Executive Summary

The long drawn out endeavor of US Government -Department of Homeland Security to have a

crack at the security which was the prime bone of contention, ebb away with the

implementation of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. Department of Homeland

Security has come out with several strategies to palliate the security risks but with the advent

of RFID implementation can provide new capabilities as well as an efficient method for federal

agencies to collect, manage, disseminate, store and analyze information on security controls by

providing real time access to information.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is described as a technology used to track people/objects

using tags that are embedded or attached to those people/objects that respond to radio waves.

DHS is making optimum use of this technology by deploying RFID tags on all sorts of

identification cards prevalent in present-day, the concept of deploying the RFID chip in the

identification card is coined as e-Document.

With the advent in the technological advancements of RFID implementation lot of technical

snags and privacy issues tagged along, the challenge to furnish e-Documents across the country

while gradually eradicating the conventional ID’s, laying a secure foundation for identification

stipulates rigorous effort to counter-measure all the challenges that comes along with RFID

implementation.

Since RFID device system is a moot point when striking equilibrium between security and

privacy still RFID is the foremost identification and verification technology at the disposal of US

Government and the need to thwart implementation issues such as Counterfeit RFID Tag

Attacks, Replay Attacks, Eavesdropping Attacks, Electronic Collisions, Counter-act Rogue

Components are the pivotal concerns of DHS.

The purpose of this term paper RFID for use by the US Government - Department of Homeland

Security is to draw precise conclusion from the prevailing points in question and foresee the

undeniable benefits RFID technology has to offer in the field of Homeland Security.

Overview and Introduction

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a moniker that describes a system of identification and

it is an enhanced version of bar-code system since RFID technological know-how is analogous to

that of bar-code theory. RFID works on signal transmission and the prime building blocks of a

RFID device are transceiver, transponder and integrated circuit.

RFID mechanism – The process of RFID reading is engineered by transmitting the data to a RFID

tag and remotely retrieving the data from the RFID tag through a receiver. RFID tag is glazed

with a plastic, glass or silicon material, within it the tag constitutes of a microchip and an

antenna, RFID tag is known as transponder.

The information stored in the RFID tag is accessed through a radio transceiver which garners

the information and deciphers the information garnered from the antenna of RFID tag, this

component is termed as transceiver. The information is manifested on a host computer i.e. host

process control.

RFID uses radio waves to identify and track people or objects to whom the RFID tags are

attached, hence it has been described as “tech’s official next big thing”. The purpos e of this

term paper is to render an analytical framework of RFID for use by the US Government -

Department of Homeland Security in ascertaining whether and how-to establish a RFID system

to espy and corroborate the presence of human beings and objects.

US Government - Department of Homeland Security needs to rethink its RFID technology

implementation, the underlying concerns with the use of RFID are explosives can be detonated

with the help of RFID emissions thus RFID possess a threat as it can serve as a trigger

mechanism for detonating an explosive which is tagged within an object with a RFID tag.

Additional perturbations triggered by RFID tags are illegal access of RFID tags by unauthorized

tag receivers, amplifying the efficiency of authorized entities to access the RFID tags whenever

required thus information should be accessible to a myriad of authorized US federal employees

from the back end enterprise system at any given time. (Ahsan, Shah, & Kingston, 2010)

With the technological advancements in RFID concept and its implementations the need to

assure no-alteration in data from either ends i.e. sender and receiver is imperative from US

Government - Department of Homeland Security point of view.

Adjunct threats to US Government - Department of Homeland Security with the employment of

RFID tags are eschewing the use of low cost RFID tags to nip the counterfeit RFID tag snag.

Eavesdropping attacks on RFID lightweight tags by rogue readers, emission of multitudinous

signals from multiple RFID devices at times engenders tag/receiver signal collision which

constitutes a threat to the system integrity and availability. (Holloway, 2006)

US Government - Department of Homeland Security have come out with several strategies to

palliate the security risks such as One-Way Hash Locks, Physical Shielding Sleeve, Selective

Blocker Tag, RSA Countermeasures, EPC Tag Pins and Anti-Collision Algorithms.

