{ sjhm bjs v}fe {|qm jb bjjk fe`lg' [elv {|qm jb

fe`lg {e}v kmqmgkv jg `}{j{sjqelf mgmsi| f`q{}sm `gk {em

njrmnmg{ jb {elv f`q{}smk mgmsi| {j emsclrjsmv' Njv{ jbmfjv|v{mn lg g`{}sm bjhhjyv {elv {|qm jb bjjk fe`lg'


12/24

[elv bjjk fe`lg lv smqsmvmg{mk `v?

Qe|{jqh`gd{jg _jjqh`gd{jg Vn`hh blve H`sim blve

ll,Km{sl{}v Bjjk Fe`lg?L{ v{`s{v bsjn km`k jsi`glf n`{{ms {emg {j nlfsjjsi`glvnv

`gk {emg {j km{sl{lrjsmv' Klsmf{ vjh`s mgmsi| lv gj{ {em

n`ojs b`f{js lg v}fe {|qm jb bjjk fe`lg'


13/24

Bjjk Ymc

Bjjk fe`lgv `sm lg{mshlgdmk `{ klbbmsmg{ {sjqelf hmrmhv {j bjsn `

fjnqhmu lg{ms`f{ljg cm{ymmg klbbmsmg{ vqmflmv' [elv

lg{msfjggmf{lgi gm{yjsd lv f`hhmk {em bjjk ymc'

Lb `g| jb {em lg{msnmkl`{m v{`im jb {em bjjk fe`lg lv smnjrmk(

{em v}ffmmklgi hlgdv jb {em bjjk fe`lg ylhh cm `bbmf{mk' @LL {em

bjjk fe`lg `sm lg{msfjggmf{mk yl{e m`fe j{ems `{ klbbmsmg{

{sjqelf hmrmhv'

S`ccl{ m`{v is`vv c}{ lg `cvmgfm jb s`ccl{( is`vv n`| `hvj cm

m`{mg c| nj}vm' Nj}vm f`g cm klsmf{h| m`{mg c| e`yd js

{esj}ie vg`dm' Vlnlh`sh| is`vvejqqms m`{v is`vv' Is`vvejqqms

n`| `hvj cm m`{mg c| e`yd klsmf{h| js {esj}ie hlz`sk `v vejyg

lg bli}sm' @LL {em `h{msg`{lrmv fjgv{l{}{m vjnm lg{mshjfdlgi

q`{{msg {e`{ lv f`hhmk `v bjjk ymc' Lg is`vvh`gk bjjk ymc {emsm

`sm blrm hlgm`s bjjk fe`lgv'

Bjjk ymc lg is`vvh`gk mfjv|v{mn


14/24

0' Is`vv Is`vvejqqms E`yd

3' Is`vv Is`vvejqqms Hlz`sk E`yd

6' Is`vv S`ccl{ E`yd

;' Is`vv Nj}vm E`yd

=' Is`vv Nj}vm Vg`dm E`yd

[emvm `hh blrm fe`lgv `sm lg{mshlgdmk yl{e m`fe j{ems `{ klbbmsmg{

qjlg{v bjsnlgi bjjk ymc' [em `h{msg`{lrm `ss`gimnmg{v `sm

qjvvlchm bjs n`lg{mg`gfm jb v{`clhl{| jb {em mfjv|v{mn' C}{ bjs

{em v}srlr`h jb `hh hlrlgi jsi`glvnv ` c`h`gfmk mfjv|v{mn lv

rms| gmfmvv`s|' [em fjnqhmul{| jb `g| bjjk ymc kmqmgkv }qjg

{em `h{msg`{lrmv `{ klbbmsmg{ qjlg{v `gk `hvj jg {em hmgi{e jb bjjk

ymc %Bli,'

Bjjk ymc lg ` bjsmv{


15/24

Mfjhjilf`h Q|s`nlkv

[em smqsmvmg{`{ljg jb klbbmsmg{ {sjqelf hmrmhv lg {em bjsn jb `

qhj{ fjgv{l{}{mv mfjhjilf`h q|s`nlk' L{ f`g cm kmblgmk `v ` qhj{

jb {em g}ncms jb lgklrlk}`h lg klbbmsmg{ vlzm fh`vvmv js g}ncms

jb {em lgklrlk}`h qsjk}f{lrl{| lg {em klbbmsmg{ {sjqelf hmrmhv'

