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Context Typology of residential development in India Delhi- case study neighborhoods Physical and travel attributes Findings Summing Up
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• Indian cities are sprawling resulting in replacement of walk trips of traditional compact cities with motorised modes of transport.
• There is an increasing contribution of short distance trips towards greenhouse gas emissions.
• Present planning focus is on city transport plans and it overlooks requirements at a neighborhood level.
• This study analyses travel patterns within different neighborhoods in Delhi and attempts to relates with it with physical attributes
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•Walkability •Quarter mile walking radius •Income •Caste •Population density •Suburban neighborhood •New urbanist neighborhood Neighborhood definition as per the Delhi Master plan Hierarchy of urban development centers based on •Size of population •Amenities •Layout plan
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•Built environment- diversity, distance to amenities •Parking •Socio economic characteristics •Attitudinal factors •Residential self selection •Availability of transport system Limited research in Indian conditions/ developing countries on non- motorized modes (low carbon modes)
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Per capita Trip Rate (PCTR) and Self containment Index
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
Self Contained Index
PCTR
plotted plotted/group group housing
Land use related Density Diversity Design- amenities; site and street design; safety Destination accessibility
Connectivity related Block- length, size, density Intersection density, street density Transport infrastructure-footpath road density, bike lane
Modes studied car, two wheelers, rickshaw and pedestrian
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Entropy Index : The entropy index is a measure of “evenness”—the extent to which groups are evenly distributed among organizational units
Pi – Proportion of each land use from the Total Value K – total no. of land use Centeredness : Accessible distance to various facilities = Average Distance to facility n { ∑(Weighted average distance to facility n in Each Clusters with in Neighborhood)}, n = Type of facility
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Layout 1 Layout 2 Layout 3
Layout 1 Layout 2 Layout 3
Entropy 0.57 0.31 0.63
Ce
nte
red
ne
ss school 400 400 350
shopping 200 450 300
health 600 300 500
bus stop 200 500 300
park 326 360 364
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11% 3%
18%
51%
10%
7%
% share of trips by mode
Walk
Cycle
Cycle rickshaw
Car
Bus
Two
14%
19%
13%
45%
9%
% share of trips by Purpose
Work
Education
Health
Shopping
Social
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44
Trip
s
Distance (in Km)
Comparison of NMV trips and MV trips
NMV
MV
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0
50
100
150
200
250
female
Male
Distribution of trips by Gender
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1- 4 km
0.6 km-1 km
0-0.5km
Trip distribution for different trip lengths, by mode
walk 36%
2 wheeler 13%
rickshaw 30%
car 17%
bus 1%
Distribution for access and dispersal trips by Mode
walk 47%
2 wheeler 7%
rickshaw 5%
car 41%
Mode wise distribution for shopping trips
Source: Primary survey
Almost 35% of the trips are 0-1km trip length.
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Neighborhood
Layout 1 Layout 2 Layout 3
Travel Characteristics, trip length 0-4km, intra neighborhood trips only
Total population surveyed 100 138 65 Total Trips 281 405 186 PCTR 2.81 2.93 2.86 Intra neighborhood trips 0-4km
197 290 74
% Motorised trips 62 54 26
% Non Motorised trips 38 46 74
The share of Non Motorized (NMT )trips varies from a low of 38% to high of 74% based on sector physical attributes- Diversity, Centeredness, NMT network etc.
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Empirical studies reveal that physical layout of neighborhood impacts the use of sustainable low carbon modes
Mobility levels ( average trip length) tend to increase with decrease in diversity ( entropy)
Use of low carbon modes and mobility levels tend to vary across and within various housing neighborhoods
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Poor layouts with low level of diversity and sub optimal centeredness tend to increase dependence on motorized modes
The availability of parking was found to be a deterrent for the use of MT modes
Variety in uses and cost of products was an important factor Attitudinal survey revealed individual preferences
Safety- actual and perceived Infrastructure- availability versus actual usability Prestige
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Low carbon neighborhoods are emerging needs of cities in developing countries like India which are on the threshold of huge motorization levels and consequent rising GHG emissions levels
There are inherent advantages of compact neighborhood designed on principles of diversity and centeredness
There is a need to conduct empirical studies in various housing typologies to establish thresholds of desired diversity levels and centeredness to promote low carbon mobility