The pivotal concern of wielding a RFID device system is a moot point when striking equilibrium

between security and privacy still RFID is the foremost identification and verification technology

at the disposal of US Government - Department of Homeland Security; few projects which have

been implemented are e-Passport, PASS Card, Real ID and Enhanced Driver’s License.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is practicing mitigation strategies to address data

privacy issue besides addressing location privacy by fair information practices such as random

ID number and physical shielding. (Privacy Impact Assessment for the: Use of Radio Frequency

Identification (RFID) Technology for Border Crossings, 2008)

Assumptions and Rationale

Implementation of RFID technology by US Government - Department of Homeland Security

enkindles umpteen concerns such as –

Contactless technology being the bone of contention – Contactless technology enables intruders

to decipher the encrypted data when RFID vicinity technology is at use, vicinity technology pose

a great threat due to its larger reading range thus being the bone of contention for e-Passport

implementation. The process of interrogating an authorized RFID tag by a rogue reader in the

vicinity of the authorized reader and middleware access points is termed as Eavesdropping

attack.

The pivotal concern of wielding a RFID device system is a moot point when striking equilibrium

between security and privacy. To eschew such eavesdropping attack, RFID proximity technology

was brought forward to get a grip on large reading range issue as proximity technology has a

limited reading range and comprehends an access blockage technique against eavesdropping.

Thus addressing to the specific vulnerabilities of contactless technology with RFID proximity

technology which is invulnerable and facilitates expedite processing. (Nogueira & Greis, 2009)

Unified data management strategy to prevent national security breach - The challenge of

caching sensitive biometric data on three different storage platform that are –

Caching data on a chip – The data on a chip is generally embedded in the e-document,

example e-Passport. Caching of sensitive biometric data on e-document tags along with

the risk of data manipulation, if the e-document is acquired by an unauthorized person

then it is bound to have legal ramifications on the national security as well as

individual’s identity.

Data cached in a centralized database – Highly sensitive personal data all cached in a

central data repository pose a big threat to the national security, the grave ramification

of data breach are intruders can attack the data repository to access sensitive

information and can amend the data on the repository. The risk of unauthorized use can

be mitigated through encryption and authentication thus ensuring the security of

database used in RFID-enabled program, strengthening the password management

procedure and user account processes related to RFID–enabled program associated

with the database.

Distributed databases for caching data – To overcome the drawback of centralized

database integration of several fragment network databases were implemented, to

meet the security standards the distributed database system demanded additional

layers of security for each database network. Thus fragmenting the database ensures

the security and integrity of the system by protecting the database from skimming and

eavesdropping.

Financial implications driving the proposal of RFID implementation – With the advent of RFID

implementation in US department of homeland security the decision of security and privacy

were confounded with cost considerations. The few projects which have been implemented

with the association of RFID technology are e-Passport, PASS Card, Real ID and Enhanced

Driver’s License but the introduction of e-documents has aired a plethora of potential negative

economic impact.

The unconfirmed hypothesis of RFID financial implications were perceived by the states as an

unfunded mandate that would foist monetary encumbrance on their officials. E-Document

enactment was estimated to cost $23.8 billion over a period of 10 years which was one of the

umpteen concerns that enkindled a series of hiccups to drive the proposal.

The interplay of homeland security and jurisdictional issues – The necessity to outdo the

intruders posing a threat to the national security; impregnable measures were inexorable, the

urge to invent e-documents was essential to protect the identity and privacy of citizens which

necessitated unanimity between different federal agencies to curb the intruders.

(International Organization for Standardization, 2009) was formed in order to protect the

identity and privacy of the users, control access system, authenticate the legitimate receivers

and transponders and securing all the national databases. (Smart Border Alliance RFID

Feasibility Study Final Report )

Program Summary

Description – The purpose of this term paper is to address the use of Radio Frequency

Identification technology (RFID) by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to mitigate

privacy and data integrity risks, the term paper renders an analytical framework of RFID for use

by the US Government - Department of Homeland Security in ascertaining whether and how-to

establish a RFID system to espy and corroborate the presence of human beings and objects .

Specifically, this paper includes the following aspects –

Hugger-mugger – The continual effort to protect the sensitive information on the RFID

tag from unauthorized RFID readers by forming an algorithm for creating a unique ID

that cannot be re-engineered to form a new ID. The entire process of radio frequency

identification should be carried out within a secure communication channel to refrain

from illegitimate intruders.

Unification – Averting the scope of RFID tag duplication, auxiliary approach to support

the integrity of the RFID technology is precluding the modus operandi of altering the

data within the RFID tag by an unauthorized tag reader, implementing technique such as

anti-collision algorithms to hold the integrity of the system in presence of multitudinous

tags.