[em mfjhjilf`h q|s`nlkv smqsmvmg{ {em {sjqelf v{s}f{}sm `gk

`hvj {sjqelf b}gf{ljg jb {em mfjv|v{mn' [em blsv{ qsjk}fms hmrmh

fjgv{l{}{mv {em c`vm jb {em q|s`nlk `gk {em v}ffmvvlrm hmrmhvn`dm {em `qmu jb {em q|s`nlk'

Mfjhjilf`h q|s`nlkv `sm }v}`hh| jb {yj dlgkv?

l, [em Q|s`nlkv jb G}ncmsv?L{ lv kmgj{mk c| {em g}ncms

jb lgklrlk}`h jsi`glvnv `{

m`fe hmrmh' L{ lhh}v{s`{mv {em

qjq}h`{ljg. kmgvl{|

smh`{ljgvelq yl{elg `gk

cm{ymmg {em {sjqelf hmrmhv

`gk {e}v lg {em q|s`nlk(

{sjqelf hmrmhv `sm njsm

lnqjs{`g{ {e`g vlzm' [em|

vejy {em smh`{ljgvelq

cm{ymmg qsjk}fmsv(

emsclrjsmv `gk f`sglrjsmv

`{ v}ffmvvlrm {sjqelf hmrmhv

lg {msnv jb {emls g}ncms'

@ q|s`nlk jb g}ncmsv lg ` h`dm mfjv|v{mn


16/24

ll, Q|s`nlkv jb Mgmsi|?

Qsjk}fmsv `sm {em n`lg smvmsrm jb mgmsi|( yemsm`v {elv

mgmsi| kmfsm`vmv lg fjgv}nmsv' [em q|s`nlk jb mgmsi|lgklf`{mv {em smk}f{ljg lg {em `r`lh`clhl{| jb mgmsi| lg

klbbmsmg{ {sjqelf hmrmhv' [em n`uln}n jb mgmsi| lv

`r`lh`chm `{ qsjk}fms hmrmh4 {elv mgmsi| kmfsm`vmv `v ym

njrm bsjn qsln`s| fjgv}nmsv {j {ms{l`s| fjgv}nmsv' [em

qsln`s| qsjk}fmsv jb `g mfjv|v{mn {s`q {em s`kl`g{

mgmsi| jb {em v}g `gk fjgrms{ l{ lg {j qj{mg{l`h femnlf`h

mgmsi|' [elv {s`qqlgi mgmsi| bhjyv lg {em bjjk fe`lg bsjn{em qsjk}fmsv {j {em {jq f`sglrjsm( kmfsm`vlgi `{ m`fe

v}ffmvvlrm {sjqelf hmrmh' [e}v {em q|s`nlk jb mgmsi| lv

`hy`|v }q slie{'

Mgmsi| q|s`nlk jb `g mfjv|v{mn


17/24

R`slj}v Mfjv|v{mnv

Bjsmv{ Mfjv|v{mn

Bjsmv{ lv fjnqjvmk jb {smmv( ves}cv js `g| j{ems yjjk|

rmim{`{ljg yl{e fhjvmk f`gjq|' L{ lv clj{lf fjnn}gl{|' Bjsmv{

r`slmv fjgvlkms`ch| lg fjnqjvl{ljg `gk v{s}f{}sm'

Bjsmv{v n`lg{`lg vjlh `gk y`{ms fjgkl{ljgv' [em| fjg{slc}{m {j

{em n`lg{mg`gfm jb cljhjilf`h `gk imgm{lf klrmsvl{|' Bjsmv{vqsjrlkm b}mh( bjkkms `gk j{ems n`{msl`hv bjs hjf`h fjnn}gl{lmv'

Fe`s`f{mslv{lf Bm`{}smv jb Bjsmv{ Mfjv|v{mn

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3'[em| e`rm ` qsmkjnlg`gfm jb csj`k hm`rmk mrmsismmg{smmv `gk {em {smmv f`g cm klrlkmk lg{j ;.= v{s`{`'

6'[em bjsmv{ mfjv|v{mn lgfh}kmv ` fjnqhmu `vvmnch`im jbklbbmsmg{ dlgkv jb clj{lf fjnn}gl{lmv'

;'Jq{ln}n fjgkl{ljgv jb {mnqms`{}sm `gk isj}gk njlv{}smfjg{slc}{m ism`{h| {j {em isjy{e jb {smmv `gk mv{`chlvenmg{

jb bjsmv{ fjnn}gl{lmv'