At-disposal – The certainty of having multitude of tags and receivers should not trigger

system failure thus enabling the device to function all the time. Retrieval of data from

the back-end system should be accessible to a myriad of authorized users at any given

time.

Non-repudiation – Confirming the denial of any data modification and transmission

amongst the three different entities of the system that are RFID tag, RFID reader and

RFID middleware. (Smart Border Alliance RFID Feasibility Study Final Report )

Objectives and Scope – Outlining an overview of the technology by laying emphasis on the

passive technology, distinguishing the prime initiatives at federal agencies that support and

proffer the use of RFID technology, debate and analyze the contemporary norms and potential

legal issues which hinder technology implementation and endmost alleviating the security and

privacy concerns with the widespread technological advancement in the field of RFID device

implementation.

Resource requirement and Implementation plan –

Establish radio frequency band identification spectrum at 433.5 to 434.5 MHz in US

ports that offers medium and long read range.

Establish interoperability standards and tamper resistant machine readable documents.

The continual effort to protect the sensitive information on the RFID tag from

unauthorized RFID readers by forming an algorithm for creating a unique ID that cannot

be re-engineered to form a new ID.

Implementing fair information practices, issuing random numbers for an ID, physical

shielding of an ID.

Proximity RFID chip and Vicinity RFID chip enabled with biometric data to be issued for

all type of ID’s thus implementing e-ID to enable authorized and secure identification.

Key metric areas and Key components –

RFID tag is glazed with a plastic, glass or silicon material, within it the tag constitutes of a

microchip and an antenna, RFID tag is known as transponder.

The information stored in the RFID tag is accessed through a radio transceiver which

garners the information and deciphers the information garnered from the antenna of

RFID tag, this component is termed as transceiver.

The information is manifested on a host computer i.e. host process control which is the

middleware that records and transmits the tag information to a central reposi tory.

The communication channel that extends from readers to middleware to RFID tags

should remain confidential using encryption technologies. (CBP’s Trusted Traveler

Systems Using RFID Technology Require Enhanced Security, 2006)

Cost Analysis

Major cost components are –

Hardware – RFID devices have a wide range of prices and vary in accordance to application

requirement, RFID tags can be applied to cases and pallets as smart labels for a price as less as

50 cents per tag and can notch up to $100 per tag with additional technicalities comprehended

in it, example – local power supply in the RFID tag. DHS can reap benefits from such exorbitant

tags as they can be legitimately reprogrammed thus stemming a very high return on

investment.

RFID reader price range is solely based on frequency or band-width, ultra high frequency

readers may range from $500 - $2000, whereas a high frequency reader ranges from $200 to

$500 and low frequency readers range from $350 to $750 per RFID reader. (Smart Border

Alliance RFID Feasibility Study Final Report )

Software – Engineering the RFID device is indeed the wildcard factor when one has to ponder

over software implementation cost, Software implementation varies from one reader

applications to back-end applications. Software designed for itty-bitty applications that are

oblivious of back-end systems are economical for instance middleware applications with a price

range from $800 to $1000. Applications that demand the use of back-end system are generally

licensed out at price greater than $100,000.

Network – Improvement in network security have an intrinsic utility which cannot be

adequately accessed in dollar terms, scrutinizing the network channel alleviates the risk of

unauthorized intruders accessing and modifying the biometric data. A myriad of mitigation

strategy for network security risk can be deployed such as anti-collision algorithms, the

selective blocker tag, eavesdropping attack and electronic collisions.

Encryption strategies such as secure reader protocol 1.0 implementation, one-way hash locks,

physical shielding sleeve (The Faraday cage), EPC tag pins and RSA countermeasures.

(INFORMATION SECURITY: Radio Frequency Identification Technology in the Federal

Government)

Training – Besides RFID hardware, network and software costs, training costs make up for the

total RFID system cost structure. By some estimates Department of Homeland Security is

spending $23.8 billion over a period of 10 years on RFID mandate compliance. Use of RFID by

DHS training encompasses software application developers for passive ultra-high frequency

RFID readers and peripherals, technical expertise to programmatically control RFID fixed and

handheld readers, readers and GPIO devices via Open Process Control servers. (Nogueira &

Greis, 2009)

Minor cost components are -

Data – The cost analysis of RFID data storage is expected to reach between $8 million to $13

million for a full implementation of RFID by DHS, auxiliary data cost analysis includes increased

productivity through more accurate data recording, data security and theft prevention and

improved utilization rate of existing assets.