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2'[em `clj{lf mgrlsjgnmg{ jb bjsmv{ mfjv|v{mn lgfh}kmv {emg}{slmg{v qsmvmg{ lg {em vjlh jg bjsmv{ bhjjs yelfe `sm}v}`hh| slfe lg km`k `gk kmf`|lgi jsi`glf n`{{ms'


18/24

Is`vvh`gk Mfjv|v{mn

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yem`{ b`snlgi'

Fe`s`f{mslv{lf Bm`{}smv jb Is`vvh`gk Mfjv|v{mn

0' H`gkv `sm kjnlg`{mk c| is`vvmv s`{ems {e`g h`sim ves}cv js

{smmv'

3' [em `gln`h qjq}h`{ljgv jb is`vvh`gkv `sm `hvj slfe `gk

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6' [|qlf`h clskv `sm qs`lslm felfdmgv( ve`sq.{`lhmk isj}vm(

nm`kjyh`sdv `gk ` r`slm{| jb vq`ssjyv'

;' Lg Gjs{e @nmslf`g qh`lgv( v}kkmg muq`gvljg jb `islf}h{}sm

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k}v{ cjyhv `gk kmvms{.hldm fjgkl{ljgv yemg {em is`vv y`v

c}sgmk'


19/24

=' Is`vvh`gkv e`rm cmmg {em ejnm bjs is`zlgi `gg}`hv bjs

nlhhljgv jb |m`sv' Vlgfm {em is`vv emlie{ lv hjy `gk {smmv `sm

s`sm( `gln`hv bj}gk lg {emvm `sm`v `sm muqjvmk {j {em v{smvv jb

v}g `gk vymmqlgi ylgkv'

[|qm jb Is`vvh`gkv

Lg Lgkl`( {s}m is`vvh`gkv `sm `cvmg{( yemsm`v g`{}s`h

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is`vvh`gkv'

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v`r`ggè'

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C`vmk jg {emls jslilg( is`vvh`gk n`| cm jb {yj {|qmv?

l, G`{}s`h is`vvh`gk? [emvm e`rm `slvmg g`{}s`hh| cj{e lg{sjqlf`h `sm`v %s`lgb`hh hmvv {e`g 0=1 fn, `gk {mnqms`{m`sm`v %s`lgb`hh 3=.9=,( c| {em qsjfmvv jb v}ffmvvljg'


20/24

ll,N`g.n`km is`vvh`gkv? Kmbjsmv{`{ljg c| n`g e`vfjgrms{mk bjsmv{v lg{j is`vvh`gkv' Is`vvh`gkv `sm b`v{

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emhqmk {j klv{}sc {em is`vvh`gkv'

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{esmm {|qmv?

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`f`fl`'

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elie `h{l{}kmv %[lcm{`g( Ijcl `gk Cjhlr`g,' Vjnm jb {em kslmk

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v}fe `sm` lg Felhm e`v gj{ smfmlrmk qsmflql{`{ljg bjs jrms 31

|m`sv' V}fe kmvms{v n`| cm rls{}`hh| kmrjlk jb hlrlgi jsi`glvnv

jrms r`v{ `sm`v' [emsm `sm smh`{lrmh| bmy h`sim n`nn`hv lg

kmvms{v cmf`}vm njv{ `sm gj{ f`q`chm jb v{jslgi v}bblflmg{

y`{ms `gk yl{ev{`gklgi {em em`{'


21/24

Fe`s`f{mslv{lf Bm`{}smv jb Kmvms{ Mfjv|v{mn

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q`fdmk v{jgmv'

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5' N`g| jb {em lgvmf{v `gk `s`feglkv e`rm yù| fj`{v `gk

smk}fmk y`{ms hjvv {esj}ie {em f}{lfhm'


22/24

[|qmv jb Kmvms{ Mfjv|v{mn

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v}srlrm lg `sm`v jb elie v`h{ fjgfmg{s`{ljg'


23/24

Bsmve y`{ms mfjv|v{mn lv qe|vlf`h `gk cljhjilf`h hlgd cm{ymmg

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kljulkm jb bsmve.y`{ms mgrlsjgnmg{v lv qsjk}fmk `v {em mgk


24/24

qsjk}f{ jb smvqls`{ljg `gk jb kmfjnqjvl{ljg' F`scjg kljulkm

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klvvjhrmk v`h{v `gk v`hlgl{|( f}ssmg{( qsmvv}sm `gk kmgvl{| m{f'

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