Technical Support – Very low relative investment as compared to hardware, software and

network investments as the plethora of services offered by DHS after implementing RFID

technology needs to train the employees with all the technical expertise regarding RFID

components and networking system.

Administration – The expenditure aspect of DHS administration is categorized as minor cost

component as the Department of Homeland Security has been established long back and RFID

implementation is a new approach DHS has adopted to tackle the security aspect that does not

boost the outlay considering its financial implications administration wise. (The Use of RFID for

Human Identification )

Business Impacts and Benefits Analysis

Quantifiable

Innovation – Not just limiting the benefits of what RFID has to proffer du jour but thinking out

of the box approach can let individuals recognize more values from RFID service applications

which include convenience, safety, service availability and VIP treatment.

Improvement - With the advent of e-Documents the DHS should get the ball rolling and initiate

more electronic ID with RFID chip embedded in it thus providing more layers of security for

individual’s identity.

Cessation – DHS should nix the concept of orthodox ID’s which don’t incorporate RFID chip, as

prevailing orthodox ID’s hinder the security measures of DHS. (Privacy Impact Assessment for

the: Use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology for Border Crossings, 2008)

Measureable

Innovation – Augment the myriad of benefits that tag along with the implementation of RFID by

kicking off the concept of e-document in different industries such as banking, logistics etc. One

example of innovation in banking industry can be introduction RFID credit card though it poses

a big threat of being misused but with the recent advancement in the field of e-Documents this

issue can overcome in couple of years down the line.

Improvement – Strengthening the security measures to meet the security standards by

fragmenting the centralized database into fragment network database to provide additional

layer of security for each database network, fragmenting the database ensures the security and

integrity of the system by protecting the database from skimming and eavesdropping.

Cessation – Treating the concept of centralized database system with contempt, the grave

ramification of centralized database breach are intruders can attack the data repository to

access sensitive information and can amend the data on the repository. Alleviate the potential

damage that can be done if a fragment network database system prevails instead of centralized

database. (The Use of RFID for Human Identity Verification , 2006)

Observable

Innovation – DHS with the use of RFID technology should conglomerate all kinds of e-

documents such as e-driving license, e-passport, PASS card etc. to form a REAL ID which can

revolutionize the concept of electronic identification.

Improvement – The risk of unauthorized use can be mitigated through encryption and

authentication thus ensuring the security of database used in RFID-enabled program,

strengthening the password management procedure and user account processes related to

RFID enabled program associated with the database.

Cessation – By gradual substitution of e-Documents and eradicating the orthodox ID system can

help DHS in a couple of ways such as, the identification system won’t be time consuming and

nix the concept of secret database by making their RFID system implementation public thus

allowing individuals to know about their policies and practices with an open and transparent

approach. (Radio Frequency Identification: Opportunities and Challenges in Implementation,

2005)

Financial

Innovation – Developing a low cost RFID antenna can be a phenomenal innovation as cut in

RFID antenna cost price is directly proportional to RFID tag’s which outlines the crucial part of

RFID system overall.

Improvement – With the wide-spread use of e-Documents across the country, DHS should hit

rock bottom price for all types of e-Documents for the citizens to encourage the use of RFID

equipped ID’s.

Cessation – Labor cost can be reduced by implementing RFID and data quality can be enhanced

thus providing a better service and performance at lower cost, hence the orthodox

identification system should be gradually ceased and the concept of e-Document should be put

into effect. (Nogueira & Greis, 2009)

Objective Type

Doing New Things Doing Things Better Stop Doing Things

Quantifiable Approach to let individuals

recognize more values from RFID service

Initiate more

electronic ID with RFID chip embedded

DHS should nix the

concept of orthodox ID’s which don’t

incorporate RFID chip

Measurable Implementation of RFID by kicking off the concept of e-document in different industries such as banking, logistics

Fragmenting the centralized database into fragment network

database to provide additional layer of

security for each database network

Treating the concept of centralized database system with contempt

Observable Conglomerate all kinds of e-documents

Risk of unauthorized

use can be mitigated through encryption

and authentication

Gradual substitution

of e-Documents and eradicating the

orthodox ID system

Financial Developing a low cost RFID antenna can be a phenomenal innovation

DHS should hit rock bottom price for all types of e-Documents

Labor cost can be reduced by implementing RFID

and data quality can be enhanced

Schedule and Milestones

Radio Frequency Identification abbreviated as RFID was invented as an espionage tool for

Soviet Union in 1945 by Leon Theremin, the RFID design constituted of Tags, Readers,

Antennas, dealt with frequencies and signals, RFID technology had too much to offer back then

but in 1995 the key factors of RFID were recognized by DHS which drove a significant increase in

RFID usage.

Department of Homeland Security could foresee the advantages that RFID technology has to

offer to secure the border by approving only low-risk travelers upon arrival in the United States,

from a traveler’s point of view the benefits were enticing to abide by the new law as travelers

can refrain themselves from processing lines, no paperwork, expedited entry benefits inn other

countries, availability at major airports and reduced wait times.

The use of RFID technology was introduced by Department of Homeland Security in November

1995 through NEXUS inspection program, NEXUS program facilitated pre-screening of travelers

thus expediting the border entry process.

NEXUS issued Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) card for applicants which are also referred

to as WHTI-compliant documents for land and sea travel. To support NEXUS dedicated

commuter lanes system was deployed to facilitate a vivid reading of RFID cards that were

issued to the travelers. (NEXUS)

In June 2002, further amendments were made to the inspection program by establishing

subsequent inspection program after NEXUS that was SENTRI, the advent of SENTRI expedited

CBP processing, enforced a ten fingerprint law along with a thorough biographical background

check.

The technical aspects of this program were chronicled as reading RFID card file number on

passenger arrival at the ports, file number triggers data of the passenger on the CBP officer’s

screen and upon data verification the passenger is either released or further investigation is

carried out by the DHS. (SENTRI)

November 2005 marked the successful beginning of biometric data verification stored in a FAST

program, RFID readers were installed on 19 border ports of US to verify passenger’s data such

as driver’s license, passport number, criminal record and biographic data.

The technology which is being used momentarily in FAST program is generation 1 passive RFID

tags, DHS in collaboration with Customs and Border Protection (CBP) are planning to take it to

the next level by introducing the generation 2 passive RFID tags to enhance technical controls

and ensure confidentiality, integrity and authenticity within the DHS information technology

infrastructure and operations. (INFORMATION SECURITY: Radio Frequency Identification

Technology in the Federal Government)

In 2006 Unites States incorporated RFID tags in the US national passport thus securing the

identification system by biometric data verification on the tag if the printed data on the

passport has been tampered.

DHS strategy to leverage the technology to enhance the ability to detect, determine, intent and

interdict suspicious small vessels by fostering research into low cost, non-intrusive RFID tags

was stated as the third goal on small vessel security implementation plan report to the public

by DHS in September, 2009. (The Use of RFID for Human Identity Verification , 2006)

Risk Analysis

Technical Risk -

Exposure to loss airing from technical activities are, foremost technical risk that Department of

Homeland Security needs to rethink its RFID technology implementation, the underlying

concerns with the use of RFID are explosives can be detonated with the help of RFID emissions

thus RFID possess a threat as it can serve as a trigger mechanism for detonating an explosive

which is tagged within an object with a RFID tag.

Additional perturbations triggered by RFID tags are illegal access of RFID tags by unauthorized

tag receivers by successful SQL injection attack to the database; RFID middleware if not

frequently scrutinized is likely to contain exploitable bugs which can grant full access of the

back-end database to illegitimate transceivers.

Technical risk can jeopardize business process, business intelligence and privacy of the DHS

database, to counter the technical risks practices such as bounds-checking where middleware

written in any other programming language should be compiled, technical risk of forming a new

ID from existing ID by illegitimate intruders are more if an algorithm is not formed for creating

unique ID that cannot be re-engineered to form a new ID. The entire process of radio frequency

identification should be carried out within a secure communication channel to refrain from

illegitimate intruders. (INFORMATION SECURITY: Radio Frequency Identification Technology in

the Federal Government)

Financial Risk -

With the advent of RFID implementation in US department of homeland security the decision of

security and privacy were confounded with cost considerations. The few projects which have

been implemented with the association of RFID technology are e-Passport, PASS Card, Real ID

and Enhanced Driver’s License but the introduction of e-documents has aired a plethora of

potential negative economic impact.

The unconfirmed hypothesis of RFID financial implications were perceived by the states as an

unfunded mandate that would foist monetary encumbrance on their officials. E-Document

enactment was estimated to cost $23.8 billion over a period of 10 years which was one of the

umpteen concerns that enkindled a series of hiccups to drive the proposal.

The possibility of US Government – Department of Homeland Security inheriting loss in

financing methods which may impair the ability to provide adequate return is racking up as the

challenge to hit rock bottom price to make the e-Documents affordable to all, the task to

eradicate all the conventional ID’s with RFID enabled ID’s is a big financial challenge for DHS

and US Government. (Nogueira & Greis, 2009)

Organizational Risk -

Adjunct threats to US Government - Department of Homeland Security with the employment of

RFID tags are eschewing the use of low cost RFID tags to nip the counterfeit RFID tag snag.

Eavesdropping attacks on RFID lightweight tags by rogue readers, emission of multitudinous

signals from multiple RFID devices at times engenders tag/receiver signal collision which

constitutes a threat to the system integrity and availability.

RFID tag upgrade to generation 2 can put DHS under the legal issue scanner as generation 2

tags augment the risk of tag cloning and thus terrorists can gain illegal entry into the US which

can pose a big threat to the Department of Homeland Security.

Internal sharing and disclosure of RFID number within the DHS organization can lead to

sensitive biographical data leak thus DHS organization faces a big challenge of how to confine

and limit the population of CBP personnel authorized to maintain and manage the GES. (Privacy

Impact Assessment for the: Use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology for

Border Crossings, 2008)

Conclusion and Recommendation

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) implementation by the Department of Homeland Security

is an exemplary concept to tackle issues with a technical approach in this present day. The

conclusion and recommendation for the implementation of RFID technology are as follows -

With the advent of e-Documents the DHS should get the ball rolling and initiate more

electronic ID with RFID chip embedded in it thus providing more layers of security for

individual’s identity.

Strengthening the security measures to meet the security standards by fragmenting the

centralized database into fragment network database to provide additional layer of

security for each database network, fragmenting the database ensures the security and

integrity of the system by protecting the database from skimming and eavesdropping.

The risk of unauthorized use can be mitigated through encryption and authentication

thus ensuring the security of database used in RFID-enabled program, strengthening the

password management procedure and user account processes related to RFID enabled

program associated with the database.

With the wide-spread use of e-Documents across the country, DHS should hit rock

bottom price for all types of e-Documents for the citizens to encourage the use of RFID

equipped ID’s.

DHS with the use of RFID technology should conglomerate all kinds of e-documents such

as e-driving license, e-passport, PASS card etc. to form a REAL ID which can revolutionize

the concept of electronic identification.

Augment the myriad of benefits that tag along with the implementation of RFID by

kicking off the concept of e-document in different industries such as banking, logistics

etc. One example of innovation in banking industry can be introduction RFID credit card

though it poses a big threat of being misused but with the recent advancement in the

field of e-Documents this issue can overcome in couple of years down the line.

Developing a low cost RFID antenna can be a phenomenal innovation as cut in RFID

antenna cost price is directly proportional to RFID tag’s which outlines the crucial part of

RFID system overall.

Reference List

1. http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1002/1002.1179.pdf

RFID Applications: An Introductory and Exploratory Study

Author: Kamran Ahsan, Hanifa Shah and Paul Kingston

2. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa479355.aspx

RFID: An Introduction

Author: Simon Holloway

3. http://sites.duke.edu/ihss/files/2011/01/Greis_RFIDBrief1.pdf

Uses of RFID Technology in U.S. Identification Documents

Author: Monica Nogueira, Noel Greis

4. https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/foia/US-VISIT_RFIDattachE.pdf

Smart Border Alliance: RFID Feasibility Study Final Report

5. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05551.pdf

INFORMATON SECURITY Radio Frequency Identification Technology in the Federal

Government

6. http://www.cbp.gov/travel/trusted-traveler-programs/nexus

NEXUS

7. http://www.cbp.gov/travel/trusted-traveler-programs/sentri

SENTRI

8. http://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/OIGr-06-36_May06.pdf

CBP’s Trusted Traveler Systems Using RFID Technology Require Enhanced Security

9. http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/privacy/privacy_advcom_rpt_rfid_draft.pdf

The Use of RFID for Human Identification

10. http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/privacy/privacy_advcom_12-2006_rpt_RFID.pdf

The Use of RFID for Human Identity Verification

11. http://all-experts.com/assets/roadmaps/437__RFID_April.pdf

Radio Frequency Identification: Opportunities and Challenges in Implementation

12. http://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/documents/privacy_jan08.pdf

Privacy Impact Assessment for the: Use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Technology for Border Crossings